Heritage tourism

Historical Monuments And Tourism Development (A Case Study On Shiraval)

Trupti Patil

1.1 Introduction

Historic monuments are fixed assets that are identifiable because of particular historic,

national, regional, local, religious or symbolic significance; they are usually accessible to the

general public, and visitors are often charged for admission to the monuments or their

vicinity.

“The past is not past; it is still passing with us……”

India is both a land of ancient culture and a major society of the modern world. However to

the rest of the world the issues of poverty and overpopulation, as important as they are, have

precluded the appreciation of certain areas of achievement one of which is the work of India's

Architects.

Comparatively little has been published about design activity in the developing world. The

limitations of a developing economy can actually result in a creative response rather than a

constraint on architectural solutions. India ranks amongst the largest construction markets in

the world. While perhaps much of this construction is a response to rudimentary needs, it has

generated an inspired and compelling architecture.

Ritual, religion and living craft tradition descend from a cultural heritage of genius and

beauty. These traditions are a perennial source of inspiration to architects who attempt to

embody identity and meaning in the design of new buildings. This is often a subconscious

link and exists in many of us born and brought up in India. The other part of the challenge for

practicing Architects in India is the dependence on a labor-intensive building industry.

Mechanization and prefabrication do not yet compete on a cost saving basis with the sheer

abundance of manpower in India. Technical backwardness is one facet of the remarkable

presence of the past in modern India and the building process today maintains an almost

ritualistic link with the heritage of skilled craftsmanship, high quality building stone and the

availability of other traditional materials.

So where do today's Architects fit into al this? Many have lived and trained in the west and

are committed to the planning principles of modern architecture. They use archaic techniques

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in their work often giving the buildings a visceral quality of execution. Apart from the

planning and building process the difficulties of designing and building in a developing

economy affect the profession in other ways as well. For instance do Architects have a role to

play in the environment of the poor? Few are professionally committed to the solution of the

housing and environmental problems faced by them. The domain of most current

architectural work is the marketplace of India's affluent middle class. Hotels, offices,

housing, factories and recreational buildings form the bulk of this work.

The contemporary architecture of India today, as distinguished from the autonomous

traditions of its ancient Hindu and Buddhist past, has to be seen as the built expression of an

interaction between a global culture and the acute sense of place and the past of India. Hindu,

Buddhist and Islamic traditions were followed by the colonial influence and finally post

independence the legacies of Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn in the 50's and 60's respectively.

In fact some might shrink from the very idea of an `Indian' architecture at all. But slowly in

the 70's, 80's and 90's the Indian architect has come into his or her own.

In India like in all countries the architecture of today is more than just the work of a few

superstars. There is a whole generation of Architects at work who clearly contribute to the

architecture of our time and our intent is to give others an opportunity to see their works. Our

rich heritage has enabled us to modify tradition, but not reject it and to continue on this

journey in time and space.

Historic buildings play a special role in creating the distinctive character of each and every

community. Their essential legacy of cultural, educational, recreational, aesthetic, social, and

environmental benefits must be preserved for present and future generations.

HERITAGE CONSERVATION

In order to adequately comprehend what constitutes conservation of monuments, the basic

proposition that needs to be addressed, is larger. This concept pertains to “Heritage”.

According to the Thesaurus, one of the meanings of word “Heritage” is Legacy. Heritage

belongs not only to people or the culture concerned, but also to mankind as a whole and it

plays an important role in underpinning people’s cultural identity.

Recent decades have seen the concept of heritage- much like that of culture- undergoing a

profound change. Having at one time referred exclusively to the monumental remains of

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cultures, heritage as a concept has gradually come to include new categories such as the

intangible, ethnographic or industrial heritage. A noteworthy effort was subsequently made to

extend the conceptualization and description of the intangible heritage. This is due to the fact

that closer attention is now being paid to humankind, the dramatic arts, languages and

traditional music, as well as to the informational, spiritual and philosophical systems upon

which creations are based.

1.2 Objectives

The main objective of this report is to create awareness about the destination and explore

this place as an important heritage site of Gulbarga district.

To reconstruct the past glory of the historic monuments which are situated in Shirval.

To throw the light on the history of the Shirval.

To explore the Shirval as an important heritage site.

To promote heritage tourism at the Shiraval.

To motivate the students, scholars as well as the public to involve themselves in the

protection of the significant ancient monuments.

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1.2 Research Methodology

Following methods shall be used for data collection

Primary data.

Primary data are original sources from which one can directly collect data that have not

been previously collected, Questionnaires, interview & observation methods shall be used

for primary data collection.

Secondary data.

These are sources congaing data which have been collected & compiled for another

purpose, the secondary data shall be collected through library, literature review, review of

previous works in the related field, review of books, tourism department publications,

internet, journals, Etc.

Chapter – II

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2.1 A Bird View on Shiraval

2.2 Important Monuments of Shiraval

2.3 Historical Monuments and Tourism Development

2.4 Role of Heritage Resources in Tourism

2.5 Preservation and Conservation of Heritage Resources

2.1 A Bird View on Shiraval

Shiraval is a small village which is about 10km. from Shahapur taluk of Gulbarga dist. It is

situated near the right bank of the river Bhima.

During the rule of the Rastrakutas, Shirval was an important town. In 939 A.D. in the reign of

Rastrakuta king Akalvarshakrishna III, Mahasamanta Buddha was governing Ededore and

Chandayya. Chandayya was the Nalgamunda of Sagarnadu. Shiraval was situated in

Sagarnadu Ededore comprised the tract between the rivers Bhima and Krishna in Gulbarga

dist. Sagarnadu was a sub-division within Ededore with its head quarters at the modern

village Sarga in Shahapur taluk.

There are forty-six monuments at the site. These include five wells, seven

Koshthagaras/mathas and thirty four temples. Most of them are in groups while some are

scattered around. Most of these monuments are of the Rastrakuta period. This is only site

containing such a large group of monuments of this period. Most of the temples are in

dilapidated condition and are not in worship.

Shirval continued to be an important town during the period the Chalukyas of Kalyana. An

inscription of the Shirval dated 1137A.D. during the rule of Bhulokamalla Somesavara III in

which Shirval maintained as Sirivolal ruled by Mahamalleshwara Sovidevarasa.

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Another inscription mentions that Silahara chief Singidevarasa was ruling this area in 1187

A.D. It gives the lengthy description of miracles of Revanasi daha where feet were washed

before making some donations to the Siddhasatesvara temple. Now known as Siddhesvara or

Siddhalingeshwara temple.

One more inscription of 1537 A.D. in the village records that Devrasa was the senabova of

Shiraval which was situated in Sagarnadu.

This important historic village was a famous Shaiva centre and was known as Southern

Varanasi or Dakshina Varanasi. It was a home of religion (Dharmada mane) and first or

earliest town which was known as Adipattana. The archeological remains at the site indicate

that it was in continues occupation at least from the Rastrakuta period till today.

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2.2 Important Monuments of Shiraval

There are 46 historical monuments at Shirval. These include mainly

Temples,

Mathas/Koshthagaras, and

Wells

These are spread over a large area. Some of these are in groups. There are major groups, they

are –

1. The north western

2. The northern

3. The eastern

4. The south-eastern

5. The Siddheshwara temple complex

TEMPLES

Many temples which are not in worship do not have any names now. Such temples have

been given serial numbers for convenience. These numbers are marked on the site plan

(see diagram no.1.1). The monuments are built by locally available lime stone. Most of

the monuments and sculptures are of the Rastrakuta period datable to the 10th century.

It was believed that the Rastrakutas constructed more temples in Ellora, Elephanta, and

other places of Maharastra and few temples in Karnataka. This opinion has to be changed

because; there are 46 monuments of this period are existed in the Shiraval. These

monuments are very important as they are located near the Rastrakutas capital

Mnyakheta/Malkhed in Sedum Taluk. Though many monuments are in ruin condition but

some best pieces of Rastrakuta architecture style temples, sculptures, and wells are still in

good condition and the temples are worshiped daily by the local people.

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Different types of ground plans are adopted for the construction of temples. Majority of

temples consist of a Garbhagriha (sanctum), Antarala and a Sabhamantapa. The temples

which are still in good condition are

1. Nannayya temple

2. Nadayya temple

3. Sudnyaneshwara temple

4. Mallikarjuna temple

5. Ishwara temple

6. Siddheshwara temple

Nannayya Temple

This is one of the best architectural models of the period of Rastrakutas. This is situated

to the north west of the village on the north bank of stream. It faces towards west and

dedicated to the Lord Shiva. The temple is built by using granite, black stone and lime stone.

It consists of a Garbhagriha, an Antarala and a Sabhamantapa. In this temple an

additional bay occurs. This bay is rectangular bay with two lateral entrances facilitates quick

approach to the Garbhagriha without entering through Sabhamantapa. There is a

circumambulation around only Garbhagriha and Antarala.

Its adhishtana consists of an Upana, a Jagati, a high Padma, a Kumuda in tripatta, fluted

& vritta form, and a Kapota with slopping curved top. The Kapota decorated with Kudu –

Kirthimukhas. The Kudus contain human figures in different postures, flowers, monkeys,

elephants, camel, birds, linga & Nandi. Above there is a course depicting projecting ends of

rafters decorated with makara heads, lions, gods, goddesses, and secular figures.

The Padma course which is depicted by Kama, Surya, man plying veena, standing man,

Bhairvi, Narsimha fighting Hiranyakaspu, Shiva holding Harland, and a man kneeling in

Anjalimudra, dancing Shiva attended by musicians, Vishnu and Surya, erotic figure, Shiva –

parvathi, man holding flower, lions, elephants etc.

The water chute (gargoyle) coming out of the Garbhagriha through the north wall is

decorated with a makara with floriated tail. Water comes out through the mouth of makara.

Nadayya temple

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This temple located adjacent to the Nannayya temple just north to it. It is also faces towards

west, and dedicated to Lord Shiva. It also has Garbhagriha, Antarala and Sabhamantapa.

Here also found the oblong bay with doors & windows, to quick approach to the sanctum.

The sanctum consists of a large linga. Many carvings can be seen in the sanctum, such as

the plying music & dwarfs, dwarpalkas, Gajalakshmi at the lintels and two Sakhas,

Elephants.

The Antarala has four pillars with moulded base and the upper block is carved with toranas.

The upper square block is decorated with eight Kirthimukhas.

The Sabhamantapa is very large and has a door on the west and eight windows. It is

supported by four large pillars set at the corners with moulded base.

The Nannayya and Nadayya temples are mostly have similar structure of building including

same carvings and decoration.

Sugnyaneshwara temple

At the centre this temple complex consists of a modern single chambered shrine with supper

structure. On the north a large pillar hall and a Dwikuta temple on the south is located. The

pillar hall is rebuilt recently. All enclosed in a large modern prakara.

It has two sanctums (Dwikuta) dedicated to Lord Shiva. The east sanctum is square. It does

not contain any images. The west sanctum also square. Their door has plain Shakas. The

oblong Antarala has two small square pillars in the front.

The adhishtana consist of an Upana, a high Padma, a Kumuda in round and tripatta shape

and a Kapota having curved top decorated with plain semicircular Kudu projection. The

wall divided by a series of pilasters, has projections and recesses. The Garbhagrihas have

three projections and two recesses. The central Bhadra projects four times and projects more

than the corner Bhadras. The recesses have sham niches formed by two pilasters. The sham

niches on the east sanctum are surmounted by a moulded course with drop at the center. On

the west sanctum do not have anything on the top, not even a moulded course. The Kapota

on the top does not project. It has rounded top with plain Kudu projections in very low

reliefs. The south wall of the Sabhamantapa is modern.

Mallikarjuna temple

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This temple is located in the outskirts of the village, on the river bank of the stream. It is in

preserved condition except some cracked beams. It is under worship.

The Mallikarjuna temple is feces towards east is built over a platform which is in the form

of an Upapitha, which is commonly found in the Pallava and Chola temples. The temple

consists of a Garbhagriha, Antarala, an oblong passage with doors on the north & south.

The Sabhamantapa is to east with a door. Plan on the Sabhamantapa is unusual. It has three

projections on the north, south, & east. Each of these projects at the centre of each side and

is as large as a chamber, but has no door.

Ishwara temple

This temple faces towards west & still is in good condition. It consists of a Garbhagriha and

Antarala, an oblong passage, a Sabhamantapa a shrine for Nandi.

The adhishtana consist of an Upana, a Jagati, a Padma decorated with petals, a tripatta

Kumuda with carvings on the vertical face, a course showing beams and ends of beams

decorated with carvings and a prati in the form of Padma with petal decoration. The lower

portion of the last course has raised vertical face divided by projecting vertical bands of

pilasters. These projecting bands contain carvings including stories from the Panchatantra.

The course depicting beams and ends of beams is decorated with makara heads, lions,

elephants, boar, sages and men on the ends.

The vertical face of the tripatta Kumuda is decorated with creepers, floral, geometric

designs, figures and some narrative panels.

The Siddheshwara temple

The Siddheshwara temple consisting of multiple Garbhagrihas, Sabhamantapas and

subsidiary shrines is an important edifice in the village. It is under worship and is covered

with several layers of white wash.

It is a large complex consisting of a main temple, five subsidiary shrines and two other

temples all enclosed in a Prakara. The Prakara is partly dilapidated, partly altered and has a

mahadwara on the north.

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The main temple is of Panchakuta type having a central garbhgriaha in Sarvatovhadra form,

that is open on four sides with four Antarala in four directions, and four more Garbhagrihas

spread in four directions. Each linked to the central Garbhagriha through an Antarala and a

Sabhamantapa. The eastern and western Sabhamantapa have mukhamantapas on the north

and south.

Elevation of the central sanctum and four Sabhamantapa is similar in architectural features.

The adhishtana of the temple is partly buried. The visible courses are a high Padma with

semicircular projections above, Vritta Kumuda, Kapota with curved and sloping top having

uncarved kudu projections and flat and sloping underside, a Padma and a course in the form

of pillar bases with uncarved kudu projections.

The Garbhagriha wall is divided by thick and thin plain pilasters while walls of the

Sabhamantapas have only thick pilasters. The plain pilasters have recessed neck, lenticular

capital, and abacus with sloping underside and beam decorations above.

Some minor temples

Jaina temple

A group of three shrines is located in a field, to the south of the village, Shiraval-Shahapur

road. The shrines are completely ruined except their adhishtana. These shrines facing north,

south and east are located on three sides of a central hall. Each shrine consists of a sanctum,

an Antarala and a Sabhamantapa with a raised floor at the centre.

Jodi – Hanuman temple

This is a modern temple built reusing pillars, pilasters and door frames of the Rastrakuta

period. There are four pillars and eight pilasters of square type.

The Pilastere have Ganesha, Mahishamardhini, human figures, lion and creeper on the

upper portion. One pillar contains an inscription on the lower square block.

The door consists of three Sakhas-creepers. The base is plain. All the Sakhas continue on

the lintel. Gajalakshmi is carved at the centre of the lower Sakhas on the lintel.

Kumbara temple

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This temple situated on the bank of the stream, was being used by potters for making pots.

Hence it is known as Kumbhara Degula (potters temple). Now it is being used for storing

fodder. It is in preserved condition except its walls.

This east facing temple consists of a Garbhagriha, an Antarala and a Sabhamantapa.

Surya temple

This west facing temple is partly dilapidated. It consists of a Garbhagriha and an Antarala.

The square sanctum is filled with fodder today. Its ceiling consists of an octagon, a square,

and a flat and plain slab at the top. The sanctum door is missing. The ceiling of the square

Antarala is dilapidated. The Antarala is open in the front. The front sides of the Antarala

walls and abruptly indicating that they didn`t cover front hall, the beam mouldings at the top

continue on the front side also.

And all the unknown temples which are given their names are mostly in dilapidated

condition only their remains can be viewable.

WELLS

There are five wells at the site. These have been given much importance from the point of

art and architecture. Well Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5 are small but very deep while no. 3 is large and

not very deep, similar to the tank at Mahakuta. These have flight of steps on one side. Flight

of steps of well no. 1 is in `L` shape. Well Nos. 1,2, and 3 is decorated with large panel of

relief sculptures, narrating episodes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavata,

Panchatantra and other puranas.

Well no. 1

This well is in good state of preservation. It is located to north west of the village, on the

other side of stream. It is built of large blocks of well dressed lime stones. The square well

is approached from south through a flight of steps arranged in L shape. The upper portion of

the entrance passage runs from west to east and the lower portion runs from south to north.

The lower portion of the well and of the passage is plain but the courses at the top are

carved with series of panels, some of narrate, stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata,

the Bhagavata and the Panchatantra. The lowest course among the carved courses is

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recessed to serve as Kantha. This course contains large rectangular panels interspersed by

plain vertical bands. The second course is in the form of a beam with a plain horizontal

raised band on the upper portion. This course does not contain any figures. The third course

has angled face carved with a continuous series of narrow panels. The fourth course is a

Kapota with rounded top embellished with well carved Kudus with Kirthimukhas at the top.

Kudus contain figures, animals, birds and flowers. The topmost course is of plain blocks

serving as parapet. These blocks are bound together double – wedge – shaped wedges of

black stone (basalt).

Well no. 2

This well is located at the east of the village. On the north bank of the stream there is small

well with a long stepped entrance on the east. The well much dilapidated and filled up.

Some walls are still out of plumb.

The open space in front of the well is enclosed by a dwarf wall of single course, having

round top on the exterior. A block in this wall at the north – west corner, near the steps, is

decorated with a seated figure of Sankhanadhi while Padmanidhi on the other side is

missing. A series steps leads into the well, only seven steps are visible and rest are covered

under debris.

Over the entrance passage is a small shrine where part of the roof and rear wall missing

with a door frame on the east. The water chute in the north wall is obviously for carrying

Abhishekha water out of the shrine.

There are two niches, one on either side, in the walls flanking the steps. These are situated

right below the shrine built over the entrance. Each niche has a lintel decorated with

Gajalakshmi flanked by Purnakumbhas.

Well no. 4

This well is located near the well no. 3 not far from it. These dilapidated well, renovated in

later days. It was being used for irrigation. Its south and west walls and upper portion of the

north wall are renovated. This is also a square well with an entrance passage on the west.

The entrance is blocked by a wall constructed during the renovation. The well is constructed

with well dresses long stones of medium size. Wall is plain and at the top is a Kapota. The

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course below Kapota has a projecting horizontal band on the upper portion like beam. The

Kapota has round top decorated with Kudu – Kirtimukha projections and flat underside.

Well no. 5

This well is in preserved condition, is located near the well no. 4, adjacent to it this square

well has an entrance passage with flight of steps on the south. This is constructed with long

stones of medium size. The construction is simple but nicely done with finely dressed

stones. At the top of the well is a Kapota course. The recessed course below the Kapota

serves as Kantha and is divided by vertical bands. The Kapota has curved top decorated

with kudu – Kirthimukhas projections and flat underside. The kudus are decorated with

concave flowers. Some of the Kirthimukhas are replaced with floral motifs.

SCULPTURES

Most of the sculptures seen at the site are in the form of reliefs carved on adhishtana, Jala-

Vatayana, upper portion of pilasters, course below Kapota,doors and pillars of teomples and

upper courses of wells. A few sculptures carved in round are also found. Important among

the small reliefs carved on adhishtana of temples are those narrating stories from the

Ramayana, the mahabharta and Panchatantra. The remaining sculptures here include

deities,lions, elephant, camel, horse –riders, bulls, boars, monkeys, birds, human figures in

different postures, erotic scenes, flowers etc. jala-vatayanas and upper portion of pillars and

pilasters contain deities and human figures. Course below Kapota contains geese, narratives

from the Panchatantra, erotic scenes and human figures in postures. Doors are decorated

with dwarapalas, river goddesses, sankhanidhi, Padmanidhi and Gajalakshmi. Pillars are

decorated with lion carver in round. Upper courses of wells contain reliefs narrating stories

from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata and Panchatantra, deities, human

figures in different postures, animals and birds.

Some of the important sculptures discussed below are classified as follows,

1. The Ramayana

2. The Mahabharata

3. The Bhagavata

4. Gangavatarana

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5. Shiva – bhaktas

6. Samudramanthana

7. The Panchatantra

8. Short stories

9. Stray sculptures

Inscriptions of Shirval

There are seven inscriptions at the Shiraval of the Rastrakuta period, two of the silaharas

and one of 1537 A.D.

1. Inscription in the Ishwara temple.

This inscription is on a slab set up in front of the temple. It is dated 940 A.D. February

16 Sunday in the reign if Rastrakuta king Akalvarsha Krishna III. In this, Shirval is

reffered to as `Sirivolala`.

2. Inscription in the Jodi Hanuman temple.

This inscription written on a pillar in the characters of 10 th century, records that Sapayya

son of Padeyanna caused carving of this pillar.

3. Inscription in Well no. 2

This inscription on the wall of the well is written in very small characters of about 10 th

century. It is difficult to decipher.

4. Inscription in the Jaina temple

This inscription on a stone with teerthanakaras on four sides in much defaced. It is in the

characters of about 10th century. Its ourport is not clear.

5. Inscription in Kabambeshwara temple

This inscription is now in govt. museum Gulbarga. It is belongs to reign of Chalukya

king Bhulokamalla who was ruling from Kalyanpura. It is issued in the 12 year of his

rule dated to 1137 A.D. November 15.

6. Inscription in the Siddheshwara temple.

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It is on a slab in the temple, belongs to the Silaharas. It is dated 1187 A.D. September4,

Friday, solar eclipse.

7. Inscription in the Hanuman temple.

This is written on a pillar infront of the temple mentions that the Devarasa was the

Senabhoga of Shirval which a sub – division of Kalburgiyanadu. It contents two dates,

first date is of July 8, 1537 A.D. Sunday and the second date is 1538 A.D. January 29

Thursday.

It records that the hanuman temple construction completed on the second date.

2.3 Historical monuments and tourism development

India’s ancient culture is reflected in its historical monuments namely, Forts, palaces,

temples, monasteries, caves and tombs. These magnificent buildings were built by

different rulers. Each ruler had left his indelible mark on the monuments that were built

during his time. It is not very difficult to distinguish a monument built by the Mughals

from that built by the British. Almost all regions in India can boast of some historical

monument or fort. A variety of architectural forms that have rem3ained unchanged

through the ages can be seen throughout India.

Cultural heritage tourism can have a tremendous economic impact on local

economies. To economic benefits like new businesses, jobs and higher property values,

tourism add less tangible- but equally important- payoffs. A well- managed tourism program

improves the quality of life as residents take advantage of the services and attractions tourism

adds. It promotes community pride, which grows as people work together to develop a

thriving tourist industry.

An area that develops its potential for cultural heritage tourism creates new opportunities for

tourists to gain an understanding of an unfamiliar place, people or time. With the arrival of

visitors in turn come new opportunities for preservation. Well interpreted sites teach visitors

their importance and by extension, the importance of preserving other such sites elsewhere.

Perhaps the biggest benefit of cultural heritage tourism is that opportunities increase for

diversified economies, ways to prosper economically while holding on to the characteristics

that make communities special.

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2.2 Role of Heritage Resources in Tourism

Cultural heritage tourism or heritage tourism is a niche element of the overall tourism

spectrum. It is meant to gain an appreciation of the past or something we have got in

legacy. It is one of the oldest forms of travel, and involves heritages of all kinds –

colonial heritage, urban renewal, religious tourism, genealogy, industrial heritage, and

ethnicity. Thus a visit to Cellular Jail in Port Blair, or to Haldighati and Ellora Caves

constitute heritage tourism in the Indian context.

More than five million foreigners visited India in 2007, and out of these, at least, three

million visited heritage sites in India. Number of domestic tourists outnumbered

foreign travelers by more than 60 times in 2007. The share of cultural heritage tourism

in the overall tourism figures in India, be it domestic or foreign travelers, is over 60

percent, according to various estimates.

Valuing Historic Places

Historic buildings and places have played an increasingly central role in the delivery of a

range of public benefits, including tourism education, economic development, sustainable

growth, urban and rural regeneration, repopulation of inner-city areas, improved

competitiveness, cultural development, and providing facilities for local communities. The

historic environment underpins many successful projects aimed at improving quality of life,

transforming failing areas, empowering local people and creating a better and more

sustainable environment. Historic Buildings have their own intrinsic value and any nation

that claims to cherish cultural achievement in any field has a duty to care for them.

Value and Benefits of Heritage

The historic environment delivers a range of public benefits:

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a. Regeneration

Historic buildings and areas are key elements in the regeneration of cities, towns and rural

areas all around the country, facilitating the modernization and adaptation of places to 21st

century needs and helping in the transformation of failing areas into thriving communities.

b. Enterprise, Innovation and Creative Industries

Historic buildings help to provide diversity in the nature and affordability of commercial and

industrial floorspace and are therefore crucial to the development of small businesses,

creative industries, innovation and the knowledge economy.

c. Economic Development and Competitiveness

A high quality environment, old and new, is a prerequisite to maximizing economic

development Potential, projecting a positive image, attracting high value jobs and investment,

and improving Competitiveness.

d. Tourism

Historic places and buildings attract visitors and are an essential element of the Tourism

industry, an important sector of the Indian economy.

e. Leisure and 24 Hour Economy

Historic areas often provide the focus for leisure facilities, from theatres and art installations

to restaurants and bars.

f. City Living

Historic buildings, areas and waterways are a catalyst for the repopulation of inner city areas

and development of new housing markets.

g. Rural Renaissance

Historic buildings and places have helped to accommodate new uses, facilitate economic

diversification and form a basis for tourism and the visitor economy in rural areas and small

settlements.

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h. Enhanced Values

Listed buildings, in office or domestic use, deliver consistently higher yields and values than

other buildings.

i. Supporting Local Communities

Selective redevelopment based around the historic environment is almost universally more

successful than large-scale comprehensive redevelopment, better fulfilling the needs of local

communities and maintaining local cultural, social and economic diversity.

j. Social inclusion

Historic buildings and areas can provide accommodation for a range of social and community

facilities, better accessibility and choice for non-car owners, low rental business

accommodation, affordable housing, and a basis for transforming under-performing areas and

creating new life opportunities.

k. Areas of Deprivation

In areas of market failure and deprivation, schemes to improve and enhance heritage assets

can often help to create confidence, improve image, attract investment, create new facilities

for social enterprise and act as a catalyst to reverse economic decline.

l. Sustainable use of Resources

The conservation and refurbishment of historic buildings is an intrinsically sustainable form

of development, avoiding the use and waste of scarce resources associated with demolition

and redevelopment, and helping to achieve sustainable growth.

m. Sustainable Patterns of Development

Historic areas were designed for a low-carbon economy, usually having environments based

on the needs of pedestrians with rear of pavement frontages and permeable layouts.

n. Mixed Use

Older areas usually provide a fine grain of mixed use.

o. Human Resources

Compared to new-build development, building refurbishment generates higher levels of pay

and investment in local economies.

p. Intrinsic Value

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Historic Buildings and places have intrinsic value in their own right as the fabric of human

achievement in arts, design and construction, essential to the spiritual and cultural well being

of the nation.

q. Public Support

Surveys have shown that protecting heritage, including twentieth century buildings, enjoys

the support of the vast majority of the population.

r. Legacy for Future Generations

There is a public acceptance that we have a duty to conserve the built heritage for current and

Future generations.

s. Local Distinctiveness and Pride

Investment in historic places helps to support local businesses, industries and communities,

Preserve local distinctiveness and identity which create a sense of place, and foster local

pride.

t. Local Empowerment

Historic buildings are used by local voluntary groups and third sector organizations, such as

building preservation trusts and development trusts, to provide facilities for local people to

improve their skills and opportunities.

u. Urban Design Quality and Variety

Historic areas provide demonstrably superior urban design, including pedestrian friendly

places, legible townscapes, greater variety of urban forms and superior public realms.

Cultural, Learning and Skills Value

1. Education

The Historic Environment provides a tangible resource for the teaching of social, economic,

political and human history, helping to create a better understanding of contemporary society

and contributing to effective school, continuing and adult learning.

2. Sustainable Communities

The historic environment is crucial to the delivery of sustainable communities and the

creations of places where people positively choose to live, work, invest and spend recreation

time.

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3. Culture

The historic environment is the embodiment of local and national culture, whilst also

accommodating a range of cultural artifacts and activities.

4. Skills

Conservation practice creates more skilled jobs (professional, technical, skilled manual, and

vocational) and employment in craft-based industries.

5. Creative New Design

The historic environment provides a basis for understanding architectural design and urban

morphology and creates a context and stimulus for creative and innovative new designs and

the development of new architectural styles.

The Future for Historic Environments

It is only through proper protection, conservation and management of the historic

environment, supported by investment in its maintenance, repair and adaptation that these

substantial benefits can continue to be realized.

The apparently ever-increasing importance of heritage in an individual and collective sense

relates directly to an on-going series of challenges to, and explorations of, notions of identity

and belonging in a highly mobile world. Heritage tourism, from the perspectives of its

production and consumption is, in part, explained by a normative search for stability. The

concept of heritage is thus strongly associated with ideas of material permanence and

authenticity. Discourses and practices relating to heritage reflect this in their references to

notions of preservation, protection, management and sustainability.

While acknowledging the importance of heritage and its accepted touristic dimension, we

need also to be aware of the problems that the designation of heritage can bring, and of the

need for a wider social, cultural and political role for heritage which can meet changing needs

and profiles of host communities and tourists alike. Heritage needs to be always moving

forward; creatively re-defining itself, seeking engagement in critical agendas relating to

conflict resolution, inter-cultural dialogue and poverty reduction. In doing so heritage tourism

can relate more to the emerging generations of tourists who seek not only to passively

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observe the past, but to learn from it, and where appropriate, challenge and change it.

2.5 Preservation and Conservation of Heritage Resources

Historic preservation or heritage conservation is a professional endeavor that seeks to

preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historic

significance. Other names for the discipline include urban conservation, landscape

preservation, built environment conservation, built heritage conservation, object

conservation, and immovable object conservation.

Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice

Architectural conservation deals with issues of prolonging the life and integrity of architectural character and integrity, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood. In this sense, the term refers to the "professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as a preservation tool" and is allied with its parent fields, of historic environment conservation and art conservation.

In addition to the design and art/science definition described above, architectural conservation also refers to issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and built environment. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identify and value historic cultural resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for interpretation, protection, and education. Typically this process operates as a specialized aspect of a society's planning system, and its practitioners are termed historic environment conservation professionals.

The following are links to historic preservation and conservation resources.

The International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture &

Urbanism (INTBAU) is building an active network of individuals and

institutions interested in offering a human alternative in architecture and the built

environment and creating new and harmonious places which respect local

traditions.

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(www.intbau.org)

1. ICOMOS

International Council on Monuments and Sites is an international non-

governmental organization of professionals, dedicated to the conservation

of the world's historic monuments and sites.

(www.icomos.org)

2. World Monuments Fund

WMF is a New York-based non-profit dedicated to preserving and

protecting endangered works of historic art and architecture around the

world. The World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites, a

program of WMF, is issued every other year.

(www.wmf.org)

3. UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

United Nations organization whose main objective is to contribute to peace

and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations

through education, science, culture and communication in order to further

universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights

and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world,

without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.

(www.unesco.org)

4. ICCROM

International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of

Cultural Property

ICCROM contributes to preserving cultural heritage in the world today and

for the future through five main spheres of activity: Training, Information,

Research, Co-operation and Advocacy

(www.iccrom.org)

5. OWHC

Organization of World Heritage Cities

An international non-profit non-governmental organization, the

Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) was created to assist

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http://www.icomos.org/


member cities adapt and improve their management methods in relation to

the specific requirements of having a site inscribed on the UNESCO World

Heritage List.

(www.ovpm.org)

6. Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) works in health, education,

culture, rural development and economic promotion, primarily in Asia and

Africa.

(www.akdn.org)

7. Masonry Conservation Research Group

Information on research into building stone decay, conservation and

historic preservation, located in Aberdeen, Scotland

(www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mcrghome.htm)

8. Association for Preservation Technology International

APT promotes the application of methods & materials to conserving

buildings, districts & artifacts.

(www.apti.org)

9. Getty Conservation Institute

The Getty Conservation Institute works internationally to advance

conservation and to enhance and encourage the preservation and

understanding of the visual arts in all of their dimensions-objects,

collections, architecture, and sites.

(www.getty.edu/conservation/institute)

10. Architecture for Humanity

A volunteer non profit set up to encourage architects and designers to

respond to global social and humanitarian crises.

(www.architectureforhumanity.org)

11. Cultural Heritage Search Engine

A search engine about the conservation of cultural heritage, restoration and

maintenance of the architecture, preservation of the urban landscape

(www.culturalheritage.net)

12. Global Heritage Fund

The Global Heritage Fund's mission is to help ensure the long-term

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preservation of humankind's most important and imperiled Global Heritage

sites in developing countries.

(www.globalheritagefund.org)

13. Society for Industrial Archaeology

The Society for Industrial Archaeology is made up of over 1,800 members,

world-wide, who have a strong interest in preserving, interpreting and

documenting our industrial past and heritage.

(www.sia-web.org)

14. Tourism Cares for Tomorrow

Tourism Cares for Tomorrow is a non-profit that brings people together to

give back through action and investment that support education and

preservation, ensuring the future of tourism. (www.tourismcares.org)

Conservation techniques

Most ancient buildings are constructed of stone and have survived from antiquity as a result of the stability of this building material. However, stone can deteriorate rapidly without protection, particularly in our modern era of pollution and climate change.

The simple to apply, and comparatively inexpensive and reversible methods of conserving the historical monuments in given below.

The process is as follows:

1. Clean the material with soft brushes to remove ingrained dirt. Do not use dust cloths. If dirt is extensive, use a paste jelly formula such as EDTA ammonium carbonate.

2. Wash with distilled water by brushing, spraying or by immersion or paper pulp method on stones showing symptoms of salting.

3. Sterilize by brushing or spraying with a minimum 25% to 36% hydrogen peroxide stones affected by presence of organic growths such as mosses and lichens.

4. Consolidate by brushing, spraying or injecting (or by impregnating, filling, grouting, jointing or pin dowel adhesive) on very dry stone using a consolidant such as Rinforzante H or ethyl silicate for siliceous stone (granite, sandstone). Consolidation is recommended when the cohesive strength of stone has weakened

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and there is a need to consolidate or bind together the disintegrated material.

5. Gap filling, replacement and/or retouching of missing parts.

6. Spray or brush protective films or water repellents on stone affected by chemical integration and biological attack.

Common protestants are waxes, acrylic and silicon resins.

The Department Of Architectural Conservation And Restoration

The discipline of architectural conservation and restoration covers restoration, alteration, management and renewal of both historic and latter-day settlement and buildings. Architects’ working methods for inspecting and analyzing buildings are studied, as well as the planning of new architecture in the encounter with existing settlement.

The subject field includes close studies of traditional building trades and their application to refurbishment. Current research focuses on the design process, methods of planning and investigation in preservation and renewal using traditional materials and methods, and design programmes and studies for the management and development of existing built environments.

Law and Practice of Conservation of Monuments

INTRODUCTION

" It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to value and preserve the rich

heritage of our composite culture" - Article 51 A (F) of the Constitution of India.

The need to preserve Greek ruins as a cultural necessity was recognised by the early Romans, and rules for conservation were established as early as the eighth century AD. However, the practice was not effectively institutionalised by law in European countries until the middle of the nineteenth century, and it is only very recently that the issue has become one of truly international concern. In India, even though we have a very old and remarkably continuous civilization, the practice of conservation was introduced by Lord Curzon in 1902 with the consolidation of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). As an issue of wider public and professional concern, however, it is still nascent.

The main legislations in India that deals with the subject of conservation and protection of our cultural heritage and monuments, within its ambit are as follows:

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1. The Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878.

2. The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904.

3. The Antiquities (Export Control) Act, 1947

4. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958

5. The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972

6. The Karnataka Ancient And Historical Monuments And Archaeological

Sites And Remains Act, 1961.

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958

came into force with effect from 29th August 1958. According to the Act, ancient

and historical monuments, sculpture carvings and other like objects,

archaeological sites and remains are protected and preserved. Archaeological

excavations are regulated and are of National importance.

The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 came into force with effect from

9th September 1972. According to the Act export trade in antiquities and art a

treasure is regulated and smuggling and fraudulent dealings in antiquities and

ancient monuments is prevented.

These legislations owe their legitimacy to the Article 49 Constitution of India

A comparison of the legal framework of conservation models in India and the

United States, as the author has done below, would help at this stage to clarify the

situation regards both conservation policy and actual practice.

INDIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Buildings are directly owned and maintained by the Government. However it protects only about 8,000 monuments due to budgetary constraints.

More than 70,000 properties listed on the National Register, but these are not necessarily owned or maintained by the Federal agencies, but mostly under private ownership and control.

The main Government agency - Archaeological Survey of India -has limited its regulatory control

Federal government limits its control to the National Parks and Federal government does not

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to only national monuments under direct government ownership. Other properties are being gradually, listed under local state laws.

regulate the other buildings, but rehabilitation is encouraged through tax credits.

Poor level of tourist management as historical sites are not tourism savvy.

High level of tourist and visitor interpretation and site management. The historical sites, though not often of as great antiquity as some Indian monuments, but fetch greater economic returns due to tourist savvy mechanisms.

Preservation is still rather purist in nature, with the emphasis on stratified preservation rather than economically oriented reuse.

Preservation is more economic driven with a great emphasis on rehabilitation, interpretation & adaptive reuse.

Preservation has until recently been relegated as a duty of the government, with little or no public participation. The attitude has therefore been more of a top down approach to preservation.

High degree of public volunteerism in preservation as well as local non-profits groups, community projects such as Business Improvement Districts and Main Street Programs.

Only few local state governments have so far established heritage commissions to oversee preservation.

Similar case of local commissions to oversee preservation, but adopted throughout the country.

Over five hundred centrally- protected monuments for structural conservation,

chemical preservation and development have been identified by Archaeological

Survey of India under the tenth five-year Plan. The primary interest of this

institution was antiquity and authenticity. Even after independence, this colonial

legacy continues. As a result, about 5000 monuments alone have been declared as

heritage sites. Another equal number of monuments have been identified by

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various other state departments of archaeology.

After all, we know that conservation is an attitude that has been negated by

modern city planning, and as a result the conservation in India is at the

crossroads. In India, there is an opportunity, indeed a necessity, for making

planning conservation oriented. The existing town and country planning acts do

have provisions for conferring special status to buildings and heritage areas.

However, for many reasons including political and social factors this has never

been enforced. In order to focus attention and action on heritage buildings, recent

initiatives such as that of INTACH and various other environmental organisations

that have pushed for a separate Heritage Act/ Regulations, would be helpful.

However, this requires help from administrative and legislative quarters, as well

as adequate support from the judiciary. Above all, It can provide the impetus and

ideology for a conservation-oriented development policy, which seems to be the

need of the hour.

In the International scenario, UNESCO has played an active role focusing

international attention on the stewardship and preservation of monuments and

cultural property. This is now a rapidly evolving area of international law.

Chapter-3

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3.1 Findings

3.2 Suggestions

3.3 Conclusion

3.4 Bibliography

3.1 Findings

While making the case on Shiraval I found many findings, such are;

Shirval is an important heritage site where the Rastrakutas left their

existence by constructing the beautiful monuments at the site which

cannot be at seen any other place.

Shirval is an unexplored tourism product.

Many temples are in dilapidated state & need restoration.

Improper utilization of temple buildings

Very congested road to reach the temples through village

The information about the destinations and about its historical importance

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is not found.

Lack of awareness about the historical value of the Shirval group of

temples even the local people also unaware of it.

The monuments have very rich historic and cultural value, but there is

improper preservation found.

3.2 Suggestion

After visiting to Shirval & gaining the first hand information, I would like to give

some suggestions to the govt., local people and the tourists…..

The govt. must take care about that the monuments of Shirval should not

lose their importance due to improper conservation.

The govt. must preserve and conserve the rich historical value of Shirval

by preserving and conserving its monuments.

The local people should cooperate with govt. in preservation and

conservation activities of the monuments.

If the local people or any person can’t preserve and conserve the

monuments at least do not spoil the monuments.

Shirval is an unexplored heritage site so; the main goal is to explore the

site by using as much as possible ways.

The awareness creating programs should be held by the govt. & as well

as the NGOs.

The concept of sustainability should be creating in the mind of local

people and the tourist also.

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Documents

Heritage tourism