Hierarchy of Cortical Visual AreasFelleman and Van Essen 1991

LGN

RGC

Architectonics

Topography

Connections

Response Properties

Criteria for Distinguishing Cortical Areas

V1

7a

PIT

CIT

AIT

TEO

VP

V4

MT

DP

V2

V4

MST

VIP

LIP

Parietal Pathway

Temporal Pathway

Parallel Pathways

in Visual Cortex

Parietal

Pathway

Temporal

Pathway

AIT

CIT

PIT

V4

7a

LIPVIP MST

MT

V2 V2

V1 V1

Motter and Mountcastle 1981

One Target - Instruct Attend In

Two Targets - Attend In

Two Targets - Attend Out

Attend ElsewhereAttend To Stimulus

Response(spikes/s)

Time (ms) Time (ms)1000

75 75

0.0

1.0

-90° -60° -30° 0° 30° 60°

0.5

n = 262

0.45

37°0.60

37°Amplitude:

Width:

90°

Relative orientation

V4

sample

response

Attend Out

Attend In

Change in average V4 orientation tuning by attention

0.0

1.0

-90° -60° -30° 0° 30° 60°

0.5

n = 262

0.45

37°0.60

37°Amplitude:

Width:

90°

Relative orientation

V4

sample

response

Attend Out

Attend In

Change in average V4 orientation tuning by attention

0.0

1.0

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60

0.5

0.6537°

0.6938°

amplitude:width:

N = 132

90

Relative orientation

V1

population

response

Attend out

Attend in

V1 V4MT

VIPMST

7a

Average

response

enhancement

by

attention

100%

0%

Cortical hierarchy levels

50%

Size of modulation spatial attention of fMRI signal in different visual areasO'Connor, Fukui, Pinsk, & Kaster (2002)

V1

attentionmodulation

index

0.5

0.0TEOMTV4V3AV3V2

V1

7a

PIT

CIT

AIT

TEO

VP

V4

MT

DP

V2

V4

MST

VIP

LIP

PIT

CIT

V2

Spatial relationships

Motion

Pattern

Identity

Submodalities

Attentional Modulation

Low High

V1

7a

PIT

CIT

AIT

TEO

VP

V4

MT

DP

V2

V4

MST

VIP

LIP

Parietal Pathway

Temporal Pathway

Parallel Pathways

in Visual Cortex

Parietal

Pathway

Temporal

Pathway

AIT

CIT

PIT

V4

7a

LIPVIP MST

MT

V2 V2

V1 V1

V4 Responses to Non-Cartesian GratingsGallant et al. 1996

Responses of Inferotemporal NeuronKobatake and Tanaka 1994

Human IT Face Responses

0

Time (ms)

250

Response

(µV)

125

0

-125

Response

(µV)

125

0

-125

Normal

Scrambled

V1

7a

PIT

CITAIT

TEO

VP

V4

MT

DP

V4

MST

VIP

LIP

PIT

CIT

V2

Preferred Stimulus Complexity in the Ventral Stream

(after Kobatake and Tanaka, 1994)

Columnar organization in inferotemporal cortexTanaka et al. 1997

0.5 mm

V1

7a

PIT

CIT

AIT

TEO

VP

V4

MT

DP

V2

V4

MST

VIP

LIP

PIT

CIT

V2

Spatial relationships

Motion

Pattern

Identity

Submodalities

Attentional ModulationLow High

Receptive Field SizeSmall Large

Preferred StimuliSimple Complex