High Performance “Green” Labs · • ANSI/AIHA Z9.5, “Laboratory Ventilation” • OSHA Laboratory Standard 29CFR 1910.1450 • ASHRAE TC 9-10 (Chapter 16 of Applications Handbook)

High Performance “Green” Labs

– Driving Safety, Comfort, and Efficiency in

Existing Lab Buildings

Page 2 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Description

High Performance “Green” Labs

Laboratories are notoriously high energy consumers. In this presentation we cover several energy

efficiency strategies as well as address standards, technologies and industry trends that are changing the

way we approach the design and operation of these facilities.

Learning Objectives

1. Learn fundamental requirements of a laboratory airflow control system

2. Understand how energy usage in labs compares to non-lab spaces

3. Learn about various Facility Improvement Measures (FIMs) for laboratories

4. Understand the importance of laboratory services relative to safety and compliance

Page 3 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline

• North American Trends and Challenges

• Lab Ventilation System Basics

• Airflow Reduction Strategies

• Thermal Efficiency Strategies

• Airflow Efficiency Strategies

• Ongoing Performance Optimization

Page 4 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline







Page 5 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Trends, Drivers and Customer Issues

Industry Trends and Drivers Customer Related Issues

Sustainability Goals • Federal Mandates to reduce energy use and

GHG emissions Federal Buildings

• Green rating systems such as LEED, Energy

Star, Green Globes, NZEB etc

• Sustainability Goals

• Rising Energy Costs

• Budget /Staff Cuts

• Performance Issues

• Aging Infrastructure

• Silos within Organizations

• Maintenance Capacity

Move toward “High Performance” Buildings that integrate and optimize all major

high-performance building attributes, including

energy efficiency, durability, life-cycle

performance, and occupant productivity

Standards and Codes • ASHRAE standards

• ANSI Z9.5 – 2012 changes

New Technologies • Chemical detection systems

• Low pressure drop products/applications

Focus of this presentation is on energy and - not water

Page 6 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Some Industry Drivers of High Performance Buildings

• Began in 1993 with mission to promote sustainability-focused practices in the building and construction industry

• Private 501(c)3, membership-based non-profit organization that promotes sustainability in buildings design, construction, and operation.

• Established the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system in 2000

• Hosts Greenbuild International Annual Conference and Expo - the world’s largest conference and expo dedicated to green building

• Formed in 2006 by 12 institutions – now nearly 600 active signature

• Originally known as American College & University President’s Climate Commitment (ACUPCC)

• Rebranded in October 2013, ACUPCC expanded to form The Climate Leadership Commitment

• Mission to reduce energy footprint on campus

• Held accountable through public reporting

• Architecture 2030 is a separate, non-profit, 501(c)(3) research organization t

• Issued 2030 Challenge in January of 2006 which is specifically focused on lowering building energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

• Phased process with goal of Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to operate)

• Adopted by AIA, US Conference of Mayors, organizations such as ASHRAE, USGBC, numerous universities and businesses

• Separate from the AIA 2030 Commitment, which reaches beyond energy and GHG (water, IAQ, recycling etc.)

• Standard 90.1 – Energy standard

• Standard 189.1 provides total building sustainability guidance for designing, building, and operating high-performance green buildings

• High Performing Buildings Magazine

• ASHRAE Vision 2020 – vision for providing tools by 2020 to enable NZEB by 2030

• The International Institute for Sustainable Laboratories (I2SL) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 2004

• Dedicated to the design, engineering and operation of sustainable laboratories and other high-technology facilities worldwide

• Provides technical resources, educational forums, benchmarking and other tools

• Hosts annual conference with the world’s largest gathering of sustainable laboratory professionals

Page 7 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Energy Consumption in Laboratories

Typical Laboratory Energy Metrics

• Three to eight times greater than office

buildings

• 2/3 of energy use in a laboratory is associated

with HVAC

Energy Reduction Methods

• Reduce airflow – greatest results

• Optimize supply & exhaust delivery methods

• Minimize simultaneous cooling/heating

0

200

400

600

800

1000

I2SL & CBECS BenchmarksBT

U/S

F/Y

r in

th

ou

san

ds

(EU

I)

Lab Avg Lab Max Office Health Care

60%25%

15%

Percent of Energy Use

HVAC

Plug/Misc

Lighting

Page 8 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline







Page 9 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Intended use determines design requirements

Analytical

Hi FH VolumeVAV

Teaching

Occ/Unoccupied Sound

Vivarium

High VentAAALAC

Cage Racks

Biological

ContainmentBSC

BSL LevelCV/CV-2

Forensic

Chemical/BiologicalEvidence ProtectionRegulations (DEA,

FBI, Safety)

Page 10 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Laboratory Safety Guidelines and Regulations

• ANSI/AIHA Z9.5, “Laboratory Ventilation”

• OSHA Laboratory Standard 29CFR 1910.1450

• ASHRAE TC 9-10 (Chapter 16 of Applications Handbook)

• Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL 5th Edition)

• NFPA 45

• FDA Validation Protocols

• Local Building Codes

• Public Works Canada MD 15128

Page 11 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Laboratory Ventilation System Objectives

• Provide adequate exhaust for all containment

units other exhaust needs

• Maintains room pressure relationship

between the lab room and adjacent non-lab

areas to prevent migration of air contaminants

• Ensure total exhaust meets desire room

ventilation (ACH) to dilute and remove

contaminants outside of primary containment

• Condition supply air to maintain required

room ambient conditions

• Safely apply energy efficiency applications

Primary Containment

Devices

Proper Directional

Airflow

Minimum Airchange

Rates

Maintain Temp & RH

Energy Efficiency

Page 12 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Typical Lab Layout

Exhaust AirSupply Air

Roof

Lab space

Exhaust

Supp

ly

T

ACH

Offset

Directional

airflow

M

Page 13 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Component

Potential

Customer

Deliverables

Customer

Value

Green Lab Solution Approach

Assessment

Assess: Regulatory compliance & safety

Energy efficiency

Current operational baseline

Confirm Design/

Operational

Baseline

Qualification Assessment/Survey

Lab Safety

Lab Energy

Complete Performance Report

(Energy & Safety)

Analytical /Historian Tool

Safety/Compliance

Energy Conservation

Recommendation

Technical

Solutions (FIMS)

Monitor/Control: Enhance & ensure regulatory

compliance

Enhance energy consumption &

efficiency

CV to 2 position CV

CV to VAV

Occupancy Monitoring

Low Flow - High Performance FHs

FH Sash Management

Lab Ventilation Rate Management

Exhaust System Management

Equipment De-Commissioning

New Baseline

Information

Management

Manage: Total facility operation with

monitoring, reporting & data

archiving capabilities

Historian Tool

Green Dashboard

Mobile Solution

Real-Time Monitoring

Data Trending

Data Archiving

Reporting

Alarm Information

Remote Notification

Service

Solutions

Maintain: Protect investment

Maximize compliance

Maximize energy efficiency (based

on new baseline)

Historian Tool

Calibration Services

Chemical FH Testing

Bio-Safety Cabinet

Certification

Re-entrainment Testing

Room Pressurization Testing

Ongoing Commissioning

Page 14 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Assessment Phase

Qualification Assessment

• Lab Safety – evaluate overall compliance to latest codes and standards

• Lab Energy – identify energy use in current operations

• Lab Procedures/Science – identify changes in mission from original design

Reporting

• Safety compliance reports

• Energy performance reports

Recommendations

• Energy conservation recommendations that enhance Safety

Assessment

• Qualification Assessment/

Survey

- Lab Safety

- Lab Energy

• Complete Performance Report

(Energy & Safety)

• Analytical /Historian Tool

• Safety/Compliance

Recommendation

• Energy Conservation

Recommendation

• Confirm Design/ Operational

Baseline

Assess:

• Regulatory compliance & safety

• Energy efficiency

• Current operational baseline

Page 15 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Technical Solutions - Opportunities

Hood Flow Reduction

• CV2 Operation

• VAV Fume Hood

• Sash Management

• Low Flow Hoods

Room Airflow Reduction

• Match Rate to Risk

• Control Banding

• Demand Control Ventilation

Cooling Load

Efficiency

• Setpoint adjustment

• Consolidate thermal load

• Decouple Ventilation/Cooling

Fan Optimization

• Duct Static Pressure Optimization

• Exhaust Fan Staging

• Fan Stack Velocity Reset

Creating Savings Opportunities

Individual

Facility

Assessment

New/Existing

1

2

3

4

Page 16 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline







Page 17 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Room Level Airflow Drivers

Hood Exhaust Flow

Dilute and Remove

Contaminants (ACH)

Thermal Loads

1

2

3


Lab space

T

Exhaust

ACH

M

Page 18 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption

Sash Open to Working Height

(Face Velocity at Desired Rate)

Sash Nearly Closed

(Face Velocity Increase is Limited by

Bypass Opening)

Constant Volume Fume Hood

Airflow Reduction | Thermal Efficiency | Airflow Efficiency | Ongoing Optimization

Page 20 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption

BYPASS

AREA

VAV – Flow changes to maintain

Constant Face Velocity

Constant Volume Fume Hood

Cost of Fume Hood averages

$3-$5 per CFM per year

For 6 foot fume hood with 1250 cfm

max exhaust:

Constant Volume = $3750-$6250 per

year

VAV uses ~40% less on average

SAVINGS = $2250 - $3750 per year

Page 21 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption – Sash Management

VAV FH

Controller

Sash Position

Monitor

Airflow

Closed hood uses ½ the air volume than if open and “unoccupied”

Convergence of Safety and

Energy Efficiency

Page 22 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption – Existing Building Potential Opportunity

Constant Volume Hoods

microswitch

controllerOccupancy

Device

CV-2

Page 23 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption - Fume Hood Technology and Industry Changes

• Low Flow Fume Hoods

Use less air flow to do the same job of fume

containment

• Automatic Sash Positioning systems

• New Z9.5 standard allows for lower flow

minimums

Page 24 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption – New Z9.5 standard allows for lower flow if…

Variable Volume Hoods Minimum Airflow Reduction

Laboratory Ventilation, AIHA Z9.5 2003

“...ensure a minimum exhaust volume ...

of 50 cfm/ft of hood width,

or 25 cfm/ft2 of hood work surface”

2012

“hoods shall maintain a minimum exhaust volume

to ensure that contaminants are properly diluted

and exhausted from a hood.

Internal ACH (150-375)

150 ACH ~10 cfm/sq ft ws

375 ACH ~ 25 cfm/sq ft ws

Safety Personnel must evaluate hazard to

ensure appropriate containment and dilution

Page 25 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Hood Consumption – Testing backs up choice for lower FH minimum

As reported at I2SL, UC-IRVINE determined FH Min Flow through testing

Tested FH with simulated spills at various min flows

• Different Hoods, different dilution patterns

• Some 2x more dilution than others, inherently safer

• Goal to reduce flow but limit concentration to <25% LEL

Tested with 3 Different Solvents

• Toulene … slow evaporation

• Xylene

• Acetone … fast evaporation

• Used %LEL sensor monitoring at hood outlet

• Decreasing ACH tended to increase concentration

Impact of Changing FH ACH Rates

• Chose 200-250 ACH (13.3-16.7cfm/sqft) for most hoods

• This is average 100cfm reduction for 6’ hood.

• With Sash Management, hood is closed 90% or more

• At $5/CFM/YR, 90% of 100cfm is $450/year

Page 26 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Air Change Rates

Hood Exhaust Flow

Room Minimum

Thermal Loads

1

2

3


Lab space

T

M

Page 27 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduced Fume Hood Minimum May Allow Reduced ACH

Hood Exhaust Flow

Room Minimum

Thermal Loads

1

2

3


Lab space

T

MReheat Reduction

Page 28 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Dilution Ventilation (ACH) – Efficiency Strategies


Roof

Lab space

T

Page 29 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Dilution Ventilation – Match Rate to Risk

• Safety Professionals evaluate the hazards

• Re-evaluate using high air changes (dilution) for safety

• Evaluate Ventilation Effectiveness as opposed to random ACH

• Consider Control Banding

• Explore Set-backs (unoccupied – no pollution needing dilution…)

• Various Labs21 Case Studies using this approach

Page 30 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Dilution Ventilation– Unoccupied Mode

Reduce Room Ventilation Rate when Exposure Risk is Low – e.g. Unoccupied

Constant Volume CV – 2 Position

Time-Weighted Average:

12ACH x 25% + 4ACH x 75%

3ACH + 3ACH = 6ACH

50% Reduction in Airflow

60% utilities involved with HVAC

30% energy savings

Page 31 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Occupancy Determination – Occupancy Sensor

• Wide area scan, multi-technologies in one device

reduces “false” indication of unoccupied condition

• Dual-technology sensor for reliability (PIR and

ultrasonic)

• Narrow-beam sensing at critical locations (fume

hoods, test equipment)

• Does no people mean no hazard? How low to go?

Page 32 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Reduce Dilution Ventilation – Demand Control Ventilation

• Contaminant Monitoring & Lab Demand Control Ventilation(DCV)

• Allows significantly lower minimums with savings to offset higher

installation and maintenance costs, but must be managed

• Evaluate hazards and apply correct sensor technology

• Evaluate hazards & work practice and chose sampling rate

(30 min? 20 min? 15 min?)

• Consider a “Spill Purge” button for the exposures caused by

human error

• Design and Commission for Ventilation effectiveness

(too low may create comfort issues)

Page 33 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline







Page 34 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Cooling Load Efficiency Strategies

• Challenge temperature set points

especially in unoccupied time

• Separate high heat producers

from labs with high ACH

(soffits, curtains, new layouts)

• Decouple ventilation from cooling

• Spot cooling

• Chilled Beams

• Radiant Panels

Bring in outside air to ventilate and “make-up air”, use supplemental

devices to cool

There are several alternative system types that can minimize or even

eliminate the use of reheat energy, including

dual-duct-dual-fan systems

fan coil systems

zone cooling and heating coils

radiant cooling

Labs21 Best Practice Guide:

Minimizing Reheat Energy Use In

Laboratories

Page 35 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline







Page 36 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Duct Static Pressure Control & Optimization for Labs

From Trial-and-Error to the Model-Based Approach

Traditional Static Pressure Control (SPC)

- Fixed set point based on worst case design conditions

- But, ASHRAE 90.1 requires reset until one damper wide open

Typical “Trial and Error” SPC resets SP based on

damper position or venturi pressure drop

- Always a little “out of control”, over/under-shooting critical flow

- Avoided for exhaust applications due to risk of starving

- Poor tuning or “safety factors” can drop savings to 18%

Demand Flow VAV uses math model to choose setpoint

based on device flow set points.

- Built with commissioning data with units actually wide open

- Handles special characteristics (i.e. venturi PD requirements)

- Critical devices (i.e. fume hoods) always have sufficient

available static pressure to handle fast changes/emergencies

- Allows more savings when no one is present in labs, at hoods

- Saves 50% over fixed SPC

Page 37 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Fan Optimization Strategies – Next step following airflow and reheat reduction

VFD

Isolation

Flow

Station

Variable

Geometry

Discharge

Damper

Exhaust Duct SP

Fan &

Motor

Exhaust System Variable Geometry

Discharge Damper

• Control Stack Discharge Momentum by changing outlet

geometry as exhaust rate changes

• Eliminate O/A Bleed

• Control Fan with VFD

• Control exhaust duct SP directly with fan

• Measure flow rate and stack opening to control plume

momentum

Page 38 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Lab Building Exhaust Fan/Stack Optimization

• Reduce lab exhaust “momentum” when:

... WIND is not blowing “hard enough” in direction of

Re-Entrainment.

… Fume Concentration is low Requires wind-tunnel

model of site to determine “risky” wind conditions

and fume concentrations.

• Wind direction and velocity inputs AND/OR Contaminant monitoring input.

• Change stack momentum (flow & velocity) to match re-entrainment hazard.

• Staging fans helps to cut power, or use VFDs on fans.

• Fan power reduction can be significant, but sequences can be tricky.

Page 39 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Assess your facility, pick the FIMs, then implement for Safe Savings

Hood Flow Reduction

• CV2 Operation

• Constant Face Velocity Fume Hood

• Sash Management

• Low Flow Hoods

Room Airflow Reduction

• Match Rate to Risk

• Control Banding

• Demand Control Ventilation

Cooling Load

Efficiency

• Setpoint adjustment

• Consolidate thermal load

• Decouple Ventilation/Cooling

Fan Optimization

• Duct Static Pressure Optimization

• Exhaust Fan Staging

• Fan Stack Velocity Reset

Creating Savings Opportunities

Individual

Facility

Assessment

New/Existing

Page 40 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Course Outline







Page 41 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Standards Ongoing Performance Requirements

Standards requirement for periodic reporting showing that

laboratory ventilation systems are used properly

“periodic documentation that the ventilation system is used properly”

“documenting reliable operation.”

This means hood sash reports, other performance reports.

Page 42 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Assessing Fume Hood Energy Savings Opportunities using data from

BAS/LCS (150 hoods at Midwest U)

Page 43 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Information Management Phase

Lab performance & energy efficiency is best supported with the

targeted...

• Analysis of system performance

• Identification and prioritization of issues

• Diagnosis of anomalies

• “Something for everyone”

- Sustainability Engineering Manager

- Facilities

- Health and Safety

- Building Owner

Information

Management

Manage: Total facility operation with

monitoring, reporting & data

archiving capabilities

Historian Tool

Green Dashboard

Mobile Solution

Real-Time Monitoring

Data Trending

Data Archiving

Reporting

Alarm Information

Remote Notification

Page 44 AEE NE 4-12-2007

INFORMATION MANAGEMENTConfigure control systems to report on lab performance

Lab Reports support decision making and results tracking for Green Lab projects

• Lab Room Comparison

• Fume Hood Comparison

• Air Volume Driver Report

• Lab Facility Energy Report

Page 45 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Service Solutions Phase

Assure continuous regulatory and/or accreditation compliance

• Calibration Services

• Chemical Fume Hood Testing

• Biosafety Cabinet Certification

• Re-entrainment Testing

• Room Pressurization Testing

• Ongoing Commissioning

Service

Solutions

Maintain: Protect investment

Maximize compliance

Maximize energy efficiency (based

on new baseline)

Historian Tool

Calibration Services

Chemical FH Testing

Bio-Safety Cabinet

Certification

Re-entrainment Testing

Room Pressurization Testing

Ongoing Commissioning

Page 46 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Summary

Labs were untouchable, now are untapped opportunities for energy savings and quicker ROI’s

Energy can be saved (ventilation reduced) while maintaining safety and compliance

Updates to codes & standards are moving the industry towards “Green” lab designs

Utilize integration and data-sharing to achieve energy saving strategies

Page 47 AEE NE 4-12-2007

Contact

Paul Fuson

National Sales Manager, Life Science

Siemens Industry Inc.

Building Technologies Division

(847) 274-1046

[email protected]

siemens.com

mailto:[email protected]

Page 48 AEE NE 4-12-2007

AEE NE test questions…

1. How does energy use intensity (BTU/SqFt/Year) for laboratories compare to office buildings?

a) 2 times higher

b) Same

c) 3 – 8 times higher

2. What fraction of a laboratory’s energy utilities are used by HVAC?

a) 40%

b) 60%

c) 80%

3. What is the most effective way to reduce airflow used in laboratory rooms?

a) Replace all fume hoods with smaller units.

b) Match airflow rate to risk of hazard exposure

c) Provide filtered breathing apparatus for all lab occupants.

4. What is the most effective Air Change Rate to use in laboratory rooms?

a) 6 ACH

b) 12 ACH

c) No single Air Change Rate is appropriate for all labs. Evaluate the level and generation rate of

hazards in each room and set the ventilation rate to maintain concentrations below the exposure

limits.

Documents

High Performance “Green” Labs · • ANSI/AIHA Z9.5, “Laboratory Ventilation” • OSHA Laboratory Standard 29CFR 1910.1450 • ASHRAE TC 9-10 (Chapter 16 of Applications Handbook)