HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Modern History

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11306120310036

15270

NSW Education Standards Authority

2020 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Modern HistoryGeneral Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes• Working time – 3 hours• Write using black pen• A Source Booklet is provided with this paper• Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of

this page

Total marks: 100

Section I – 25 marks (pages 2–7)• Attempt Questions 1–4• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section II – 25 marks (pages 9–11)• Attempt ONE question from Questions 5–12• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section III – 25 marks (pages 12–13)• Attempt ONE question from Questions 13–18• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section IV – 25 marks (pages 14–19)• Attempt ONE question from Questions 19–24• Allow about 45 minutes for this section


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Section I — Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919−1946

25 marksAttempt Questions 1–4Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Refer to the Source Booklet to answer Questions 2–4.

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response.

Extra writing space is provided on page 7 of this booklet. If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

Your answer will be assessed on how well you:● demonstrate historical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question● communicate ideas and information logically● use historical terms and concepts appropriately

Question 1 (3 marks)

Identify THREE factors that shaped Japan’s ambitions in the Asia-Pacific during the interperiod.

war

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How does Source A provide insight into why the League of Nations lacked authority?

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Explain the value and limitations of Source B in understanding the impact of Nazi repression on Jewish people.

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Why were the Nazis able to consolidate power in the period 1933–34?

In your response, integrate evidence from Sources C and D.

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Question 4 continues on page 6

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Question 4 (continued)

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End of Question 4


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Section I extra writing space

If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.


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© 2020 NSW Education Standards Authority

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1131

Modern History

Section II — National Studies

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 5–12Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question on pages 2−8 of the Sections II, III and IV Writing Booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

Your answer will be assessed on how well you:● demonstrate historical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question● use relevant evidence and interpretation to support your response● communicate ideas and information using historical terms and concepts appropriately● present a sustained, logical and cohesive response

Question 5 — Option A: Australia 1918−1949 (25 marks)

(a) Assess the impact of political responses to the Great Depression on Australian society.

25

OR

(b) Evaluate the roles of industrialisation and immigration in postwar reconstruction. 25

Question 6 — Option B: China 1927−1949 (25 marks)

(a) Evaluate the significance of Maoism to the rise of the Communist Party. 25

OR

(b) Evaluate the political and social significance of the Yan’an (Yenan) period. 25

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Question 7 — Option C: India 1942−1984 (25 marks)

(a) Evaluate the contributions of industrial development and agricultural reform tothe modernisation of India to 1964.

25

OR

(b) Assess the impacts of Indira Ghandi’s economic and domestic policies on India. 25

Question 8 — Option D: Indonesia 1945−2005 (25 marks)

(a) Evaluate the significance of the roles of both the army and religious groups in the 1965 coup.

25

OR

(b) Assess the effectiveness of Suharto’s responses to the political, social and economic challenges in Indonesia.

25

Question 9 — Option E: Japan 1904−1937 (25 marks)

(a) Evaluate the significance of the zaibatsu in challenging traditional power and authority in the 1920s.

25

OR

(b) Assess the role of Emperor Hirohito in the growth of militarism in the 1930s. 25

Question 10 — Option F: Russia and the Soviet Union 1917−1941 (25 marks)

(a) Assess the political, social and economic impacts of the Bolshevik consolidation of power on the Soviet Union.

25

OR

(b) To what extent did the use of terror contribute to the political transformation of the Soviet State under Stalin?

25

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Question 11 — Option G: USA 1919−1941 (25 marks)

(a) Assess the effectiveness of government attempts to halt the Depression. 25

OR

(b) How successful was US foreign policy in this period? 25

Question 12 — Option H: Iran 1945−1989 (25 marks)

(a) Assess the impact of the Shah’s White Revolution and social reforms. 25

OR

(b) Assess the impact of the 1979 Revolution and the leadership of Khomeini on relations with the US and Iraq.

25

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Section III — Peace and Conflict

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 13–18Allow about 45 minutes for this section


Your answer will be assessed on how well you:● demonstrate historical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question● use relevant evidence and interpretation to support your response● communicate ideas and information using historical terms and concepts appropriately● present a sustained, logical and cohesive response

Question 13 — Option A: Conflict in Indochina 1954−1979 (25 marks)

(a) To what extent did communism influence US policy toward Indochina to 1964? 25

OR

(b) Assess the reasons for the Communist victories in Cambodia and Laos. 25

Question 14 — Option B: Conflict in the Pacific 1937−1951 (25 marks)

(a) Evaluate how effective Allied strategies were in combating Japanese aggression in the period 1942–1945.

25

OR

(b) To what extent was the Allied occupation of Japan successful in achieving its aims?

25

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Question 15 — Option C: Conflict in Europe 1935−1945 (25 marks)

(a) To what extent did Germany achieve its foreign policy aims by September 1939?

25

OR

(b) Evaluate the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad and the Russian campaign to the course of the European War.

25

Question 16 — Option D: The Cold War 1945−1991 (25 marks)

(a) Assess how Cold War crises changed relationships between the superpowers to1968.

25

OR

(b) To what extent did détente contribute to the end of the Cold War? 25

Question 17 — Option E: Conflict in the Gulf 1980−2011 (25 marks)

(a) Evaluate the significance of regionalism in the development of conflict in the Gulf to 2003.

25

OR

(b) To what extent were attempts at peacemaking and nation-building successful in the period 2003–2011?

25

Question 18 — Option F: The Arab−Israeli Conflict 1948−1996 (25 marks)

(a) To what extent were attempts at peacemaking affected by the Yom Kippur Warof 1973?

25

OR

(b) Evaluate the role of nationalism in the continuation of the Arab–Israeli conflict to 1996.

25

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Section IV — Change in the Modern World

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 19–24Answer ALL parts of the questionAllow about 45 minutes for this section


Your answer will be assessed on how well you:● demonstrate historical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question● communicate ideas and information logically● use historical terms and concepts appropriately

Question 19 — Option A: Pro-democracy Movement in Burma 1945−2010 (25 marks)

Answer parts (a) and (b) of the question on pages 18−20 of the Writing Booklet.

(a) Why was Aung San Suu Kyi placed under house arrest? 4

(b) With reference to Source E, explain the impact of the 1988 uprising. 9

Source E

Answer part (c) of the question on pages 21−24 of the Writing Booklet.

(c) Evaluate the significance of the Tatmadaw in protecting the State from internal and external threats.

12

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until permission has been obtained.

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Question 20 — Option B: The Cultural Revolution to Tiananmen Square 1966−1989 (25 marks)


(a) Why did tensions arise between the Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong? 4

(b) With reference to Source F, explain the nature of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms. 9

Source F


(c) Evaluate the impact of the events of Tiananmen Square on China and its standing in the world.

12



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Question 21 — Option C: Civil Rights in the USA 1945−1968 (25 marks)


(a) What was the impact of Martin Luther King’s assassination on the civil rights movement?

4

(b) With reference to Source G, explain the key challenges faced by the civil rights movement.

9

Source G


(c) Evaluate the methods of protest employed by the civil rights movement. 12



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Question 22 — Option D: The Changing World Order 1945−2011 (25 marks)


(a) What were the key challenges faced by the United Nations during the Cold War period?

4

(b) With reference to Source H, explain the influence of the European Union as a centre of global power between 1989 and 2011.

9

Source H


(c) Evaluate the influence of US foreign policy in the post-Cold War world. 12



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Question 23 — Option E: The Nuclear Age 1945−2011 (25 marks)


(a) What impact did the Potsdam Conference have on the birth of the Nuclear Age? 4

(b) With reference to Source I, explain the legacy of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

9

Source I


(c) Evaluate the view that the benefits of the Nuclear Age outweighed the risks. 12



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Question 24 — Option F: Apartheid in South Africa 1960−1994 (25 marks)


(a) What effect did the Rivonia Trial have on national resistance to apartheid? 4

(b) With reference to Source J, explain the impact of the South African government’s increasing use of state terror.

9

Source J


(c) Evaluate the extent to which international factors contributed to the end of apartheid.

12

End of paper



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1132

NSW Education Standards Authority


Modern HistorySource Booklet

Instructions Detach this Source Booklet

Sources A – D

Source A (page 2)

Source B (page 3)

Source C (page 4)

Source D (page 4)

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Source A

Cartoon from newspaper, America, 1933



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Source B

Extract from Susan’s Story: Nuremberg, 1938



Source C

Extract from Martin Broszat, The Hitler State, Routledge, 2013, p 281

Source D

Extracts from a report on Goebbels’ speech about the book burnings, Völkischer Beobachter, 12 May 1933

The German Students’ Association of the Berlin universities assembled yesterday at the Hegelplatz and then, taking along several truckloads of 25,000 books and writings undermining the spirit of the German people, marched to the Opernplatz where they, in a symbolic action, threw these Un-German writings into the flames . . . Then Reichsminister Dr. Goebbels spoke: “The era of extreme Jewish intellectualism has come to an end and the German revolution has again opened the way for the true essence of being German . . . Barriers that separated us are torn down. Volk* has reunited with Volk. And if old people do not understand this – we young ones have already completed the process . . . As we did so often, while we were still fighting in the opposition, now that we hold the power, and with it the responsibility, we join together in the vow that we previously so often promised to the nightly sky: ‘Illuminated by many flames let it be an oath! The Reich and the nation and our Führer Adolf Hitler – Heil.’ ”

*Volk German people

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HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Modern History