Herod’s Palace at Jericho

Herod’s Palace at Jericho

Herod’s Palace at Jericho

4Q246 (Aramaic Apocalypse)

Jesus’ TitlesJesus as the Christ (Davidic Messiah) and Son of David Christ (Davidic Messiah)

Old Testament and Second-Temple TextsIsa 11:1: Then a shoot will spring from the stem of Jesse, and a branch from his roots will bear fruit.

Ps Sol 17: 21-22: See, Lord, and raise up for them their king, the son of David, to rule over your servant Israel in the time known to you, O God. Undergird him with the strength to destroy the unrighteous rulers, to purge Jerusalem from gentiles who trample her to destruction.Jewish Revolutionary Movements with Messianic Overtones. E.g.’s Judas the Galilean from Gamala, Theudas and "the Egyptian."


Synoptic Gospels

Luke 4:41: Moreover, demons came out of many people, shouting, "You are the Son of God!" But he rebuked them and would not allow them to speak, because they knew he was the Christ.

Jesus' Reluctance to Be Known as the Christ (Davidic Messiah)

The Gospels

Synoptic Gospels

Mark 1:23-25: Just then a man in their synagogue who was possessed by an evil spirit cried out, "What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God!" 25 "Be quiet!" said Jesus sternly. "Come out of him!"

Jesus' Reluctance to Be Known as the Christ (Davidic Messiah)


Mark 14:61-63: But Jesus remained silent and gave no answer. Again the high priest asked him, "Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed One?" "I am," said Jesus. "And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven." The high priest tore his clothes. "Why do we need any more witnesses?" he asked.

Synoptic Gospels Jesus' Reluctance to Be Known as the Christ (Davidic Messiah)


Mark 8:29-30: And he [Jesus] continued by questioning them, "But who do you say that I am?" Peter answered and said to him, "You are the Christ." And he warned them to tell no one about him.

Synoptic Gospels Jesus' Reluctance to Be Known as the Christ (Davidic Messiah)


Luke 7:18; Mark 14:62; Mark 15:26 = Matt 27:37; Luke 23:2; Matt 16:17

Jesus Recognized as the Christ (Davidic Messiah)

Synoptic Gospels


Jesus is reluctant to be known as the Christ, but is interpreted as the Christ by means of his actions: John 7:26-42; 12:34; 6:14-15; 7:40; 10:24-25; 4:25-26; 18:28-40; 9:22, 10:24; see 6:69; 12:34

The Gospel of John


Royal Entry and Redefinition of Davidic Messiah (Mark 11:1-10)

1 As they approached Jerusalem and came to Bethphage and Bethany at the Mount of Olives, Jesus sent two of his disciples, 2 saying to them, "Go to the village ahead of you, and just as you enter it, you will find a colt tied there, which no one has ever ridden. Untie it and bring it here. 3 If anyone asks you, ‘Why are you doing this?' tell him, ‘The Lord needs it and will send it back here shortly.’" 4 They went and found a colt outside in the street, tied at a doorway. As they untied it, 5 some people standing there asked, "What are you doing, untying that colt?" 6 They answered as Jesus had told them to, and the people let them go. 7 When they brought the colt to Jesus and threw their cloaks over it, he sat on it. 8 Many people spread their cloaks on the road, while others spread branches they had cut in the fields. 9 Those who went ahead and those who followed shouted, "Hosanna!" "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!" 10 "Blessed is the coming kingdom of our father David!" "Hosanna in the highest!"


Son of David Jesus Addressed as "Son of David"

Mark 10:46-49 Then they came to Jericho And as he was leaving Jericho with his disciples and a large crowd, a blind beggar named Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus, was sitting by the road. When he heard that it was Jesus the Nazarene, he began to cry out and say, "Jesus, son of David, have mercy on me!"Many were sternly telling him to be quiet, but he kept crying out all the more, " son of David, have mercy on me!“ And Jesus stopped and said, "Call him here." So they called the blind man, saying to him, "Take courage, stand up! He is calling for you."

Jesus’ TitlesJesus as the Christ (Davidic Messiah) and Son of David

Matt 9:27-28 As Jesus went on from there, two blind men followed him, crying out, "Have mercy on us, son of David." When He entered the house, the blind men came up to Him, and Jesus said to them, "Do you believe that I am able to do this?" They said to him, "Yes, Lord."

Son of David

Jesus Addressed as "Son of David"


Matt 21: 9 The crowds going ahead of Him, and those who followed, were shouting, "Hosanna to the son of David ....15 But when the chief priests and the scribes saw the wonderful things that He had done, and the children who were shouting in the temple, "Hosanna to the son of David," they became indignant

Son of David Jesus Addressed as "Son of David"


Jesus' Re-Interpretation of "Son of David" (Mark 12:35-37)35 And Jesus began to say, as he taught in the temple, "How is it that the scribes say that the Christ is the son of David? 36 David himself said in the Holy Spirit, 'The Lord [Yahweh] said to my lord, "Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet." (Ps 110:1)' 37 David himself calls Him 'Lord'; so in what sense is he his son?" And the large crowd enjoyed listening to him.

Son of David


Questions

What was Jesus' understanding of his role as Israel's Messiah? Why was Jesus reluctant to be known as the Davidic Messiah publicly?

Jesus as Son of God

Old Testament and Second-Temple Texts

Jesus’ Titles

2 Samuel 7:14: I will be a father to him and he will be a son to me.

Psalm 2:7: 7 “He [Yahweh] said to me, ‘You are my son; today I have begotten you.

Jesus as Son of God


Jesus’ Titles

4Q174 10 [And] Yahweh has [de]clared to you that he will build you a house (2 Sam 7:11c). I will raise up your seed after you (2 Sam 7:12). I will establish the throne of his kingdom 11 f[orever] (2 Sam 7:13). I wi[ll be] a father to me and he shall be a son to me (2 Sam 7:14). He is the branch of David (see Jer 23:5; 33:15) who will arise with the interpreter of the Law who 12 [ ] in Zi[on in the la]st days according as it is written: "I will raise up the tent of 13 David that has falle[n] (Amos 9:11), who will arise to save Israel.

Jesus as Son of God


Jesus’ Titles

4Q246 2 "He shall be hailed as the son of God, and they shall call him the son of the most high."

The Gospels Synoptic Gospels

References to Jesus as Son of God

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

Matt 16:17-18: Simon Peter answered, "You are the Christ, the son of the living God." 17 Jesus replied, "Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven.

Jesus' References to Himself as Son of GodMatt 11:25 At that time Jesus said, "I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. 26 Yes, Father, for this was your good pleasure. 27 "All things have been committed to me by my Father. No one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son and those to whom the Son chooses to reveal him.


Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

Jesus' References to Himself as Son of God

Mark 13:32 No one knows about that day or hour, not even the angels in heaven, nor the son, but only the Father.


Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus as Son (of God)Nathanael answered him, "Rabbi, you are the son of God; you are the King of Israel."

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus as Son (of God)John 5:16 So, because Jesus was doing these things on the Sabbath, the Jews persecuted him. 17 Jesus said to them, "My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I, too, am working." 18 For this reason the Jews tried all the harder to kill him; not only was he breaking the Sabbath, but he was even calling God his own Father, making himself equal with God. 19 Jesus gave them this answer: "I tell you the truth, the son can do nothing by himself; he can do only what he sees his Father doing, because whatever the Father does the son also does. 20 For the Father loves the son and shows him all he does. Yes, to your amazement he will show him even greater things than these. 21 For just as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so the son gives life to whom he is pleased to give it. Cont’d

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus as Son (of God)Cont’d 22 Moreover, the Father judges no one, but has entrusted all judgment to the son, 23 that all may honor the son just as they honor the Father. He who does not honor the son does not honor the Father, who sent him. 24 "I tell you the truth, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life and will not be condemned; he has crossed over from death to life. 25 I tell you the truth, a time is coming and has now come when the dead will hear the voice of the son of God and those who hear will live. 26 For as the Father has life in himself, so he has granted the son to have life in himself. 27 And he has given him authority to judge because he is the son of Man. 28 "Do not be amazed at this, for a time is coming when all who are in their graves will hear his voice 29 and come out—those who have done good will rise to live, and those who have done evil will rise to be condemned. 30 By myself I can do nothing; I judge only as I hear, and my judgment is just, for I seek not to please myself but him who sent me.

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus as Son (of God)1. The son works as the Father works (5:17).2. The son only does what his sees his Father do (5:19). 3. The Father loves the son and shows him all that he does

(5:20). 4. The son gives life to whom he will (5:21). 5. The Father has entrusted all judgment to the son (5:22).6. The dead will hear the voice of the son and live (5:25).7. As the Father has life in himself so he has granted the

son to have life in himself (5:26).8. The son does the work that the Father has given him to

do, and this testifies that the Father has sent him (5:36).

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus as Son (of God)John 14:7: No one has seen the Father, except the one who is from God; he has seen the Father.

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus as Son (of God)John 10:31-38 Again the Jews picked up stones to stone him, 32 but Jesus said to them, "I have shown you many great miracles from the Father. For which of these do you stone me?" 33 "We are not stoning you for any of these," replied the Jews, "but for blasphemy, because you, a mere man, claim to be God." 34 Jesus answered them, "Is it not written in your Law, 'I have said you are gods' [Ps 82:6]? 35 If he called them 'gods,' to whom the word of God came—and the Scripture cannot be broken— 36 what about the one whom the Father set apart as his very own and sent into the world? Why then do you accuse me of blasphemy because I said, 'I am God's son'? 37 Do not believe me unless I do what my Father does. 38 But if I do it, even though you do not believe me, believe the miracles, that you may know and understand that the Father is in me, and I in the Father."

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

The Gospel of JohnJesus' Pre-ExistenceJohn 8:56 Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day, and he saw it and was glad. 57 So the Jews said to him, "You are not yet fifty years old, and have you seen Abraham?" 58 Jesus said to them, "Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am."

The Gospels

Jesus as Son of God

Jesus’ Titles

Question In what sense does Jesus use the term son of God of himself?

Jesus as Son of Man

Religious Historical Background

Son of Man as Eschatological Figure in Second-Temple Judaism

Jesus’ Titles

Dan 7:13 In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. 14 He was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all peoples, nations and men of every language worshiped him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed.

Jesus as Son of Man


Son of Man as Eschatological Figure in Second-Temple Judaism

Jesus’ Titles

1 Enoch 62:7 2 And I asked the angel who went with me and showed me all the hidden things, concerning that 3 son of man, who he was, and whence he was, (and) why he went with the Head of Days? And he answered and said unto me: This is the son of man who has righteousness, with whom dwells righteousness, and who reveals all the treasures of that which is hidden, because the Lord of Spirits has chosen him… 1 Enoch 62:7 For from the beginning the son of man was hidden, and the Most High preserved him in the presence of His might, and revealed him to the elect.

Jesus as Son of Man


Jesus’ Titles

"Son of Man" as Idiom of Self-Reference

Synoptic Gospels

Idiomatic Use of "Son of Man"

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles

Luke 9:57 As they were walking along the road, a man said to him, "I will follow you wherever you go." 58 Jesus replied, "Foxes have holes and birds of the air have nests, but the son of man has no place to lay his head."

Mark 8:38: For whoever is ashamed of me and my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, the son of man will also be ashamed of him when he comes in the glory of his Father with the holy angels.

Synoptic Gospels

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles

Jesus' Use of Son as Man as Messianic Self-Reference


Matt 19:28: And Jesus said to them, "Truly I say to you, that you who have followed me, in the regeneration when the son of man will sit on his glorious throne, you also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

Synoptic Gospels

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles


Mark 13:26 Then they will see the son of man coming in the clouds with great power and glory. 27 And then He will send forth the angels, and will gather together His elect from the four winds, from the farthest end of the earth to the farthest end of heaven.

Synoptic Gospels

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles


Mark 14:61 But He kept silent and did not answer. Again the high priest was questioning him, and saying to him, "Are you the Christ, the son of the Blessed One?" 62 And Jesus said, "I am; and you shall see "the son of man sitting at the right hand of power" and "coming with the clouds of heaven” (see Dan 7:13)

Synoptic Gospels

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles


Luke 17:22-24, 26-35; 12:39-40 = Matt 24:27, 37-39, 42-44 For the son of man in his day will be like the lightning, which flashes and lights up the sky from one end to the other.It will be just like this on the day the son of man is revealed.You also must be ready, because the son of man will come at an hour when you do not expect him.

Synoptic Gospels

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles

Unclear Uses of the Term "Son of Man"

Synoptic Gospels

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles

Gospel of John

John 3:13: No one has ascended into heaven, but he who descended from heaven, the son of man.John 6:62: What then if you see the son of man ascending to where he was before.John 6:27: Do not work for the food that perishes, but for the food which endures to eternal life, which the son of man will give to you, for on him the Father, God, has set his seal .John 9:35: Jesus heard that they had put him out, and finding him, he said, "Do you believe in the son of man?"

Jesus as Son of Man

Jesus’ Titles

What does Jesus mean when he refers to himself as the son of man?

Question

Documents

Herod’s Palace at Jericho