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Nursing theorist: Interpersonal Relations
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MIDDLE RANGE THEORY
HILDEGARD PEPLAU’S THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS :
Nursing is the interpersonal therapeutic process of functioning cooperatively with other human processes that make health possible for individuals in communities through education that aims to promote forward movement of personality.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU(INTERPERSONALRELATIONSHIP and PSYCHODYNAMIC
NURSING)
The theory explains the purpose of nursing is to help others identify their felt difficulties.
Nurses should apply principles of human relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU(INTERPERSONALRELATIONSHIP and
PSYCHODYNAMIC NURSING)
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process.
Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal.
The attainment of goal is achieved through the use of a series of steps following a series of pattern.
The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in the process.
Metaparadigm in Nursing Person: A developing organism that tries to reduce
anxiety caused by needs.
Environment: Existing forces outside the organism and in the context of culture
Health: A word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal and community living.
Nursing: A significant therapeutic interpersonal process. It functions cooperatively with other human process that make health possible for individuals in communities
ROLES OF NURSES Stranger: receives the client in the same way one meets a stranger
in other life situations provides an accepting climate that builds trust.
Teacher: who imparts knowledge in reference to a need or interest
Resource Person : one who provides a specific needed information that aids in the understanding of a problem or new situation
Counselors : helps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances ,provides guidance and encouragement to make changes
Surrogate: helps to clarify domains of dependence interdependence and independence and acts on clients behalf as an advocate.
Leader : helps client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way
ADDITIONAL ROLES1. Technical expert 2. Consultant 3. Health teacher 4. Tutor 5. Socializing agent 6. Safety agent 7. Manager of environment 8. Mediator 9. Administrator 10. Recorder observer 11. Researcher
- The behavior of the nurse as a person interacting with the patient as a person has significant impact on the patient’s well being and quality and outcome of nursing care.
Phases of interpersonal relationship
1. Orientation 2. Identification 3. Exploitation 4. Resolution
ORIENTAION PHASE On admission
Problem defining phase
Starts when client meets nurse as stranger
Defining problem and deciding type of service needed
Client seeks assistance ,conveys needs ,asks questions, shares preconceptions and expectations of past experiences
Nurse responds, explains roles to client, helps to identify problems and to use available resources and services
Factors influencing orientation phase
IDENTIFICATION PHASEDuring intensive treatment period
Selection of appropriate professional assistance
Patient begins to have a feeling of belonging and a capability of dealing with the problem which decreases the feeling of helplessness and hopelessness
EXPLOITATION/WORKING Convalescence and rehabilitation
Use of professional assistance for problem solving alternatives
Advantages of services are used is based on the needs and interests of the patients
Individual feels as an integral part of the helping environment
They may make minor requests or attention getting techniques
The principles of interview techniques must be used in order to explore, understand and adequately deal with the underlying problem
Patient may fluctuates on independence
Nurse must be aware about the various phases of communication
Nurse aids the patient in exploiting all avenues of help and progress is made towards the final step
RESOLUTION PHASE Discharge
Termination of professional relationship
The patients needs have already been met by the collaborative effect of patient and nurse
Now they need to terminate their therapeutic relationship and dissolve the links between them.
Sometimes may be difficult for both as psychological dependence persists
Patient drifts away and breaks bond with nurse and healthier emotional balance is demonstrated and both becomes mature individuals
Interpersonal theory and nursing process
Both are sequential and focus on therapeutic relationship
Both use problem solving techniques for the nurse and patient to collaborate on, with the end purpose of meeting the patients needs
Both use observation communication and recording as basic tools utilized by nursin
Assessment•Data collection and analysis [continuous]
•May not be a felt need
Orientation•Non continuous data collection
•Felt need
•Define needs
Nursing diagnosis Planning•Mutually set goals
Identification•Interdependent goal setting
Implementation•Plans initiated towards achievement of mutually set goals
•May be accomplished by patient , nurse or family
Exploitation•Patient actively seeking and drawing help
•Patient initiated
Evaluation•Based on mutually expected behaviors
•May led to termination and initiation of new plans
Resolution/TERMINATION•Occurs after other phases are successfully completed •Leads to termination of the relationship