Heywood Global Politics Chapter 01-21 Slides

8/11/2019 Heywood Global Politics Chapter 01-21 Slides

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Ch01 INTRODUCING

GLOBAL POLITICS


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Why global politics? Global politics is based on a comprehensive approach to

world affairs that takes into account developments at andacross all levels: global, regional, national, sub national

! variety of factors have transformed internationalpolitics into global politics:

"#$ the emergence of new actors alongside states andnational governments

"%$ increased levels of interconnectedness andinterdependence

"&$ a growing framework of regional and global governance


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What is globali'ation? Globali'ation is the emergence of a comple( web of

interconnectedness that means our lives are shaped byevents that occur "and decisions that are made$ at agreat distance from us

)istinctions are commonly drawn between economic,cultural and political globali'ation

*here are significant debates about whetherglobali'ation is actually happening and how far it hastransformed world politics


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+erspectives onglobal politics

*he two mainstream perspectives are -!./01 and

./2- !./01 : both are grounded in positivism and focuson the balance between conflict and cooperation in staterelations, though they offer different accounts of thisbalance

3ritical theories "e4g4 1! 5/0* , 6-1/7/0* ,+80*0* 93*9 !./0* $ tend to adopt a post positivist

approach to theory, and contest the global status uo byaligning themselves with the interests of marginali'ed oroppressed groups4


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-!./0* : globali'ation has been made by states, for

states4 *he state remains the dominant unit in worldaffairs4

./2- !. : globali'ation reflects the victory of the marketover irrational national allegiance and arbitrary stateborders4 1oreover, it brings social and political benefits4

3 /*/3!. : theorists have adopted a negative oroppositional stance towards globali'ation4

APPROACHES TO

G.82!./;!*/87


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Ch02 HISTORICAL

CONTEXT


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3auses of World War *wo *he World War 8ne peace settlements

*he global economic crisis of the #


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#


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Why did*he 3old War end?

*he structural weaknesses of 0oviet style communism

*he impact of Gorbachevs reform process

90 policy and the 0econd 3old War

-conomic and cultural globali'ation


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APPROACHES TO

>/0*8 B

-!./0* : history has an enduring character4 /t repeatsitself and does not move forward

./2- !. : characteri'ed by a belief in progress: history

marches forward as human knowledge andunderstanding increases

3 /*/3!. : 1ar(ists believe that the primary drivingforces in history are material or economic factors4+oststructuralists attempt to e(pose hidden meanings inhistory that serve the interests of domination ande(clude marginali'ed groups4


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Dynamics of bipolarity: according to realists, states areprimarily concerned with their own survival4 WW//created a bipolar world order in which the 90 and 0oviet

9nion had predominant influence4 *he shape of globalpolitics was therefore clear4

The ideological long war: capitalism and communismrepresent incompatible modes of economic organi'ation48nce fascism was van uished, -ast West conflict wasinevitable4

Debating

Was *he 3old War inevitable?

FOR


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Western misperceptions about the Soviet Union: basedon the assumption that 0oviet foreign policy wasdetermined by ideology rather than territorial security

Soviet misperceptions about the US: 0oviet leadersbelieved that 90 foreign policy was guided more by

ideological considerations rather than by strategicconcerns

Debating

Was *he 3old War inevitable?

AGAINST


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Ch03 THEORIES OF

GLOBAL POLITICS


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ealist *heory 2ased on combined ideas of human selfishnessCegoism

and the structural implications of international anarchy

/mplies a strong tendency towards conflict, though openviolence and war can be constrained by the balance ofpower

*he key dynamics in the international system flow fromthe distribution of power "capabilities$ between andamong states


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.iberal *heory 2ased on a belief in harmony or balance

6ree trade, democracy, and the construction ofinternational organi'ations lead to peace, cooperation

and integration

8ver time, however, neoliberalism has become

increasingly indistinct from realism


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Dey theories include 1ar(ism, social constructivism,

post structuralism, feminism, green politics andpostcolonialism

/n different ways, critical theorists challenge norms,values and assumptions on which the global status uois based

1any theorists uestion the belief that there is anobEective reality out there separate from the beliefs,ideas and assumptions of the observer

3ritical *heories


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APPROACHES TO

>91!7 7!*9 -

-!./0* : the core of human nature is fi(edF instinctprevails over intellectF humans are self seeking

./2- !. : humans are self seeking, but are also

governed by reason and are capable of personal selfdevelopment

3 /*/3!. : generally view human nature as plastic,moulded by the e(periences and circumstances of sociallife


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Zones of peace

ublic opinion

!on"violent conflict resolution

#ultural bonds

Debating

/s democracy a guarantee of peace?

FOR


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Democracies at war

States are states

eace by other means

Debating

/s democracy a guarantee of peace?

AGAINST


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Ch04 THE

ECONOMY IN AGLOBAL AGE


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3apitalism is a system of generali'ed commodityproduction in which wealth is owned privately andeconomic life is organi'ed according to market principles

-nterprise capitalism, social capitalism and statecapitalism differ in relation to the balance within thembetween the market and the state

3apitalism


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*riumph of 7eoliberalism? 7eoliberalism, with its absolute faith in the market,

reflects the ascendancy of enterprise capitalism

7eoliberals argue that the advance of neoliberalism has

coincided with three decades of growth in the worldeconomy

3ritics argue that neoliberalism is associated withwidening ine uality and social breakdown


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-conomic Globali'ation -conomic globali'ation is the process whereby all national

economies have, to a greater or lesser e(tent, become absorbedinto an interlocking global economy

*he 2retton Woods system laid the basis for later accelerated

economic globali'ation

-conomic interconnectedness achieved global dimensions in the#


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APPROACHES TO

G.82!. +8./*/3!. -38781B

APPROACHES TO

G.82!. +8./*/3!. -38781B

-!./0* : the state is the most significant political actor

./2- !. : individuals are the key economic actors

3 /*/3!. : 1ar(ism portrays social classes as the key

economic actors


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Debating

)oes economic globali'ation promoteprosperity and opportunity for all?FOR

The magic of the mar$et: it is the only reliable means ofgenerating wealth

%veryone wins: although it ma$es the rich richer& it alsoma$es the poor less poor

%conomic freedom promotes other freedoms


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AGAINST

Deepening poverty and ine'uality

The hollowing out of politics and democracy

#orruption of consumerist materialism: cultural andsocial distinctiveness is lost

Debating

)oes economic globali'ation promoteprosperity and opportunity for all?


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Ch05 THE STATE

AND FOREIGNPOLICY IN A GLOBALAGE


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6eatures of the 0tate *he state has four key features:#4 a defined territory%4 a permanent population&4 an effective government@4 the capacity to enter into relations with other states

/ts core characteristic, however, is sovereignty4 *hiscan be understood in internal or e(ternal senses4


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*he 0tate and Globali'ation Globali'ation has been widely seen to curtail state

sovereignty4

-conomic sovereignty has been compromised by

transborder trading, capital and other flows4

0ome believe these developments have transformed thenature of the state, giving rise to the competition,market or postmodern state4


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*ransformation of the 0tate *here is growing evidence of a return of state power4

*his has occurred as a response to new security threatsFincreasing use of the state as an agent of economicmoderni'ationF emphasis on state building as a meansof promoting development4

1any claim that changes in the environment in which thestate operates mean that government is being displacedby governance4 *his is associated with the stretching ofgovernment across a number of levels, giving rise tomulti level governance4


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APPROACHES TO

*>- 0*!*-

-!./0* : states are unitary and coherent actors4 0tate

behaviour is determined by the wish to survive "Walt'%==%$4

./2- !. : the state arises out of the needs of societyand reflects the interests of individual citi'ens4

3 /*/3!. : 7eo 1ar(ists and post 1ar(ists haveabandoned the belief that the state is a reflection of theclass system, but continue to argue that world orders aregrounded in social relations4

D b i


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FOR

ermeable borders

(ise of non"state actors

#ollective dilemmas

)nternational human rights

Debating

/s state sovereignty now an outdatedconcept?

D b ti g


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AGAINST

*yth of the borderless world

States remain dominant

ooled sovereignty

%nduring attraction of the nation"state

Debating

/s state sovereignty now an outdatedconcept?


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Ch06 SOCIETY IN AGLOBAL AGE


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6eatures of

+ost /ndustrial 0ocieties Growing atomism and the weakening of social

connectedness4

.ooser and more plurali'ed class formations4

0ocial levelling associated with mass education, risingaffluence and consumerism4

*hinning and widening of social connectedness hasbeen associated with a general increase in risk,uncertainty and instability: e(amples includeenvironmental threats, economic crises and new securitythreats4


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3ultural Globali'ation

3ultural globali'ation is the process wherebyinformation, commodities and images that have beenproduced in one part of the world enter into a global flowthat flattens out cultural differences between nations,

regions and individuals4

/t is associated with the spread of consumerism and the

rise of individualism4

*he idea of an emerging global monoculture has beenchallenged4


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! Global 3ivil 0ociety?

*he rise of new groups which sought to challenge

corporate globali'ation has been interpreted as theemergence of a global civil society4

*his refers to a realm of autonomous groups andassociations that operate independently of government4

0upporters argue that it provides a kind of bottom updemocratic vision of a civili'ing world order4

3ritics uestion the democratic credentials of socialmovements and 7G8s and accuse them of distorting

national and global political agendas4


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APPROACHES TO

083/-*B

-!./0* : realists give little attention to society: the

focus of their attention falls on the state4 /nternal socialand cultural arrangements are seen as irrelevant4

./2- !. : society is viewed as a collection of individuals4.iberals hold that there is a general balance of interestsin society that tends to promote harmony4

3 /*/3!. : approaches have been significantlyinfluenced by social constructivism4 0ocial, cultural andhistorical factors are of primary interest in affecting the

behaviour of states and other actors4

Debating


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Debating

/s globali'ation producing a globalmonoculture?FOR

+lobali,ation as homogeni,ation

-mericani,ation of the world

+lobal liberali,ation

Debating


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Debating

/s globali'ation producing a globalmonoculture?AGAINST

+lobali,ation as hybridi,ation

(eturn of the local

#ultural polari,ation


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Ch07 THE NATION

IN A GLOBAL AGE


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7ations comprise a blend of cultural and political "and

obEective and subEective$ characteristics nationalism istherefore a comple( and deeply contested phenomenon

6rom a primordial perspective, nationalism is rooted in along cultural heritage

6rom a modernist perspective, national identity is forged inresponse to changing social and historical circumstances

7ationalism has been a cross cutting ideology, associatedwith a wide range of doctrines, movements and causes

What is nationalism?

7 i li i i d


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/n the modern world, nationalism has been weakened by

an upsurge in international migration, which has led to agrowth of hybridity and multiculturalism in many societies

1ulticulturalism recognises the fact of cultural diversity4 /talso holds that such differences should be respected andpublicly affirmed4

*his has led to debate about the e(tent to which culturaldiversity can be reconciled with political cohesion4

7ationalism, migration and

multiculturalism


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7ations and nationalism have demonstrated remarkable

resilience4 /n the post 3old War period, it has been usedto underpin state self assertion in a de ideologi'edworld4

7ationalism has re emerged in the forms of cultural andethnic nationalism, and has provided a vehicle throughwhich the transformations brought about by globali'ation

can be resisted4

3ontemporary nationalism

APPROACHES TO


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APPROACHES TO

7!*/87!./01

-!./0* : nationalism is a key au(iliary component of

state power and a source of internal cohesion

./2- !. : the nation is a natural community4 .iberals

promote a tolerant and inclusive nationalism47ationalism and internationalism as complementaryprinciples4

3 /*/3!. : 1ar(ists argue nationalism distorts therealities of une ual class power

Debating


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!ationalism as narcissism: nationalism is the enemy ofuniversal values and global Eustice

!egative integration: nationalism breeds a cleardistinction between them and us

!ationalism and power: nationalism is invariablyassociated with the uest for power, and therefore leadsto rivalry and conflict

/s nationalism inherently aggressiveand oppressive?

FOR

Debating


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!ationalism and freedom: nationalism has no fi(edualities: it can have a liberating uality, linked to the

goals of liberty, Eustice and democracy

#ivic nationalism: nationalism only becomes intolerantwhen the nation is defined in narrow terms

#ultural belonging: a shared cultural inheritance bindspeople together and promotes sociability

/s nationalism inherently aggressiveand oppressive?

AGAINST


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Ch0 IDENTITY!CULTURE AND

CHALLENGES TO

THE "EST


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*he ise of /dentity +olitics

/dentity politics seeks to challenge and overthrow

oppression by reshaping a groups identity through aprocess of politico cultural self assertion

0ince the end of the 3old War, politics has been

structured less by ideological rivalry and more by issuesof cultural difference

/t has been argued that culture has replaced ideology asthe key organising principle of global politics: factorssuch as ethnicity, history, values and religion are ofgrowing significance in world affairs4


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3hallenges to the West

+ostcolonialism: this sought to give the developing worlda distinctive political voice separate from the universalistpretensions of liberalism and socialism

!sian values: the idea that !sian culture and beliefs may

constitute an alternative to western ones gainedprominence during the #


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*he 3lash of 3ivili ations

*hesis *he theory that, in the post 3old War world, conflict would be

primarily cultural in character

/t attracted growing attention during the #


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APPROACHES TO

/)-7*/*B -!./0* : realists tend to assume that identity is forged

through the overlapping ties of nationality and citi'enship

./2- !. : individuals are defined by inner ualitiesspecific to themselves, but this thinking is alsouniversalist, in that it implies that all humans share thesame status and are entitled to the same rights

3 /*/3!. : since the #


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/s there an emerging clash ofcivili'ations?FOR

The rise of culture& which is destined to be the primaryforce in ./ st century politics

#ultural conflict: a stronger sense of cultural belongingcannot but lead to tension and conflict

Tensions between& for instance& #hina and the US& andbetween )slam and the West have an inescapablecivili,ational dimension

Debating


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/s there an emerging clash ofcivili'ations?AGAINST

#ivili,ations as comple0 and fragmented

The idea that cultural difference is always lin$ed to political antagonism is highly 'uestionable

Trends towards cultural homogeni,ation: globali,ationhas blurred cultural differences in many parts of theworld


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Ch0# PO"ER AND21 $%CENTURY

"ORLD ORDER


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What is power?

+ower is the ability to influence the outcome of events

)istinctions can be drawn between actualCpotentialpowerF relationalCstructural powerF and hardCsoft power

*he notion of power as material power over others hasbeen subEect to increased criticism, leading to morenuanced and multidimensional conceptions of power

3 ld W Gl b l 8 d


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+ost 3old War Global 8rder

*he end of the 3old War led to proclamations about theadvent of a new world order4 Bet this was alwaysimprecisely defined and the idea uickly becameunfashionable4

!s the sole remaining superpower, the 90! hascommonly been referred to as a global hegemon

*wenty first century world order increasingly has amultipolar character4 *his is evident in the rise of socalled emerging powers, notably 3hina4

APPROACHES TO


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*>- -7) 86 *>- 38.) W! -!./0* : -vents came as a shock to theorists and

created something of a crisis within realist theory

./2- !. : !lthough events were not predicted, theoristshighlighted the tendency of economic moderni'ation tocreate patterns of interdependence that favouredintegration and economic rather than military competition

3 /*/3!. : *he failure of conventional theories to e(plainevents gave impetus to social constructivism and theroles played by ideas and perceptions

Debating


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FOR

+lobal military dominance

%conomic resilience

The US population

Unrivalled structural power

)oes the 90! remain a globalhegemon?

Debating


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AGAINST

(edundant military dominance: theres a huge gapbetween the military and political capacity of the US

(elative economic decline

Damaged soft power: -mericas reputation has beendamaged by its association with the war on terror& andby its association with corporate power

Declining diplomatic influence

)oes the 90! remain a globalhegemon?


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Ch10 "AR ANDPEACE

Wh t i W ?


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What is War?

War is a condition of armed conflict between two or moreparties, traditionally states4

*he classic account of war "developed by 3lausewit'$views it as a continuation of politics by other means4

*his conception has been criticised for ignoring themoral implications of war and on the grounds that it is

outdated, as war has become less effective as a policyinstrument and is less easy to interpret in instrumentalterms4

*h 3h gi g 6 f W


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*he 3hanging 6ace of War

1any argue that the nature of war has changed sincethe 3old War4 7ew wars tend to e(hibit the followingfeatures:

#4 *hey tend to be civil wars rather than inter state wars4

%4 /ssues of identity are usually prominent4&4 Wars are asymmetrical, often fought between une ual

parties4

@4 *he civilianCmilitary distinction has broken down4A4 *hey are more barbaric than old wars4

ustifying War


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ustifying War

*hree broad positions have been adopted on this issue:

(ealpoliti$ suggesting that war, as a political act needs no moral Eustification4

ust war theory suggesting that war can be Eustifiedonly if it conforms to moral principles4

+acifism suggesting that war, as an unnecessary evil,can never be Eustified4

APPROACHES TO


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W! !7) +-!3- -!./0* : War is an enduring feature of international

relations: its possibility stems from inescapabledynamics of power politics4

./2- !. : +eace is a natural, but not inevitable,condition for international relations4 War can arises fromthree sets of "avoidable$ circumstances4

3 /*/3!. : 1ar(ist theorists tend to e(plain war primarilyin economic terms4 !narchist theorists associate warwith hegemony4

Debating

> ilit b d d t


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FOR

1bsolescence of war 2 the spread of democraticgovernance has widened ,ones of peace

Trade not war 2 globali,ation offers a cheaper andeasier route to national prosperity in the form of trade

Unwinnable war 2 changes in the nature of warfare havemade it increasingly difficult to predict the outcome ofwar

>as military power become redundantin global politics?

Debating

> ilit b d d t


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>as military power become redundantin global politics?

AGAINST

War is endless 2 military power remains the only sureguarantee of a states survival and security

!ew security challenges 2 terrorism shows howglobali,ation has made the world a more dangerous place

3umanitarian wars 2 armed force has fre'uently beenused to achieve humanitarian ends


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Ch11 NUCLEARPROLIFERATION AND

DISARMANENT

7uclear +roliferation


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7uclear roliferation

)uring the 3old War, vertical proliferation witnessed the build upof massive nuclear arsenals in the 90! and the 0oviet 9nion4

!fter initial early optimism, the post 3old War era has beencharacteri'ed by heightened an(iety about nuclear proliferation4

easons for this include:

#4 -stablished nuclear powers continued to use nuclear strategies4%4 *he incentives for states to ac uire nuclear weapons have

increased4&4 +roliferation is easier, as nuclear weapons and technology are ore

readily available4@4 *here are heightened fears that nuclear weapons may get into the

wrong hands4

7uclear !rms 3ontrol


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7uclear !rms 3ontrol

-rms control: mechanisms through which the proliferation of armsis constrained by agreements limiting their production& distribution

and use4

! range of factors have made arms control difficult to bring about:

#4 *he security dilemma is an intractable problem4%4 egardless of international agreements, states are liable to view

their build up of arms as a legitimate means of providing defenceand ensuring deterrence4

&4 Great powers will only be bound be security regimes if theycalculate that it is in their interests to do so4

! 7uclear 6ree World


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! 7uclear 6ree World

1ost of the 0outhern hemisphere is now a nuclear free 'one4

2oth peace activists and, more recently, senior politicians in the90 and ussia have campaigned for a nuclear free world4

!rguments for nuclear disarmament include:

#4 9se of nuclear weapons is morally indefensible4%4 *he economic and political costs outweigh the benefits4

&4 0erious psychological implications: nuclear weapons generateunending an(iety and dread4

APPROACHES TO


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*>- 2!.!73- 86 +8W- -!./0* : !s only power can be a check on power, the

balance of power tends to lead to peace and stability4

./2- !. : *he balance of power legitimi'es andentrenches international rivalry, creating inherentinstability and deepening distrust4

3 /*/3!. : 0ocial constructivists emphasi'e that any

assessment of the balance of power is shaped by theidentities that states have of themselves and of otherstates4

Debating

)o nuclear weapons promote peace


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FOR -bsence of nuclear war

%ffective deterrence

)nternational stability

!uclear statesmanship

)o nuclear weapons promote peaceand stability?

Debating

)o nuclear weapons promote peace


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AGAINST 5allibility of deterrent systems

Danger of nuclear imbalances

Useable nuclear weapons

)rresponsible nuclear powers

)o nuclear weapons promote peaceand stability?


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Ch12 TERRORISM

What is *errorism?


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*errorism refers broadly to the attempts to furtherpolitical ends by using violence to create a climate offear, apprehension and uncertainty

*errorism is a highly peEorative term and tends to be

used as a political tool

/t can be defined by the nature of the act itselfF itsvictimsF and its perpetrators

1ainstream, radical and critical perspectives offer verydifferent views on the nature of terrorism and the valueof the concept

ise of new terrorism?


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! form of terrorism that is supposedly more radical anddevastating that traditional terrorism because of the nature

of its organi'ation, character, motivations and strategies4

+roponents of the idea of new terrorism suggest thatterrorism had become a religious imperative rather than apragmatic political strategy4

3ritics argue that the distinction is e(aggerated: religiously

inspired terrorism is not a new phenomenon, for instance4

7evertheless,


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g

Dey counter terrorism strategies include the

strengthening of state securityF military repressionFpolitical deals

0tate security and military approaches have often beencounter productive and have provoked controversyabout the proper balance between freedom and security

-ffective solutions have usually involved encouragingterrorists to abandon violence by drawing them into aprocess of negotiation and diplomacy

APPROACHES TO


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*- 8 /01 -!./0* : 9sually viewed as a violent challenge to the

established order by a non state group or movement

./2- !. : *hinking is dominated by the ethical dilemmasthat are posed by the task of counter terrorism

3 /*/3!. : adicals believe that terrorism amounts tothe killing of unarmed civilians4 3onstructivists and

poststructuralists argue that much accepted knowledgeabout terrorism amounts to stereotypes andmisconceptions4

Debating

)oes the need for counter terrorism Eustify


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FOR The wea$ness of the strong 2 freedom of movement and

freedom of association can be e0ploited by terroristgroups

The lesser evil

The necessity of dirty hands: it may be right for political

leaders to do wrong if this serves public morality

restricting human rights freedoms?

Debating

)oes the need for counter terrorism Eustify


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AGAINST

#ounter"productive anti"terrorism 2 terrorism achieves itends through a governments response to violentattac$s4

5reedom as a fundamental value

*oral authority and soft power 2 terrorism cannot be

combated through robust state security measures alone

restricting human rights freedoms?


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What are human rights?


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>uman rights are supposedly universal, fundamentaland absolute4 )istinctions are nevertheless drawnbetween civil and political rights, economic, social andcultural rights, and solidarity rights4

>uman rights are protected by an e(panding array ofinternational human rights documents, with supporting97 bodies, states and 7G8s

>owever states are also the greatest human rightsabusers, reflecting an inherent tension between humanrights and states rights

3hallenging human rights


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0ince the #umanitarian /ntervention


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>umanitarian intervention flourished in the #


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>91!7 /G>*0 -!./0* : >uman rights is a soft issue: it is impossible

and undesirable international relations in moral terms

./2- !. : 8n a political level, liberals have used thenotion of human rights to establish the basis of

legitimacy

3 /*/3!. : !pproaches have tended to revise the

traditional, liberal view of human rights, or they havebeen openly hostile to the idea itself

Debating

/s humanitarian intervention Eustified?


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FOR )ndivisible humanity

+lobal interdependence

(egional stability

romoting democracy

)nternational community

Debating

/s humanitarian intervention Eustified?


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AGAINST -gainst international law

!ational interests rule

Double standards

Simplistic politics

*oral pluralism


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Ch14

INTERNATIONALLA"


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/nternational law in flu(


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/n its classical sense, international law has been firmly state centric

*his has increasingly been challenged by a constitutionalist conception ofinternational law, whose scope includes the maintenance of at leastminimum standards of global Eustice

!n e(ample of the shift from international to world law has been theevolution of the laws of war into a body of international humanitarian law

*he end of the 3old War allowed international humanitarian law to beimplemented more widely through international tribunals and courts

APPROACHES TO/7*- 7!*/87!. .!W


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-!./0* : 0ceptical about international law and its value,realists usually draw a sharp distinction betweendomestic and international law

./2- !. : .iberals have a positive assessment of the

role and importance of international law4 egimes ofinternational law reflect the common interests andrationality that bind statesmen together

3 /*/3!. : /nfluenced by poststructural analysis, criticallegal studies highlight the inherently indeterminatenature of international law

Debating

/s the /nternational 3riminal 3ourt an effective

means of upholding order and Eustice?


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FOR

Strengthening international humanitarian law

Tac$ling the global 6ustice gap 2 the )## provides thebasis for e0ternal remedies when internal remedies are

unavailable4

Deterring future atrocities 2 an aim of the )## is to shape

the future behaviour of political and military leadersthroughout the world4

/s the /nternational 3riminal 3ourt an effectivemeans of upholding order and Eustice?


Debating

/s the /nternational 3riminal 3ourt an effective



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FOR

Threat to sovereignty and national security

Unhelpful obsession with individual culpability

- political tool of the West



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Ch15 PO&ERTY AND

DE&ELOPMENT

1easuring +overty


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)istinctions are often drawn between absolute poverty founded on the idea of basic needs and relative

poverty, in which the poor are the less well off ratherthan the needy

7arrowly income based definitions of poverty haveincreasingly been viewed as limited or misleading, asgreater attention is paid to the broader notion of humandevelopment

*heories of )evelopment


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*he orthodo( view of development takes economic

growth to be its goal and understands moderni'ation interms of western style industriali'ation

*he alternative view reEects technocratic, top down andpro growth strategies, but encompasses a wide range ofviews and approaches

1aking 0ense of

Global /ne uality


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Global /ne uality /n recent years it is believed that the growing importance

of emerging economies has had an e uali'ing impact,

counter balanced by deepening poverty in sub 0aharan !frica4

*he impact of globali'ation on poverty and ine ualitycannot be resolved through empirical trends alone4

0ome claim that globali'ation will eventually raise all

boatsF, but others argue that globali'ation is based onstructural disparities that benefit some countries andareas at the e(pense of others4

APPROACHES TO)-J-.8+1-7*


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-!./0* : ealists adopt a mercantilist view of economicdevelopment, stressing an active role for the state4

./2- !. : +rovides the basis for the orthodo( notion ofdevelopment as growth4

3 /*/3!. : )ominated by neo 1ar(ist theories, whichdraws on dependency theory and world systems theory

Debating

)oes international aid work?


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FOR

- more level playing"field 2 there are some structural

biases within the global economy that favour richcountries at the e0pense of poor ones

7uilding domestic capacity 2 international aid is oftentargeted towards long"term development pro6ects and isoriented around capacity"building for the future

%mergency relief

Debating

)oes international aid work?


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AGAINST

)neffective help for the poor 2 there is little evidence that

aid boosts economic growth

Distorting mar$ets 2 aid tends to upset the balances of a

mar$et economy& which provide poor countries with theirbest log"term prospect of development

#orruption and oppression


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*he -nvironment as

a Global /ssue


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a Global /ssue *he intrinsically transnational character of environmental

processes means that meaningful progress on

environmental issues can often only occur at aninternational level

)isagreements about environmental problems are oftenrooted in deeper philosophical debates about therelationship between humankind and the natural world

eformist and radical strategies are influenced bycontrasting views about whether human needs or largerecological balances should take precedence

3limate 3hange and/nternational !ction


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3limate change has dominated the international environmentalagenda since the early #


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-!./0* : ealists are more concerned with survivalthan sustainability

./2- !. : .iberals view nature as a resource to satisfyhuman needs

3 /*/3!. : 6eminists generally hold nature to becreative and benign4 6rom the perspective of green

politics, nature is an interconnected whole whichembraces humans and non humans, as well as theinanimate world4

Debating

3an only radical action tackle the problem

of climate change?


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FOR

Dangerous delays

*yth of easy solutions

%conomic restructuring

ost"material society

g

Debating

3an only radical action tackle the problem

of climate change?


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AGAINST

%0aggerated fears

-dapt to change

*ar$et solutions

3uman ingenuity

g


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Ch17 GENDER INGLOBAL POLITICS

Jarieties of 6eminism


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6eminism can be broadly defined as a movement for the socialadvancement of women

*here are differences between liberal and radical traditions

*he gender lens of empirical feminism is primarily concerned toadd women to e(isting analytical frameworks4 /n relation to

international politics, this means recognising the previously invisiblecontributions that women make to shaping world affairs4

*he gender lens of analytical feminism aims to highlight the genderbiases that pervade the theoretical framework and key concepts ofmainstream international theory4 *hese are deconstructed to revealmasculinist biases that, in turn, help to legitimate genderedhierarchies4

Gendering Global +olitics


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!ccording to feminists, patriarchal biases within the statedictate that states will be competitive and potentially

aggressive

War is often viewed as a gendered phenomenon,reflecting tendencies such as the prevalence of mean insenior political and military life

6eminist theori'ing on economic issues has tended tostress the ways in which the se(ual division of labourserves the economic interests of capitalism

APPROACHES TOG-7)- -.!*/870


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-!./0* : ealists would usually view gender relationsas irrelevant to international and global affairs

./2- !. : 3oncern with the principle of individualismleads .iberals to be concerned about the issue of gender

e uality

3 /*/3!. : 1ar(ism tends to ignore or marginali'egender4 0ocial constructivists focus on the process ofsociali'ation that takes place within the family4

Debating

Would a matriarchal society be more

peaceful?


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FOR

7iology is destiny 2 some argue that aggression is hard"

wired in men

*ilitari,ed masculinity 2 social conditioning ma$es more

warli$e

-ggressive young males 2 wider demographic trends

Women as peacema$ers

AGAINST

Debating

Would a matriarchal society be more

peaceful?


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AGAINST

The myth of natural aggression

*isleading gender stereotypes

ower trumps gender

States ma$e war


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What !re /nternational

8rgani'ations? /nstitutions with formal procedures and a membership comprising three


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g /nstitutions with formal procedures and a membership comprising threeor more states

*hey can be though of as instruments through which states pursue theirown interestsF arenas that facilitate debateF actors that can affect globaloutcomes

2ases for categori'ation depend on membership, competence, functionand decision making authority

*he significance of the phenomenon of international organi'ation ishotly disputed4 0ome argue it is a mechanism for traditional powerpoliticsF others claim they contain the seeds of supranationalgovernment4

*he 97


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*he 97 is the only truly global organi'ation everconstructed, whose principle aim is to maintain

international peace and security

Jeto powers of the + A "of the 0ecurity 3ouncil$ and thelack of an independent military capacity has restrictedthe 97 in this role

*he 97s social and economic responsibilities are

discharged by an array of programmes, funds andspeciali'ed agencies4 /ts main areas are human rights,developments, poverty reduction and the environment4

6uture of *he 97


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*he trend towards multipolarity "with the growing rise of 3hina,/ndia, 2ra'il and 0outh !frica$ will have an impact on the 97sworkings, though the nature of this impact is difficult to determine

! more even distribution of global power could favour multilateralismand collective security, facilitated by the 97

/t could however be associated with increased conflict and greaterinstability, in which case the 97s role might resemble that of theformer .eague of 7ations

/n either scenario, reform of the 0ecurity 3ouncil is likely to stay onthe agenda

APPROACHES TO/7*- 7!*/87!. 8 G!7/;!*/87

! /0* ) l i l b i i l


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-!./0* : )eeply sceptical about internationalorgani'ations, viewing them as largely ineffective bodies

./2- !. : 3ommitted supporters of internationalorgani'ations: international organi'ation reflects the

e(tent of interdependence in the global system

3 /*/3!. : 0ocial constructivists believe that levels ofcooperation depend on how states construe their ownidentities and interests, as well those of other states

FOR

Debating

/s the 97 obsolete and unnecessary?


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O

- proto"world government

)rrelevant debating society

8ac$ of moral compass

1utdated and unreformable

AGAINST

Debating

/s the 97 obsolete and unnecessary?


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AGAINST

-n indispensable body

eace$eeping successes

!ew agendas and new thin$ing

*end it& dont end it


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Ch1# GLOBALGO&ERNANCE ANDTHE BRETTON

"OODS SYTEM

!spects ofGlobal Governance

! broad process of interactive decision making at the


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p gglobal level4 /t hovers between Westphalian state systemand the idea of world government4

!lthough there are binding rules and norms, these arentenforced by a supranational authority

.iberal theorists argue that is a definite trend in favour ofglobal governance, reflecting growing interdependence

*he trend towards global governance has beenparticularly prominent in the economic sphere

*he 2retton Woods 0ystem

*he 2retton Woods system relates to the postwar


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he 2retton Woods system relates to the postwar institutional architecture of the financial and monetary

system

/t was based on three bodies: the /16, the World 2ank,and the General !greement on *ariffs and *rades

/t initially supervised the world economy largely throughthe maintenance of stable e(change rates

*he system broke down in the early #


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0upporters argue that the /16, the World 2ank, and theW*8 have contributed to a remarkable e(pansion of the

global economy

3ritics claim that they have deepened global disparitiesand helped to produce an unstable financial order

*he %==I =< financial crisis raised concerns about theeffectiveness of global economic governance

*here are maEor obstacles to reform, not least thecontinuing dominance of neoliberal principles in manycountries, and the more diffuse location of global power

! /0* : conomics is largely e(plained in political

APPROACHES TOG.82!. -38781/3 G8J- 7!73-


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-!./0* : -conomics is largely e(plained in politicalterms4 ealists believe there is little scope for

cooperation among states in economic affairs4

./2- !. : -conomic governance is accepted insofar as

it promotes, rather than restricts, openness and freecompetition

3 /*/3!. : 7eo 1ar(ists believe that institutions ofglobal economic governance are constructed in line withthe dominant interests in the global capitalist system

FOR

Debating

)oes free trade ensure prosperity and

peace?


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7enefits of speciali,ation

%fficiency and choice

eace and cosmopolitanism

AGAINST

Debating

)oes free trade ensure prosperity and

peace?


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5ree trade as neo"colonialism

Development through protectionism

!ational security protectionism


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Ch20 REGIONALISMAND GLOBALPOLITICS

Jarieties of egionalism

egionalism takes different forms depending on whether


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egionalism takes different forms depending on whetherthe primary areas of cooperation are economic, security

or political

6ederalism, functionalism and neofunctionalism are the

main the main theories of regional integration

7ew regionalism is essentially economic in character,

usually taking the form of the development of regionaltrade blocs

egionalism and *he -9

!lthough forms of regionalism have emerged in !sia


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!lthough forms of regionalism have emerged in !sia, !frica and the !mericas, regional integration has been

taken furthest in -urope

*he -9s capacity to act within the global system as a

single entity has been enhanced by attempts to developa common foreign defence policy

*ensions between !tlanticists and -uropeanists andan(ieties about the erosion of state sovereignty help toe(plain why progress on this issue has been slow

FOR

Debating

)oes the advance of regionalism threaten

global order and stability?


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(egional egoism 2 regionalism has not altered theessentially conflictual nature of world politics

#ultural or civili,ational conflict

%ver deepening integration

AGAINST

Debating

)oes the advance of regionalism threaten

global order and stability?


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!ationalism trumps regionalism

The global dominates the regional

8imits of regionalism


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Ch21 IMAGES OF THEGLOBAL FUTURE

/mages and eality

! b i f ( l i i h b h i f h


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!s a basis for e(plaining the behaviour of actors on the

world stage, image is important in shaping how peoplesee themselves, and how they see others

-mphasis on the importance of image in modern globalpolitics has been taken furthest by poststructuralists

/mages can also serve as wider e(planatory tools graphic ways of highlighting important trend anddevelopments in global politics


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3ontending /mages ofa Global 6uture

0ome influential images include:


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! borderless world? ! world of democracies? 3ivili'ations in conflict?

! 3hinese century? *he growth of international community? *he rise of the global 0outh?

*he coming environmental catastrophe? *owards cosmopolitan democracy?

Documents

Heywood Global Politics Chapter 01-21 Slides