HIGHLIGHTS OF EXPANSION

***France sells entire Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) to the United States for $15 million- about 3 cents per acre.

Thomas Jefferson & Louisiana Purchase

• New Orleans alone cost $10 million – extremely valuable to America as a port city

The Corps of Discovery became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition.

• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, with the help of Sacajawea

• Goal was to establish good relations with the Native Americans and try to find a northwest passage across the United States

• northwest passage does not exist

• brought back a wealth of scientific and geographic information

Benefits of War• To allow reopening of trade• National Pride• To stop the impressment of sailors• CANADA!!!

Drawbacks of War• Not everyone in the US wanted to go to

war• Military was small• Britain was a superpower• Could lose territory that was gained in

the Treaty of Paris or the Louisiana Purchase

Effects of War:• National Identity (Rise of Nationalism) • America gains respect of other nations• Creates a hero in Andrew Jackson and the Western Frontiersmen• Inspires more westward movement• Republican Party gains footing and starts pushing their agenda

• Because Federalists opposed the war that actually ended up benefiting America

WAR OF 1812 (In a nutshell)

Events to Know: • US Burns York (now Toronto)

• Canadians do NOT want to be American. Do NOT join Americans and instead fight back.

• Perry Defeated the British on Lake Erie• This gave the US control of Lake Erie

• Britain Blockades the Eastern Seaboard• This prevented shipping from leaving• Shipping industry suffers! No trade= angry northeastern merchants, against war

• August 1814 British invade Washington D.C. & BURN WHITEHOUSE• Madison and Congress barely escape

• Battle of Fort McHenry: Star Spangled Banner (Francis Scott Key) • Treaty of Ghent

• Ends war, returns things to how they were• Who won? NO ONE

• Battle of New Orleans (after Treaty is already signed)• Andrew Jackson + PIRATES and FRONTIERSMEN • Jackson a Hero (MAJOR WIN)

The Monroe Doctrine:• a US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in

1823. • further efforts by European nations to colonize land or

interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

1803 Louisiana Purchase 827,987

Purchased from France for $15 million, including assumed claims

1819 Florida (East and West) 72,101

Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Oní s Treaty

1845 Texas 389,166 Annexation of independent republic

1846 Oregon Territory 286,541 The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain

1848 Mexican Cession 529,189Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims

1853 Gadsden Purchase 29,670 Purchased from Mexico for $10 million

Territory Acquisition:

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• Officially ended the Mexican-American War in 1848• Mexican Cession included present-day California, Nevada,

and Utah, & parts of Arizona, New Mexico, & Wyoming• Mexico was paid $15 Million– Another $3 million in debt was forgiven– Total $18 million

• Increased Size of the U.S. by almost 25%– How does this compare to the Louisianna Purchase?

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

• Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) – increased production of cotton & increased the need for slaves to grow & pick it

• Reaper (Cyrus McCormick) – increased production of the farmer

• Steamboat (Robert Fulton) – faster transportation from Southern plantations to factories of the North

• Steam locomotives – faster land transportation

WHY MOVE WEST?• Population growth in the eastern states

• Cheap, fertile land

• Economic opportunity (gold rush, logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves)

• Cheaper, faster transportation (rivers and canals {Erie Canal}, steamboats, etc.)

• Knowledge of overland trails (Oregon & Santa Fe)

• Belief in Manifest Destiny (idea that expansion was good and right for the country- John O’Sullivan)– Supposed to be nonviolent

From In Class Activity:

From in Class Activity:

CAUSES OF CONFLICT WITH NATIVE AMERICANS• Differences in land ownership• Railroad• Settlers trespassing on Indian Land• Discovery of gold• Slaughter of the buffalo• Broken treaties Indian Removal Act (President Andrew Jackson)• 1830• Allowed president to “negotiate” with Indian tribes in the Southern United

States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands

Trail of Tears: forced removal of TENS OF THOUSANDS of Native Americans from their homelands• Affected tribes included the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and

Seminole. (Additional tribes affected: Wyandot, the Kickapoo, the Potowatomi, the Shawnee, and the Lenape)

US POLICY FOR DEALING WITH NATIVE AMERICANS• Take away food source to force to Reservations onto specific pieces of land• Assimilate (Americanize)

• Adopt Christianity and White education • Individual land ownership• Abandon tribe culture and become farmers

Dawes Act of 1887• Male claimed 160 acres of land

• Farm land for 25 years

• Children would be sent to Indian schools = Failed policy Indian resistance and corruption

• In 1924 gain citizenship and right to vote

Mountain Men

• No homes, no possessions

• Lived off the lands

• Move around constantly looking for beavers pelts to trade

• Discover new land and routes because of their travel

• Work with Native Americans to learn from them about hunting and trapping and living off the land

• Improved relations with tribes

49ers• Mostly single men moving to where gold has been discovered

• Mined gold, silver, zinc, copper, and lead

• Economic gain for the nation and for individuals

• Mining Towns (Boomtowns, Shanty towns)

• Less policing (puts the Wild in the Wild West)

• More empowerment for women

• More acceptance of ethnic differences

• Contributed to need for railroad to transport what they mine from the earth

Mormons• 70,000 migrate to Utah along the Mormon Trail

• Want to escape religious persecution

• Built forts around settlements which served as protection for travelers and settlers against the Native Americans

• Create Utopia-like society in Salt Lake City

• Advancements to farming (irrigation)

Pioneer Women• Farmed, worked, and fought alongside men

• Fought to bring education to settlements in the west

• Many were able to take on jobs typically held by men (hunting and trapping, farming and herding, etc)

• Fought hard for women’s rights- they were able to do men’s jobs and fight, why shouldn’t they be able to vote and inherit or own their own land and property/

Chinese• Immigrated temporarily to work and send money home to families in

areas of China that were suffering financially

• Worked as miners

• Provided services in mostly male mining towns that were generally considered women’s work (laundry, tailoring/clothes repair, etc)

• worked as servants

• were instrumental in building the transcontinental railroad

Missionaries• Some of the first to travel west and establish permanent communities

• Sheltered travelers as they headed west

• Worked closely with Native Americans

• Attempted to convert tribes

• Trying to change their land ownership practices and encourage them to farm

• Spread disease

• Increased tensions with Native Americans because of spread of disease

Charles Finney and the Conversion Experience

• New form of revival– Meeting night after night to build excitement– Praying for sinners by name– Encouraging women to testify in public– Placing those struggling with conversion on the

“anxious bench” at the front of the church All of this adds an intense emotional investment!

Second Great Awakening • As a result of the Second Great Awakening (a series

of revivals in the 1790s-early 1800s), the dominant form of Christianity in America became evangelical Protestantism– Membership in the major Protestant churches—

Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist—soared

– By 1840 an estimated half of the adult population was connected to some church, with the Methodists emerging as the largest denomination in both the North and the South

Education ReformWho participated? Horace Mann, Thomas Jefferson, etc…Who was affected? Students, scholars, educators (especially women- jobs as teachers opened up)What did they want to do?Improved education for civiliansWhat did they actually do? Actually increased education, jobs for women (but at reduced pay), higher education forWomen and African Americans

Mental HealthWho participated? Humanitarians and Doctors (Thomas H Galludet, Samuel Gridley, Dorathea Dix)Who was affected?Deaf, blind, mentally ill (especially imprisoned)What did they want to do?Better treatment of the mentally ill/handicappedWhat did they accomplish?Awareness, placement in appropriate institutions (sort of), establishment of schools

AbolitionWho participated? Abolitionists- ANYONE against slavery (black, white, women, men). Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Dred Scott, John BrownWho was affected? Slaves and Slave OwnersWhat did they want to do? Free slaves, better treatment for already freed slaves, protection for slaves who were freeWhat did they actually accomplish? Better treatment for slaves in some cases, protection for freed slaves

• Most abolitionists demanded freedom for slaves• Abolitionists believed that slavery was wrong

– Morally wrong– Cruel and inhumane– A violation of the principles of democracy

• Leaders– Harriet Tubman– William Lloyd Garrison– Frederick Douglass

Women’s SuffrageWho participated? Women, some men, abolitionists. Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Who was affected? WomenWhat did they want to do? Allow women to vote, property and inheritance, making jobs available for women, domestic violenceWhat was actually accomplished? Education reform more jobs as teachers (paid less, perpetuates women as nurturers)• Supporters declared that “All men and women are created equal.”• Seneca Falls Convention

• Declaration of Rights and Grievances• Believed that women were deprived of basic rights.

– Denied the right to vote– Denied educational opportunities– Denied equal opportunities in business– Limited in rights to own property

• Leaders– Sojourner Truth (black woman), Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

– Strong ties to Abolition