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High Power RFID Trials in Australia
Gabriel Phillips, GS1 Australia
©2005 GS12Making our Vision a Reality
GS1 Australia
•Member of GS1 International and one of 105 Member Organisations globally
•Administer & support the adoption of GS1 standards in Australia
•Current membership approximately 15,000 companies across19 industries
Supply Chain Knowledge Centre at Mt WaverleySupply Chain Knowledge Centre at Mt Waverley
©2005 GS13Making our Vision a Reality
GS1
Purpose:- Improving the efficiency and visibility of supply and demand chains, globally and across sectors.
Global standards for electronic business messagingRapid, efficient & accurate business data exchange
The environment for global data synchronisationStandardised, reliable data for effective business transactions
Global standards for automatic identificationRapid and accurate item, asset or location identification
Global standards for RFID-based identificationMore accurate, immediate and cost effective visibility of information
©2005 GS14Making our Vision a Reality
What is RFID?
• Three Types of RFID• Active
• Semi-Active
• Passive
• Only looking at Passive RFID • The reader acts as a transmitter
• The tag is powered by this energy, responds at approx 1/1000th power
• Selectively ‘reflects’ its ID number
• Same as a barcode, except using RF instead of laser
Reader(transmitter and
receiver combined)
Tag(receiver andre-transmitter
combined)
©2005 GS15Making our Vision a Reality
Current Licensing arrangements
Radiocommunications (Low Interference Potential Devices) Class Licence 2000
Item Class of transmitter
Permitted operating frequency band (MHz) (lower limit exclusive, upper limit inclusive)
Maximum EIRP Limitations
30 Radiofrequency identification transmitters
1. 1.77–2.17
2. 2.93–3.58
3. 7.2–10.01
100 pW
31 Radiofrequency identification transmitters
1. 13.553–13.567
2. 918–926
3. 2400–2450
4. 5725–5795
5. 5815–5875
6. 24000–24250
1 W
32 Radiofrequency identification transmitters
5795–5815 2 W
©2005 GS16Making our Vision a Reality
Global Allocations of UHF RFID
Need to consider performance
860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940
Europe (proposed)
Europe (current)
North America
AustraliaAustralia Japan(RFID only)
Freq (MHz)
4
Pow
er (W
)
©2005 GS17Making our Vision a Reality
4 Watts
1 Watt
2 m
etr
es
5.5 metres
5 m
etr
es
RF
ID r
eade
r
RF
ID r
eade
r
Why is 4 Watts essential?
©2005 GS18Making our Vision a Reality
The 900 MHz Band
CTS
LMSCMTS DIGITALCMTS
DIGITALCMTS
865 890820 845 915 960935
Radiolocation
928
918 926
RADIOLOCATION
ISM
942930 933825 830
831
835 852
854
857 870 875
876880
SINGLE CHANNELTWOFREQUENCY
FIXED SERVICE
LOW CAPACITYFIXED SERVICE
SINGLE FREQUENCYSINGLE CHANNELFIXED SERVICE
FIGURE 1: 900 MHz BAND PLAN DIAGRAM
S
ABBREVIATIONS:
CMTS
DSRR
ISM
CTS
LMS(T)
Cellular Mobile Telephone Service
Digital Short Range Radio
Industrial, Scientific and Medical Applications
Cordless Telephone Service
Land Mobile Service (Trunked)
(BT)
BR Base Receive
BT Base Transmit
CMTS
(BR)
(BR)
(BT)
(BT)(BR)
SOB Sound Outside Broadcast Link
850
Radiolocation
WIDEBAND
FIXEDSERVICE
LEGEND
Services, the names of which are printed in 'CAPITALS'are called 'primary' services.
Services, the names of which are printed in 'normalcharacters' are called 'secondary' services.
3 3
3 43
543
6
9 10
9
6
Fixed Service4Mobile Service
N
N
= see note N in Table 1 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
= see note N in Table 2 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
sob
12
12
FIXEDSERVICEWIDEBAND
Frequency
Services
(MHz)
Analoguecmts
(br)
Analoguecmts(bt)2 2
2 2
FIXED SERVICE
TWOFREQUENCY
LOW CAPACITY
SINGLE FREQUENCY
8
850.5846.5
(T)(T)LMS
861
CTS
11
311
7 73
895 900 905 910 940 945 950 955
7 7
O
S
B
SO
B
D
R
R
See Table 2 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
See Table 1 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
Fixed ServiceFixed Service
2255
YouAre
Here
RFIDIsHere
GSM Services
Cordless phones
RLAN’sRadiolocationUsed by DoD
CDMA Services
Land Mobile Services
Sound outside broadcast
©2005 GS19Making our Vision a Reality
The problem with increasing to 4 Watts
•Class licence ensures services do not interfere•Increasing to 4 Watts increases interference probabilities
4 Watt RFID output1 Watt RFID output
interference level
918 MHz
915 MHz
©2005 GS110Making our Vision a Reality
The Way Forward
• First step was contacting the ACMA
• What is the business case for the new service• Why is the new service required
• Impact on business if not implemented
• Capability to conform to regulations
• What is the spectrum implications • Adjacent channel interference
• Co-channel interference
©2005 GS111Making our Vision a Reality
Completed Initial Analysis
• Obtained complete characteristics of intended 4 Watt Devices• Several devices
• Overall performance
• Identified Vodafone as the main service that may be affected
• Conducted analysis• Deterministic – worst case scenario
• Probabilistic – Likely scenarios
• Provided report to the ACMA
©2005 GS112Making our Vision a Reality
Scientific Licence
• Further information was required• ACMA issued GS1 Australia with Scientific licence to run for 1
year• From July 12th 2005 to July 11th 2006
• 4 Watts EIRP
• 920 – 926 MHz
• No interference/no protection• GS1 to maintain database of all RFID sites
• Operator details
• Location
• Equipment
• Goal was to obtain enough data for analysis
©2005 GS113Making our Vision a Reality
Sites
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©2005 GS114Making our Vision a Reality
Further testing
• More data was required• Not enough sites
• Too few sites too close to GSM base stations
• Conducted lab testing with Vodafone• Testing for:
• Blocking
• Interference
• Call quality
• Conducting field testing in likely scenarios• RFID operating with several services
• Provide reports to ACMA for their analysis.
©2005 GS115Making our Vision a Reality
Important Lessons learnt
• Obtaining a change to the LIPD class licence • Work with ACMA
• Only happen if we have enough data
• Need participants to share information
• Need industry to follow the rules
• Allow time for due process
©2005 GS116Making our Vision a Reality
Contact details
GS1 Australia
Axxess Corporate Park
Unit 100/45 Gilby Rd
Mt Waverley VIC 3149
T. +61 3 9558 9559
F. +61 3 9558 9551
W. www.gs1au.org
Gabriel Phillips
Standards Development Coordinator
EPC Network
D. +61 3 9550 3476
