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it is an intresting topic for civil engineers try it it will be so useful
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NH 22
NH 21
NH 64
PILING AND PILE CAP
PRE-TENSIONING OF CONCRETE GIRDERS
REINFORCED EARTH WALL
QUALITY CONTROL
CLASSIFICATION DEPTH
Sandy Silt with Gravel (SM-ML)
0 – 5 m
Silty Clay with Low Plasticity (CL) 5 – 6 m
Silty Sand (SM) 6 – 9 m
Cobbles and Pebbles Intermixed with Sand and Silt
9 – 18 m
Silty Clay with Medium Plasticity (CL)
18 – 23 m
Routine test was carried for 2% of working piles.
The maximum settlement of test loading in position being not exceeding 12 mm.
Increments of 20%of design load are given after 45min.
Incremental loading is stopped once the rate of settlement is 0.1 mm in first 30 mins or 0.2 mm in first hour.
Load is maintained for 24 hours and then rebound is noted.
The plot is drawn for settlement v/s loading.
LOAD (T) SETTLEMENT (mm)
0.00 0.00
33.25 0.201
67.11 0.512
100.37 0.842
135.11 1.121
168.01 1.424
202.01 1.875
237.12 2.602
272.22 3.752
Pile cap is a reinforced concrete structure, which allows the load from a Pier to be equally shared between groups of piles.
PCC layer of 100 mm is laid
Chipping of the top 1m of pile is done
Marking is done on PCC layer for tying reinforcement leaving a clear cover of 75 mm on all sides
Shuttering is done after tying reinforcement
Concreting done in M-35 grade and a slump of 180mm.
DECREASE IN DEAD LOAD
HIGHER LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
REDUCTION IN CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION
CRACK FREE STRUCTURE
ECONOMY
ENABLES USE OF SEGMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
TIME SAVING
Thread the HTS Strands in the R/F cage of the Girder
Anchor all strands on the Pulling-block with master wedges and barrel
Stress the strands by pulling all four Macalloy Bars simultaneously up to a force of 60% of total force
Keep screwing the Macalloy Nut against the Live-end anchor frame plate
Place Four Central Hole Jacks on live end through already placed Macalloy Bars
Connect all four jacks to Power Pack through manifold arrangement
Stress the strands upto 100 Kg/cm² to remove slackness
Cut the extra strand and shift the girder to curing bed
De-tension the girders with help of arrangement same as that for Stressing
Concrete with RMC M40 grade with a Boom Placer, cast 15 cubes
Stress top strand/s one by one by Single Strand Jack requiring a pressure of 482 kg/cm²
Go up to full force as stipulated in the structural drawings i.e. 199.42kN equivalent to a pressure of 526kg/cm²
Retract the jack fully and remove the jacks from the Macalloy Bars
Cure the Girder on the stressing Bed for 3-4 days till it attains 90% strength (36 MPa)
CENTRAL HOLE JACKS
MACALLOY NUT
POWER PACK
MACALLOY BARS
MONOSTRAND JACK
SINGLE PULL STRESSING ARRANGEMENT
CONCRETING BY BOOM PLACER
COMPACTION
NEEDLE VIBRATOR
DOWELSDIAPHRAGM
TOP STRAND
BOTTOM STRAND
WEDGE-BARRELOUTER GIDER INNER GIRDER
DIAPHRAGM
Carried out at night when the traffic volume is low
Proper arrangements are made for traffic control
Speed of trailer is limited to 10km/h
Equipments used
1. Trailer 50 T capcity2. Terex Demag 120 T capacity3. Crane 100 Tcapacity 4. Lifting hooks
TRANSPORTATION OF GIRDER AT SITE
TEREX DEMAG
CRANE
GIRDER
TRAILER
ERECTION OF GIRDER BY CRANE
Reinforced Earth is a composite material formed by the interaction between a frictional soil and reinforcing strips.
The reinforcing strips resist stresses produced within the soil mass
Stresses are transferred to the strips via friction
Precast Concrete panels : prevent erosion of the backfillprovide an attractive, finished appearance
AMBALA END CHANDIGARH END
LENGTH OF WALL 139.114 m 214.114 m
MAX HEIGHT 5.605 m 8.045 m
MIN HEIGHT 1.489 m 1.295 m
GRADIENT 3.00 %
Excavation and installation of drainage system (if any)
Form and pour levelling pad, M30 grade, 150 mm x 350mm
Spread, water and compact backfill in lifts up to 50-75 mm above panel tie strips
Wood wedges and clamps to hold panels in position
Set and brace the course of facing panels
Attach filter cloth with adhesive
Set batter (12-15 mm) , Check horizontal alignment and level
Connect reinforcing strips to panel tie strips with bolts
QUALITY CHECK OF COMPACTION: SAND REPLACEMENT TEST
Bearing blocks/EPDM pads and set the second course of full panels
Compact backfill to within 60 mm of the top of the panels (min. 95% of MDD) upto 1500mm from inner face of panel
Plumb Check of completed panels
Repeat the steps to attain desired height
Lay filter media upto 600 mm from inner face of panel
Compact inner, 1500mm wide backfill upto min 90% MDD
90% MDD 95% MDD
HOOK FOR LIFTINGBRACING
WEDGE
CLAMP
EPDM PAD
SMOOTH-DRUM VIBRATORY ROLLER
LIGHTWEIGHT PLATE VIBRATOR
FILTER MEDIA
INWARD SLOPE OF 2.5%
LUG
HIGH ADHERENCE STRIPS
DATE OF TEST 06-12-07
LOCATION LHS, RE-WALL AMBALA SIDE
MAX. DRY DENSITY 2.02
OMC 9.5 %
BULK DENSITY OF SAND 1.349
WEIGHT OF SAND IN CONE (Wsc) = 880 gm
CYLINDER
CONE
WEIGH BALANCE
REPLACED EARTH
RAPID MOISTURE METER HOLE
SAND
DESCRIPTION UNIT TEST 1 TEST 2
FIELD DENSITY
Mass of wet soil from hole (Ww) gm 3645 4410
Mass of Sand + Cylinder before pouring (W1) gm 14000 14490
Mass of Sand + Cylinder after pouring (W2) gm 10882 10881
Mass of Sand in hole + Cone (W3 = W1-W2) gm 3118 3609
Mass of Sand in Hole (Wb = W3-Wsc) gm 2238 2729
Volume of Sand in the hole (V) cc 1659.01 2022.98
Bulk Density of Soil (Gb = Ww/V) gm 2.197 2.180
MOISTURE CONTENT
Moisture Meter reading % 7 5
Corrected moisture as per calibration (w) % 9 7
RESULTS
Density of Soil, Gd = (Gb×100)/(100+w) gm/cc 2.016 2.037
Percentage Compaction obtained % 99.78 100
Percentage Compaction required % 95 95
•Done at plant and on recieval at site
•6 cubes are cast for each Transit Mixer at plant as well as on site
SLUMP CONE
TAMPING ROD
NAME OF STRUCTURE : PSC GIRDER
GRADE OF CONCRETE : M 40
STRUCTURAL MEMBER : RP 39
LOCATION
: Site Lab
SIZE OF CUBE (mm) : 150*150*150
LOADING: 315 kN/min
CUBE NO.
WEIGHT(gm)
DENSITY(gm/cc)
AGE(days)
LOAD AT FAILURE
(kN)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm² )
AVERAGE (N/mm² )
2 8305 2.461
3
450 20.00
19.854 8299 2.459 450 20.00
7 8300 2.459 440 19.56
5 8342 2.472
7
860 38.25
37.816 8295 2.458 870 38.70
9 8311 2.463 820 36.47
1 8296 2.458
28
1200 53.38
53.383 8300 2.459 1190 52.94
10 8329 2.468 1210 53.83
Characteristic Compressive Strength 40 N/mm²
Maximum size of Aggregate 20 mm
Degree of Workability 0.9 compacting factor
Degree of Quality Control Good (Table 40, SP23:1982)
Type of Exposure Normal (Table1700-3, MORTH)
Initial current margin 12kN/mm² (Table 1700-5 MORTH)
Target Mean Strength = 40 + 12 = 52 N/mm²
Table 5, IS: 10262-1999
Sand Content 38% Water 180kg
High Range Water Reducing Admixture 1.1%
Water : Cement 0.36 (figure 2 ,IS: 10262-1999, Curve E)
Free Water Content 158 kg
Cement 440kg
Total Water (after adjustments) 182.10kg
Fa (Sand) 672 kg
Ca (10mm+20mm) 1130 kg
20 mm aggt. (50%) 565 kg
10 mm aggt.(50%) 565 kg
Batch for 20 kg Cement:
Water Cement Sand 10 mm 20 mm
8.28 20 30.55 25.68 25.68