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HI-STAR
Health Improvements through
Space Technologies And Resources
HI-STAR Logo
Mission Statement
Our mission is to develop and promote aglobal strategy to help combat malaria using
space technology
Malaria - A Dangerous Disease• Causes more than 300 million acute illnesses per year
• Causes at least 1 million deaths per year
• 40% of the world’s population is at risk of Malaria
• Slows economical development of countries
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Millions
Deaths caused by vector-borne diseases in 2000
Schisto-somiasis 50,000
Malaria 1.08M
Dengue Fever 12,000
Lymphatic Filariasis 0
Million
RBM/WHO 2001
Life cycle of Malaria Parasite
INFECTED MOSQUITO
BITES A HUMAN
MOSQUITO BITES
INFECTED HUMAN
Parasites multiply in human liver and bloodstream
Parasites multiply in mosquito
HUMAN
MOSQUITO
Geography
Area where malaria transmission occurs
Area with limited riskNo malaria
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
(WHO, 2001)
Malaria - A Global Problem
• Disease is spreading geographically
• Parasite is becoming multi-drug resistant
• Increasing travel infections in developed countries
• Global climate change alters the epidemic potential
El Niño
Global warming
HI- STAR
SPACESPACETECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES MISMIS
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
DISSEMINATIONDISSEMINATION
• Vegetation/crop type Breeding/resting/feeding habitats;
• Deforestation Open sunlit pools for breeding
• Flooding Mosquito habitat and Breeding
• Wetlands & Soil moisture Mosquito and Vector breeding habitat
•Temperature • Low prevents parasite & vector development• High increases mortality of the vector
• Low Humidity Short mosquito’s lifespan
• Rainfall Breeding sites for mosquitoes
Ecological Parameters for Monitoring or Prediction of Malaria Distribution
Space Technologies for Malaria
Remote Sensing
GNSS
Communication
SSP02 Student
Mosquito.swf
Remote Sensing
Vegetation type DeforestationVegetation type Deforestation
Soil MoistureSoil Moisture
Surface Water Flooded areas Surface Water Flooded areas
Climate (Temp., Hum., Rain.)
Climate (Temp., Hum., Rain.)
Ecological Parameters Monitored using Space Technologies
Vegetation & Land Cover ChangesSeasonal Changes of NDVI World land cover map from MODIS (Terra),
Source NASA, earth observatory
Deforestation (IKONOS-2, Space Imagine)
Surface Water & Flooded Areas
Flooding on Elbe River, Landsat 7 (ETM+)Source, NASA
August 14,2002 August 20,2002
Soil Moisture
Mo
r an
et
al.
1 99 8
SAR Images
Climate Factors
Source NASA, earth observatory
Surface Temperature Rainfall
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• GPS Major Roles:
• To locate infected areas and treatment
facilities
• To collect ground truth data
• To help mapping activities
Communication Satellites For Transmitting Ground Data
• In situ Ground Measurements
• The use of specialized sensors
• Real timeTransmission
• The use of existing communication sats
• Mobile sensors using Argos, Orbcomm
Remote Sensing & other Space Applications
Monitoring environmental conditions
Mosquitoes distribution
Information gathered
Valuable Input to the
Malaria Information System
HI- STAR
SPACESPACETECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
MISMIS
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
DISSEMINATIONDISSEMINATION
Malaria Information System (MIS)
Agricultural IS
Water IS
Land IS
RS Data: - Soil Moisture- Vegetation Index- Deforestation- Wetlands etc.
Ground based Data:- Health Facilities- Population distribution- Reported Malaria Cases- etc.
Spatial Data
Additional information e.g. # of bed-nets in a malaria risk area etc. Metadata
Non Spatial Data
MIS Database
MIS outcomes
Analysis and
visualization MIS
Database
Statistics
Assessment maps
Risk maps
Early warning/ prediction
Reports
Main goal of MIS: identify areas of risk and to assist decision makers in directing resources and strategies
Malaria Early Warning System1997/98 El Nino & East Africa
10 months early warning(maximum)
NOAA, July 11, 2002 — It's now official: El Niño is back
Malaria Early Warning Activities
Pre-rainy season activities
Updating of malaria risk maps - malaria case rates - low immunity areas - population migration
Seasonal climate forecast
Rainy and malaria season monitoring
Seasonal climate forecast update Weather monitoring (national level) Local environmental monitoring Monitoring of malaria morbidity Population movement monitoring
Sea surface temperature and weather monitoring on the global level
MIS conclusions
• MIS integrates remote sensed and ground based datasets
• MIS enables to visualize malaria risk
• 3-10 months Malaria Early Warning is reality with space technologies
• MIS maps and reports for different user groups (officials, researchers, health personnel)
SPACESPACETECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
MISMIS
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
DISSEMINATIONDISSEMINATION
HI- STAR
Health authorities
Processing centers
Affected population
Regional officers
Flow of MIS information
MIS Product Dissemination
Tools
Actors
Web Phone / Video
Conference
VSAT TV/Radio
Broadcasting
Processing Centers:
Delivery of MIS products (risk maps) to health authorities
X X X
National health authorities:
Delivery of simplified MIS products to Regional health officers
Feedback to MIS processing centers
Communications to affected population
X X X
X X X
X
Regional health officers/managers:
Inputs to MIS and feedback to health authorities
X X X
Application of Satellite Telecom System
MIS Product Dissemination
• Possible solutions for the Telecom Systems Establishment :
– Leasing of existing/foreseen capacities of commercial GEO telecommunication satellites
– Operation of country or regional owned small GEO satellites
– Use of portable autonomous terminals (VSATs) together with the two above options
MIS Product Dissemination
Opportunity of Satellite Telecom establishment in Developing Countries:
•Integration with telecommunication / tele-educational and broadcasting systems
•Development of telecommunications in countries with low developed ground infrastructure
•Investments
MIS Product Dissemination
MIS Product Dissemination
And challenges :
• Policy and Regulatory Frame work for ground and satellite communications varies from one developing country to the other
• Monopoly of the telecommunication sector by state owned carriers and licensing fees
SPACESPACETECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
MISMIS
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
DISSEMINATIONDISSEMINATION
HI- STAR
The HI-STAR Strategy
• Space technology: a useful technology in the fight against malaria.
What about the political, legal and financial aspects?
•Gap between the health and space worlds.
How to meet the funding, promotion and education challenges?
Need for a global strategy integrating MIS and other space technologies into current efforts.
• Risk Monitoring
• Communications Infrastructure
• Availability of Prevention Measures
• Locally Adaptive Strategies
• Measurements of Program Effectiveness
• Health Care Infrastructure
• Social Coordination and Education
• Financial Support
• Political Will
• Favorable Laws and Policies
Major Anti-Malaria International Initiatives
Roll Back Malaria
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria
Special Program for Research and Training in
Tropical Diseases
Program Needs
Programs Using Space Technology to Combat Vector-borne Diseases
EMERCASE
MEDSAT
CHAART
SatelLife
MARA
MALSAT Healthy Planet
The HI-STAR Strategy: a Two-phase Approach
Phase 1:
Development and Qualification Phase
•Pre-Development to elaborate the business plan
•Development and Qualification of MIS and its dissemination system
Phase 2:
Operational Phase
•Promotion to obtain funding and convince national governments to implement HI-STAR
•Operations in the targeted countries
Effectiveness Measures
Integrating MIS and its Dissemination System by Using the Expertise and
Resources of Existing programs
MALSAT
EMERCASE
MEDSAT
Ground data collection
Dis
sem
inat
ion
syst
em
Low-cost remote-
sensing spacecraftsGeneration of maps
General
framework
+ Innovations
+ Improvements
The HI-STAR Implementation (1)
P1: Development and Qualification Phase
Organizational, Structure, Legal, Political Aspects
•Collaborative structure:
- Policy-level health organization: WHO
- Technical space-related expertise:
space agencies
Technical Issues
Different time constraints:•Early warning system•Real-Time monitoring maps
Promotion and Funding•Pilot programs•Conferences and workshops•Diversified funding
Education and Training •UN education centers •Staff provided by the local organizations
The HI-STAR Implementation (2)P2: Operational Phase
Organizational, Structure, Legal, Political Aspects
•Administered by RBM-WHO with technical support from space agencies•Participation of the WHO member states and NGOs•Commitment of the partner countries•European GMES-like Relationships
Technical IssuesNumber and location of MIS databases: distributed or centralized system?
Promotion and Funding
•Industries or foundation funding•International organizations•Reduction of data acquisition and processing costs
Education and Training
•Collection & communication data•Processing/distribution/ interpretation of data•Creation of specific departments in charge of MIS
Implementation Timeframe
Summary of the HI-STAR Strategy
•Integrates the expertise and resources of the major existing programs optimally, while bringing improvement and
innovative approaches
•Promotes a high level of cooperation and coordination between health organizations (familiarity with realities on the ground) and space organizations (knowledge of technical limitations)
•Bases its funding on various sources, depending on the implementation phase
•Ensures a step-by-step implementation of MIS and its dissemination system
The Plan for Kenya
• Limited space infrastructure
• Financial restrictions
• Existing malaria control programs
• International Cooperative studies for malaria control planning
The Plan for India
• Extensive space infrastructure
• Population
• Existing malaria control programs
• Governmental support of $40 million per year to combat malaria
Conclusions
• Initially the costs are high but a significant economic benefit can be realized with the
implementation of MIS
• MIS initiation provides opportunities enhancing existing health care infrastructure
• MIS stimulates education
• MIS is effective in combating malaria
Finance
Cost of implementing MIS at the source
•Another space project ?
•Yes, but this time
– Clear defined objectives
– Based on mainly existing technologies
– Results, not questions
Nigeria: Total Investment Cost is US$ 3.9 Million (including dissemination network)
Set-up cost Facilities in
Existing Shared Centers
4%
Set-up cost MIS Centers
32%
Dissemination Network Cost
55%
Development cost8%
Set-up cost Global Center
1%
Investment Cost Distribution
• 2 New MIS centers
• 2 Shared centers
• 1266 Dissemination points
Nigeria: Total Operation Cost is US$ 1.4 Million (including dissemination network)
Dissemination Cost47%
Share of the Global Center
Cost8%
Depriciation Initial Investment
29%
Data Cost12%
Downlink Cost0%
Cost of MIS Centers
3%Cost of Shared
Centers1%
Operation Cost Distribution
• 1266 Dissemination points
• 12 Reports per telephone
•Reduce the negative impact on our economy
– No more panic (loss of labor)
– Back to normal level of health care costs
– Recovery of tourism industry
•Local benefits at the source
– More efficient distribution and use of prevention resources
– Concentrating resources in problem areas (e.g. spraying where needed, etc)
– The negative impact on economies will decrease
Cost Benefits
SPACESPACETECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
MISMIS
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
DISSEMINATIONDISSEMINATION
HI- STAR
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