Hicks-Desert Plants and People

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    Desert Plants and People by Sam Hicks - Part 1 Page 1The Southwest School of Botan ical Medicine http:/ / www .swsbm.com

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    F o r e w o r d

    S a m H i c k s , t h e a u t h o r o f t h i s b o o k , h a s b e e n i n t i m a t e l y

    a s so cia t e d w it h m e fo r n e a r ly t w e n t y y e a r s . H e is a b o u t t h e b e s t

    a ll-a r o u n d o u t d o o r s m a n t h a t I h a v e ev e r m e t .

    I fir s t m e t Sa m in W y o m in g wh e n h e w a s w o rk in g a r a n c h o f h i s

    o w n , a n d w o r k i n g d u r i n g t h e h u n t i n g s e a s o n a s a g u i d e a n d

    o u t f i t t e r .

    E v e n S a m ' s c o m p e t i t o r s a d m i t t e d t h a t S a m w a s j u s t a b o u t t h e

    b e s t h u n t e r i n t h e s t a t e . Sa m c a n lo o k a t a n e lk ' s t r a c k , fo llo w it

    fo r a h u n d r e d y a r d s , a n d t h e n q u it fo llo w in g t h e t r a c k a n d t a k e

    y o u t o t h e e l k .

    T h is so u n d s in c r e d i b le , b u t I h a v e h a d h i m d o i t wit h m e m o r e

    t h a n o n c e.

    Like a l l t r i cks , t he re i s an exp lana t ion . Af te r Sam has fo l lowed

    t h e t r a c k fo r a h u n d r e d y a r d s o r s o , h e k n o w s w h e t h e r t h e e lk

    i s f e e d i n g , g o i n g t o w a t e r , o r g o i n g i n t o b e d d o w n . A n d S a m

    k n o w s t h e c o u n t r y i n w h i c h h e h u n t s s o i n t i m a t e l y t h a t h eknows jus t abou t where the e lk wi l l go to feed , where i t w i l l go

    t o w a t e r , a n d w h e r e it w ill g o t o b e d d o w n .

    Aft e r I h a d b e e n o n t w o o r t h r e e h u n t in g t r ip s w it h Sa m , I k n e w

    t h a t I n e e d e d h i m i n m y b u s i n e s s ; so I m a d e i t w o r t h h i s w h i l e

    t o g iv e u p h is r a n c h i n Wy o m in g , q u i t h i s o u t fit t in g a n d c o m e

    d o w n t o s o u t h e r n Ca lifo r n ia t o liv e a n d a d v e n t u r e w it h m e .

    T o ge t h e r , w e h a v e b e e n o n m a n y a d v e n t u r o u s t r ip s d o w n in

    Baja Ca l ifo rn ia , ou t in th e d ese r t sea rch in g fo r los t m in es , u s in g

    h e lic o p t e r s t o e xp l o r e t e r r a i n t h a t h a s n e v e r k n o w n a f o o t p r i n t

    i n m o d e r n t i m e s , a n d e x p l o r i n g t h e D e l t a c o u n t r y o f t h e

    Sa c r a m e n t o Riv e r b y h o u s e b o a t .

    Desert Plants and People by Sam Hicks - Part 1 Page 2The Southwest School of Botan ical Medicine http:/ / www .swsbm.com

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    Ev e n b e fo re S a m k n e w m e , h e w a s d o i n g w r i t i n g o n h i s o w n .

    A n d , f r o m t i m e t o t i m e , w h e n S a m b e c o m e s i n t e r e s t e d i n

    so m e t h i n g , h e w r i t e s a b o u t i t , a n d w r i t e s a b o u t i t

    e n t e r t a i n i n g l y .

    S a m i s a g re g a r i o u s so u l w h o l o v e s p e o p l e , a n d w h e n w e w e n t

    d o w n i n t o Ba j a Ca l i fo rn i a a n d S a m fo u n d t h e re w a s a l a n g u a g e

    b a r r i e r w h i c h k e p t h i m f r o m u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p e o p l e w i t h

    w h o m w e we r e c a m p i n g , h e s t a r t e d d o in g so m e t h i n g a b o u t it

    n o t b y c o n v e n t i o n a l st u d y b u t b y s im p l y t a lk in g a n d lis t en in g ,

    t h e w a y a ch ild l e a rn s la n g u a g e , u n t il h e b e c a m e q u it e flu e n t in

    S p a n i s h .

    An d ju s t a s Sam likes peop le , so p eop le l ike Sam . It wasn ' t l on g

    u n t i l t h e M e x i c a n s a n d t h e In d i a n s w e re t e l l i n g S a m t h e i r

    in n e r m o s t se c r e t s.

    An d s in c e m a n y o f t h o s e s e cr e t s h a d t o d o w it h h e r b r e m e d i e s,

    Sa m w a s d u ly im p r e s se d .

    M y r a n c h a t T e m e c u l a i s b o u n d e d o n t w o s i d e s b y a n I n d i a nr e s e r v a t i o n , a n d S a m b e c a m e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e I n d i a n s a n d

    t h e i r m e d i c i n e a n d s a w s o m e v e r y r e m a r k a b l e c u r e s m a d e b y

    t h e u se o f h e rb s . S o i t w a s o n l y n a t u ra l t h a t S a m s t a r t e d

    s tu d y in g t h e h e r b s a n d t h e n w r it in g a b o u t t h e m .

    M u c h o f t h i s k n o w l e d g e i s r a p i d l y d i s a p p e a r i n g f r o m h u m a n

    k e n w h i c h i s a s h a m e , b e c a u s e t h e p e o p l e w h o h a v e t h i s

    k n o w le d g e a r e t h e o ld e r p e o p le w h o c a n ' t b e w it h u s f o r e ve r .

    Th a t i s w h y I t h i n k t h i s b o o k i n w h i c h S a m h a s c o l l e c t e d so

    m u c h o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n h e h a s a c q u i r e d i s a v a l u a b l e

    c o n t r i b u t i o n t o o u r k n o w l e d g e a s w e l l a s a v a l u a b l e

    c on t r ib u t io n t o h e a lt h .

    Desert Plants and People by Sam Hicks - Part 1 Page 3The Southwest School of Botan ical Medicine http:/ / www .swsbm.com

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    I c a n ' t g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e h e r b s h a v e t h e m e d i cin a l v a lu e w h ic h

    i s c l a i m e d f o r t h e m , b u t I c a n s t a t e t h a t o n m y r a n c h I h a v e a

    M e xic a n w h o b e lie v e s in h e rb r e m e d ie s . He h a s b e e n w it h u s fo r

    se v e ra l y e a r s a n d d u r i n g s e v e ra l o f t h e so -c a l l e d p e r i o d s o f " f l u " e p i d e m i c s .

    W h e n I s t a r t g e t t i n g t h e f lu , I d o n ' t m o n k e y w it h it . I g o t o b e d . I

    t a k e a n t i b i o t i c s a n d a n t i h i s t a m i n e s . I d r i n k o ra n g e j u i c e

    c o p i o u s l y . I h a v e a f e v e r t h e rm o m e t e r ; I k e e p a c h a r t o f m y

    t e m p e r a t u r e ; I k e e p w a r m , a n d I a m u s u a lly in b e d f o r t h r e e o r

    fo u r d a y s u n t il t h e fe v e r b e g in s t o b r e a k .

    W h e n m y M e x i c a n e m p l o y e e s t a r t s t o g e t t h e f l u , h e t a k e s ac o n c o ct io n o f h e r b s a n d k e e p s r ig h t o n w o r k in g ; a n d h e h a s n ' t

    m iss ed a d a y s in c e h e h a s b e en o n t h e r a n c h .

    M o re o v e r , s i n c e S a m H i c k s h a s b e c o m e i n t e re s t e d i n h e rb s , h e

    is d o i n g v ir t u a l ly t h e s a m e t h in g .

    O n e t h i n g i s c e r t a i n t h e re a r e m e d i c i n a l p ro p e r t i e s i n p l a n t s

    a n d h e r b s , m o st o f w h ic h a r e u n k n o wn t o t h e a v e r a ge m o d e r ni n d i v i d u a l .

    A n d , a p a r t f r o m a n y m e d i c i n a l v a l u e , t h e a u t h e n t i c

    c o m p i l a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e w h i c h h a s b e e n k e p t s e c r e t b y

    In d i a n s a n d M e x i c a n s i s a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o o u r

    in t e l le c t u a l h e r it a g e .

    I t h i n k t h is is a n i m p o r t a n t b o o k .

    ERLE STANLEY GARDNER

    Fe b ru a ry 7 , 1 9 6 6

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    I n t r o d u c t i o n

    N o o n e k n o w s w h e n h e rb s o f m e d i c i n a l v a l u e w e re f i r s t u se d ,

    a n d f e w c a re t o e v e n v e n t u re a g u e s s . In a l l p ro b a b ilit y , c e r t a i n

    u n k n o w n e a r l y p l a n t s w h i c h p ro d u c e d a f e e l i n g o f w e l l -b e i n gw e r e r e c o g n i z e d a n d i n g e s t e d r e g u l a r l y b y t h e p r i m a t e s w h o

    p r e c e d e d m a n . A f t e r t h e e m e r g e n c e o f m a n , i n t h e e a r l y d a w n

    o f t i m e , t h e re fo l l o w e d t h o u sa n d s o f c e n t u r i e s o f

    g a s t r o n o m i c a l e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n b y t h i s s t r a n g e , u p r i g h t b e i n g ,

    d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e h e l e a rn e d t o s e l e c t f ro m a v a i l a b l e fo o d s

    t h o s e wh ic h w e r e b e s t su it e d fo r h is sy s t e m .

    Th e re i s n o p ro o f , b u t t h e re i s e v e ry r e a so n t o b e l i e v e t h a t i n

    t h e n a t u ra l c o u r se o f e v e n t s , o u r e a r l i e s t fo rb e a r s d i s c o v e re dsp e c i f i c ro o t s a n d b a rk s w h i c h a i d e d t h e i r d i g e s t i o n a f t e r a

    b o u n t i fu l f e a s t . Ce r t a i n so f t , g r e e n p l a n t s c o n d i t i o n e d t h e i r

    s t o m a c h s fo r t h e i n t a k e o f fo o d a f t e r p ro l o n g e d f a s t i n g , i n

    m u c h t h e s a m e m a n n e r t h a t a n o r t h e r n b l a c k b e a r j u s t o u t o f

    h i b e rn a t i o n i n e a r l y sp r i n g s t i l l e a t s n o t h i n g fo r t h e f i r s t f e w

    d a y s e xc e p t t h e g r a s se s a n d w ild o n io n s wh ic h s h o o t u p r a p id ly

    in t h e w a k e o f m e lt in g sn o w s .

    In r e c e n t c e n t u r i e s t h e p ro g re s s o f s c i e n t i f i c m e d i c a l r e se a rc h

    a n d t h e d i s c o v e r y o f s o m a n y r e l i a b l e c u r e s f o r m a n ' s v a r i o u s

    a ilm e n t s b y d e d i ca t e d d o c to r s , h a v e la r g e ly s u p p l a n t e d , a m o n g

    m o d e r n p e o p l e , t h e g e n e r a l n e e d t o r w i d e s p r e a d k n o w l e d g e o f

    h e r b m e d i cin e s.

    O n e o f t h e f e w r e m a i n i n g p l a c e s w h e r e I h a v e h a d t h e

    o p p o r t u n i t y t o o b s e r v e a l i n g e r i n g i n t e r e s t i n h e r b m e d i c i n e s

    a n d s i m i l a r l y u se fu l p l a n t s , i s t h e d e se r t r e g i o n s o f t h eso u t h w e st e rn Un it e d St a t e s a n d n o r t h e rn M e xic o . He re , in sp i t e

    o f o u r s p a c e - a g e a d v a n c e m e n t a n d m i r a c u l o u s m e d i c i n e s , t h e

    n a t i v e p e o p l e c o n t i n u e t o d i s p l a y a p r o u d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e i r

    flo r a a n d it s m a n y p r a c t ic a l u s e s .

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    T h e T r a d i t i o n o f H e r b P e o p le

    Re g u l a r m e d i c a l s e rv i c e s a n d r e a d y a v a i l a b i l i t y o f n e e d e d

    s u p p l i e s a r e s t i l l n o n e x i s t e n t i n s o m a n y o f t h e r e m o t e a n d

    sp a r se l y p o p u l a t e d a re a s o f M e x i c o t h a t t h e n a t i v e s ,

    p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e o u t d o o r p e o p l e s u c h a s r a n c h e r s , m i n e r s , a n d

    f i sh e rm e n o f l o n e l y c o a s t a l w a t e r s , e a r l y i n h e r i t a su p e rb

    e d u c a tio n in t h e u s e o f h e r b s a n d p l a n t s; t h e n t h e y p r o c ee d t o

    e xp a n d u p o n t h a t k n o w le d g e t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r life t im e .

    I k n o w n o t h i n g o f t h e s c i e n c e o f b o t a n y a n d v e ry l i t t l e a b o u t

    h e rb s . It i s t h e p e o p le t h o se w h o d isp l a y a f a scin a t i o n fo r t h e

    flo r a w h i ch s u r r o u n d s t h e m a n d w h o p o ss es s a k e e n k n o w le d g eo f t h e m e d i c i n a l , s t ru c t u ra l , o r n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e s o f t h i s p l a n t

    life w h o c o m m a n d m y a t t e n t io n a n d r e s p e c t . My in t e r e s t in

    t h i s su b j e c t , t h e re fo re , s t e m s n o t a t a l l f ro m t h e d e s i r e t o

    b e c o m e a n a u t h o r i t y o n h e r b s a n d s h r u b s a n d v i n e s , b u t

    m a in ly fr o m t h e e n jo y m e n t o f r e c a llin g t h e p le a s a n t m e m o r ie s

    I h o l d o f n i g h t l y v i s i t s a ro u n d l a t e c a m p f i r e s w i t h m y f r i e n d s

    o f Me xic a n a n d In d ia n d e sce n t . N o w, a l m o s t e v e r y u se fu l p la n t

    I r e c o g n i z e i n t h e S o u t h w e s t s e rv e s t o r e m i n d m e o f a c e r t a i n

    i n s t a n c e w h e n In e z , o r Ju a n , o r Lo re n z o , o r Jo se g a v e m e a

    c a m p fir e l e ct u r e o n it s p a r t ic u l a r v ir t u e s .

    T h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h c e r t a i n h e r b s a n d p l a n t s a r e i n v a r i a b l y

    u se d id e n t ic a lly a s r e m e d ie s fo r s ic k n e s s , a s t o n ic s, o r fo r o t h e r

    p ra c t i c a l p u rp o se s , r e g a rd l e s s o f d i s t a n c e s o r d i f f e r e n t

    l a n g u a g e s i n v o l v e d , h a s t o m e b e c o m e t h e o b j e c t o f f a sc i n a t e d

    re f l e c t i o n . In t h e m a n y In d i a n d i a l e c t s o f so u t h e rn Ca l i fo rn i a ,

    f o r e x a m p l e , a s i n g l e h e r b m a y h a v e h a l f a d o z e n d i f f e r e n tn a m e s , a s w e l l a s o n e i n S p a n i sh a n d t w o o r t h re e i n En g l i sh ;

    y e t a l w a y s i t i s u s e d i n a n i d e n t i c a l m a n n e r a n d f o r i d e n t i c a l

    r e a s o n s .

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    D a v i d ( p r o n o u n c e d D a h - v e e d ' )

    Hu r t a d o w a s b o r n a n d r a is ed in

    t h e l i t t l e m o u n t a i n v i l l a g e o f

    Yecora, Sonora, Mexico, a

    fo rm e r s a w m i l l t o w n s i t u a t e da t t h e f i v e - t h o u sa n d - fo o t l e v e l

    in t h e t i m b e r b e l t o f t h e c e n t r a l

    S ie r ra Madre . L ike near ly a l l o f

    h i s c o u n t r y m e n f r o m t h e s m a l l

    pueblos of Mexico , David i s a

    m a n o f g o o d c h a r a c t e r a n d o f

    m a n y a c c o m p l i sh m e n t s . H e i s a

    f i n e s t o c k m a n a n d c a n d o a n y

    k i n d o f w o rk e n t a i l i n g t h e u seo f b u r ro s , m u l e s , h o r se s , o r

    ca t t le . He i s a sk i l l fu l t ruck

    d r i v e r a n d o f s h e e r n e c e s s i t y a

    g o o d m e c h a n i c . H e l i v e d m a n y

    y e a r s w i t h t h e P i m a In d i a n s o f

    t h e Sie r r a M a d r e a n d le a r n e d t o

    sp e a k t h e i r l a n g u a g e . H e i s a n

    o u t s ta n d in g h u n t e r a n d t r a c ke r a n d k n o w s m in i n g , t im b e r in g ,a n d a l o t a b o u t t h e s a w m i l l b u s i n e s s . H i s k n o w l e d g e o f h e rb s

    a n d u se fu l p la n s is e n c y c lo p e d ic . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h n o . 2 . )

    Angel Lopez , formerly of Ixclan , Nyari t , i s a l so a man of se l f -

    r e l i a n c e a n d u n u sa l c a p a b i l i t i e s . H e a t t r i b u t e s t h e c u re o f h i s

    s t o m a c h u l c e r s , sh o r t l y a f t e r h e c a m e t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t o

    t h e h e r b t e a s h e t o o k wh ile h e w a s w o rk in g a s a s e ct io n h a n d o n

    t h e r a i lro a d . He n o w h a s a fe w h e a d o f m ilk c o ws , so m e p o u lt ry ,

    a n d a g o o d m a n y b e e h i v es fr o m w h i ch h e d e r iv e s h is p r i n c ip a lin com e. He is th e gen t l est p e r son with lives tock I be lieve I h ave

    e v e r s e e n a n d is so c o n s i d e ra t e o f h is b e e s t h a t h is a c t io n s se e m

    t o b o r d e r o n t h e r id i cu l ou s .

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    I h a v e w a t c h e d h i m h u n t i n g

    a b o u t h i s p l a c e o n c o l d ,

    sp r ing even ings , ca re fu l ly

    g a t h e r i n g u p t h o s e b e e s t o o

    c h i lle d a n d t o o h e a v ily la d e nwi th po l l en to f ly . He gen t ly

    p u t s t h e m in h i s old fe lt h a t ,

    a n d a ft e r s e a r c h in g u n t il h e ' s

    su re t h a t n o n e w i l l b e l e f t

    o u t t o s u f f e r f u r t h e r f r o m

    t h e c o l d , h e c a r r i e s t h e m t o

    h i s c a r a n d c l o s e s t h e m i n

    fo r the n igh t . He i s an

    e n t h u s i a s t i c s t u d e n t o f n a t u r a l t h i n g s a n d a m a n o f

    in f in i t e pa t i ence . I once

    v is it e d w it h h im a s h e d u g a

    c o l o n y o f a n t s o u t o f t h e

    g r o u n d n e a r h i s h o u s e , p u t

    t h e m a l l i n a f ru i t j a r , a n d

    t r a n s p la n t e d t h e m s e ve r a l m ile s a w a y , r a t h e r t h a n e xt e r m in a t e

    t h e m .

    E v e r y d a y t h r o u g h o u t t h e s u m m e r , A n g e l d r i v e s a c o u p l e o f

    m ile s t h r o u g h t h e fo o t h ills o f t h e Pe c h a n g a Re se rv a t i o n t o w o r k

    w it h h is b e e s . Up o n h is r e t u r n in t h e e v e n in g h e n e a r l y a lw a y s

    h a s in t h e b a c k o f h i s c a r a c o lle c t io n o f h e rb s t h a t a r e u se fu l a s

    a ro m a t i c t e a s , s t o m a c h t o n i c s , o r d i s i n fe c t a n t s . (S e e

    p h o t o gr a p h n o . 1 .)

    J u a n i t a N e j o , a y o u n g I n d i a n w o m a n n o w i n h e r m i d d l ee i g h t i e s , m a k e s a n n u a l t r i p s t o t h e In a j a Re se rv a t i o n n e a r

    Ju l i a n , Ca l i fo rn i a , t o g a t h e r h e rb s fo r h e r h e a l t h a n d p i n e

    need les fo r the baske t s she s t i l l weaves and se l l s . She a l so

    m a k e s a n o c c a s i o n a l t r i p t o t h e W a r n e r S p r i n g s a r e a f o r t w o

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    k inds o f he rbs she ca l l s in

    h e r In d i a n d ia le ct m e lo n a n d

    m e s ca h a , b o t h o f w h ic h h a v e

    a m a z i n g c u r a t i v e p o w e r s

    t h a t I h a v e h a d t h eo p p o r t u n i t y t o o b se rv e . (S e e

    p h o t o gr a p h n o . 3 .)

    Herb doc to r Lu i s Su i Qu i

    came to Mexico f rom

    Ca n t o n , Ch in a , in 1 8 8 5 w h e n

    h e w a s s e v e n t e e n y e a r s o l d ,

    a n d s e t t l e d i n G u a d a l a j a r a .

    W h i le l iv in g t h e re h e s t u d ie dt h e u s e o f h e r b s u n d e r t h e

    t u t o r s h i p o f o t h e r

    Ca n t o n e se . D u r i n g t h e

    Mexican Revo lu t ion o f 1914 ,

    h e m a d e h is wa y u p t h e w e st

    c o a s t t o G u a y m a s , c ro s se d

    o v e r t o M u l e g e , Ba j a Ca l i fo rn i a , a n d t h e re fo r a p p ro x i m a t e l y

    f o r t y y e a r s a d m i n i s t e r e d a i d t o t h e p e o p l e o f t h i s b e a u t i f u lo a s is cit y t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f b o t h Ch in e s e a n d Me xic a n h e r b s .

    P resen t ly l iv ing in the t iny v i l l age o f San Jos Magda lena ,

    Doctor Luis Sui Qui , age n inety-seven, s t i l l t ravels four teen

    m i l e s o v e r a ro c k y ro a d i n t o M u l e g e t w i c e e a c h w e e k t o t r e a t

    h i s p a t i e n t s ' i l l n e s se s w i t h t h e s t r a n g e c o l l e c t i o n o f h e rb s

    w h i c h h a v e m a d e h i m fa m o u s t h ro u g h o u t Ba j a Ca l i fo rn i a . (S e e

    p h o t o gr a p h n o . 4 .)

    G o a t r a n c h e r a n d f i sh e rm a n M a n u e l D i a z , o f Ba h a d e l a

    C o n c e p c i n , c r u m b l e s d r i e d b a r k o f t h e c o p a l t r e e i n t o t h e

    o p e n w o u n d s o f b o t h p e r s o n s a n d l i v e s t o c k t o i n d u c e q u i c k

    h e a l i n g . S y l v e s t r e A rc e , f ro m t h e m o u n t a i n s n o r t h o f S a n

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    Ignac io , p re fe rs to cu t a l imb

    f r o m t h e s o f t a n d l e a f y l u m -

    b o y t r e e a n d a p p l y t h e a m p l e ,

    s t i cky ju ice to f resh cu t s ,

    b l is t e r s , a n d b r u ise s.

    H e re i s b u t a s a m p l i n g o f t h e

    k i n d o f p e o p l e w h o h a v e

    s h a r p e n e d m y i n t e r e s t i n t h e

    u se fu l n e s s o f p l a n t s , sh ru b s ,

    ro o t s , a n d t h e f l o w e r s o f

    e s t h e t i c b e a u t y a n d f r a g r a n c e

    w h i c h a b o u n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

    a r i d S o u t h w e s t . Th e se p e o p l ea r e n o t h e a l t h f a d d i s t s . T h e y

    u se t h e se p l a n t s i n t h e i r d a i l y

    l ives jus t a s they use to r t i l l a s

    a n d b e a n s . T h e y h a v e n o t h i n g

    t o s e ll, n o a x e s t o g r in d ; n o r a r e

    t h e y t r y i n g t o i m p r e s s a n y o n e

    w it h t h e ir v a s t k n o w le d g e o f n a t u r e ' s e n d o w m e n t s .

    F r o m t h e s e p e o p l e , a n d a h o s t o f o t h e r c o w b o y s , f i s h e r m e n ,

    g u i d e s , a n d p ro sp e c t o r s f ro m t h e d e se r t r e g i o n o f M e x i c o , I

    h a v e g a t h e r e d t h e f o l l o w i n g p h o t o g r a p h s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n o n

    t h e u s e fu l p la n t s o f t h e So u t h w e st .

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    D is in fe c t a n t a n d

    H e a l in g Pla n t s a n d

    M a t e r i a l sA m o n g t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f

    t r a d i t i o n a l l o r e a r e t h o s e r e m e d i e s

    f o r h e a l i n g v a r i o u s s o r e s a n d p a i n s

    a n d fo r d i s i n fe c t i n g . F o r t h e se

    p u r p o s e s , v a r i o u s p a r t s o f p l a n t s

    a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l s a r e u s e d . M a n y

    o f t h e s e p r e p a r a t i o n s a r e e q u a l l y

    e ffe c t iv e fo r m e n a n d a n im a ls .

    Ye r b a d e l Ma n z o , o r

    S w a m p r o o t1

    T h e h e r b k n o w n a s y e r ba de l

    m an z o ( p r o n o u n c e d y e r r - b a h d e l

    m a h n - so ) , o r sw a m p ro o t , i s fo u n d

    t h r o u g h o u t t h e s o u t h w e s t e r nU n i t e d S t a t e s a n d n o r t h e rn M e x i c o .

    As i t s name impl ies , i t g rows in

    m o i s t t o s w a m p y g r o u n d a n d i s

    eas i ly iden t i f i ed by i t s g reen , ova l -

    sh a p e d l e a v e s a n d i t s s e e d s t a l k

    w h ic h s h o o t s u p w a r d d i r e c tly f r o m

    t h e c e n t e r o f t h e p l a n t . I t g ro w s

    a m o n g t h e t o u g h r o o t s o f s w a m p

    g r a s s a n d i s e a s i l y f o u n d b u t

    d if fic u l t t o d ig o u t .

    T h a t p a r t o f t h e p la n t a b o v e gr o u n d

    1An em op sis cali forn ica

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    i s g e n e ra l l y n o t u se d . Th e s t r e n g t h l i e s i n t h e ro o t s , w h i c h a re

    f r e q u e n t l y c o o k e d i n t o t e a fo r s t o m a c h u p se t s . I t i s e x t r e m e l y

    b i tt e r , a n d o n e s m a l l s e gm e n t o f r o o t , a p p r o xim a t e ly a q u a r t e r

    o f a n in c h i n d ia m e t e r a n d t w o in c h e s lo n g , o r t h a t e q u iv a le n t ,

    is su ff ic ie n t fo r o n e q u a r t o f t e a . It sh o u ld b e b ro u g h t t o a b o i la n d t h e n a l l o w e d t o s t e e p . T h e t e a i s a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d a s a

    m e d ic in e fo r c o m m o n c o ld s .

    F i n e l y g ro u n d ro o t i s t a k e n w i t h o l i v e o i l f o r c h ro n i c s t o m a c h

    a i lmen t s . A s t rong , bo i l ed so lu t ion i s used as a d i s in fec tan t fo r

    b a t h in g o p e n w o u n d s a n d s we llin g s. Po w d e r e d r o o t is s p r i n k le d

    i n o p e n w o u n d s . A s t ro n g , b l a c k , h e a l i n g p o w d e r i s m a d e f ro m

    t h e fo llo w in g in g re d ie n t s :

    Bar k f rom a l iv in g live oa k t r ee

    Se c t io n o f d e e r h o r n t h o r o u g h l y b u r n e d i n a w o o d fir e

    Yerba d e l m anz o , o r s wa m p r o o t

    D ee r m a n u r e p e lle t s

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    All in g r e d ie n t s a r e g r o u n d in t o a f in e p o w d e r o n a m et ate or in

    a h a n d - o p e r a t e d c o r n m i l l . E q u a l p o r t i o n s o f p o w d e r e d yerba

    d e l m anz o , p o w d e r e d d e e r h o r n , a n d p o w d e r e d d e e r m a n u r e

    a re u se d . A h a l f p o r t i o n o f p o w d e re d l i v e o a k b a rk i s t h e n

    a d d e d . (Th e b a rk fro m t h e l iv e o a k c a n b e u se d b y i t se lf, a lso , inm a k i n g a st ro n g d i sin fe c t a n t t e a fo r w a sh i n g w o u n d s .) Po w d e r s

    a r e m i x e d t o g e t h e r a n d d u s t e d o n s u r f a c e s o f o p e n w o u n d s . I t

    i s u se d e x t e n s i v e l y fo r t h e so re sh o u l d e r s a n d so re b a c k s o f

    h o r se s a n d m u le s . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h s n o s . 5 , 6 , 7 . )

    M e l n2

    M e l n ( p r o n o u n c e d m a y - l o n e ' ) i s w i d e l y u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

    so u t h w e s t e rn U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d M e x i c o a s a p o w e r fu ld i sin fe c ta n t a n d a m o is t h e a l in g a g e n t .

    In l a t e A u g u s t a n d e a r l y S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 6 3 , I w a t c h e d t h e

    t r e a t m e n t o f a t r e m e n d o u s c h r o n i c u l c e r o n a m a n ' s l e g . T h e

    u l c e r w a s b a t h e d i n m e l n t e a

    ( m a d e b y c o o kin g th e e n t ir e p la n t )

    t w i c e d a i l y , a n d e a c h t r e a t m e n t

    l a s t e d a t l e a s t a n h o u r . A f t e r t h ef i r s t week , s igns o f hea l ing were

    v e r y a p p a r e n t , a n d t h e t r e a t m e n t

    w a s r e d u c ed t o o n e a d a y .

    F ro m m y l i m i t e d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e

    s i t u a t i o n , i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t h e

    or ig in a l cause o f th e u lce r wh ich

    w a s t h e s i z e o f a m a n ' s h a n d , a n

    i n c h a n d a h a l f d e e p w i t h t h r e ein c h e s o f t h e s h in b o n e e xp o s e d

    c o u ld b e a t t r ib u t e d c h ie fly t o p o o r

    c i rcu la t ion . Af te r a regu la r

    c l e a n s i n g a n d so a k i n g w i t h s t ro n g2

    Pr o b a b l y Ap o d a n t h e r a u n d u la t a

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    m e l n t e a fo r a m o n t h , t h e g a p i n g c a v i t y f i l l e d w i t h a h e a l t h y ,

    p i n k f l e sh , a n d t h e m a n r e g a i n e d t h e u se o f h i s l e g , e v e n

    t h o u g h t h e le s io n h a d n o c o ve r in g o f s kin .

    M e l n i s p a l e g r e e n a n d c a n b e r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e f i n et h i s t l e d o w n w h i c h l i n e s t h e s t a l k s a n d t h e t o p a n d b o t t o m

    su r fa c e s o f i t s ro u n d e d l e a v e s . Th e p l a n t s g e n e ra l l y g ro w i n

    c l u m p s o f a p p ro x i m a t e l y s i x t o e i g h t i n c h e s i n h e i g h t a n d

    d i a m e t e r . T h e f u r r y t h i s t l e d o w n c o v e r i n g t h e e n t i r e p l a n t i s

    s o f t t o t h e t o u c h , a n d t h e r e i s e n o u g h o f i t o n t h e l e a v e s t o

    m a k e t h e m fe e l a l m o s t lik e fe l t .

    T e a s c o o k e d f r o m m e d i c i n a l h e r b s o f t h e S o u t h w e s t s u c h a s

    m e l n h a v e l o n g b e e n u s e d t o s t e r i l i z e a n d h e a l s e r i o u sw o u n d s . A l o n g - t i m e f r i e n d o f m y f a m i l y , H a rv N i b a rg e r , h a d

    o n c e b e e n s h o t i n t h e k n e e b y a n u n k n o w n a s s a i l a n t u s i n g a

    h igh -p ower ed r i fle , wh ile Harv was d r iv in g a bu n ch o f ca t t l e . He

    r o d e a s f a s t a s h e c o u l d t o a n I n d i a n c a m p i n t h e a r e a w h e r e

    o n e o f t h e w o m e n h e l p e d h i m i n t o

    h e r b r u s h h o g a n a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d

    f i r s t a i d . Th e In d i a n w o m a n sp l i n t e d

    t h e s h a t t e r e d k n e e j o i n t a n d t h e nr i g g e d a t r i p o d o v e r H a rv ' s l e g f ro m

    w h i c h s h e s u s p e n d e d a p o t o f h e r b

    t e a . Th e p o t w a s c a re fu l l y a r r a n g e d

    so t h e t e a w o u l d s l o w l y d r i p i n t o t h e

    w o u n d .

    I' v e fo rg o t t e n h o w lo n g N ib a rg e r t o ld

    u s it h a d t a k en fo r t h e w o u n d e d k n e e

    t o h e a l , b u t I ' l l n e v e r fo rg e t t h ee x p re s s i o n s o f g ra t i t u d e h e l a v i sh e d

    o n t h e I n d i a n w o m a n h e b e l i e v e d

    h a d sa v e d h is le g . H e u se d t o s le e p in

    t h e r a n c h b u n k h o u s e w i t h m y

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    b r o t h e r s a n d m e , a n d a t b e d t im e wh e n h e u n d r e s se d w e wo u ld

    c ra n e o u r n e c k s t o l o o k a t t h e r i g i d , g ro t e sq u e l i m b H a rv w a s

    a lw a y s s o p r o u d t o h a v e k ep t .

    Dur in g th e Mexican Revo lu t ion in 19 16 , Pan ch o Villa r ece ived as im ila r k n e e w o u n d a n d u n d e r w e n t t h e s a m e d r ip p in g h e r b -t e a

    t r e a t m e n t i n a n o n d e s c r i p t l i t t l e r a n c h h o u s e n e a r C a s a s

    Gr a n d e s in t h e st a t e o f Ch ih u a h u a a n d t h e r e e s ca p e d d e t e ct io n

    u n t i l h e h a d su f f i c i e n t l y r e c o v e re d t o r i d e a g a i n . H e w a s m o re

    fo r t u n a t e t h a n Nib a r g e r in t h a t , a c co r d in g t o h is t o r y , h is k n e e

    h e a le d u p w it h o u t b e i n g s t iff . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h s n o s . 8 , 9 .)

    M e s c a h a , o r Sa g e b r u s h3

    Mescaha ( p r o n o u n c e d m e s - k a ' - h a ) , o n e o f t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t

    a r o m a t i c s h r u b s o f t h e S o u t h w e s t , i s c o m m o n l y u s e d a s a

    m e d ic in a l o r d is in fe c t a n t t e a . Th i s t e a i s b i t t e r a n d u n p a l a t a b l e

    i f cooked too s t rong . As an e f fec t ive an t i sep t i c fo r ba th ing

    w o u n d s , t h e b r u s h t i p s a n d l e a v e s

    a re v i g o ro u s l y b o i l e d u n t i l t h e t e a

    i s deep g reen . I t i s e spec ia l ly good

    fo r w a sh i n g a n d h e a l i n g w i re c u t so n h o r se s . Se v e ra l y e a r s a g o a w e a k

    t e a w a s c u s t o m a r i l y t a k e n i n t h e

    s p r i n g o f t h e y e a r a s a t o n i c b y

    ra n c h i n g f a m i l i e s o f t h e W e s t , a n d

    t h e f r o n t i e r w o m e n o f t h e G r e a t

    P l a i n s s t a t e s u se d s a g e b ru sh t e a

    re g u l a r l y a s a h a i r r i n se .

    Mescaha , o r s a g e b ru sh , g ro w s a th i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s , f ro m t w o

    t h o u s a n d t o t e n t h o u s a n d fe e t, a n d

    i t s w o o d b u rn s h o t . I t h a s a l w a y s

    b e e n a p o p u l a r f u e l f o r b r a n d i n g -3

    Ar t e m is ia t r i d e n t a t a

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    ir o n f ir e s . An id e n t ify in g fa c t o r is t h e sn u b b e d -o f f e n d o f e a c h

    l e a f w h i c h a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n c u t w i t h p i n k i n g s h e a r s ,

    l e a v i n g t h re e ro u n d e d p o i n t s . S l a t e g ra y , t h e t i p s o f t h e b ru sh

    a n d l e a v e s a r e a l w a y s c o o k e d t o g e t h e r a n d , w h e n b o i l e d , t u r n

    g r e e n .

    A t h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s w h e re t h e b ru sh g ro w s r a n k , i t s t i p s a n d

    l e a v e s a r e b r o k e n o f f b y t h e h a n d f u l a n d b o u n d w i t h s t r i n g t o

    p re fo rm e d , c i r c u l a r w i re c o a t h a n g e r s t o m a k e t h i c k , s i l v e r -

    c o lo r e d a r o m a t ic w r e a t h s . ( Se e p h o t o g r a p h n o . 1 0 . )

    Ye r b a d e l Pa s m o4

    Ye r b a d e l p a s m o ( y e r r ' -b a h d e lp ah s ' -m o) is a low-growing he rb

    w i t h h e a l i n g p ro p e r t i e s . Te a

    c o o k e d f r o m y e r b a d e l p a s m o

    i s u se d t o w a sh i n fe c t e d

    w o u n d s a n d i s t a k e n o r a l l y

    s im u ltan eou s ly , a s it i s be l ieved

    t h a t d r i n k i n g t h e t e a p r o m o t e s

    h e a l i n g . O n c e To n y A sh m a n , o f P e c h a n g a , t r e a t e d t h e i n fe c t e d

    fee t o f a fac to ry worker wi th

    y e r b a d e l p a s m o . T h e w o r k e r

    h a d b e e n t o l d t o s e e k o t h e r

    e m p l o y m e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e

    condi t ion of h is fee t . Fol lowing

    t h e t r e a t m e n t , h i s f o o t

    c o n d i t i o n d i s a p p e a re d . S l o w -

    h e a l i n g u l c e r s a r e a l so t r e a t e dw i t h y e r b a d e l p a s m o t e a t o

    w h i ch s a lt h a s b e e n a d d e d . (Se e

    p h o t o gr a p h s n o . 1 1 , 1 2 .)

    4U su a l ly a Ba c c h a r i s, p r o b a b l y Ba c c h a r i s p t e r o n i o id e s

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    M e d ic in a l H e r b s o f t h e Sie r r a

    T h e s e p o p u l a r m e d i c i n a l p l a n t s g r o w i n t h e m o u n t a i n r e g i o n s

    o f n o r t h e rn a n d c e n t r a l M e x i c o a t e l e v a t i o n s o f a p p ro x i m a t e l y

    fo u r t o s i x t h o u sa n d f e e t . Th e i r s t a n d a rd u se s a r e w e l l k n o w n

    b y a l l t h e p e o p l e l i v i n g o n r a n c h e s a n d i n t h e m o u n t a i n

    p u e b l o s o f t h e Sie r r a M a d r e .

    O f t h e m a n y b e n e f i c i a l n a t i v e p l a n t s d e p e n d e d u p o n b y t h e

    peop le l iv ing in i so la t ed , rugged a reas o f Mexico , the p lan t s

    s h o w n h e r e a r e b y f a r t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d . T h e i r n a m e s a r e

    c o m m o n h o u s e h o ld w o r d s ; a n d a t l e a st s o m e , if n o t a l l, o f t h e s e

    d ry m e d i c i n a l ro o t s , o r l e a v e s , o r b l o s so m s , c a n b e fo u n ds t o re d a w a y i n f ru i t j a r s i n t h e k i t c h e n o f a l m o s t e v e ry

    m o u n t a in d w e llin g . All o f t h e h e r b s m e n t i o n e d h e r e h a v e t h e i r

    m e d i c i n a l q u a l i t i e s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e ro o t s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n

    o f m an za n illa a n d o r e g a n o . T h e u s e f u l p o r t i o n s o f t h e s e t w o

    p l a n t s g r o w a b o v e g r o u n d . All th e p la n t s se e k p a r t ia l sh a d e a n d

    g ro w ra p id ly a f t e r s e a so n a l r a i n s .

    In t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o re g a n o i s t h o u g h t o f a l m o s t e n t i r e l y a s a

    sp i c e . In M e x i c o i t i s c h e r i sh e d a s a c u ra t i v e p l a n t o f m a n y

    u s e s . Or e g a n o t e a is d r u n k a s a r e m e d y fo r c o u g h s a n d c o ld s . It

    i s u s e d a s a d i s i n f e c t a n t a n d h e a l i n g a g e n t f o r b u r n s , p i m p l e s

    a n d s kin ir r i t a t io n s , a n d in fe c te d w o u n d s . In t h e h o m e w o m e n

    a d d l i b e ra l q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e f l a v o r fu l l e a v e s t o t h e i r c h i l i

    s a u c e s a n d o t h e r s p i c y d i s h e s , w h i l e t h e i r r a n c h e r o h u s b a n d s

    m i x f i n e l y g ro u n d o re g a n o l e a v e s w i t h l a rd o r t a l l o w a n d u se

    t h e s a lv e t o h e a l w o u n d s o n l iv e s t o c k .

    A l m o s t e v e ry b a b y i n N o r t h e rn M e x i c o h a s b e e n f e d m an -

    zanilla t e a b y it s m o t h e r . It h a s lo n g b e e n t h e s t a n d a r d h o m e

    t re a t m e n t fo r t i n y b a b i e s h a v i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s d i g e s t i n g t h e i r

    mi lk . As they g row o lder , Mex ican bab ies a re g iven bo t t l e s o f

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    m an za n illa t e a b e t w e e n r e g u l a r f e e d i n g s . M an za n illa b u d s , o r

    b l o s so m s , h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a p o p u l a r i t e m i n M e x i c a n

    d r u g s t o r e s , a n d t h e y c a n b e p i c k e d a l m o s t a n y w h e r e o n c e a

    y e a r w h i l e t h e g ro u n d i s m o i s t . Th e p l a n t ' s ro u n d , y e l l o w

    b u t t o n s a l w a y s a p p e a r r e a d y t o b u r s t i n t o f l o w e r , b u t t h e yn e v e r d o . P i c k e d a n d e a t e n f r e sh , t h e m i n t - l i k e f l a v o r o f t h e

    bu d s is de l ic iou s , e sp ec ia l ly so a f t e r m ea l s .

    W h e n y o u l i v e i n a c o u n t r y w h e r e a b u n d a n t g r o c e r i e s a r e

    a l w a y s r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e , a n d t e m p t i n g v a r i e t i e s o f fo o d a n d

    d r i n k c o n s t a n t l y f l a s h b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c ' s e y e s t h r o u g h o u r

    m o d e r n m e d i a o f a d v e r t is in g , it is h a r d t o b e l ie v e t h a t a n y o n e ,

    a n y w h e r e , w o u l d e v e r h a v e t h e n e e d t o s t i m u l a t e h i s a p p e t i t e .

    U n fo r t u n a t e l y , t h i s s i t u a t i o n d o e s n o t e x i s t i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s .In t h o s e p la c e s w h e r e t h e d a ily d ie t o f p e o p le r e m a in s t h e s a m e

    f o r a s m a n y a s t h r e e h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y d a y s o f e v e r y y e a r , a n

    h e r b t h a t w i l l s t i m u l a t e a p p e t i t e s a n d m a k e t h e s a m e r o u g h

    fo o d , w h ic h h a s b e e n s e r v ed fo r a t le a s t a t h o u s a n d c o n s e cu t i ve

    mea l s , l ook and smel l de l i c ious

    t h i s i s i n d e e d a v a l u a b l e m e d i c i n e .

    Th e re fo re , w h e n c e r t a i n p e o p l e t e l l

    y o u o f a n h e r b w h i c h i s a g e n e r a ls t o m a c h t o n i c a n d a p p e t i t e

    s t i m u l a t o r , t h a t i n fo rm a t i o n i s o f

    g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e m , a n d i t

    s h o u l d n o t b e t a k e n l i g h t l y b y t h o s e

    fo r t u n a t e e n o u g h t o h a v e a v a r ie t y o f

    de l i cac ies read i ly ava i l ab le to them

    at a ll t im es .

    M a t a r i q u e 5

    Matar ique ( p r o n o u n c e d m a h - t a y - r e ' -

    k a y ) g r o w s o n l y i n t h e s h a d y

    se c l u s i o n o f t h e S i e r r a M a d re5

    P sa c a l iu m o r C a c a li a d e c o m p o s i t u m

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    M o u n t a i n s o f n o r t h e r n M e x i c o a n d o n l y d u r i n g t h e r a i n y

    s u m m e r m o n t h s w h e n t h e h i g h g r o u n d o n w h i c h i t t h r i v e s i s

    w e t w i t h m o i s t u re . I t s g re e n fo l i a g e r e se m b l e s e n d i v e , t h u s

    m a k i n g i s e sp e c i a l l y e a sy t o i d e n t i fy . Th e c u ra t i v e p o w e rs

    w h i c h a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e p l a n t a r e c o n t a i n e d i n a n a m p l e ,in t e r t w in e d r o o t sy st e m w h i c h , a f t e r b e i n g p u lle d f ro m t h e so ft

    e a r t h , r e a d i l y r e l e a se s i t s p l e a sa n t a ro m a a n d a sp i c y , p e p s i n

    t a s t e . A f t e r c h e w i n g b r i e f l y o n a s e g m e n t o f t h e ro o t , a p e r so n

    fe e ls a s t h o u g h h e h a s ju s t b r u s h e d h is t e e th , t h e n g a r g le d w it h

    a p le a s in g m o u t h w a s h . Du r in g h o t w e a t h e r m atar iqu e r o o t s a r e

    u s e d i n e a r l y e v e r y s t o n e w a t e r

    olla i n t h e ran ch o s a n d pueb l i t o s

    o f So n o ra a n d Ch i h u a h u a , M e xic o .

    Th e ro o t s o f a s i n g l e p l a n t m a y

    r e m a i n i n a w a t e r olla fo r a s l o n g

    a s t w o m o n t h s a t a t i m e ,

    f r e sh e n i n g n e w w a t e r a s i t i s

    a d d e d a n d p r o v i d i n g a s t o m a c h -

    s o o t h i n g d r i n k i n a n a r e a w h e r e ,

    o f n e c e s s i t y , w a t e r m u s t b e

    c o n s u m e d i n v o l u m e . W a t e rd r u n k f r o m a n olla c o n t a i n i n g

    m atar iqu e r o o t s r a p id l y q u e n c h e s

    a p e r s o n ' s t h i r s t a n d c a u s e s h im t o

    p e r sp ir e l e ss .

    Te a c o o k e d f ro m t h e ro o t s i s t a k e n fo r t h e r e l ie f o f se v e re b a c k

    p a in s a n d a s a n u n fa ilin g r e m e d y in t h e t r e a t m e n t o f ja u n d i ce .

    Bes ides be ing cons ide red an idea l b lood ton ic , i t i s g iven to

    b a b ie s fo r c o lic a n d t a k e n b y a d u lt s a s a d i u re t i c .

    I t s r o o t s , w h e n g r o u n d o n a m et ate , a r e u se d a s a p o u l t i c e t o

    h e a l o p e n c u t s , a n d a s t r o n g so lu t i o n c o o k e d f r o m t h e r o o t s is

    u se d a s a n a n t i s e p t i c w a sh i n t r e a t i n g s l o w -h e a l i n g w o u n d s .

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    (Se e p h o t o g ra p h s n o . 1 3 , 1 4 .)

    C h u c h u p a t i6

    T h e r o o t o f ch u ch u p at i ( p r o n o u n c e d c h o o - c h o o - p a h ' - t e ) i s

    c r u s h e d o n a m e t a t e , t h e n p l a c e d

    d i r e c t l y o n t h e a r e a a f f e c t e d b y

    s c o r p i o n o r b e e s t i n g s o r s p i d e r

    b i t es . I f t he v ic t im i s pa r t i cu la r ly

    a l l e rg ic , a t ea cooked f rom

    c h u c h u p a t i i s d r u n k w h i c h i s

    b e l i e v e d t o r e d u c e sw e l l i n g i n t h e

    t h ro a t r e su l t i n g f ro m i n se c t s t i n g s .The t ea , ve ry b i t t e r , i s a l so t aken fo r

    b i lio u sn e s s . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h n o . 1 5 .)

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    Yerba de la V ibora ( p r o n o u n c e d

    y e r r ' b a h d a y l a h v e e - b o - r a h ) i s

    M e x i c o ' s s t a n d a rd r a t t l e sn a k e b i t er e m e d y . T h e r o o t i s c r u s h e d o n a

    m et ate , o r so m e t i m e s c o o k e d , t h e n

    p l a ce d o n t h e s n a k e b it e a ft e r it h a s

    b e e n b le d a n d s u ck e d . T h e c r u s h e d

    h e r b i s c o o k e d t o m a k e a p l e a s a n t

    t e a w h i c h t a s t e s v e ry m u c h l i k e

    m atar iqu e . Snake-b i t e v ic t ims a re

    u r g e d b y n a t i v e h e r b i s t s t o d r i n k

    t h i s t e a i n q u a n t i t y . (S e ep h o t o gr a p h n o . 1 6 . )

    6L i g u s t i c u m p o r t e r i

    7H a p o p a p p u s s p i n u l o s u s

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    Ye r b a Co l o r a d o8

    Th e yerba colorado ( p r o n o u n c e d y e r r ' -

    b a h c o - l o - r a h - d a h ) i s c r u s h e d a n dc o o k e d i n t o a t e a w h i c h i s t a k e n fo r

    c h e s t a n d b a c k p a in s a n d fo r f lu . Th e t e a

    is v er y r e d a n d h a s a p le a s a n t t a s t e . T h e

    c r u s h e d r o o t i s c o o k e d w i t h s u g a r t o

    m a k e a p o p u l a r c o u g h s y r u p . ( S e e

    p h o t o gr a p h n o . 1 7 . )

    E s c o r c i o n e r a9

    T e a f r o m t h e c r u s h e d r o o t o f

    e sc o rc i o n e ra (p ro n o u n c e d e s -c o r - c e e -

    o h -n a y ' - r a h ) i s d ru n k i n l a rg e , r e g u l a r

    d o s e s b y p e r s o n s h a v i n g s t o m a c h

    u l c e r s . P o u l t i c e s o f t h e c ru sh e d ro o t

    a r e u s e d t o h e a l o p e n s o r e s a n d t o

    re d u c e sw e l l i n g a n d d i s c o l o ra t i o n

    fr o m b r u i se s . ( Se e p h o t o gr a p h n o . 1 8 .)

    P i o n a1 0

    After p iona

    ( p r o n o u n c e d

    p e - o - n e e ' - a h )

    is cr u s h e d o n a

    m et ate a n d

    c o o k e d , t h e t e a i s t a k e n t o s t i m u l a t eappe t i t e s . I t a l so i s t aken to s top

    s t o m a c h p a i n s a n d i s b e l i e v e d t o b e

    8Ge r a n iu m s p . o r H e u c h e r a s p .

    9P e r e z i a m u l t i f l o r a

    1 0P a e o n i a c a li fo r n i c a

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    e sp e c i a l l y g o o d fo r c h i l d re n ' s

    s t o m a c h a c h e s . Th e ro o t , f i n e l y

    g r o u n d a n d t h e n t o a s t e d , i s

    t a k e n w i t h w a t e r t o s t o p

    d i a r r h e a . C r u s h e d r o o t i sp a c k ed a r o u n d a c h i n g t ee t h t o

    s t o p p a i n . ( Se e p h o t o g r a p h n o .

    19 . )

    B a v i s a1 1

    Bavisa ( p r o n o u n c e d b a h - v e e ' -

    s a h ) i s a g e n e r a l st o m a c h t o n ic

    a n d i s u se d e x a c t l y a s p i o n i ae x c e p t b a v i sa i s n o t t a k e n fo r

    d i a r r h e a . ( S e e p h o t o g r a p h n o .

    20 . )

    T o t o l m e c a

    1 2

    T h e r o o t o f to to lm eca

    ( p r o n o u n c e d t o - t o l - m a y ' - c a h ) i s

    b r o k e n i n t o s m a l l p i e c e s a n d

    c o o k e d . Th e t e a i s t a k e n

    pr inc ipa l ly fo r female d i so rders . I t

    i s a l so c o n s i d e re d a n e x c e l l e n t

    k i d n e y m e d i c i n e a n d i s t a k e n t o

    re l i eve severe back pa ins . I t i sc a r e f u l l y a v o i d e d b y p r e g n a n t

    w o m e n . ( Se e p h o t o gr a p h n o . 2 1 . )

    1 1C o s m o s P r i n g l e i

    1 2Sm i la x m e x ic a n a - u s u a l l y s p e l le d C o co l m e c a

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    M a n z a n i l l a

    1 3

    T h e r o u n d t o c o n ic a l-s h a p e d b u d s o f

    m an z an illa ( p r o n o u n c e d m a n - s a h -

    n e e ' - y a h ) a r e b r e w e d i n t o a p o p u l a r

    t e a w h i c h i s t a k e n fo r u p se t

    s t o m a c h s . I t i s u se d a l m o s t

    u n iv e r s a lly b y t h e m o t h e r s o f s m a l l

    b a b i e s t h r o u g h o u t n o r t h e r n M e x i c o

    a s a s t o m a c h t o n i c a n d i s f e d t oc h i l d re n o f a l l a g e s f ro m e i t h e r a

    sp o o n o r a b o t t l e . Th e t e a i s a l so

    u s e d f o r w a s h i n g c u t s a n d

    a b r a s i o n s . ( S e e p h o t o g r a p h n o . 2 2 ,

    23 . )

    O r e g a n o1 4

    Th e l e a v e s a n d sm a l l s t e m s o f

    o r e g a n o a r e c o o k e d i n t o a t e a

    w h ic h i s ta k e n fo r c o u g h s a n d

    c o l d s a n d u s e d a s a

    d i s i n fe c t a n t fo r w a sh i n g

    w o u n d s , b u r n s , a n d s k i ni r r i t a t ions . I t s l eaves a re used

    a s a sp i c e i n c o o k i n g , a n d

    w h e n f i n e l y g r o u n d t h e y a r e1 3

    M a t r i ca r i a m a t r i c a r i o id e s1 4

    Ei t h e r O r i g a n u m v u l g a r e o r a s p e c ie s o f Li p p i a

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    m ixe d in t o a h e a lin g s a lv e . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h n o . 2 4 .)

    Ye r b a d e l In d i o1 5

    Ea s i l y r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e sh a p e o f i t s a r ro w -p o i n t l e a v e s , t h ero o t s o f t h e yerba de l ind io ( p r o n o u n c ed y e r r ' -b a h d e l e en ' -d e -

    o ) p l a n t s a r e m u c h s o u g h t a f t e r a s a g e n e r a l t o n i c . I t c a n b e

    fo u n d g r o win g in m a n y t y p e s o f m o u n t a in t e r r a in b u t s e em s t o

    t h r i v e p r i n c i p a l l y o n t h e d ry f l o o r s o f ro c k y a r ro y o s . Th e

    f r e s h l y d u g , c a r r o t - s h a p e d r o o t s a r e g o o d t o e a t1 6

    , a n d t h e y

    s t i m u l a t e t h e a p p e t i t e . Te a c o o k e d f ro m t h e ro o t s i s a l so

    p l e a sa n t t a s t in g a n d is t a k en t o s oo t h e u p s e t s t o m a c h s a n d a id

    d ig e st io n . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h n o . 2 5 .)

    1 5A r i s t o l o c h i a w a t s o n i i

    1 6Ac t u a l ly , t h e y t a s t e li ke a c o m b i n a t i o n o f m o t h b a l ls a n d a s p i r in - M M

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    Us e f u l Ca c t u s P l a n t s

    Va r io u s ca c t i a r e in d ig e n o u s t o so u t h w e st e rn Un it e d St a t e s a n d

    t o n o r t h w e s t e rn M e x i c o . Ce r t a i n o f t h e se p l a n t s a r e u se fu l i n

    m e d i cin a l p r e p a r a t i o n s , e v e n b e in g c u lt iv a t e d fo r t h i s p u r p o s e .

    O t h e r s a r e e d i b l e a n d c a n s u p p l y f o o d i n a r i d a r e a s f o r b o t h

    m e n a n d a n i m a ls.

    C h a r a m a t r a c a1 7

    Ch aram atrac a ( p r o n o u n c e d

    c h a h - r a h - m a h - t r a h ' - c a h ) , a

    s l e n d e r c a c t u s , h a s a l l t h ea t t r a c t i v e , u n i fo rm m a rk i n g s o f

    a sn a k e a n d is in c lin e d t o c lim b

    oth er p lan t s like a v in e . In Ba jaCa l i fo rn ia i t i s found on ly in

    t h e a r e a b e t w e e n Ba h i a d e l o s

    Angeles and El Arco. Each

    wil lowy stalk of ch aram at raca 1 7

    P e n i o c e r e u s s t r i a t a

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    is n o u r i sh e d b y a n e n o r m o u s r o o t . Th e r o o t is so ft a n d p l ia b l e ,

    a l m o s t t r a n sp a re n t , a n d i s c o m p a ra b l e t o a p l a s t i c b a g f i l l e d

    wi th a ye l low l iqu id . I t l i e s ju s t benea th the su r face in loose ,

    s a n d y s oil a n d c a n b e e a s ily d u g o u t b y h a n d . Ch aram atrac a h a s

    s p in e s , b u t t h e y a r e s o sm a ll t h a t t h e y c a n h a r d ly b e s e e n .

    Whenever a na t ive Ba ja Ca l i fo rn ian o f th i s cen t ra l reg ion i s

    su f f e r i n g s e v e re b a c k p a i n s , h e g a t h e r s o n e o f t h e se w a t e ry

    ro o t s , st r i p s t h e ju ic e fro m it i n t o a c lo t h , t h e n p la c e s t h e c l o t h

    o n h i s b a c k u n t i l t h e p a i n s u b s i d e s . ( S e e p h o t o g r a p h s n o . 2 6 ,

    27 . )

    Pr i c k ly Pe a r Ca c t u s , o r N o p a l1 8

    P r i c k l y p e a r c a c t u s , o r n o p a l

    ( p r o n o u n c e d n o - p a h l ) , i s m u c h

    u t i l i z e d a s a fo o d i n d e se r t r e g i o n s .

    Th e b ro a d , f l a t l e a v e s o f t h i s p l a n t

    c a n b e r o a s t e d o n t h e c o a l s o f a n

    o p e n fir e a n d e a t en o r c a n b e p e e le d

    a n d c u b e d t o m a k e t h e p o p u l a r

    Mexican d i sh ca l l ed n o p alito s . Thefru i t , ca l led las tunas b y S p a n i sh -

    sp e a k i n g p e o p le , is e a s ily p e e le d a n d ,

    t h o u g h fu l l o f sm a l l , h a rd s e e d s , i s

    de l i c ious when r ipe . I t s de l i ca te

    f l a v o r i s p r o b a b l y a p p r e c i a t e d t h e

    m o s t a f t e r t h e f r u i t h a s b e e n m a d e

    in to j am or j e lly .

    In t h e p a s t t h i s c a c t u s h a s b e e n w i d e l y u se d a s l i v e s t o c k f e e d .D u r i n g p e r i o d s o f s e v e r e d r o u g h t r a n c h e r s u s e d t o b u r n t h e

    sp i n e s o f f t h e l e a v e s w i t h p re s su r i z e d g a so l i n e t o rc h e s . Th e i r

    c a t t l e , u p o n h e a r i n g t h e r o a r i n g s o u n d o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g g a s

    b u r n e r s , w o u l d c o m e r u n n i n g t o e a t t h e f r e s h l y s i n g e d c a c t u s .1 8

    O p u n t i a s p p .

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    W h e n f e e d i s u n u s u a l l y s c a r c e a n d c a t t l e a r e d e s p e r a t e l y

    h u n g ry , t h e y w i l l e a t s e v e ra l k i n d s o f c a c t u s b e s i d e s p r i c k l y

    p e a r , sp in e s a n d a l l, a n d su rv iv e . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h n o . 2 8 .)

    C a r d n

    1 9

    W e w e r e m a k i n g a r o a d b y h a n d f o r o u r f o u r - w h e e l - d r i v e

    e q u i p m e n t a c ro s s a ro u g h a r ro y o i n c e n t r a l Ba j a Ca l i fo rn i a ,

    c a lle d El Ala m b r a d o w h e n o u r fr i e n d , In z Ro m e ro , a Ya q u i

    In d ia n , s e r io u s ly m a s h e d t h e f in g e r s o f o n e h a n d b e t w e e n t w o

    g i a n t b o u l d e r s . W h i l e t h e o t h e r

    m e m b e r s o f t h e p a r t y c o n t i n u e d

    ro l l i n g t h e b i g g e r ro c k s o u t o f o u r

    p ro p osed lin e o f t rave l , I ex t r i ca teda d u s t y f i r s t - a i d k i t f ro m t h e

    v a r i e d a s s o r t m e n t o f c a m p

    s u p p l i e s a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t w e

    re g u l a r l y c a r ry o n a n E r i e S t a n l e y

    G a r d n e r g r o u n d e x p e d i t i o n i n t o

    Baja.

    Inz ' s index f inger was bad ly sp l i t ,a n d h i s m i d d l e f i n g e r h a d b e e n

    f l a t t e n e d w i t h su c h fo rc e t h a t i t

    a p p e a r e d a s t h o u g h a n i n n e r

    e x p l o s i o n h a d fo rc e d t h e r a w f l e sh

    o u t t h r o u g h t h e r a g g ed t e a r s a lo n g

    b o t h s i d e s o f t h e f i n g e r j u s t b e l o w

    t h e n a il.

    Inz Romero i s a co lo r fu l Ba ja Ca l i fo rn ian who does every th ingw it h g u s t o , w h e t h e r i t is h a r p o o n in g t u r t l e s, h u n t in g m o u n t a in

    sh e e p , o r g e t t i n g t h e FW D p ic k u p h e d ro v e fo r u s st u c k in lo o se

    sa n d . S o I k n e w i n s t i n c t i v e l y b e fo re I e x a m i n e d h i s h a n d t h a t

    h e h a d s m a s h e d it w it h c h a r a c t e r is t ic exu b e r a n c e .1 9

    Pa c h y c e r e u s p r i n g le i

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    W h i l e I p o n d e r e d t h e a m p l e

    con ten t s o f th e f ir s t -a id k i t it

    was the s i ze o f a su i t case

    w o n d e r i n g j u s t w h i c h o f a l l t h ev a r i o u s i t e m s w o u l d d o In e z ' s

    f i n g e r s t h e m o s t g o o d , h e

    s t o p p e d j u m p i n g u p a n d d o w n

    a n d b lo w in g o n h is fin g e r s lo n g

    e n o u g h t o t e l l m e t h a t a l l w e

    n e e d e d f r o m t h e b o x o f f a n c y

    m e d i c a l a n d su rg i c a l d re s s i n g s

    w a s s o m e g a u z e f o r b a n d a g i n g .

    A f t e r t h e p a i n h a d s u b s i d e d al i t t l e m o re , In e z e x p l a i n e d t h a t

    a l l h e w a n t e d o n h i s i n j u r e d

    f i n g e r s w e re so m e s l a b s o f

    cardn ( p r o n o u n c e d c a r -

    d o n e ' ) .

    I h a d a f l e e t i n g i m p u l se t o e x p l a i n t h e su p e r d i s i n fe c t a n t

    q u a l i t i e s o f m e r t h i o l a t e t o h i m a n d a r g u e t h a t i t w a s s u r e l yb e t t e r t h a n a c o u p l e p i e c e s o f c a c t u s m e a t h a c k e d o u t o f a

    c o rd o n b y a n u n s t e r i l i z e d b e l t k n i f e . Bu t o n a q u i c k s e c o n d

    t h o u g h t , I s h u t m y m o u t h a n d d u t i f u l l y f o l l o w e d I n z t o t h e

    n e a r e s t cardn . U n d e r h i s d i r e c t i o n I p e e l e d t h e sp i n e s a n d

    g r e e n b a r k a w a y f r o m a s e ct io n o f it s flu t e d s u r f a c e a n d c u t o u t

    a h a n d - s i z e d r e c t a n g l e o f t h e t o u g h , w h i t e p u l p . I n e z h a d m e

    s lic e t wo t h in w a fe r s fr o m t h e r e c t a n g le , w r a p t h e m a r o u n d h is

    m a s h e d f in g e r s , t h e n b a n d a g e t h e m w it h g a u ze a n d t a p e .

    In c a m p t h a t n ig h t h e a d m it t e d t h a t h is fin g e r s h u r t a l it t le , b u t

    b y t h e n e x t m o r n in g h e in s is t ed t h a t a ll t h e p a in h a d s u b s id e d ,

    a n d h e c o n t i n u e d t o d r i v e t h e p i c k u p w it h h is u su a l fla i r . Aft e r

    su p p e r t h e fo l l o w i n g e v e n i n g In z r e l u c t a n t l y a l l o w e d u s t o

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    r e m o v e t h e b a n d a g e s ,

    c l a i m i n g t h e r e w a s n o n e e d

    t o d o s o f o r a n o t h e r t w o o r

    t h r e e d a y s , a n d h i s f i n g e r s

    e m e rg e d so s t a r t i n g l y w h i t et h a t t h e y r e s e m b l e d a

    c o u p l e o f d e a d f i sh . In e z

    n o d d e d a p p r o v i n g l y a t h i s

    m u t i l a t e d d e d o s a n d q u i e t l y

    r e m a r k e d t h a t w a s t h e w a y

    t h e y sh o u ld l o o k .

    H e a sk e d u s t o p l e a se w ra p

    t h e m u p a g a i n w i t h t h es a m e cardn a n d b a n d a g e s .

    W e c o m p r o m i s e d b y c u t t i n g

    so m e f r e sh cardn w a fe r s

    a n d w r a p p i n g h i s f i n g e r s

    w i t h n e w g a u z e a n d t a p e

    b u t t h i s t i m e i t w a s b l a c k

    e le c tr i cia n ' s t a p e b e c a u s e t h e m o is t u r e f r o m t h e cardn wafers

    k e p t lo o s e n in g th e o t h e r k i n d .

    In a w e e k , w i t h n o fu r t h e r a t t e n t i o n , In z ' s f i n g e r s w e re

    c o m p l e t e l y w e l l a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , a t n o t i m e d u r i n g t h e

    h e a l i n g p r o c e s s h a d t h e y b e e n s o r e . H e w a s d i s g u s t e d w i t h u s

    fo r b e i n g co n c e r n e d a n d e x p la in e d t h a t h e b e lie v e d t h e p u lp o f

    a cardn n o t o n l y h a s a b u i l t - i n p a i n k i l l e r b u t a l so c o n t a i n s a

    d is in fe c t a n t a n d a p o w e r fu l h e a l in g a g e n t a s w e ll.

    T h e d r y w o o d f r o m cardn ske le tons burns t e r r i f i ca l ly ho t . A tM u l e g e a l l o f t h e b a k e d a d o b e b r i c k s a n d ro o f t i l e s u se d i n t h e

    m o d e r n C l u b A e r e o H o t e l w e r e f i r e d w i t h w o o d f r o m d e a d

    cardones . The s i t e on Don Jose Gorosave ' s L lanos de San

    Ig n a c i o Ra n c h o , w h e re t h e a d o b e s a n d ro o f t i l e s w e re m a d e , i s

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    g e n e ro u s l y l i t t e r e d w i t h s t a c k s o f c r i sp c l a y t i l e s t h a t b e c a m e

    s o h o t i n t h e f i r i n g p r o c e s s t h e y m e l t e d a n d r a n t o g e t h e r l i k e

    g l a s s i n a fu rn a c e . W h e n t a p p e d w i t h a s t i c k , t h e se m i s sh a p e n

    c lu s te r s r ing l ike b e l ls o f d i ffe r ing to n es .

    T h e h a r d r i b s f r o m t h e s k e l e t o n s o f car d n e s c a n b e fo u n d o n

    n e a r l y e ve r y r a n c h o i n Ba ja w h e r e t h e y a r e e i t h e r t ie d t o g et h e rw i t h r a w h i d e o r w i re , o r n a i l e d t o m a k e c o r r a l s , y a rd f e n c e s ,

    a n d t h e w a lls o f b u ild in g s .

    T h e r i p e cardn f r u i t i s e a t e n w i t h r e l i s h b y b o t h p e o p l e a n d

    l i v e s t o c k . H u n g ry c a t t l e ru b a g a i n s t t h e t ru n k s o f t h e h u g e

    c a c t u s t o d i s l o d g e t h e f ru i t , t h e n e a t i t a s so o n a s i t h i t s t h e

    g r o u n d . A c u r i o u s t h i n g a b o u t car d n e s i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

    d r ie r t h e s e a so n s b e c o m e i n Ba ja , t h e m o r e p le n t i fu l a n d r o b u s t

    g ro w s t h e f ru it .

    Sm a r t c a m p e r s in Ba j a Ca l ifo rn ia s t u d y t h e c o n d it io n o f n e a r b y

    car d n e s b e fo re ro l l i n g o u t t h e i r b e d s a t n i g h t . S o m e t i m e s a

    h e a v y l i m b o r , o n o c c a s i o n , a n e n t i r e m a ss i v e cardn

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    m e a su r i n g f i f t y f e e t a n d w e i g h i n g t o n s , w i l l c o m e c ra sh i n g

    d o w n i n a w i n d s t o r m w i t h a t e r r i f y i n g t h u d t h e m e m o r y o f

    w h i ch s p o ils t h e c a m p e r s ' sle e p fo r s e ve r a l n i g h t s t o c o m e .

    W it h t h e e xc e p t i o n o f a sm a ll a r e a i n w e s t e rn So n o ra , car d n e s g row on ly in Ba ja Ca l i fo rn ia . Beg inn ing a t an imag inary l ine

    a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o h u n d r e d m i l e s s o u t h o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l

    b o u n d a r y , t h e y d o t t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e p e n i n s u l a a n d a r e

    fo u n d g r o w in g in p r o fu s io n in m a n y in l a n d a r e a s s im ila r t o t h e

    fa m i l i a r t h i c k s t a n d s o f c a rd o n e ' s w h i c h t h r i v e a l o n g t h e

    e a s t e rn a n d so u t h e rn r e a c h e s o f Ba h a d e Co n c e p c i n . (S e e

    p h o t o gra p h s n o . 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 9 . )

    V i z n a g a2 0

    V i z naga ( p r o n o u n c e d v e z -

    n a h ' - g a h ) , o r p u r p l e

    h e d g e h o g c a c t u s , c a n b e

    e a t e n , b u t it is m o r e a n o v e lt y

    o r a su rv i v a l fo o d t h a n i t i s

    gourmet ' s de l ight . I t i s f i l l inga n d r a t h e r t a s t y i f i t i s f i r s t

    ro a s t e d i n a b e d o f c o a l s fo r

    a n h o u r o r s o u n t i l t h e f i b e r

    o f i t s w h i t e m e a t i s b ro k e n

    down. I t i s peeled , s l iced in

    q u a r t e r - i n c h t h i c k s l a b s

    a c ro s s t h e g ra i n , t h e n

    b r e a d e d a n d fr ie d t h e s a m e a s

    e g gp la n t . It s n u t r i t io n a l v a lu eis d e b a t a b le .

    Cu b i ert o s d e v iz n aga , Sp a n ish fo r c a c t u s c a n d y , is m a d e b y f ir s t

    so a k i n g l a rg e , r e c t a n g u l a r w a fe r s o f t h e v i z naga c a c t u s i n a2 0

    F e r o c a c t u s s p p .

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    s t r o n g l i m e a n d w a t e r s o l u t i o n f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e h a l f -

    h o u r . T h e w a t e r s a r e t h e n s l o w l y d r a i n e d o n b o a r d s o r p a l m

    f r o n d s p l a c e d o u t s i d e i n t h e n i g h t a i r d u r i n g t h e t i m e o f y e a r

    w h e n h e a v y d e w is a c er t a i n t y . If t h e w a fe r s a r e d r a i n e d u n d e r

    a l m o s t a n y o t h e r c o n d i t i o n , t h e y h a r d e n s l i g h t l y o n t h eo u t s i d e , t r a p p i n g l i m e w a t e r i n s i d e t h e s l a b s a n d r e n d e r i n g

    t h e m u s e le ss fo r h u m a n c o n s u m p t io n .

    S t a n d a r d m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e i n g r e d i e n t s f o r a b a t c h o f

    c a c t u s c a n d y a r e t e n p o u n d s o f s o a k e d v i z naga s l abs , twen ty

    p o u n d s o f panocha (b ro w n su g a r ) , a n d f i v e g a l l o n s o f w a t e r .

    T h e w a t e r a n d s u g a r a r e b r o u g h t t o a b o i l in a la r g e p o t o v e r a n

    o u t s i d e f i r e , t h e n t h e s l a b s a r e a d d e d a n d c o o k e d u n t i l t h e y

    b e c o m e c a n d i e d , w h i c h t a k e s a b o u t t w e n t y - f i v e t o t h i r t y

    m i n u t e s . Th e y a re t h e n l i f t e d f ro m t h e b o i l i n g p o t w i t h a w i re

    m e s h s co o p a n d s p r e a d o u t o n a t a b l e t o co o l.

    Conserva a lways fo l lows in the wake o f a ba tch o f c u b i e r t o s ,

    a n d i t h a s l o n g b e e n a p o p u l a r M e x i c a n d e s se r t . H e re a g a i n

    v i z naga is u se d , b u t fo r con serv a it is cu t in t o c u b e s o r c h u n k s

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    o f o n e h a l f-in c h a n d sm a l le r . Th is ch o p p e d v i z naga m eat i s a lso

    s o a k e d i n l i m e w a t e r a n d d r a i n e d i n t h e s a m e f a s h i o n a s

    c u b i e r t o s . Af te r the c u b i e r t o s a r e d i p p e d o u t o f t h e b o i l i n g

    s u ga r s y r u p , a b o u t t e n p o u n d s o f t h e c u b e d v i z naga is p o u r e d

    in t o t h e s a m e p o t . Th i s b a t c h i s c o o k e d fo r a n o t h e r t w e n t y -f iv eo r t h i r t y m i n u t e s , b u t c a r e m u s t n o w b e t a k e n t o p r e v e n t

    o v e rc o o k i n g . P ro l o n g e d b o i l i n g w i l l c a u se t h e sy ru p t o h a rd e n

    a f t e r it c o o ls , t h u s ch a n g in g t h e t a s t e a n d sp o i lin g t h e con serv a

    fo r a ll p r a c t ic a l p u rp o se s . It sh o u ld b e c o o k e d ju s t lo n g e n o u g h

    t h a t , a f t e r c o o l i n g , t h e sy ru p i s s t i l l l i q u i d w i t h t h e c a n d i e d

    v i z naga b i t s remain ing in a s t a t e o f suspens ion . Whi le i t i s s t i l l

    w a rm , i t i s p o u re d i n t o f i v e -g a l l o n h o n e y c a n s fo r s t o ra g e , i n

    wh ich it w il l keep fo r yea rs .

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    Conserva is cu s t o m a r i ly s er v e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e in a b o w l

    o r c u p a n d e a t e n w i t h a sp o o n . I t i s so l d d a i l y i n t h e s t o re s o f

    sm a l l v i l l a g e s a n d c i t i e s t h ro u g h o u t M e x i c o a n d c a n b e

    p u r c h a s e d in a n y q u a n t it y fr o m a s m a ll h e lp i n g in a b o w l h e ldi n t h e g r i m y h a n d s o f a c h i l d t o a f i v e -g a l l o n c a n fu l , w h i c h

    w e ig h s a b o u t s ixt y p o u n d s .

    D u e t o t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f m o d e r n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , v i z naga a n d

    o t h e r v a r i e t i e s o f d e s e r t c a c t i a r e r a r e l y b u r n e d a n d u s e d f o r

    c a t t l e f e e d a n y m o re i n t h e S o u t h w e s t . I so l a t e d i n s t a n c e s o f

    c a c t u s -b u rn i n g s t i l l p r e v a i l w h e re o c c a s i o n a l l y a n e m e rg e n c y

    e xis t s, b u t t h e g e n e r a l p r a c t ic e is n o l o n g e r w i d e sp re a d . In v ie w

    o f t h i s f a c t , i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t w e sh o u l d e n j o y a n o t i c e a b l ein c re a se in t h e c a c t u s p l a n t s o f o u r d e se r t s . Un fo r t u n a t e l y , t h is

    is n o t t h e c a se .

    Ce r t a i n r e g i o n s o f t h e so u t h w e s t e rn U n i t e d S t a t e s h a v e

    s u ffe r e d s o lo n g f r o m a c u t e s h o r t a g e s o f r a i n t h a t m a n y o f o u r

    m o s t p i c t u re sq u e a n d i n t e re s t i n g sp e c i e s o f c a c t i n o l o n g e r

    g r o w a b u n d a n t l y . T h e c o l o r f u l v i z naga i s one o f these spec ies

    w h i ch , a s o f t h e p re se n t , is d e fin it e ly n o t o n t h e i n c re a se . Le t ' ss a v e t h e m f o r p h o t o g r a p h i c p l e a s u r e s a n d e m e r g e n c y r a t i o n s

    on ly . (See ph o tograp h s no . 32 , 37 , 58 .)

    M u s a r o , o r Ga r a m b u l lo2 1

    Fr o m t h e s p a r s e ly s e t t le d m o u n t a in r e g io n s t o t h e e a s t , In d i a n -

    w o m e n h e r b v e n d o r s a r r i v e d a i l y i n t h e c i t y o f N a v a j o a ,S o n o ra , M e x i c o . M o s t o f t h e m sp re a d o u t i n t h e t o w n m a rk e t

    t h e i r d i s p l a y s o f c u r a t i v e p l a n t s a n d e d i b l e h e r b s g a t h e r e d

    fr o m t h e c a n y o n s o f t h e Rio M a y o a n d it s t r ib u t a r i es , a n d t h e r e

    t h e y a w a i t t h e a p p r o a c h o f t h e i r r e g u l a r c u s t o m e r s . O t h e r2 1

    G e n e r a l l y M y r t il lo c a c t u s s c h e n k i i, a lt h o u g h Lo p h o c e r e u s s ch o t t i i i s p i c t u r e d

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    w o m e n b a l a n c e h e a v i l y l a d e n

    b a sk e t s o f o rg a n i c m e d i c i n e s o n

    t h e i r h e a d s a n d p r o c e e d

    t h ro u g h t h e s t r e e t s , s e llin g fro m

    d o o r t o d o o r . Am o n g t h e s t r a n g evar i e ty o f med ic ina l l eaves ,

    b a rk s , a n d ro o t s w h i c h f i l l t h e

    w o m e n ' s b a sk e t s , t h i c k s t a l k s o f

    g re e n c a c t u s a r e n o t i c e a b l y

    m o r e a b u n d a n t t h a n a n y o t h e r

    t y p e o f p l a n t . Th i s c a c t u s i s

    cal led m u sa ro ( p r o n o u n c e d

    m o o -s a h ' -r o ) o n t h e m a in l a n d o f

    Mexico or garam b u llo ( p r o n o u n c e d g a h - r a m - b o o ' - y o )

    in Baja Cal ifornia. A highly

    c on c en t r a t e d t e a c o o ke d fr o mt h e s lic e d s t a lk s h a s lo n g b e e n

    a w e l l -k n o w n m e d i c a t i o n fo r

    u l c e ra t e d s t o m a c h s . (W a rm

    p o u l t i c e s o f t h e p l a n t ' s m e a t

    a re a l so a p p l i e d fo r

    t e m p o r a r y r e l i e f t o t h e

    swol len jo in t s o f peop le

    su f f e r i n g f ro m a r t h r i t i s . )

    T h e s e d a r k a u b u r n - h a i r e d ,b l u e -e y e d M a y o w o m e n

    c u r a n d e r a s f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d

    m u sa ro t o t h e M e xic a n p e o p le

    a s a c u r a t iv e p l a n t .

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    Musaro , o r garam b u llo , tea is

    made by s l i c ing f i f t een o r

    t w e n t y c ro s s s e c t i o n s a b o u t

    t w o i n c h e s i n l e n g t h f r o m t h esta lks of cactus . These s l ices

    a r e t h e n p l a c e d i n a c o n t a i n e r

    l a rg e e n o u g h t o h o l d f i v e

    g a llo n s o f w a t e r a n d b o i le d fo r

    e i g h t o r t e n h o u r s u n t i l t h e

    l i q u i d i s r e d u c e d t o

    a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e g a l l o n .

    Pe o p le u s i n g t h i s t r e a t m e n t fo r

    s e r i o u s s t o m a c h a i l m e n t sd r i n k t h e t e a i n e n o r m o u s

    q u a n t i t i e s .

    T h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e o f

    S o n o r a , b o t h o n r a n c h e s a n d

    in vi l lages, m u sa ro p l a n t s a r e

    ra i s e d i n v e g e t a b l e a n d f l o w e r g a rd e n s fo r m e d i c i n a l u se i n

    h o m e s . G a t h e re d f ro m t h e d e se r t , t h e c a c t u s s e l l s i n N a v a j o aa n d Ciu d a d O b re g o n a t t h e r a t e o f fo u r o r f iv e s t a lk s , e a c h f ro m

    o n e t o t w o f e e t in le n g t h , fo r a d o lla r .

    In T i juana , where Amer ica ' s h igh cos t o f l iv ing i s re f l ec ted

    a c ro s s t h e b o rd e r , t h e p l a n t p re se n t l y s e l l s fo r f i f t y c e n t s a

    s lic e . It c a n b e b o u g h t i n so m e o f t h e f ru i t a n d v e g e t a b l e st o re s

    o n F i r s t S t r e e t a n d a l s o f o u n d a t a n h e r b v e n d o r ' s s t a n d i n E l

    M e rc a d o M u n i c i p a l , t h e p r i n c i p a l m a rk e t i n d o w n t o w n

    Ti j u a n a .

    Musaro , o r garam b u llo , i s a l w a y s a b r i g h t g re e n a n d i t g ro w s

    so m e w h a t l i k e p i tahaya . I t s s t a lks may have e i the r th ree , f ive ,

    o r s ix r i d g e s a n d c a n e a s ily b e i d e n t if ie d b y t h e e v e n l y sp a c e d ,

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    s t a r - sh a p e d c l u s t e r s o f sp i n e s w h i c h g ro w o n l y o n t h e c r e s t s o f

    t h e r i d g e s . I t c a n b e f o u n d f r e q u e n t l y , a n d i n m a n y p l a c e s

    g ro w i n g i n a b u n d a n c e , a l o n g m o s t o f t h e l e n g t h o f t h e Ba j a

    Ca l ifo rn ia p en in su la . (See ph o togra p h s no . 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 .)

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    M e d ic in a l , Ed ib le a n d

    O t h e r Us e fu l P l a n t s

    Ce r t a i n m e d i c i n a l , e d i b l e , a n d o t h e r u se fu l p l a n t s h a v e b e e n

    d e p e n d e d u p o n b y I n d i a n a n d M e x i c a n i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e

    d e s e r t a r e a f o r u n t o l d y e a r s . S o m e o f t h e s e a r e n o w b e c o m i n g

    a v a i l a b l e c o m m e rc i a l l y ; o t h e r s a r e s t i l l r e g a rd e d a s c o m m o n

    p e s t s b y t h e u n t u t o r e d o b s er v e r .

    Sa l v i a , o r W h i t e Sa g e1

    Salvia (p ro n o u n c e d sa h l -v e -a h ) , o r w h i t e s a g e , g ro w s

    a b u n d a n t l y t h r o u g h o u t s o u t h w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d

    n o r t h w e s t e rn M e x i c o . Te a c o o k e d f ro m i t s l e a v e s i s t a k e n

    in t e rn a l ly a s a p o iso n -o a k r e m e d y . It is a lso u se d a s a n e xt e rn a l

    t r e a t m e n t , a n d a r e a s a f f e c t e d b y

    p o i s o n o a k a r e g e n e r o u s l y b a t h e d

    in t h e s a m e s o lu t i o n .

    Salvia w a s u se d e x t e n s i v e l y i n t h ep a s t b y t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s o f

    so u t h e rn Ca l i fo rn i a a s a n a i d t o

    ch i ldb i r th . Quan t i t i e s o f the t a l l ,

    w h it e p la n t s w er e b u r n e d , a n d t h e

    e x p e c t a n t m o t h e r ' s b o d y w a s

    c o m p l e t e l y c o v e r e d w i t h t h e h o t

    a s h e s . T h e t r e a t m e n t w a s

    c o n t i n u e d u n t i l d e l i v e r y b e g a n .F r e q u e n t l y t h e n e w b o r n b a b i e s ,

    espec ia l ly males , were "cooked" in

    t h e h o t s a l v i a a sh e s . Th e se

    " c o o k e d " b a b i e s a r e r e p u t e d t o

    1S a l v i a a p i a n a

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    h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y g r o w n u p t o b e t h e s t r o n g e s t a n d h e a l t h i e s t

    m e m b e r s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e t r i b e s a n d a r e c l a i m e d t o h a v e

    b e e n im m u n e fr o m a l l r e s p i r a t o r y a ilm e n t s fo r l ife .

    T ea s o f v a r y in g s t r e n g th a n d a t in c t u r e m a d e f r o m p o w d e r e d ,d r y salvia l e a v e s so a k e d i n a l c o h o l , a r e t a k e n i n t e rn a l l y a s a n

    a i d t o d i g e s t i o n , a s a r e m e d y fo r e x c e s s i v e u r i n a t i o n , a n d a l so

    a s a s e d a t i ve .

    Th e salvia b l o s so m i s a g o o d p ro d u c e r o f e x p e n s i v e , a l m o s t

    w a t e r -c le a r h o n e y . (Se e p h o t o g ra p h n o . 4 1 .)

    C h a2

    Ea c h sp i n y , l e a f l e s s c h a (p ro n o u n c e d c h e e ' - a h ) b l o s so m

    c o n t a i n s a p ro d i g i o u s q u a n t i t y o f s e e d s . In e a r l y su m m e r , a f t e r

    t h e b l o s s o m s h a v e d r i e d a n d t h e s e e d s a r e r e a d y f o r h a r v e s t ,

    t h e p l a n t i s p i c k e d , a n d t h e b l o s so m s , u su a l l y s i x o r e i g h t t o

    e a ch p l a n t , a r e c r u s h e d b y h a n d . Th e

    s e e d s , o n e h e l d i n t h e t i n y t u b u l a r

    b a se o f e a c h sp i n e , a r e t h e n e a s i l y

    sh a k e n i n t o a b a sk e t . Th e y sp i l l o u tf ree ly a lmos t a ha l f - t easpoonfu l to

    t h e b l o s so m . S p i n e s a