HIGHER LEVEL SYLLABUS · PDF fileacceleration, using any suitable ... Systems that obey Hooke’s law e.g. simple pendulum, ... Principle of conservation of energy

LEAVING CERTIFICATE PHYSICS

HIGHER LEVELSYLLABUS

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• LEAV ING CERT I F ICATE PHYS ICS H IGHER L EVEL SYLLABUS •

1. Knowledge

Students should know• basic physical principles, terminology, facts, and

methods• how physics is fundamental to many technological

developments• how physics contributes to the social, historical,

environmental, technological and economic life ofsociety.

2. UnderstandingStudents should understand• basic physical principles• how physical problems can be solved• how the scientific method contributes to physics• how physics relates to everyday life• the limitations and constraints on physics.

3. SkillsStudents should be able to• measure physical quantities in the appropriate SI

units• work safely in a laboratory• follow instructions• use scientific equipment appropriately• plan and design experiments• use experimental data appropriately• apply physical principles to solving problems• analyse and evaluate experimental results.

4. CompetenceStudents should be able to• present information in tabular, graphical, written

and diagrammatic form, as appropriate• report on experimental procedures and results

concisely, accurately, and comprehensively• use calculators• solve numerical problems• read scientific prose• relate scientific concepts to issues in everyday life• explain the science underlying familiar facts,

observations, and phenomena • suggest scientific explanations for unfamiliar facts,

etc.• make decisions based on the examination of

evidence and arguments.

5. AttitudesStudents should appreciate• the contribution of physics to the social and

economic development of society• the relationship between physics and technology• that a knowledge of physics has many vocational

applications.

Higher Level Syllabus ObjectivesHigher level physics provides a deeper, more quantitative treatment of physics.

Students are expected to develop an understanding of the fundamental lawsand principles and their application to everyday life.

The objectives of the syllabus are:

MECHANICS

Content Depth of Treatment Activities STS

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(Black text is for Higher level only.)

MOTION

1. Linear motion

2. Vectors and scalars

FORCES

1. Newton’s laws ofmotion

2. Conservation ofmomentum

Sports, e.g. athletics.

Vector nature of physicalquantities: everyday examples.

Applications:• seat belts• rocket travel.Sports, all ball games.

Importance of friction ineveryday experience, e.g.walking, use of lubricants, etc.

Collisions (ball games), accelera-tion of spacecraft, jet aircraft.

Measurement of velocity andacceleration, using any suitableapparatus. Use of distance-time,velocity-time graphs.

Measurement of g.Appropriate calculations.

Find resultants using newtonbalances or pulleys.

Appropriate calculations.

Demonstration of the laws usingair track or tickertape timer orpowder track timer, etc.


Demonstration by any onesuitable method.Appropriate calculations (problemsinvolving change of mass neednot be considered).

Units of mass, length and time –definition of units not required.

Displacement, velocity, accelera-tion: definitions and units.

Equations of motion.Derivation.

Distinction between vector andscalar quantities.

Composition of perpendicularvectors.

Resolution of co-planar vectors.

Statement of the three laws.

Force and momentum: definitionsand units. Vector nature of forcesto be stressed.F = ma as a special case ofNewton’s second law.Friction: a force opposing motion.

Principle of conservation ofmomentum.

MECHANICS (CONTINUED)


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3. Circular motion

4. Gravity

5. Density andpressure

6. Moments

7. Conditions forequilibrium

Solar system.

“Weightlessness” and artificialgravity.

Presence of atmosphere.

Satellites and communications.

Atmospheric pressure andweather.The “bends” in diving, etc.

Hydrometers.

Torque, e.g. taps, doors.Handlebars on bicycles.Reference to moving-coil metersand simple motor.

Static and dynamic equilibrium.

Demonstration of circular motion.


Compare gravitational forcesbetween Earth and Sun andbetween Earth and Moon.


Calculation of weight on differentplanets.


Demonstration of atmosphericpressure, e.g. collapsing-canexperiment. Appropriatecalculations.Demonstration only. Calculationsnot required.

Simple experiments with anumber of weights.Appropriate calculations. (Onlyproblems involving co-planar,parallel forces need beconsidered.)


Centripetal force required tomaintain uniform motion in acircle. Definition of angular velocity ω.Derivation of v = rωUse of a = rω 2, F = m rω 2

Newton’s law of universalgravitation.

F =Gm 1m 2

d 2

Weight = mgVariation of g, and hence W,with distance from centre ofEarth (effect of centripetalacceleration not required).Value of acceleration due togravity on other bodies in space,e.g. Moon.Circular satellite orbits –derivation of the relationshipbetween the period, the mass ofthe central body and the radiusof the orbit.

Definitions and units.Pressure in liquids and gases. Boyle’s law.

Archimedes’ principle. Law offlotation.

Definition.Levers.Couple.

Vector sum of the forces in anydirection is zero. The sum of themoments about any point is zero.

MECHANICS (CONTINUED)


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8. Simple harmonicmotion (SHM) andHooke’s law

ENERGY

1. Work

2. Energy

3. Power

Everyday examples.

Lifts, escalators.

Sources of energy: renewable andnon-renewable.

Mass transformed to other formsof energy in the Sun.

Efficient use of energy in thehome.

Power of devices, e.g. lightbulbs, motors, etc.

Demonstration of SHM, e.g.swinging pendulum or oscillatingmagnet.


Simple experiments. Appropriatecalculations involving force anddisplacement in the samedirection only.

Demonstrations of different energyconversions.Appropriate calculations.

Estimation of average powerdeveloped by• person running upstairs• person repeatedly lifting

weights, etc.Appropriate calculations.

Hooke’s law: restoring force ∝displacement.

F = – ksma = – ks

a = = – ω2sSystems that obey Hooke’s lawe.g. simple pendulum, executesimple harmonic motion:

T =

Definition and unit.

Energy as the ability to do work.Different forms of energy.EP = mgh Ek = mv2

Mass as a form of energy E = mc2Conversions from one form ofenergy to another.Principle of conservation ofenergy.

Power as the rate of doing workor rate of energy conversion.Unit.

Percentage efficiency

= Power output x 100Power input

1. Measurement of velocity and acceleration.2. To show that a ∝ F.3. Verification of the principle of conservation of momentum.4. Measurement of g.

5. Verification of Boyle’s law.6. Investigation of the laws of equilibrium for a set of co-planar

forces.7. Investigation of relationship between period and length for a

simple pendulum and hence calculation of g.

MECHANICS: Experiments

2πω

– ksm

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TEMPERATURE


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1. Concept oftemperature

2. Thermometricproperties

3. Thermometers Practical thermometers, e.g.• clinical thermometer• oven thermometers• boiler thermometers• temperature gauge in a car.

Demonstration of somethermometric properties:• length of liquid column,

e.g. length of mercury column• emf of thermocouple• pressure of a gas at constant

volume• volume of a gas at constant

pressure• resistance• colour.

Graduate two thermometers at iceand steam points. Compare valuesobtained for an unknowntemperature, using a straight-linegraph between the referencepoints.

Measure of hotness or coldness ofa body.The SI unit of temperature is thekelvin (definition of unit in termsof the triple point of water notrequired).Celsius scale is the practical scaleof temperature.t /ºC = T /K – 273.15

A physical property that changesmeasurably with temperature.

Thermometers measuretemperature.Two thermometers do notnecessarily give the same readingat the same temperature. Theneed for standard thermometers– use any commercial laboratorythermometer as school standard.

HEAT


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1. Concept of heat

QUANTITY OF HEAT

1. Heat capacity,specific heatcapacity

2. Latent heat,specific latent heat

HEAT TRANSFER

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

Storage heaters.

Heat pump, e.g. refrigerator.Perspiration.

U-values: use in domesticsituations.

Domestic hot-water and heatingsystems.

Everyday examples.Solar heating.



Simple experiments.

Simple experiments.

Simple experiments.

Heat as a form of energy thatcauses a rise in temperaturewhen added or a fall intemperature when withdrawn.

Definitions and units.

Definitions and units.

Qualitative comparison of rates ofconduction through solids.

Radiation from the Sun.Solar constant (also called solarirradiance).

HEAT: Experiments1. Calibration curve of a thermometer using the laboratory mercury thermometer as a standard.2. Measurement of specific heat capacity, e.g. of water or a metal by a mechanical or electrical method.3. Measurement of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.4. Measurement of the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

WAVES


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1. Properties of waves

2. Wave phenomena

3. Doppler effect

Everyday examples, e.g.• radio waves• waves at sea• seismic waves.

Red shift of stars.Speed traps.


Simple demonstrations usingslinky, ripple tank, microwaves, orother suitable method.

Sound from a moving source.Appropriate calculations withoutderiving formula.

Longitudinal and transverse waves:frequency, amplitude, wavelength,velocity.Relationship c = f λ

Reflection.Refraction.Diffraction. Interference.Polarisation.

Stationary waves; relationshipbetween inter-node distance andwavelength.

Diffraction effects• at an obstacle• at a slit with reference to significance ofthe wavelength.

Qualitative treatment.Simple quantitative treatment formoving source and stationaryobserver.

VIBRATIONS AND SOUND


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1. Wave nature ofsound

2. Characteristics ofnotes

3. Resonance

4. Vibrations instrings and pipes

5. Sound intensitylevel

Acoustics.Reduction of noise usingdestructive interference. Noisepollution.

Dog whistle.

Vocal cords (folds).

String section and woodwindsection in orchestras.

Examples of sound intensitylevel.Hearing impairment.Ear protection in industry, etc.

Demonstration of interference, e.g.two loudspeakers and a signalgenerator.

Demonstration that sound requiresa medium.

Demonstration using tuning forksor other suitable method.

Use string and wind instruments,e.g. guitar, tin whistle.


Use of sound-level meter.

Reflection, refraction, diffraction,interference.

Speed of sound in various media.

Amplitude and loudness, frequencyand pitch, quality and overtones.Frequency limits of audibility.

Natural frequency. Fundamentalfrequency.Definition of resonance andexamples.

Stationary waves in strings andpipes. Relationship between fre-quency and length.Harmonics in strings and pipes.

f = 1 T2l µ

for a stretched string.

Sound intensity: definition andunit.Threshold of hearing andfrequency response of ear.Sound intensity level is measuredin decibels. Doubling the soundintensity increases the soundintensity level by 3 dB.The dB(A) scale is used becauseit is adapted for the ear’sfrequency response.

SOUND: Experiments1. Measurement of the speed of sound in air.2. Investigation of the variation of fundamental frequency of a stretched string with length.3. Investigation of the variation of fundamental frequency of a stretched string with tension.

LIGHT


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REFLECTION

1. Laws of reflection

2. Mirrors

REFRACTION

1. Laws of refraction

2. Total internalreflection

3. Lenses

Practical uses of sphericalmirrors:Concave Convex• dentists • supermarkets• floodlights • driving mirrors• projectors.

Practical examples, e.g. real andapparent depth of fish in water.

Reflective road signs.Mirages.Prism reflectors.Uses of optical fibres:• telecommunications• medicine (endoscopes).

Use of lenses.

Spectacles.

Demonstration using ray box orlaser or other suitable method.

Real-is-positive sign convention.Simple exercises on mirrors byray tracing or use of formula.

Demonstration using ray box orlaser or other suitable method.Appropriate calculations.


Demonstration.Appropriate calculations.

Simple exercises on lenses by raytracing or use of formula.

Images formed by plane andspherical mirrors.Knowledge that

1 = 1 + 1 andf u v

m =vu

Refractive index.

Refractive index in terms ofrelative speeds.

Critical angle.Relationship between critical angleand refractive index.Transmission of light throughoptical fibres.

Images formed by single thinlenses. Knowledge that

1 = 1 + 1 andf u v

m =vu

Power of lens: P = Two lenses in contact:P = P 1 + P 2

The eye: optical structure;short sight, long sight,and corrections.

1

f

LIGHT (CONTINUED)


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WAVE NATURE OFLIGHT

1. Diffraction andinterference

2. Light as a trans-verse wave motion

3. Dispersion

4. Colours

5. Electromagneticspectrum

6. The spectrometer

Interference colours• petrol film, soap bubbles.

Stress polarisation.Polaroid sunglasses.

Rainbows, polished gemstones.Colours seen on surfaces ofcompact discs.

Stage lighting, television.

Ultraviolet and ozone layer.Infrared camera:• medical applications• night vision.Greenhouse effect.

Suitable method of demonstratingthe wave nature of light.Appropriate calculations.

Demonstration of polarisationusing polaroids or other suitablemethod.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Use of diffraction grating formula: nλ = d sinθ

Derivation of formula.

Polarisation.

Dispersion by a prism and adiffraction grating.Recombination by a prism.

Primary, secondary, complementarycolours.Addition of colours. Pigmentcolours need not be considered.

Relative positions of radiations interms of wavelength andfrequency.Detection of UV and IRradiation.

The spectrometer and thefunction of its parts.

LIGHT: Experiments1. Measurement of the focal length of a concave mirror.2. Verification of Snell’s law of refraction.3. Measurement of the refractive index of a liquid or a solid.4. Measurement of the focal length of a converging lens.5. Measurement of the wavelength of monochromatic light.

ELECTRICITY


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CHARGES

1. Electrification bycontact

2. Electrification byinduction

3. Distribution ofcharge onconductors

4. Electroscope

ELECTRIC FIELD

1. Force betweencharges

2. Electric fields

3. Potential difference

Domestic applications:• dust on television screen• static on clothes.Industrial hazards:• in flour mills• fuelling aircraft.

Lightning.Lightning conductors.

Uses.

Precipitators.Xerography.Hazards: effect of electric fieldson integrated circuits.

Demonstration of forces betweencharges.

Demonstration using an insulatedconductor and a nearby chargedobject.

Van de Graaff generator can beused to demonstrate thesephenomena.


Demonstration of field patternsusing oil and semolina or othermethod.

Appropriate calculations –collinear charges only.


Charging by rubbing togetherdissimilar materials.Types of charge: positive,negative.Conductors and insulators.Unit of charge: coulomb.

Total charge resides on outside ofa metal object.Charges tend to accumulate atpoints.Point discharge.

Structure.

Coulomb’s law

F =1 Q 1 Q 2

4πε d 2

– an example of an inversesquare law.Forces between collinear charges.

Idea of lines of force.Vector nature of electric field tobe stressed.

Definition of electric fieldstrength.

Definition of potential difference:work done per unit charge totransfer a charge from one pointto another.Definition of volt.Concept of zero potential.

ELECTRICITY (CONTINUED)


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CAPACITANCE

1. Capacitors andcapacitance

ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. Electric current

2. Sources of emf andelectric current

3. Conduction inmaterials

Common uses of capacitors:• tuning radios• flash guns• smoothing• filtering.

Sources of emf: mains, simplecells, lead-acid accumulator, carbatteries, dry batteries,thermocouple.

Neon lamps, street lights.

Electronic devices.LED, computers, integratedcircuits.


Demonstration that capacitancedepends on the common area,the distance between the plates,and the nature of the dielectric.Appropriate calculations.

Charge capacitor–dischargethrough lamp or low-voltage d.c.motor.Appropriate calculations.Demonstration.

Interpretation of I–V graphs.

Definition: C = Q/VUnit of capacitance.

Parallel plate capacitor.

Use of C =

Energy stored in a capacitor.

Use of W = C V 2

Capacitors – conduct a.c. but notd.c.

Description of electric current asflow of charge; 1 A = 1 C s –1

Pd and voltage are the samething; they are measured in volts.A voltage when applied to acircuit is called an emf.

Conduction in• metals• ionic solutions

(active and inactive electrodes)• gases• vacuum• semiconductors.References in each case to chargecarriers.

Conduction in semiconductors: thedistinction between intrinsic andextrinsic conduction; p-type andn-type semiconductors.

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4. Resistance

5. Potential

6. Effects of electriccurrent

7. Domestic circuits

Rectification of a.c.

Practical uses of Wheatstonebridge for temperature controland fail-safe device.

Potentiometer as a variablepotential divider.

Everyday examples.Advantage of use of EHT intransmission of electrical energy.Uses of the chemical effect.Everyday examples.

Electricity at home• fuse box• meter, etc.Electrical safety.

Demonstration of current flowacross a p-n junction in forwardand reverse bias, e.g. using abulb.


Use of ohmmeter, metre bridge.Appropriate calculations.


Demonstration of LDR andthermistor.

Demonstration.

Demonstration of effect.Appropriate calculations.

Demonstration of effect.

Demonstration of effect.

Wiring a plug.Simple fuse calculations.


The p-n junction: basic principlesunderlying current flow across ap-n junction.

Definition of resistance, unit.Ohm's law.Resistance varies with length,cross-sectional area, andtemperature.Resistivity.Resistors in series and parallel. Derivation of formulas.Wheatstone bridge.

LDR – light-dependent resistor.Thermistor.

Potential divider.

Heating: W = I 2Rt

Chemical effect – an electriccurrent can cause a chemicalreaction.Magnetic effect of an electriccurrent.

Plugs, fuses, MCBs (miniaturecircuit breakers). Ring and radial circuits, bonding,earthing, and general safety pre-cautions. RCDs (residual current devices). No drawing of ring circuitsrequired.The kilowatt-hour. Uses.



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ELECTROMAGNETISM

1. Magnetism

2. Magnetic fields

3. Current in amagnetic field

4. Electromagneticinduction

Electromagnets and their uses.

Earth’s magnetic field – use innavigation.

Applications in motors, meters,and loudspeakers.

Application in generators.

Demonstration using magnets,coils, and nails.

Demonstrations.

Demonstration of the force on aconductor and coil in a magneticfield.

Appropriate calculations.Appropriate calculations.

Demonstration of the principleand laws of electromagneticinduction.Appropriate calculations.

Magnetic poles exist in pairs.Magnetic effect of an electriccurrent.

Magnetic field due to• magnets• current in

- a long straight wire- a loop- a solenoid.

Description without mathematicaldetails.Vector nature of magnetic field tobe stressed.

Current-carrying conductorexperiences a force in a magneticfield.Direction of the force.Force depends on• the current• the length of the wire• the strength of the magnetic

field.F ∝ I l BMagnetic flux density B =Derivation of F = qvBForces between currents (non-mathematical treatment).Definition of the ampere.

Magnetic flux Φ = BAFaraday’s law.

Lenz’s law.Change of mechanical energy toelectrical energy.

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5. Alternating current

6. Concepts of mutualinduction andself-induction

National grid and a.c.

Uses of transformers.

Dimmer switches in stagelighting – uses of inductors.

Use oscilloscope to show a.c.

Compare peak and rms values.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.Appropriate calculations (voltage).

Variation of voltage and currentwith time, i.e. alternating voltagesand currents.Peak and rms values of alternating currents and voltages.

Mutual induction (two adjacentcoils): when the magnetic field inone coil changes an emf isinduced in the other,e.g. transformers.Self-induction: a changing magneticfield in a coil induces an emf inthe coil itself, e.g. inductor.

Structure and principle ofoperation of a transformer.

Effects of inductors on a.c. (nomathematics or phase relations).

ELECTRICITY: Experiments1. Verification of Joule’s law (as Δθ ∝ I 2).2. Measurement of the resistivity of the material of a wire.3. To investigate the variation of the resistance of a metallic conductor with temperature.4. To investigate the variation of the resistance of a thermistor with temperature.5. To investigate the variation of current (I ) with pd (V ) for

(a) metallic conductor(b) filament bulb(c) copper sulfate solution with copper electrodes(d) semiconductor diode.

MODERN PHYSICS


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THE ELECTRON

1. The electron

2. Thermionicemission

3. Photoelectricemission

4. X-rays

Electron named by G. J. Stoney.Quantity of charge measured byMillikan.

Applications• cathode ray oscilloscope• television.Use of CRO to display signals: • ECG and EEG.

Applications of photoelectricsensing devices:• burglar alarms• automatic doors• control of burners in central

heating• sound track in films.

Uses of X-rays in medicine andindustry.Hazards.

Use of cathode ray tube todemonstrate the production of abeam of electrons – deflection inelectric and magnetic fields.

Demonstration, e.g. using zincplate, electroscope, and differentlight sources.

Demonstration of a photocell.

The electron as the indivisiblequantity of charge.Reference to mass and location inthe atom.Units of energy: eV, keV, MeV,GeV.

Principle of thermionic emissionand its application to theproduction of a beam ofelectrons.Cathode ray tube consisting ofheated filament, cathode, anode,and screen. Deflection ofcathode rays in electric andmagnetic fields.

Photoelectric effect.The photon as a packet ofenergy; E = hfEffect of intensity and frequencyof incident light.Photocell (vacuum tube): structureand operation.Threshold frequency.Einstein's photoelectric law.

X-rays produced when high-energyelectrons collide with target.Principles of the hot-cathodeX-ray tube.X-ray production as inverse ofphotoelectric effect. Mention of properties of X-rays:• electromagnetic waves• ionisation• penetration.

MODERN PHYSICS (CONTINUED)


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THE NUCLEUS

1. Structure of theatom

2. Structure of thenucleus

3. Radioactivity

Lasers.Spectroscopy as a tool inscience.

Uses of radioisotopes:• medical imaging• medical therapy• food irradiation• agriculture• radiocarbon dating • smoke detectors• industrial applications.

Experiment may be simulatedusing a large-scale model or acomputer or demonstrated on avideo.

Demonstration of line spectra andcontinuous spectra.

Demonstration of ionisation andpenetration by the radiationsusing any suitable method, e.g.electroscope, G-M tube.

Demonstration of G-M tube orsolid-state detector.Interpretation of nuclearreactions.

Appropriate calculations(not requiring calculus).Appropriate calculations(not requiring calculus).

Principle of Rutherford’s experi-ment.Bohr model, descriptive treatmentonly.Energy levels.

Emission line spectra. hf = E2 – E1

Atomic nucleus as protons plusneutrons.Mass number A, atomic number Z,AZ X, isotopes.

Experimental evidence for threekinds of radiation: by deflectionin electric or magnetic fields orionisation or penetration.Nature and properties of alpha,beta and gamma emissions.Change in mass number andatomic number because ofradioactive decay.

Principle of operation of adetector of ionising radiation. Definition of becquerel (Bq) asone disintegration per second.

Law of radioactive decay. Concept of half-life: T 1/2Concept of decay constant

rate of decay = λ N

T 1/2 = ln2λ

MODERN PHYSICS (CONTINUED)


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4. Nuclear energy

5. Ionising radiationand health hazards

Fusion: source of Sun’s energy.Nuclear weapons.

Environmental impact of fissionreactors.Development of fusion reactors.

Health hazards of ionisingradiations.Radon, significance ofbackground radiation, granite.Medical and dental X-rays.

Disposal of nuclear waste.Radiation protection.

Interpretation of nuclear reactions.


Audiovisual resource material.

Measurement of background radi-ation.Audiovisual resource material.

Principles of fission and fusion. Mass-energy conservation innuclear reactions, E = mc 2.

Nuclear reactor (fuel, moderator,control rods, shielding, and heatexchanger).

General health hazards in use ofionising radiations, e.g. X-rays,nuclear radiation. Environmentalradiation: the effect of ionisingradiation on humans depends onthe type of radiation, the activityof the source (in Bq), the timeof exposure, and the type oftissue irradiated.

OPTION 1: PARTICLE PHYSICS


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PARTICLE PHYSICS

1. Conservation ofenergy andmomentum innuclear reactions

2. Acceleration ofprotons

3. Converting massinto other forms ofenergy

4. Converting otherforms of energyinto mass

5. Fundamental forcesof nature

First artificial splitting ofnucleus.First transmutation usingartificially accelerated particles.Irish Nobel laureate for physics, Professor E. T. S. Walton (1951).

History of search for basicbuilding blocks of nature:• Greeks: earth, fire, air, water• 1936: p, n, e.Particle accelerators, e.g. CERN.

Appropriate calculations to conveysizes and magnitudes andrelations between units.



Audiovisual resource material.

Radioactive decay resulting in twoparticles.If momentum is not conserved, athird particle (neutrino) must bepresent.

Cockcroft and Walton – protonenergy approximately 1 MeV:outline of experiment.

“Splitting the nucleus”

H + Li → He + He + Q1 MeV 17.3 MeV

Note energy gain.Consistent with E = mc 2

Reference to circular acceleratorsprogressively increasing energyavailable:proton-proton collisionsp + p + energy → p + p + additional particles.

Strong nuclear force:force binding nucleus, shortrange.Weak nuclear force:force between particles that arenot subject to the strong force,short range.Electromagnetic force:force between charged particles,inverse square law.Gravitational force: inverse squarelaw.

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OPTION 1: PARTICLE PHYSICS (CONTINUED)


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6. Families ofparticles

7. Anti-matter

8. Quark model

Pioneering work to investigatethe structure of matter andorigin of universe. International collaboration,e.g. CERN.

Paul Dirac predicted anti-mattermathematically.

James Joyce: “Three quarks forMuster Mark”.


Identify the nature and charge ofa particle given a combination ofquarks.

Mass of particles comes fromenergy of the reactions –

m =

The larger the energy the greaterthe variety of particles. Theseparticles are called “particle zoo”.Leptons: indivisible point objects,not subject to strong force, e.g.electron, positron, and neutrino.Baryons: subject to all forces, e.g.protons, neutrons, and heavierparticles.Mesons: subject to all forces,mass between electron andproton.

e+ positron, e– electron.

Each particle has its ownanti-particle.

Pair production: two particlesproduced from energy.γ rays → e+ + e–conserve charge, momentum. Annihilation: Two γ rays fromannihilation of particles.e+ + e– → 2hf (γ rays)conserve charge, momentum.

Quark: fundamental building blockof baryons and mesons.Six quarks – called up, down,strange, charmed, top, andbottom.Charges: u+2/3 , d-1/3 , s-1/3Anti-quark has opposite charge toquark and same mass.Baryons composed of threequarks: p = uud, n = udd,other baryons any three quarks.Mesons composed of any quarkand an anti-quark.

Ec 2

OPTION 2: APPLIED ELECTRICITY


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APPLIED ELECTRICITY

1. Current in asolenoid

2. Current in amagnetic field

3. Electromagneticinduction

4. Alternating current

5. Applications ofdiode

6. The transistor

7. Logic gates

Uses.

Uses of motors and meters.

Callan. Electric fences.

Uses of generator andtransformer.

Conversion of a.c. to d.c.Practical applications.LED: optical display.Fibre optic receiver.

Applications of the transistor asa switch should be indicated,e.g. to switch a relay.

Relate NOT to transistor.Boole.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Appropriate calculations forammeter and voltmeter (notohmmeter).

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Use of a bridge rectifier and acapacitor to obtain smooth d.c.Use of LED.

Demonstration.

Demonstration.

Establish truth tables for AND, ORand NOT gates. Use of IC indemonstrating circuits.

Electromagnetic relay.

Simple d.c. motor.Principle of operation ofmoving-coil loudspeaker.Principle of moving-coilgalvanometer.Conversion of a galvanometer to• an ammeter• a voltmeter• an ohmmeter.

Induction coil.

Structure and principle ofoperation of simple a.c.generator.Factors affecting efficiency oftransformers.

Principle of induction motor. Rectification – use of bridgerectifier.

P-n diode used as half-waverectifier. Light-emitting diode(LED); principle of operation.

Photodiode.

Basic structure of bi-polar transis-tor. The transistor as a voltageamplifier – purpose of bias andload resistors.

The transistor as a voltageinverter.

AND, OR and NOT gates.

Black text is for Higher level only.

1. Use of calculatorsStudents will be expected to have an electroniccalculator conforming to the examination regulationsfor the duration of the course and when answeringthe examination paper. It is recommended thatstudents have available the following keys:

In carrying out calculations, students should beadvised to show clearly all expressions to be evaluatedusing a calculator. The number of significant figuresgiven in the answer to a numerical problem shouldmatch the number of significant figures given in thequestion.

2. Mathematical requirementsThe physics syllabus does not require Higher levelmathematics. Higher level physics may include someof the optional work of Ordinary level mathematics.There is no requirement for the use of calculus techniques.

ArithmeticStudents should be able to• understand the concept of significant figures• recognise and use significant figures as appropriate• recognise and use expressions in decimal and

standard form (scientific) notation• recognise and use prefixes indicating multiplication

by 10-12, 10-9, 10-6, 10-3, 103, 106, 109

• use an electronic calculator for addition,subtraction, multiplication and division and forfinding arithmetic means, reciprocals, squares,square roots, sines, cosines and tangents,exponentials, logarithms, and their inverses

• make approximate evaluations of numericalexpressions and use such approximations to checkcalculator calculations.

AlgebraStudents should be able to• change the subject of an equation• solve simple algebraic equations• substitute for physical quantities in physical

equations using consistent units• formulate simple algebraic equations as

mathematical models of physical situations• comprehend and use the symbols >, <, ∝, =, x, Δx.

Geometry and TrigonometryStudents should be able to• calculate the area of right-angled triangles,

circumference and area of circles, surface area andvolume of rectangular blocks, cylinders and spheres

• use Pythagoras’ theorem, similarity of triangles, theangle sum of a triangle

• use sines, cosines and tangents in physical problems• recall that sin θ ≈ tan θ ≈ θ/radians, and cos θ ≈ 1

for small θ• translate between degrees and radians and ensure

that the appropriate system is used.

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• LEAV ING CERT I F ICATE PHYS ICS SYLLABUS •

ORDINARY LEVEL

+, –, x, ÷, π, x 2, x , , x y, EE or EXP;sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses indegrees and fractions of a degree; memory.

HIGHER LEVEL

as above and log10 x, 10x, ln x.

Mathematical Requirements

1x

VectorsStudents should be able to• find the resultant of two perpendicular vectors,

recognising situations where vector addition isappropriate

• obtain expressions for components of a vector inperpendicular directions, recognising situationswhere vector resolution is appropriate.

GraphsStudents should be able to• translate information between numerical,

algebraic, verbal and graphical forms• select appropriate variables and scales for graph

plotting• determine the slope of a linear graph and allocate

appropriate physical units to it• choose by inspection a straight line that will serve

as the best straight line through a set of datapresented graphically.

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Standard units, signs and symbols should be used throughout the syllabus. In this section, selected abbreviationsare given. The physical quantities, their symbols and units are given. The common electrical circuit symbols areshown.

AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations should be used:potential difference pd electromotive force emflight-emitting diode LED light-dependent resistor LDRproton p neutron nelectron e- positron e+

neutrino ν

quarks:up u down dstrange s charmed ctop t bottom b

antiquarks:up u down dstrange s charmed ctop t bottom b

Basic units The international system of units (SI) should be used. The required base units are given in the table below.

Physical quantity Name of SI base unit Symbol for unitlength metre mmass kilogram kgtime second selectric current ampere Athermodynamic temperature kelvin K

Physical quantities, symbols, and unitsThe physical quantities, their units and the appropriate symbols required by the syllabus are shown below. Somenon-SI units are required. These are indicated by an asterisk*.

Physical quantity Symbol Name of SI unit Symbol for unitmass m kilogram kglength l metre m

distance dradius r, Rdiameter d

Notations and Symbols

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time t second speriodic time T

displacement s metre mspeed, velocity v, u metre per second m s -1

acceleration a metre per second squared m s -2

acceleration of free fall g(due to gravity)

gravitational field strength g newton per kilogram N kg -1

momentum p kilogram metre per second kg m s -1

force F newton Nangle θ *degree º

radian radangular velocity ω radian per second rad s -1

weight W newton Ngravitational constant G newton metre squared N m 2 kg -2

per kilogram squaredarea A square metre m 2

volume V cubic metre m 3

density ρ kilogram per cubic metre kg m -3

pressure P, p pascal Panewton per square metre N m -2

moment of a force M newton metre N mtorque, moment of a couple T newton metre N mwork W joule Jenergy E joule J

*kilowatt-hour kW h*electronvolt eV

potential energy E p joule Jkinetic energy E k joule Jpower P watt Wtemperature T kelvin K

t degree Celsius ºCθ degree Celsius ºC

temperature change Δθ degree Celsius ºCheat energy Q joule Jheat capacity C joule per kelvin J K-1

specific heat capacity c joule per kilogram kelvin J kg -1 K -1

kilojoule per kilogram kelvin kJ kg -1 K -1

latent heat L joule Jspecific latent heat l joule per kilogram J kg -1

kilojoule per kilogram kJ kg -1

frequency f hertz Hz

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Physical quantity Symbol Name of SI unit Symbol for unit

amplitude A metre mwavelength λ metre mvelocity of a wave c metre per second m s -1

tension in a wire T newton Nmass per unit length µ kilogram per metre kg m -1

sound intensity I watt per square metre W m -2

sound intensity level I.L. *decibel dBfocal length f metre mobject distance u metre mimage distance v metre mmagnification m no unitangle of incidence i degree ºangle of reflection r degree ºangle of refraction r degree ºrefractive index n no unitcritical angle C degree ºpower of lens P per metre m -1

grating spacing d metre mslit separation d metre mspeed of electromagnetic waves c metre per second m s -1

charge Q, q coulomb Cpermittivity ε farad per metre F m -1

permittivity of free space ε0 farad per metre F m -1

relative permittivity εr no unitelectric field strength E newton per coulomb N C -1

volt per metre V m -1

potential difference V volt Vcapacitance C farad Felectric current I ampere Aemf E volt Vresistance R ohm Ω

resistivity ρ ohm metre Ω melectrical energy W joule Jmagnetic flux density B tesla Tmagnetic flux Φ weber Wbrms value of alternating emf E rms volt Vpeak value of alternating emf E 0 volt Vrms value of alternating current Irms ampere Apeak value of alternating current I0 ampere Anumber of turns N no unitelectronic charge e coulomb CPlanck constant h joule second J s

49



A

mass number A no unitatomic number Z no unitactivity of radioactive source A becquerel Bqradioactive decay constant λ per second s -1

half-life T 1/2second s

50


conductors crossing with no connection

junction of conductors

earth

normally open switch

normally closed switch

relay coil

relay contact

primary or secondary cell

battery of cells

power supply

neon lamp

signal lamp

filament lamp

voltmeter

galvanometer

ammeter

fuse

fixed resistor

variable resistor

W

Electrical circuit symbolsThe use of standard symbols (BS 3939) is recommended.

The common symbols required by the syllabus are given below.

electromagneticrelay}


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thermistor

potential divider

capacitor

electrolytic capacitor

inductor

inductor with ferromagneticcore

transformer withferromagnetic core

light-emitting diode LED

photo-voltaic cell

earphone

loudspeaker

microphone

electric bell

motor

diode/rectifier

p n p junction transistor

n p n junction transistor

light-sensitive diodephotodiode

light-dependent resistor LDR

invert or NOT gate

OR gate

AND gate

Reference: Association for Science Education.Signs, Symbols and Systematics.The ASE Companion to 5-16 Science.Hatfield: ASE, 1995.


Students should know and be able to use the following formulas. At Ordinary level no derivations are required.Equations in black text apply to Higher level only.

Those marked with † should be derived at Higher level.

Mechanics

Linear motion with constant acceleration: †v = u + at

†s = ut + at 2

†v2 = u2 +2as

Momentum of a particle = mu †F = ma

Conservation of momentum m 1u 1+m 2u 2 = m 1v 1 + m 2v 2

Angle in radians θ =

Angular velocity ω =

†Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity v = rω

Centripetal acceleration a = rω2 =

Centripetal force F = mrω2 =

Newton’s law of gravitation F =

Weight W = mg

†g = †T 2 =

Density ρ =

Pressure: p = Pressure at a point in a fluid: p = ρgh

Boyle’s law pV = constant

Moment = force x perpendicular distance Couple T = Fd

Hooke’s law: F = –ks Simple harmonic motion: a = –ω2 s

Periodic time T = =

Simple pendulum T = 2π

Work W = Fs

Potential energy: E p = mgh Kinetic energy: E k = 1/2 mv 2

Mass-energy equivalence E = mc 2

Power P =

Percentage efficiency = Power output x 100

Power input

Formulas

12

srθt

v2rmv2

rGm 1m 2

d 2

4π2R3

GMmV

Wt

FA

GMR 2

lg

1f

2πω

52

Heat and Temperature

Celsius temperature t / ˚C = T /K – 273.15

Heat energy needed to change temperature Q = mcΔθ Q = CΔθ

Heat energy needed to change state Q = ml Q = L

Waves

Velocity of a wave c = f λ

Doppler effect f‚

=fc

c ± u

Fundamental frequency of a stretched string f = 1 T2l µ

Mirror and lens formula

Magnification

Power of a lens

Two lenses in contact P = P1 + P2

Refractive index:

n = n =

n = n =

†Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ

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1sin C

1 = 1 + 1f u v

m = vu

P = 1f

sin isin r

c 1c 2

real depthapparent depth

Electricity

Coulomb’s law Capacitance C =

Electric field strength E = Parallel-plate capacitor C =

Potential difference V = Energy stored in capacitor W = 1/2 CV 2

V = IR Resistivity ρ =

†Resistors in series R = R1+ R2 †Resistors in parallel

Wheatstone bridge =

Joule’s law W = I 2Rt Power P = VI

Force on a current carrying conductor F = I l B Magnetic flux Φ = BA

†Force on a charged particle F = qvB

Induced emf E = Transformer =

Alternating voltage and current Vrms = Irms =

Modern PhysicsEnergy of a photon E = hf

Einstein’s photoelectric equation hf = Φ + 1/2mv2max

Law of radioactive decay rate of decay = λN

Half-life T 1/2 =

Mass-energy equivalence E = mc2

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F =1 Q 1 Q 2

4πε d 2

FQ

WQ

R1R2

R3R4

–dΦd t

V0

2I0

2

QV

Aε0d

RAl

1 = 1 + 1R R1 R2

ViVo

NpNs

ln 2λ

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HIGHER LEVEL SYLLABUS · PDF fileacceleration, using any suitable ... Systems that obey Hooke’s law e.g. simple pendulum, ... Principle of conservation of energy