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hip pathologyw mccormick
2017
mccormickortho.com
overview
• classification
• common hip pathologies• FAI• GT pain• snapping
• workup
• treatments
• sample cases
• rehabilitation
• outcomes/complications
hip pathology classification
• V – Vascular
• I – Inflammatory
• N – Neoplastic
• D – Degenerative / Deficiency
• I – Idiopathic
• C – Congenital
• A – Autoimmune
• T – Traumatic
• E – Endocrine
•mechanical• congenital
• dysplasia• FAI
• acquired• trauma • FAI
• non mechanical• immune• infection• vascular (AVN)
hip pathology classification - anatomic
• groin• adductor muscle• anterior acetabular/labral• fascial disruption
• flexion crease• acetabular/labral• iliopsoas tendon
• C-sign• lateral acetabular/labral
• GT• abductor tendon • IT band (snapping)
• buttock• posterior acetabular/labral• sciatic
mechanical articular hip problems
• single event trauma• dislocations/fractures/labral tears
• think shoulder dislocation
• cumulative trauma• labral tear
• usually in setting of too much/too little bone
• cartilage injury• point loading and shear
mechanical non articular hip problems
• ischiofemoral impingement
• sciatic entrapment
• tendon tears• abductor
• hamstring
• fascial disruption (aka sports hernia etc)
onion layers
• limping
• pain behavior
• muscle activation pattern changes
• GT pain syndrome
• narcotic use
• mis-diagnoses
*beware the young multiple comorbidity patient with symptoms>findings*
common hip pathologies
• labral tear
• GT pain syndrome
• snapping
labral tear
what?
groin pain
flexion
rotation
lock/catch
why?
labral tear – not enough bone (dysplasia)
• bone not providing enough coverage (support) for femoral head
• labrum hypertrophies to provide that support
labral tear – too much bone (FAI)
• at risk anatomy + at risk activity
• wild card• reparative capacity
• young
• active
• at risk activities
FAI – acetabular side (pincer impingement)
• overcoverage
FAI – acetabular side
too much bone everywhere
FAI - acetabular side
too much bone in one area
focal overcoverage
FAI – femoral side – CAM impingement
not enough clearance
AIIS impingement (subspine impingement)
• not enough clearance
• possible history of AIIS avulsion
**flexion crease pain with straight flexion• can be tough to differentiate from anterior overcoverage/ant CAM/ant labral tear
Image from Shibahara, healio 40(4):e725-e728
fascial disruption/core muscle/FAI
• the hip bone’s connected to the back bone…
• restricted motion in hip• demands more motion from low back, pubic symphysis
• puts abdominal fascia/muscles in vulnerable position
Image from Larson cm. sports health 2014. 6(2):139-144
Prevalence
• CT study of 100 joints (50 people) asymp• 39% of hips had at least 1 predisposing factor
• M 48% > F 31%
• 74% of hips aspherical
GT pain syndrome
• abductor tendon tendinopathy/tear
• bursitis
• idiopathic
• **pain with resisted abduction is their usual pain**• pain with high flexion and IR is usually only at GT
snapping - internal
• iliopsoas over anterior acetabular rim• “I can hear it”• anatomy + movement• anatomy
• overcoverage (pushes the labrum into the way)• can also happen with THA
• movement• repetitive high flexion with rotation
• ?compensation for lack of mobility elsewhere?
• iliopsoas release???• maybe in THA• better to treat underlying cause in native joint
snapping external
• “my hip dislocates”
• ITB moving over GT
• “I can see it”
• ITB fenestration???• last resort
Image from aaos orthoinfo external snapping hip
workup – history
FAI Arthrosis Abductor Tear RED FLAGS
episodic episodic but ache at night
episodic +/- ache “all the time”
groin/Csign buttock GT rad below knee
worse with flexionrotation
“loosens up”worse at night
worse with standing/walking
worse with any movement
better with NSAIDs
better with restNSAIDs
better with rest nothing improves it
Image from Dooley Can Fam physician 2008.54(1)42-47
workup – exam
FAI Arthrosis Abductor Tear RED FLAGS
gait normalonly limp when flared
normal to antalgic limp walking aids with little demonstrable pathology
n to low abd. strength
normal +/- pain inhibition
decreased abdstrength
unable to selectively activate glutei
worse with flexionrotation
straight flexion may be painless
pain at GT with resisted abd
unable to flex > 90
GT tenderness is not the usual pain
GT tenderness not common
GT tenderness may be the usual pain
tenderness everywhere
Image from Dooley Can Fam physician 2008.54(1)42-47
workup - tests
routine• screen for bony pathology
• xray (AP pelvis, 45 degree Dunn view, false profile)
FAI• CT with 3D reformats
• screen for occult arthrosis• preop planning
• MRI only if diagnosis uncertain AND your radiologists are experienced• joint injection if multiple pain generators
• caution false negatives
abductor tear• MRI
fascial disruption/core muscle injury• MRI
treatment – non operative/preoperative
• mechanism dependent• abductor and core strengthening
• NSAIDs
• activity modification
• normalize gait/strength
• teach muscle control (vital for postop)
• not everyone with pathology is a surgical candidate• arthrosis may be too advanced• ability to successfully rehab is critical
treatment - operative
• address the underlying cause• undercoverage – PAO
• overcoverage – acetabuloplasty
• AIIS – recession
• CAM – resection
• tendon tear – repair
• fascial disruption – repair
rehabilitation
• phase 1 • manage inflammation
• regain motor control
iliopsoas tendonitis
raw bone surfaces
• phase 2• gait
• strength
emphasis on coordination, proprioception, balance
• phase 3• non-sagittal plane
• endurance
ROM?
internal ok
many are delayed
arthroscopy for FAI - outcomes
• mHHS 62 – 82
• 8 yr survival – 82.6% - M>F, young>old, BMI low>high
• Revision – 5% at 2 yrs• BMI, age, sex
arthroscopy for FAI - complications 8%
• DVT/PE – 0.1%
• Infection – deep 0.04%, superficial 1%
• femoral neck stress fracture – 0.1%
• heterotopic ossification 0.8%
• traction related• perineal numbness 1.4%
• ankle/foot pain 0.8%
• lateral thigh numbness -common postop, 1.6% beyond 6mo
• iatrogenic chondral/labral injury 2%
complications - avoidable
• wrong diagnosis• radiculopathy
• missed secondary diagnosis• fascial disruption
complications - avoidable
• residual deformity/pathology
complications - avoidable
• rehab• too fast
• too slow
• just plain wrong
• unknown• capsular stiffness and inflammation
• poor response to NSAIDs, injections
• adhesions
less common hip pathologies
• ischiofemoral impingement
• sciatic entrapment
• hamstring avulsions
sample case 1 – CAM FAI
sample case 2 - overcoverage
sample case 3 – mixed FAI
• dancer
• postop
where is all this going?
• we have been here before• shoulder
• pick up new diagnoses
• treat them in less invasive ways
• not everything is understood…so not everything has a name/treatment yet• subacromial impingement vs GT pain syndrome
• history and physical are paramount• imaging can lead you astray
• “what can I do?” vs “what should I do?”
• rehab focuses on muscular control• despite being more constrained