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S 2000-2011 Volum

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HIPPOS - SUSSITAOF THE

DECAPOLIS

MICHAEL EISENBERG

THE FIRST TWELVE SEASONS OF EXCAVATIONS

2000 - 2011

Volume II

Hippos-Sussita of the DecapolisThe First Twelve Seasons of Excavations

2000 - 2011

Volume II

Michael Eisenberg

With contributions by

Mariusz Burdajewicz, Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw

Adi Erlich, The Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa

Rafael Frankel, The Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa

Rachel Hesse, Durham University

Hector Hinojosa-Prieto, Cologne University

Klaus-G. Hinzen, Cologne University

Emilia Jastrzębska, Warsaw, Poland

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin, Art History Department, Tel Aviv University

Shmuel Marco, Department of Geosciences, Tel Aviv University

Mechael Osband, The Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa

Silvia Rozenberg, Israel Museum, Jerusalem

Patrick Scott-Geyer, The Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa

Tsvika Tsuk, The Israel Nature and Parks Authority

Neta Wechsler, Department of Geosciences, Tel Aviv University

Oren Zingboym, Israel Antiquities Authority

Published by

The Zinman Institute of ArchaeologyUniversity of Haifa, Mount Carmel

Haifa 3498838ISRAEL

hippos@research.haifa.ac.ilhttp://hippos.haifa.ac.il

Language Editor: Rebecca Toueg

Pottery Plates: Alexander Iermolin, Mariusz Burdajewicz, Anat Regev Gisis and Nofar Shamir

Glass Plates: Mariusz Burdajewicz

Design and Layout: Anya Hayat and Anat Regev Gisis

ISBN 978-965-7547-06-9

© 2018 The Zinman Institute of Archaeology and the writers

This book was published with the support of the Israel Science Foundation.

Printed by Millenium Ayalon LTD

המכון לארכיאולוגיה ע“ש זינמןThe Zinman Institute of Archaeology

This volume is dedicated to Prof. Arthur Segal who initiated and headed The Hippos-Sussita Excavation Project

for the first twelve seasons (2000-2011).

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES 5

ChApTEr 1. INTRODUCTION 10Michael Eisenberg

ChApTEr 2. HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES AROUND THE SEA OF GALILEE 16Neta Wechsler, Shmuel Marco, Klaus-G. Hinzen and Hector Hinojosa-Prieto

ChApTEr 3. THE NECROPOLEIS 24Oren Zingboym

ChApTEr 4. THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 44Tsvika Tsuk

ChApTEr 5. THE HIPPOS WINERY COMPLEX 56Rafael Frankel and Michael Eisenberg

ChApTEr 6. HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS 74Emilia Jastrzębska

ChApTEr 7. FINAL POTTERY REPORT OF THE 2010-2011 EXCAVATION SEASONS 88Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

ChApTEr 8. SUMMARY OF THE POTTERY FINDS 210Mechael Osband and Michael Eisenberg

ChApTEr 9. THE GLASS VESSELS OF THE ROMAN, BYZANTINE AND EARLY ISLAMIC PERIODS 276Mariusz Burdajewicz

ChApTEr 10. STUCCO RELIEF DEPICTING MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES 320Adi Erlich

ChApTEr 11. WALL PAINTING AND STUCCO FRAGMENTS 328Silvia Rozenberg

ChApTEr 12. POLLEN ANALYSIS 370Patrick Scott-Geyer

ChApTEr 13. THE PIG DEPOSIT IN EARLY ISLAMIC HIPPOS 378Rachel Hesse

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin Art History Department, Tel Aviv University

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INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY1

This chapter presents ceramics of the Hellenistic through the Umayyad periods, from the 3rd century BCE to the mid‑8th century CE, which was retrieved in the 2010 and 2011 seasons at Hippos from six excavation areas: 1) The Northern Part of the Basilica, BSL North (TMN) (Pls. 1–3); 2) The Southern Part of the Basilica, BSL South (HLC) (Pls. 4–8; 11–12); 3) The Roman Odeion, BLT (Pls. 9–10); 4) The 2nd to 3rd century CE Roman Southern Bathhouse, SWL–I (Pls. 13–21); 5) The Late Byzantine‑Umayyad Living Quarters West, LQW (Pls. 22–27); 6) The Northeast Insula Project, NIP incorporating: the 3rd to fifth/sixth century CE ‘House of Tyche’ (Pls. 28–29) and the Late Byzantine‑Umayyad ‘Complex Alpha’ (Pls. 30–34).

While at the field, all the pottery baskets retrieved during the excavations were processed and assigned provisional dates, then recorded on a ceramic database. Body‑shards were usually discarded, unless potentially restorable. Only indicative pieces, such as rims, bases, decorated fragments, and lamps and all lamp‑fragments, were kept. The pottery was then transferred to the laboratories of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa where it was studied and analyzed by the author. Restoration of vessels was undertaken by Dr. Alexander Iermolin and the restorers of the American Concordia University team, sometimes involving a chemical cleaning of chalky patina attached to the vessels, a phenomenon especially characteristic of the ceramics deposit L1973 at the Southern Bathhouse. We normally did not pursue a restoration of complete white‑painted‑on‑black ‘Beisan Jars’, both because these vessels were ubiquitous at BYZ and UMM levels, and because they were extensively studied at other Galilean and Decapolis sites (Landgraf 1980, p. 67–80; Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 230–234, fig. 11.3, ‘Type SJ 2’).

The pottery selected for drawing was catalogued with serial numbers, running separately for each of the years 2010 (nos. 1–313) and 2011 (nos. 1–347), which were inscribed in red or green on the drawn pieces. However, not all of the pottery catalogued and drawn is published in the present chapter.

The ceramics analyzed herein was selected for publication based first and foremost on stratigraphic criteria, emphasizing ‘clean’ single‑period assemblages, which are potentially critical and related to major architectural phases in the excavation. When deemed appropriate, these were supplemented by typologically interesting vessels, even if those came from unstratified contexts. Accordingly, the pottery was grouped chronologically under three sub‑headings (except in Area NIP), and within each period by area and Locus: a) Hellenistic — Early Roman periods, 3rd/2nd centuries BCE — 150 CE (Areas BSL North; BSL South; BLT); b) Middle/Late Roman Period, 150–363 / 400 CE (Areas BSL South, SWL I); c) Middle/Late Roman — Umayyad periods, 4th century — early‑8th century CE (Areas LQW; NIP). While later intrusions in these major chronological divisions are duly noted, this approach is adopted in order to facilitate a comparative study of ceramics across the excavation areas, underscoring its uniformity in each of these periods.

1 Acknowledgments: I am grateful to Arthur Segal and Michael Eisenberg, who have put the material from the Hippos excavations at my disposal and facilitated my study in optimal conditions, persistently encouraging it and providing the archaeological context for this chapter. I would also like to thank Yana Vitkalov and Nofar Shamir, who assisted me in the recording and processing of the ceramics. The pottery was drawn, patiently and impatiently, by Aleksander Iermolin who prepared the plates as well. Last but not least, I am indebted to Mechael Osband for his professional advice on, and insights into Northern Israeli ceramics and also for supplying me with critical publications of Gadara and Capernaum ceramics.

Standard fine wares and cooking wares are identified in the current chapter by the following codes: ESA — Eastern Sigillata A ware (Hayes 1985); PSF — Phoenician Semi‑Fine ware and related wares (Berlin 1997, p. 9–10; Berlin 1997a; Berlin 2006, p. 16; Berlin and Stone 2016, p. 140–141); FBW — Byzantine Fine ware (Magness 1993, p. 166–171); ARS — African Red Slip ware (Hayes 1972, p. 13–315); CRS — Cypriote Red Slip ware (Hayes 1972, p. 371–401; Meyza 2007); and LRC — Late Roman C or Phocaean ware (Hayes 1972 p. 323–370). In the descriptions of ceramics in the attached tables, the following abbreviations are also used: aka = ‘also known as’; dm. = ‘diameter’; ext. = ‘exterior’; int. = ‘interior’; rest. = ‘restored’; cont. = ‘continued’.

Galilean cooking ware, manufactured mainly at Kefar Hananya centre from around the mid‑1st century BCE to the early 5th century CE, is labelled in the present publication as ‘KFH Adan forms…’ (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993; Adan‑Bayewitz 2003). The distribution of KFH in the Golan along with competing production of identical forms in local Golanic material was duly noted (Berlin 2006, p. 17–18; Ben‑David 2014). Sometimes Golanic production could be distinguished by virtue of a coarser fabric, uneven firing and gray core, whereas ‘original’ Galilean Kefar Hananya vessels tend to be of harder and thinner ‘metallic’ fabric. We noted the cases when a Golanic instead of Galilean manufacture is suspected. But since a distinction between the two wares by visual examination alone is not always a reliable criterion, the KFH labelling in this chapter refers to typological‑chronological forms as defined in D. Adan‑Bayewitz’s studies, not necessarily to their actual manufacture site.

Parallels and provisional dates for the pottery are listed in the ceramic tables. It should be clarified that the dating of any ceramic form cited in the accompanying tables refers to its maximal chronological range, not to its specific dates or use at Hippos. The parallels for the pottery unearthed at Hippos were sought from well‑dated contexts at sites in Northern Israel and Jordan, in order to foreground regional shifts in the ceramics used and traded at Hippos in relation to, and interaction with five regions: (1) The Levantine coast from Dor to Tyre, including the Carmel mountain range and the ‘Akko valley; (2) Central and Eastern Galilee, including sites on both shores of the Sea of Galilee; (3) The Northern Golan, known in Roman and Byzantine periods as the Paneas district, including the Ḥula Valley with its major HEL — ERM hub of Tel Anafa; (4) Central and Southern Golan, known in Roman and Byzantine periods respectively as the Gaulanitis and the Hippos regions, including Hippos itself, Gamla, and Hammat Gader; (5) Other Decapolis cities with well‑dated ceramic contexts in Northern Jordan and the Bet‑She’an Valley, namely: Nyssa‑Scythopolis (Bet‑She’an); Gerasa (Jerash); Pella (Ṭabaqāt Faḥl); and Gadara (Umm Qays), Hippos’ closest neighbor,.

It goes without saying that, since the ceramics published and discussed in this chapter is restricted to the 2010–2011 seasons (which were the author’s responsibility), it is not intended to give a representative, let alone a comprehensive, survey of the ceramic types used and traded at Hippos between the Hellenistic and the Umayyad periods. For further information on pottery from well‑dated contexts, see Młynarczyk’s preliminary ceramic reports for

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the years 2000–2009, as well as the summary of the pottery finds by M. Osband and M. Eisenberg in the present volume.

A) HEL — ERM PERIODS, 3rd/2nd CENTURY BCE — 150 CE (AREAS BSL NORTH; BSL SOUTH; BLT)

1. Western Wall of the Roman Basilica — The Eastern Wall of the Hellenistic Sanctuary (Area BSL North aka TMN) (Pls. 1–3)Area BSL North is a narrow strip opened up in 2010 in order to investigate the Hellenistic Sanctuary’s eastern wall (W1151) running south from the northeastern corner (W13) of the sanctuary to a length of about 25 m. The strip is 6 m wide at its northern end, narrowing to 2 m in the southern part (Hippos 2010, p. 34–37, figs. 37–46). Prior to discussing the ceramics retrieved from there, it is mandatory to explain the complex stratigraphy of this area as the conjunction of the Hellenistic Sanctuary/Early Roman Temple — probably built in the late 2nd or the early 1st century BCE, and the Basilica which was constructed to the east of it in the late 1st century CE.

The eastern wall (W1151) of the Hellenistic Sanctuary was constructed of basalt ashlars with dressed margins and crude bosses set in the header‑stretcher method; the same building method detected in the southern and western walls of the Sanctuary exposed in previous excavations seasons in Hippos. With the construction of the Roman Basilica in the late 1st century, the Sanctuary wall was reused to serve as the foundation upon which the western wall (W238) of the Basilica was laid. The ERM W238 was built of smooth basalt ashlars (opus quadratum), distinguishable from the bossed‑ashlars of the Hellenistic Sanctuary wall. Moreover, from about the mid‑6th century CE, the same Basilica wall (W258) was reused as the eastern wall of the Byzantine Northwest Church compound (NWC) (Segal 2014a, p. 133, fig. 161).

At the wide northern end of the excavation, adjacent to the Hellenistic wall W1151 another wall W3078 was exposed. This wall is built of smooth ashlars directly upon the bedrock. W3078 probably served as the northern supporting wall of the Basilica. On its inner‑south side, two additional smooth‑ashlar walls, W2302 and W3204, were likely of the same period. In between them there were found two filling‑layers: L3203 — of crushed limestone and L3208 — of pressed earth. What little pottery was retrieved from these two fills consisted of non‑indicative shards of ERM jars (with attached mortar hinting to their secondary constructional use), ESA, and cooking wares, as well as a Herodian lamp fragment (not published). The area north of wall W3078 slopes steeply downwards, leading the excavators to interpret W3078, W2302 and W2304 as

‘a system of walls interspersed with fillings that were meant to create an artificial plane on which the floor of the Basilica was based’ (Hippos 2010, p. 36–37, figs. 37–42). The sloping area L3079 would lie outside the Roman Basilica’s northern wall (W3078). The large amount of pottery retrieved from L3079 contained a fill of mixed periods: Chalcolithic, HEL, ERM, BYZ, including black Beisan jars, as well as roof‑tiles that could have originated from the Basilica. It is likely that this material was dumped down the slope (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 99). Still, several baskets B2757, 2762, 2763 (Pl. 3: 59–84)

presented an ERM assemblage datable from the late 1st century BCE to the mid‑2nd century CE, that could be correlated to the periods of the Basilica’s construction and use.

In the central and southern sections of the excavated strip (south of W3078) parallel to the eastern face of the Sanctuary wall W1151, a series of walls were found, running generally in an east‑west direction, which were rather carelessly built of small ashlars set as headers‑stretchers. These walls were associated with a series of plastered floors and at least two plastered installations for unknown liquids: (1) A rectangular tub L6097 adjacent to W3065 and overlaid by the later W3063 (Hippos 2010, p. 35–36, figs. 37, 45), inside of which large fragments of PSF table amphorae (Pl. 1: 24–28) were found, as well as other vessels either used in that installation or discarded inside it; (2) A semi‑circular basin L3061 with a central cavity, which was associated with high‑quality plastered F3055 and W3076 (Hippos 2010, p. 36, figs. 37, 44, 46). Inside this basin, non‑indicative Hellenistic shards and ESA fragments were found (not published).

Neither the exact nature nor the function of these east‑west walls or their associated floors and plastered basins is entirely clear, due to the limited scale of the dig in the area and its discontinuation. Nevertheless, three stratigraphic‑ceramic observations are relevant:

1) All of these walls and installations (e. g. L3067) originally lay outside to the east of the Hellenistic Sanctuary. Some of these E‑W walls and installations very likely predated the construction of the Hel lenistic Sanctuary’s eastern wall, although the stratigraphic situation is far from clear. What is beyond doubt is that all these walls, floors, and installation were filled‑in and cancelled with the construction of the western wall (W238) of the Basilica in the latter half of the 1st century CE (Hippos 2010, figs. 43–45), as confirmed by the pottery retrieved from this area (Pls. 1–2), which all seems to date shortly before the mid‑1st century CE.

2) All the loci throughout this area, including the deepest ones that reached bedrock, featured ESA fragments, e. g. L3068 (Pl. 2: 33, 38, 51) and L3073, L3087, L3098 (Pl. 1: 1–22). ESA worn shards were often found in the same loci with Hellenistic color‑coated ware which were, moreover, often mixed with Chalcolithic shards and flint close to bedrock (e. g. L3067, L3068, L3070, L3073, L3090). While lone shards (Pls. 1: 9; 2: 30) may date from as early as the 3rd century BCE, Ptolemaic Period (or the second half of the 4th century BCE?), this stratigraphic‑ceramic association implies that most of the walls and installations in this area postdate 150 BCE — the period when Eastern Terra Sigillata Ware starts to be manufactured.

3) The overall character of the walls and the plastered installations with the HEL — ERM (1st century BCE to the 1st century CE) pottery retrieved from contexts along the eastern wall of the Hellenistic Sanctuary (which later served as the western wall of the Roman Basilica) recalls some of the installations exposed beneath the northern city wall (W13) in previous seasons, one of which was interpreted as a winery (Eisenberg 2014, p. 115–119, figs. 126–135). The excavators suggested relating the patchy burnt layers found in the northern city wall — which contain no later than 1st century BCE pottery — with the city’s conquest by Alexander Janneus in the early 1st century BCE.

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The pottery in Pl. 1: 1–22 comes from successive fills, L3073, L3087, and L3090 at a single spot of the dig north of the W3065 / W1151 junction. The uppermost L3073 is a soft gray fill beside the early Roman W3202, which would explain the concurrence of HEL and ERM ceramics in the locus: Gray/Brown slipped ware (nos. 1–5); PSF Table amphorae/jugs (nos. 17–18); ESA Hayes forms 18–19 (no. 8) of the late 2nd to the mid‑1st century BCE; a black‑glossed Calyx‑cup of Aegean manufacture (no. 9) of the 3rd to the early 2nd century BCE; and a Galilean ledge‑rim cooking bowl of probable KFH manufacture (no. 10) of the late 1st century BCE to 67 CE. L3087 and L3090 were beneath L3073, and possibly associated with the plastered F3089. L3090 constitutes a basalt‑stone fill down to the bedrock at the foot of W1151. That context also produced a 2nd century BCE radial Hellenistic lamp (no. 22). The ceramics retrieved from the plastered tub L6097 beside W3065 is illustrated in Pl. 1: 23–29. That installation contained several painted PSF table amphorae (nos. 24–28) and a cooking pot with a molded triangular‑rim (no. 29); both dated from the mid‑2nd to the early 1st century BCE with close parallels in Tel Anafa. The jar with squared rim (no. 23), also found there and dated from the late 1st century BCE to 70 CE, may well be intrusive.

The pottery in Pl. 2 is from various loci. L3082 and L3083 are probes in the northern part of the dig to the west of the Sanctuary wall W238 (inside the area of the Hellenistic Sanctuary — Roman Temple). This produced a soft gray earth with ceramics from the Persian, HEL and ERM periods into the early 1st century CE (Pl. 2: 30, 34–36, 40–41, 49, 53). L3068, L3070, L3075 were fills of rubble and gray‑brown earth at the foot of W238, which all featured at their bottom abundant burnt material, animal bones, and ceramic fragments (Pl. 2: 31–33, 38, 51). L3068, excavated down to bedrock, goes beneath the Roman courses of W238 predating it. Beginning at the elevation of W3054 and F3055, the relation of L3068 to the two former features is equivocal. L3070 and L3075 were probes north and east of F3085, dug at spots where that floor went missing (possibly due to robbery trenches) (Hippos 2010, p. 36, fig. 37, 44). The burnt material of these three contexts and their ceramics seems to date from the 2nd to the early 1st century BCE; and moreover, has close ceramic parallels in the destruction level of 82 BCE in Pella by Janneus. One could be tempted into associating these burnt levels with Alexander Janneus’ conquest of Hippos in the early 1st century BCE, similar to what was suggested for the burnt levels excavated in the northern city wall. F3055 (near L3068) also produced material consonant with the 2nd to the early 1st century BCE (Pl. 2: 37, 42, 48, 50). Still, the evidence for the associations of these burnt levels with Janneus’ conquest is equivocal, as some ceramic types clearly continue to the late 1st century BCE and even into the 1st century CE.

Various Fills and Installations along the Hellenistic Sanctuary / Roman Basilica Wall, 3rd/2nd centuries BCE — mid-1st century CE (Pls. 1–2)Hellenistic Color-Coated Ware (nos. 1–5, 9, 31–33, 35–36, 41): These ubiquitous Hellenistic wares are typically slipped in dull red, brown and gray colors. Two fabrics may be distinguished: fine buff to orange essentially similar to ESA fabric and likely imported from the still unidentified Eastern Mediterranean coastal region (Slane 1997, p. 269–282, termed ‘BSP’); and local coarser, sandier fabric of variable shades with medium grits. Nos. 1–3 are either fishplates (aka saucers) or bowls with outturned often thickened ledge‑rim.

No. 2 of thicker fabric slightly carinated below the rim is typical of the 3rd to the late 2nd century BCE. The central cavity of no. 3 identifies it as a fishplate. Nos. 5, 35–36 are bowls with incurved rim, being one of the most popular and long‑lived Hellenistic types from the mid‑4th until the early 1st century BCE (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, p. 289–290).

Nos. 31–33 are distinctive S‑profiled cups which often display thickened rims and pinched horizontal (no. 32) or vertical set handles. This rarer type was dated at Dor and other sites mainly to the 2nd century BCE. The bichrome red‑gray slip (also seen in the Hippos examples) is indeed characteristic of this type, which is thought to imitate the handled‑cups of Knidian gray ware. Coastal‑Palestinian, Phoenician and Aegean production were all suggested for this type; John Hayes also suggested that some of the examples were manufactured in the southeast Aegean (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, p. 294, ‘Bowls with Pinched Handles’, fig. 6.7; Slane 1997, p. 280–281, FW 38–40, citing Hayes). No. 9 may be a calyx‑cup with an outturned neck and a triangular rim made of thin‑walled buff fabric and covered with a dull black slip. This rare type, probably of Aegean production, has parallels, albeit decorated, at Tarsus and ‘Akko (Berlin and Stone 2016, p. 194–195, fig. 9.27:9).

ESA Open Dishes (nos. 6–8, 34, 37–40, 42–44): Hayes 4 with incurved‑rim (nos. 6–7, 37–38), dated from the late 2nd century BCE to the early 1st century CE, is the most popular form in Hippos, just as it is one of the two commonest forms at Gamla (Berlin 2006, p. 21–23, fig. 2.4:1–5). Hayes 18–19 (no. 8), Tel Anafa type 25b (no. 40), and bases of Hayes 22 (nos. 42–43) of similar dates, also occur. But the assemblage also contains Hayes 46–47 and Tel Anafa type 22 (nos. 34, 39) dated exclusively in the first half of the 1st century CE.

Cooking Wares (nos. 11–12, 29, 45–49): The nearly total absence of KFH in this area indicates its early date. The only vessel in either KFH (or Golanic fabric) is the cooking bowl no. 10 with ledge‑rim. Although not included in Adan‑Bayewitz’s 1993 corpus, this type was popular at Gamla and was present at Tel Anafa, as well as at other Galilean sites, where it is dated from the mid‑1st century BCE to ca. 70 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 113–114, PW 304–310; Berlin 2006, p. 45–47, fig. 2.19:1–6; Adan‑Bayewitz 2003, p. 15–16). Typologically and chronologically preceding Adan form 1 A, it might be apt calling it ‘Adan form 1–0’.

No. 11 is a Hellenistic shallow baking pan with flaring, sometimes thickened sides, made of micaceous fabric imported from the Aegean — a source in Pergamon was suggested. Dated from the 3rd to the 1st century BCE, even its non‑indicative fragments are easily recognizable due to their distinctive coarse fabric in dark brownish or grayish color (sometimes with gray core) containing much temper of different sizes including quartz and mica. The underside of the pan is typically very rough, while its interior is sooted and highly polished in order to prevent the dough sticking to it; a similar principle is used today in Teflon ware. Being the commonest type of baking pan at Anafa assemblages, its absence from Hasmonean kingdom assemblages is tale‑telling as to the differing diets of the inhabitants (Berlin 1997, p. 110–111, fig. 13, PW 298–301). No. 49 is a casserole with a rounded body and concave lip (broken in this case) intended to receive a lid, and a transitional short ‘neck’ separating the two. Open casseroles were not common in this assemblage. Its fabric with shiny grits or mica suggests an Aegean import. At Dor, such casseroles, often also of micaceous

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fabric, are dated from the mid‑4th to the 2nd century BCE, enjoying a peak of popularity in 2nd century BCE contexts (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘Type CP 5’).

Closed cooking pots were the commonest. The most popular type in the assemblage is the one with a distinctive triangular rim (no. 29, 46–48), globular body and suppressed neck. At Dor this Hellenistic cooking‑pot type ‘CP 3’ is dated from the mid‑4th to the 2nd century BCE, and it recurs also at Tel Anafa. Nos. 29 and 46 — with thinner‑walls, shallow ribbing on the body, and a small moulded triangular rim — should date from the second half of the 2nd century BCE, as suggested in Dor: ‘In the later phases of the second century BCE, the walls of the cooking pots become thinner and the rims shorter but still triangular in section. In some loci of that date these variations constitute almost 50% of the total cooking pots…’ (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, fig. 6.18).

No. 12 is a rather rare type identified by A. Berlin as a Hellenistic stewpot, characterized by a deep body, wide‑mouth, high‑neck and pronounced ledge‑rim. Parallels from Galilean sites such as

‘Akko and Kedesh are dated from the late 3rd to the first half of the 1st century BCE. No. 45, with a splayed neck and thin walls of the 2nd and the 1st century BCE, recalls similar types at Gamla and Tel Anafa, and was common at Pella in levels dated from 150 to the early 1st century BCE, ascribed to the 83/82 BC destruction of the city by Alexander Janneus (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pls. 129:4; 131:4; McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78: 3).

Jars (nos. 13–16, 23, 50–52): The jars are made of slightly sandy — buff, pink, or greenish‑yellow colored — fabric with much temper. The majority have a rounded (nos. 13–15, 50) or squared rims (nos. 16, 51), but a few belong to the typically ERM straight‑rim jar (nos. 23, 52). Overall, their forms recall those of jars published from Pella and Gamla (Berlin 2006, p. 48–56, figs. 2.22–28).

PSF Table-Amphorae, Jugs and Lagynoi (nos. 17–18, 24–28, 53–54): PSF vessels came in both chalky and granular fabric‑varieties, which A. Berlin suggests were produced respectively in the regions of Tyre and ‘Akko (Berlin and Stone 2016, p. 140–141). Decorated typically in dark‑brown or dark‑red colors dripping on the exterior, some also display color‑bands on the rim (nos. 18, 24, 26) and on the shoulder (no. 54). Rims, large shards and low ring‑bases (no. 28) of a few table‑amphorae were disposed at the plastered tub L6097. Their pointed‑flanged (no. 24–25, 27) or concave (no. 26) rims have close parallels at Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997, pp. 37–40, PW 8); Gamla (Berlin 2006, p. 28–30, fig. 2.8:2–3); and Dor (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, p. 309, fig. 6.32:3, 7), usually dated from the second half of the 2nd to the early 1st century BCE. The flaring‑neck lagynos no. 53 (heavily charred) may be paralleled at the 107 BCE Hasmonean destruction level of Tel Iztaba (Sandhouse 2014, pl. 6); and at Pella (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 77: 10) from 150 to the early 1st century BCE, terminating with the 83/82 BCE destruction by Alexander Janneus.

Juglets, Amphoriskoi, Unguentaria (nos. 19–20, 57–58): Small toilet‑vessels — familiar and recognizable even in small fragments from other Hellenistic sites — such as amphoriskos with pointed‑base (no. 19), bottle or unguentarium with stumpy foot (no. 20), and miniature biconical ointment‑pot (no. 56), were rather uncommon.

Lamps (nos. 21–22, 30, 57–58): Only small fragments or nozzles of lamps were retrieved belonging to two salient types that were probably produced locally: nos. 21, 57 — a wheel‑made lamp with a

steep shoulder (Rosenthal‑Heginbottom 1995, p. 236–237, type 10, fig. 5.15:9); no. 22 a molded gray‑slipped lamp with radial decoration. Both types are dated to the 2nd century BCE, but continue into the first half of the 1st century BCE. The molded HEL lamp with radial decoration is especially a hallmark 2nd century BCE type, which is common in the nearby sites of Gamla, Tel Iztaba, Tel Anafa and Kedesh (parallels listed in tables). A rare type was a PSF molded lamp (no. 58) with dripping red décor.

Fill L3079 Northwest of the Basilica, late second century BC — mid-second century CE (Pl. 3)Thin-walled Cup (no. 59): Thin‑walled cups, mugs, and beakers imitating Italian shapes were introduced to the Levant only in the late 1st century BCE. Such a cup with a short everted rim at Gamla appears only in 1st century CE contexts (Berlin 2006, p. 14–15, 24–25, fig. 2.5).

ESA Open Dishes (nos. 60–61): No. 60 is of Hayes form 45 or Tel Anafa type 34 b (Slane 1997, p. 324–328, FW 273–276), dated to the first half of the 1st century CE. No. 61 is probably of Hayes form 4.

KFH and Other Cooking Wares (nos. 62–72): Cooking bowls of Adan forms 1 A and 1 B (nos. 62–64), and closed pots and casseroles of Adan forms 4 B (nos. 67–69) and 3 B (nos. 70–72), which are dated from the mid‑1st century CE, indicate the early Roman date of the fill discarded or dumped in that area. The non‑KFH cooking wares include: a HEL small cooking pot with short neck and flattened rim (no. 65) and a Judean‑type cooking‑pot (no. 66) with a squat body and an extremely wide, casserole‑like, mouth typical of Southern assemblages between the two Jewish revolts (Rapuano 2013, p. 68–69).

Jars and Small Containers (nos. 73–80): The jars nos. 73–75 belong to a single type with vertical neck ridged at the base and a beveled or triangular rim. This typically ERM jar is dated from the late 1st century BCE to the first half of the 2nd century CE. The short‑necked flask or a jug no. 76 with triangular everted rim has parallels dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries CE at Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997, p. 142, pl. 48: PW 429) and at Dor (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, p. 321–323, fig. 6.49:24). No. 77 is a shoulder fragment of a closed vessel, whose dark‑red decoration of painted dots or grape‑bunches is apparently a local imitation of Aegean vessels (cf. Guz‑Zilberstein 1995, fig. 6.33:2). Nos. 78–80 are PSF jugs and juglets with some red decoration. While no parallels exist for the jug/small jar no. 79, its puffy ridged neck should belong to the ERM or MRM periods.

Lamps (nos. 81–84): the lamp‑types, a ‘Herodian’ (no. 81), ‘Southern Molded’ (nos. 82, 84), and a single ‘Roman discus lamp’ (no. 83) are consonant with the 0–150 CE date. The latter lamp, made of thin fabric and slipped with a dark‑red slip of thin fabric with graded rim and a conch (or a rosette) in relief on its discus, may be a Roman import with especially close parallels at Gamla (Terem 2008, pl. 38: 169).

2. Southern Part of the Early Roman Basilica (BSL South) (Pls. 4–8)The 2010–2011 excavations focused on the Basilica’s southern part, including the main triple entrance to building from the south and the southern aisle; the southern end of the western aisle; the southern end of the eastern aisle; and the nave’s southern end where bedrock was reached beneath L2092 and L2097. At the southern end of the

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Roman Basilica, scanty remains of walls (W2090 and W2096), built of rough stones directly on bedrock were preserved to the height of one course only. While the nature of these walls is unclear, they unquestionably preceded the construction of the Basilica in this spot, since they are found either at the same elevation or beneath the chalky floor of the Basilica.

In addition to this, the excavations proceeded to expose the paved ‘plaza’ to the south of the Basilica’s main triple entrance (Hippos 2010, p. 25–33; Segal 2014b, p. 179–180, note 56). During the late Byzantine and the Umayyad periods, this entire area became an industrial complex with six baking ovens being constructed directly over the paving flagstones of the Roman ‘plaza’, which were initially excavated in 2007–2009. In 2010 the excavators dismantled the baking ovens, and discovered two additional Umayyad ovens, L2042–2043 and L2044 set one inside another in the flagstones gap south of the Basilica’s central doorway. The two ovens are associated with the remains of poorly constructed Umayyad walls and a channel L2041 — a continuation of channel L2061 running south of the eastern doorway (F2052) in the Basilica’s southern wall (Hippos 2010, p. 27–29, figs. 21–23, 25–26). Channel L2041 was used in the late Byzantine — Umayyad period as confirmed by several rims of LRC form 10 A from the late 6th to the early 7th century CE, and CRS form 9 B, dated 530/540—700/750 CE. South of the Basilica’s eastern doorway (F2052) late Byzantine‑Umayyad ceramics (L2046) were also found together with a large accumulation of animal bones which were buried beneath a basalt debris (L2058). The character of these ceramics is consonant with industrial activity carried out here during the 6th to 8th century CE. It mainly consisted of everpresent ‘Beisan’ jars and large bases and rims of heavy and coarse pithoi with combed decoration, which were dated in previous Hippos reports to the 6th to 7th century (not published). A fragment of ‘Gerasa’ lamp (L2045, not published) of the 6th to 8th century CE also came from the same area (Młynarczyk 2007, nos. 17, 30, 156; Młynarczyk 2009, p. 109, nos. 55–57; Hippos 2010, p. 30–31, 98, fig. 23).

Most loci throughout the south of the Basilica produced ceramics of mixed periods from the HEL, in the 2nd century BCE to the Umayyad Period in the earlier half of the 8th century CE. This is due to two factors: first, the continuous use of the area and its industrial transformation from the 6th century CE onwards, which disturbed many earlier ceramic contexts; and second, a large scale clearing by tractor at this particular excavation area. Hence, the present publication presents selected ‘clean’ ceramic contexts from HEL‑ERM loci predating the Roman Basilica, which may be used to date its construction. As to MRM 3rd to 4th century CE ceramic contexts preceding the 363 CE earthquake, these are the subject of another section below (for an up‑to‑date publication of the Basilica see: Eisenberg 2017).

The small ERM deposit of worn shards, presented in Pl. 4, was retrieved from probe L2034 excavated in the Basilica’s southern aisle (north of the building’s main doorway) sealed beneath its chalky floor‑foundation, and from channel L2037 found in the same probe. It includes KFH Adan forms 1 A / G1 A and 4 B / G4 B (nos. 1, 3) and a Herodian lamp nozzle (no. 6). The largest amount of HEL—ERM pottery, however, originated from the excavations in the south part of the Basilica nave, from L2094, L2092, L2097 excavated in 2011. A representative selection from this large deposit was published

by Osband (Osband 2017, p. 91–92, 96–97, pl. 1), but the current publication presents and discusses in detail all the indicative pottery from those three loci (in Pls. 5–8), which are crucial for dating the Basilica’s construction. Probe L2094 dug near W2090 was sealed beneath the Basilica’s floor (F2074 / F2073), and hence is the most crucial ceramic context for dating the Basilica. L2094 consisted of 20–25 cm fill of dark‑brown‑blackish earth with much pottery lying direct upon the bedrock. L2092 and L2097 could be associated with the east‑west wall W2096 of rough stones which was preserved to the height of one course only, and also with the floor‑foundation F2098. The stratigraphic situation at that spot is complicated by the fact that all these architectural and stratigraphic features (L2092, L2097, W2096 and F2098) are found at elevations between 126.75 and 126.79). L2092 and L2097, which overlie the Basilica’s floor (= F2065 at elevation 126.70), seem to represent the Basilica’s use through the 1st and 2nd centuries CE (Segal 2014b, p. 179–180, note 56). L2097 north of W2096 produced the largest amount of HEL—ERM pottery, datable from the late 2nd/early 1st centuries BCE to the mid‑2nd century CE. But in addition, this unsealed locus also presented one or two small stray shards of ‘Beisan jars’ (not published), and two mid‑4th century coins, dated between 351–363 CE, that must be associated with prolonged use of this public building until the 363 CE earthquake (Berman 2014, p. 280–281, nos. 31, 34). Few fragments of ARS and LRC (Pl. 6: 40–41) could also intruded into L2092.

Consequently, the ceramics coming from probes L2034 / L2037 and L2094 sealed beneath the Basilica’s chalky floor is crucial as terminus post quem for the monument’s construction. Several ERM key‑pieces are noteworthy: no. 3, KFH Adan form 4 B / G4 B, mid‑1st to mid‑2nd century CE; no. 6, Herodian lamp, late 1st century BCE to 1st century CE; no. 11, ESA Hayes form 34 / Tel Anafa form 23,

‘Claudian‑Neronian’, 40–70 CE; no. 32, thin‑walled cup, 1st century CE; no. 33, ‘Ginnosar Collared Lamp’, 50 BCE — 50 CE; no. 34A, a stone‑mug, 1st century CE. Those chronological ‘pegs’ enable fixing the Basilica’s construction to the second half of the 1st or the early 2nd century CE. This ceramic dating overall coincides with the stylistic analysis of the Basilica’s marble Corinthian capitals which A. Segal dates from the early to the middle of the 2nd century CE (Segal 2014b, p. 176–177). Yet the apparent absence of ‘Southern molded lamps’ from beneath the Basilica floor would support its construction already in the second half of the 1st century CE.

L2092, L2094, L2097, late 2nd/early 1st centuries BCE — 1st century CE (Pls. 5–7)Many types from the South of the Basilica repeat those discussed in BSL north (TMN), Yet in contrast to the latter, the current deposits are characterized by a lack of recognizable Hellenistic 3rd century BCE ceramics, and the predominance of KFH and associated cooking wares, beginning circa 50 BCE.

Simple Bowls and Saucers (nos. 7, 55–56): Incurved‑rim bowls of sandy light fabric (nos. 7, 55) and a saucer of coarse greenish ware (no. 56) closely recall such vessels at Gamla (Berlin 2006, p. 25–28, figs. 2.6–2.7).

Thin-walled Cup (nos. 32, 86): The ERM thin‑walled cup (cf. BSL north, Pl. 3: 59) recurs here.

Hellenistic Color-Coated Ware (nos. 38): Only a single fragment of a closed vessel: a handle with mottled gray glaze was present, belonging to an HEL jug or lagynos. The rarity of HEL coated wares

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here (unlike in BSL north) indicates the second half of the 1st century BCE as the date of this assemblage.

ESA Ware (nos. 8–11, 35–37, 39, 57–65): The long‑lived forms Hayes 4 (nos. 8, 9, 37, 59), Hayes 5 (no. 60?) and Hayes 22 (nos. 61–62, 65) are present here (discussed in BSL north), in addition to a deep cup with flaring side, carinated at the base of the wall (no. 36), corresponding to Tel Anafa types 29 / 32 (Slane 1997, p. 318–319, 322–323). No. 39 is a lagynos‑handle, dated from the mid‑2nd to the mid‑1st century BCE. A rare form is Hayes 7 or 8 (no. 57): a shallow plate with a carinated side and a ledge rim, dated to to the second half of the 1st century BCE and paralleled at Gamla (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:9). Crucial for dating these deposits, however, are a few exclusively 1st century CE forms: Hayes 34 / Tel Anafa 23 (nos. 11, 58); Hayes 37 (no. 35); Hayes 45 (no. 64); and Hayes 50 (no. 63).

KFH Cooking Ware (nos. 15–20, 43–44, 46, 66–68, 76–77): Beginning with the earliest form of cooking bowl with triangular or ledged rim, we proposed dubbing ‘Adan form 1–0’ (nos. 15–16; see BSL north, Pl. 1: 10), cooking bowls Adan form 1 A (nos. 17–18, 43, 66–67), casseroles forms 3 A/G3 A (nos. 19–20, 44) and 3 B (No. 68), and cooking pots forms 4 A / G4 A (nos. 46, 76) and 4 B/C (no. 77) appear. The recurrent examples of Adan form 1 A, dated from the mid‑1st century CE onwards, underscore the second half of that century as the date of the current assemblage.

Other Cooking Wares (nos. 12–14, 21, 42, 45, 69–75): The non‑KFH cooking vessels mostly repeat the HEL types found in BSL north. Nos. 14, 42 are fragments of baking‑pans with flaring walls of Aegean micaceous fabric, which are likely residual. Local baking pans (nos. 12–13) are deeper and with thinner sides than the Aegean ones, and one of them has a degenerate horizontal handle. The rare parallels suggest much later dates for them than the Aegean imports (the late 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE?). Hellenistic cooking pots with heavy triangular rims (nos. 19, 45, 69) are present alongside their variant with molded triangular rims and thinner walls of the late 2nd to the 1st century BCE (nos. 21, 70). Thin‑walled cooking deep pots with flaring high neck and simple rim (nos. 71) also appear, as also do wide‑mouthed cooking pots with beveled rim (no. 72) and splayed or concave neck (nos. 73–75), which at Gamla span from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE (Berlin 2006, p. 32–40, figs. 2.10:4–14; 2.11; 2.12:4–6).

Jars (nos. 22–25, 47–52, 78–82): The two HEL rounded‑rim jar‑rims (nos. 22, 47) are likely to be residual. The small‑jar/jug with squared‑rim no. 82 is also Hellenistic form with a good parallel at the Hasmonean 83/82 BCE destruction level at Pella (McNicoll, Smith and Hennessy 1982, pl. 129: 1). The predominant type in BSL south is the straight‑rim jar of sandy buff or pinkish fabric (nos. 23–25, 48–51, 78) — a typical early Roman 1st‑century CE jar, which in Gamla begins to appear from the late 1st century BCE (Berlin 2006, p. 48–56, figs. 2.26–2.28). The beveled‑rim jar with ridged neck (no. 79) is an ERM — MRM type, to be paralleled in the 50–132 /135 CE construction‑deposits at the Beth She’an odeion (Sandhhaus 2007, fig. 6.2:6–8).

Recognizable fragments of brown metallic‑fired ‘Shikhin’ jars (nos. 52, 81) were also retrieved (Adan‑Bayewitz and Wieder 1992; Berlin 2006, p. 18–19, 48, colour plates 3–4). No parallels were found for the amphora or jar no. 80, but its ‘puffy’ neck and ‘droopy’ rim suggest an ERM date.

PSF Table-Amphorae, Lagynoi, Jugs / Juglets (nos. 27–30, 53): Only a few fragments were found. No. 29 belongs to a lagynos or table‑amphora typically adorned with brown painted bands on the body dated from the late 3rd to the early 1st century BCE, similar to those retrieved from BSL north (Pl. 2: 54) and BLT (Pl. 9:17). Nos. 27, 30 likely belong to the same cupped‑rim juglet or jug, adorned with dripping red‑brown slip on the rim and the body; it has a 2nd century BCE parallel at ‘Akko (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.15:14).

Jugs and Juglets (nos. 26, 31, 83–85): Juglet no. 26 with offset rim is also dark‑brown slipped and has a typical Hellenistic shape. The cylindrical juglet no. 31 with pronounced body‑ridging is early Roman having parallels at Sepphoris. No. 84 of metallic brown fabric belongs likely to a cooking jug.

Lamps (nos. 33–34, 54, 87): The HEL local wheel‑made lamp with steep shoulder (no. 34; cf. BSL north Pl. 2: 57) and the ‘Herodian’ lamp no. 87 are ubiquitous types.

Notable are the two narrowly‑dated lamps nos. 33 and 54. No. 54 is an imported Roman ‘Brooner XXII’ discus‑lamp usually dated to the Augustan and Flavian periods. Distinguished by a graded rim, made of thin fabric and adorned with a grayish to brown slip, such imported lamps were found also at Gamla (Terem 2003, ‘Type 15’, pl. 38: 172–173) and at Herod’s circus at Caesarea (Porath and Gur 2015, p. 9–13, figs. 2.5–2.6, ‘form C5R/72’). Indeed, at Caesarea this was the most commonly imported lamp, the excavators advancing an Augustan date for it.

The nearly complete ‘Collared / Ginnosar’ lamp no. 33, from locus L2094 beneath the Basilica floor, is contemporaneous with the previous type. Wheel‑made, it is characterized by a bow‑shaped

‘collar’ encircling the filling hole and a boot‑shaped biconical body; the Hippos example has a pinched knee‑shaped handle. This local lamp is current in the northern part of the country, especially in the Galilee (Díez‑Fernández 1983, p. 42, 63, L 1:2–3), with examples reported from Gamla (Terem 2003, p. 55, pl. 17: 69–71, Type 17

‘Ginnosar Lamp’); Capernaum (Loffreda 2008, p. 41–42, ‘Type LUC 1.2’) and the Sea of Galilee Boat (Sussman 1990); although the type is occasionally reported also at Caesarea and at Jerusalem. V. Sussman, who extensively discussed the ‘Collared / Ginnosar’ lamp, considered it to be a transitional type imitating features (collared filling hole) of Ephesos ‘Brooner XIX’, dated from the early 2nd century BCE to the early 1st century CE. The lamp is occasionally knife‑pared on the nozzle and the base (also in our Hippos example), a feature it shares with the Herodian lamps (Sussman 1990; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p. 12, no. 19). The Hippos lamp closely recalls the complete lamp of this type discovered in the ancient boat of the Sea of Galilee and dated from 50 BCE to 50 CE. This local type does not seem to continue beyond the First Jewish Revolt.

Stone vessel (no. 34A): The chalky‑stone mug base belongs to common class of stone‑vessels primarily common in the 1st century CE which catered to the stringent purity and dietary demands of the Jewish communities (Magen 2002; Gibson 2003). Almost identical parallels of such stone‑mugs published from Gamla and Bethsaida (Savage 2011, p. 91–99, fig. 4.14:4–5; Berlin 2006, p. 19–20, fig. 2.3) imply that the Hippos vessel was produced in the same workshop as its parallels. While it is known that Hippos had some Jewish inhabitants in this period (Dvorjetski 2014, p. 53), we must remain cautious before regarding this single stone‑vessel as a Jewish indicator, pending a discovery of further vessels of that type.

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3. The Odeion (Area BLT) (Pls. 9–10)Small amounts of BYZ ceramics (not published here) were retrieved during the dismantling of the Byzantine chapel overlaying the southern part of the Odeion scaena and the twin cist‑tombs L3142 and L3146, adjacent to it on the east (Hippos 2010, p. 13–18, figs. 10–14; Kapitaikin 2010, p. 99–100). It included two rims of an LRC Hayes form 3, dated 400/450–550 CE, that came from the dismantling of the basalt‑bed F1727/L3161 underlying the mosaic floor of the Byzantine chapel. The cist‑tombs L3142 and L3146 produced further rims of LRC forms 3 and 10, dated 570–660 CE, which were found in the latter tomb with a group of coins of the middle to late 4th century CE (Hippos 2010, p. 153–155, nos. 26–27, 32–33). This ceramic, which is likely to be the result of erosion into the tombs, is of little stratigraphic value.

Important for dating the Odeion’s construction was the probe opened up in the substructure of its seating complex (cavea). The two lower layers, L3152 & L3148, of this substructure consisted of compact rubble fill, sealed beneath a 0.15 m gray binding‑layer (L3151) at elevations between 117.28 and 117.15 (Hippos 2010, p. 9–13, figs. 4, 6, 8–9; Kapitaikin 2010, p. 99–100; Segal 2014c, p. 183–193, fig. 239). The sealed L3152/L3148 produced a clean Hellenistic — Early Roman assemblage, of which all the indicative pieces are presented here (Pl. 9: 1–19). This consisted mainly of large fragments of jars (Pl. 9: 13–15, 19) and KFH or Golanic cooking wares (Pl. 9: 9–10, 12) with smaller ESA fragments. The assemblage incorporated also HEL forms similar to those retrieved from the Hellenistic Sanctuary and the Basilica, which are likely to be residual, including: a gray‑slipped fish‑plate (Pl. 9: 1); an Aegean micaceous baking‑pan (Pl. 9: 8); a cooking‑pot with triangular rim (Pl. 9: 11); PSF Jugs/Table Amphorae (Pl. 9: 16–17), and possibly a 4th to 3rd century BCE Attic black‑and‑brown slipped stick lamp (Pl. 9: 18). The ESA drinking‑cup or mastos no. 3 is a common diagnostic Hellenistic form characterized by deep grooving and ridging on the inner side, imitating grooved cups in glass and silver. Crucial in providing a terminus post quem for the construction date of the cavea, were the ESA, Hayes forms 4, 17, 22 and Tel Anafa Type 34 a, datable between the mid‑2nd century BCE and the mid‑1st century CE (Pl. 9: 2–7). Critical also are KFH cooking‑bowls of Adan forms 1 A / G1 B (Pl. 9: 9–10) of the early/mid‑1st to the mid‑3rd century CE and a cooking‑pot of Adan form 4 B / G4 B (Pl. 9: 12) of the mid‑1st to the mid‑2nd century CE. Adan form 4 B may have been introduced in the latest phases of occupation, ca. 40/50–70 CE, before the First Jewish Revolt (Adan‑Bayewitz 2003, p. 16; Berlin 2006, p. 40).

L3139 & L3145, the two upper layers of the cavea’s substructure (overlaying L3151), consisted of a loose large and rough basalt stone rubble intermixed with earth and various building materials. Being unsealed, both loci were disturbed by many fragments of the black ‘Beisan Jars’. Nevertheless, the Hellenistic — Early Roman pottery isolated from them (selection in Pl. 9: 20–23) is of the same date as the one from the sealed levels L3152 & L3148 of the cavea’s substructure. The ‘mushroom’ rim of Greco‑Italic amphora (Pl. 9: 22) is a hallmark 2nd century BCE type, the badly worn piece being likely residual. Pl. 9: 23 is a ‘Herodian’ pared lamp, and Pl. 9: 21 is an ESA cup of Hayes form 45, typical also of the Roman assemblages of Tel Anafa where it is dated to the first half of the 1st century CE.

2 Previous publications of vessels recovered in 2010 (Kapitaikin 2010; Osband 2017) are cross‑referenced in the ceramic tables of this chapter.

In sum, the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE ceramics coming from the sealed and the unsealed layers of the substructure of the cavea, indicates that the Odeion was constructed in the second half of the 1st century CE. The presence of Adan Form 4 B (Pl. 9: 12) coupled with the absence of ESA 2nd century CE forms and ‘Southern molded’ lamps in this assemblage would support a construction date between 60–100 CE.

By contrast, the probe L3154/L3155 excavated near the foundations of W1661, the wall encompassing the Odeion, did not produce stratified ceramics (Hippos 2010, p. 10–11, figs. 4, 6–7; Kapitaikin 2010, p. 99; Segal 2014c, p. 187–188, figs. 238–241, 243–245). The ESA and KFH fragments retrieved from this probe (not published) were disturbed by later Middle Roman and Byzantine ceramics. Notable is a group of lamps published here (Pl. 10: 25–31) including: a ‘Herodian Lamp’ nozzle (B6071/7; not published); two ‘Southern molded’ lamps (Pl. 10: 25, 28); two bases of Roman ‘discus lamps’ (Pl. 10: 26–27); and three ‘Beit Natiff’ lamps (Pl. 10: 29–31) dated from the late 3rd to the early 5th century CE, which points to activity in the Odeion in this period. Another interesting piece (Pl. 10: 32) coming from this probe, which is mold‑made of gritty red‑slipped fabric, may belong either to a 2nd century BCE Hellenistic brazier like those found at Dor, Kedesh, and ‘Akko (Rahmani 1984; Rosenthal‑Heginbottom 1995, p. 205–208, figs. 5.1–5.2; Stone 2012, fig. 4:17; 4.37:3; Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.14:1), or alternatively to a Roman incense‑shovel, as the ones recently published from Sepphoris and Gerasa and dated from the 1st to the 3rd centuries CE (Meyers 2006; Balouka 2013, p. 54–57, pl. 34: 1–6). Smaller amounts of Hellenistic — Early Roman pottery were retrieved under F3110 of the stage building (scaena), including a possibly Parthian glazed bowl (Pl. 10: 24) of decomposed greenish glaze.

B) MRM CERAMICS, 3rd — 4th CENTURIES CE (BSL SOUTH; SWL–I, L1973)Few ceramic pieces datable to the 3rd and 4th centuries CE were found in two contexts of ashy debris layers deposited on the Basilica floors in Area BSL South – being possibly related to the building destruction in the 363 CE earthquake. As the amounts of pottery retrieved from there was small, typological notes are presented together with the stratigraphy. Then follows a full publication of the ceramics retrieved from the Middle Roman ceramic deposit L1973 at the Southern Bathhouse (SWL–I). This major ceramic discovery consisted of a find of around 105 vessels and some 150 Roman lamps (intact, restorable, and fragments). The importance of that rare deposit, datable to the 3rd century CE, cannot be overestimated (see below). Some of the vessels retrieved from L1973 in 2010 season were published already by the present author (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 100–102, nos. 1–51), while the lamps were presented in a preliminary report by A. Iermolin (Iermolin 2010). A representative selection was also republished by M. Osband (Osband 2017, p. 92, 100–103, pls. 3–4). But since the excavation of L1973 was only completed during 2011, and given that additional pieces of vessels published in the 2010 preliminary report were retrieved in 2011 enabling the restoration of complete forms, we saw it fitting to republish this rare Middle Roman assemblage fully in the current chapter.2

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Unlike ERM ceramic horizons, well‑dated and published ceramics of the MRM Period from the northern part of the country and from Jordan are exceedingly rare. With the exception of the large ceramic corpuses published from Jalame (Johnson 1988), Meiron (Meyers, Strange, Meyers 1981), Sepphoris (Balouka 2013) and Capernaum (Loffreda 2008), such publications as are available from northern and Decapolis sites typically feature a few ceramic pieces originating in isolated architectural contexts, such as cisterns, tombs, or floors. The attempt of constructing a ‘Northern’ corpus by F. Díez‑Fernández (CCRG) suggests that many plain ware types continued to be used without undergoing significant change across centuries. But this scenario seems premature and might have to be updated in the light of many excavations published since then. While Middle Roman cooking ware of Kefar Hananya and Golanic production was extensively explored in D. Adan‑Bayewitz’s studies (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993; Adan‑Bayewitz 2003), other classes such as local fine wares that were studied at Jerusalem and in the south (Magness 1993, p. 153–156, 166–171, 184–201) or smaller jugs and juglets, virtually remain in the north a terra incognita.

For dating the Hippos material, we have drawn on parallels from well‑dated sites in three main regions: (1) The Carmel mountain ridge and Western Galilee with the northern coast: Naḥal Ḥaggit (Seligman 2010, p. 104–128); Khirbet Ibreiktas (Kletter and Rapuano 1998); Jalame (Johnson 1988); (2) Eastern Galilee and the Sea of Galilee: Meiron cisterns and the ‘Patrician House’ (Meyers, Strange, Meyers 1981, p. 95–105, pls. 6.1–6.6; p. 60–69, 125–127, pls. 8.13–8.14), Rama (Tzaferis 1980), Sepphoris (Balouka 2013), Capernaum (Loffreda 2008), and Magdala (Loffreda 1976; de Luca 2008; CCRG); (3) The Decapolis cities of: Beth She’an‑Scythopolis (Hadad 2002; Sandhaus and Balouka 2015, p. 189–192, figs. 4.1–4.2); Gerasa (Rasson 1986) and Pella (McNicoll et al. 1992, p. 170–171, pl. 108; da Costa et al. 2002), from where only scanty ceramic assemblages and lamps of this period were published. Especially critical was the large pottery deposit found at the Jebel Jofeh tomb near the third Decapolis city of Philadelphia (‘Amman), dated by coins ca. 250–275 CE (Harding 1950).

1. BSL South, 3rd — 4th centuries (Pls. 11–12)The ceramic of L2062 presented in Pl. 11 comes from a debris layer beneath the Umayyad layers excavated south of the eastern doorway in the Basilica’s southern wall (W1190). L2062 lay above floor F2063 made of pressed earth and clay, which is likely to represent a substructure of the flagstone pavement, the continuation of which was exposed south of the Basilica’s central doorway. L2062 was sealed below F1877, and both were dated to the use of the Basilica. In the Hippos 2010 preliminary report, we identified the ceramic of L2062 as Early Roman, a dating which after re‑examining the ceramic parallels has to be revised to the 3rd and 4th centuries CE (Hippos 2010, p. 30, figs. 21–23; Kapitaikin 2010, p. 98). This revision of L2062 to the Middle Roman Period is supported by a coin of Galienus (253–268 CE) retrieved from the water‑channel L2061 beneath F2063 (Hippos 2010, p. 31, fig. 23; p. 154, no. 18). Even so, the coin does not resolve the issue of the date of construction of F2063, but merely its prolonged use during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE.

No. 1 is a krater with everted ‘hooked’ rim with shallow gutter on its interior. In many Galilean sites, it is dated between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE. Being common in the 363 CE destruction levels at Sepphoris, it is dubbed ‘Sepphoris Krater type KR 1’ (Ayalon 1996, pl. IV: 1–3, 5; Balouka 2013, p. 46–47, note 21, pl. 23: 3, 6, with detailed

discussion). The material tests carried out on this krater type have established that it was made at nearby Shikhin (Adan‑Bayewitz and Wieder 1992, fig. 5:1). Nos. 2–3 are KFH cooking bowls of Adan form 1 E, which typify MRM contexts postdating the mid‑3rd century CE. In fact, in surveys carried out in the Golan, Adan 1 E comprised over half of all the ceramic pieces (Ben David 2014, p. 245). Other KFH ware are casserole Adan 3 B (no. 4) and a cooking‑jug neck (no. 5). Complete specimens of the latter jug featured in L1973, where this type is discussed in extenso (cf. SWL–I, Pl. 15: 57–63). No. 6 is of a provincial Roman discus‑lamp of the same type found in great quantity in L1973 (Iermolin 2010).

The ceramic in Pl. 12 comes from L2070 and L2075, a debris of architectural fragments intermixed with dark‑brown earth excavated in the Basilica’s eastern aisle. L2075 was a 10 cm thick‑layer which the excavators had arbitrary defined above the Basilica’s plastered floor F2074. L2075 was covered by a 25 cm thick gray ashy layer, which the excavators associate with the Basilica destruction in 363 CE earthquake. L2075 also produced three 3rd century CE coins, dated between 251–265 CE (Berman 2014, p. 279–280, nos. 13–14, 17). By contrast, the L2070 debris represents the Basilica’s post‑363 CE abandonment level. While the majority of its ceramic is datable to the 3rd and 4th centuries, the deposit did include a few residual and intrusive pieces: ESA Hayes form 22; KFH Adan form 4 A; Umayyad gritty cooking pot and coarse ware basin (not published); and CRS Hayes form 9 B of 580/600–700/750 CE (Pl. 12: 14), which corresponds to Meyza form K 3 (Meyza 2007, p. 62‑68, dated 530/540–680 CE.

Nos. 7 and 8 respectively correspond to Adan forms 1 B and 1 E. No. 9 is a small cooking pot with a concave neck, triangular rim and elongated body made of thin metallic ware. It is a popular type in the 2nd/3rd to 4th century CE contexts across the country. The neckless cooking pots nos. 10–11 are made of gritty brick‑red to gray fabric with coarse temper of ground quartz and shells (?). Their distinctive everted hooked rim with internal grooving recalls the rims of ‘Sepphoris Krater’ no. 1. This mainly Galilean vessel was the most popular cooking pot at Jalame in the Middle Roman Period — the peak of its use being between 351–383 CE (Johnson 1988, p. 189–192, figs. 7–35; 7–36; 7–37, ‘type 4’). It recalls, but is not identical, to Adan form C4 A2, dated from the mid‑4th to the mid‑5th century CE (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 159–162). No. 12 — coming from beneath the ashy layer associated with the Basilica’s 363 destruction — belongs to a ‘Hollow Foot’ amphora with ‘collared rim’ imported from the Aegean and dated from the late 2nd/3rd to the 4th century CE, which were very popular in the Eastern Mediterranean (Peacock and Willims 1986, ‘Class 47’). The ‘Northern Bilanceolate’ lamp no. 13 was the commonest lamp type in Hammat Gader and Beth She’an, dated to the 4th and 5th centuries CE (Hadad 2002, p. 26–29, ‘type 16’; Coen‑Uzzieli 1997, p. 320–322, pls. I–II).

2. SWL–I, Deposit L1973 and Unstratified Fills (Pls. 13–21)Deposit L1973 (Pls. 13–20; Figs. 7.1–7.2)In the Southern Bathhouse, a large ceramics deposit was retrieved from the narrow gap L1973 between W1959 and W1981. The ‘gap’ is found west of the bath’s small pool. It is 0.45 cm wide at the south, and narrows towards the W1959/W1981 juncture in the north, to a point where it is confined to a few cm. That narrow ‘gap’, L1973, was found filled to the brim with dozens of ceramic vessels and Roman lamps (Fig. 7.1). Together with the ceramics and the lamps,

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there were also dozens of broken glass vessels; crafted bone implements; a metal container; and finally fragments of a large stucco sculpture of Hercules/mythological figures in addition to many stucco fragments, all dated to the 3rd century CE (in this volume: Erlich 2018). The main stucco fragments were exposed a few weeks after the 2010 season. All those finds, indeed, were intermixed with much painted plaster and disintegrated stucco (in this volume: Rozenberg 2018).

The stratigraphic situation of L1973 requires some explanation. The chronological relationship between W1959 and W1981 is unfortunately obscured by the construction of a channel and a brick‑bench F1988 along the northern wall W1983 of the palaestra hall (for an up‑to‑date publication of the bathhouse see: Kowalewska and Eisenberg 2017). What is certain is that L1973 overlays the marble‑pavement F1401 of the palaestra, which means it postdates architectural changes carried out in that hall. Deep inside this marble pavement, a Roman Severan coin dated 198–217 CE was found. Fills of loci adjacent to L1973, or lying immediately above it, produced similar types of KFH cooking wares and jars of type 3 with a tall neck and a folded rim, albeit intermixed with later BYZ and UMM ceramics (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 95, 100–101; and p. 100, no. 51; Hippos 2010, p. 46–48, figs. 57–63; p. 153, no. 7; Eisenberg 2016, p. 10–12).

The ceramics retrieved from L1973 contained a large number of intact, nearly complete and restorable vessels. A full count of the retrieved ceramics was performed, taking into account intact or restorable vessels and indicative pieces such as rims, bases, handles and shoulders, as presented below (Table 1). The material consisted mainly of KFH cooking ware (58.1%), jars (11.4%), and splatter‑painted coarse‑ware jugs/juglets (14.3%). Many cooking vessels and all the lamps retrieved present signs of use, such as soot and heavily‑pitted worn surfaces. Stucco and plaster typically adhered to the ceramic vessels and the lamps, necessitating cleaning in the laboratory with a solution of formic acid. This suggests the presence of dampness or waterflow in L1973, perhaps from the adjacent pool, which would have affected its contents. Curiously, one of the cooking pots (Pl. 14: 19) was filled to about one‑third of its capacity with cemented stucco mixture in which a few human hands were impressed, suggesting a secondary usage of this cooking‑pot in some plastering or construction work carried out on the site, or perhaps in another ritual function.

When a certain type was represented in the assemblage by singular fragments and not by restorable vessels, we usually considered it to be residual. Moreover, while overall the Middle Roman ceramic deposit L1973 is homogeneous, it was not a sealed entity, as shows an intrusive LRC bowl rim of the sixth‑century CE (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 100, no. 51).

KFH/Golanic Cooking-bowls (Pl. 13: 1–13; Fig. 7.2:3): The overwhelming majority of the cooking‑bowls in L1973 are of Adan forms 1 C and 1 D, both dated from the mid‑3rd to mid‑4th century CE (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 98–103). Typical of these are small pierced loop handles attached on the sides (nos. 12–13).

Gritty-ware Cooking-bowl (Pl. 13: 14): The vessel’s brick‑red gritty fabric and shallow shape suggest its probable use as cooking bowl. It has a simple slightly incurved rim; the inside and the bottom are ridged, while the exterior sides are smooth. A cooking bowl of similar shape but in Banias ware was found in Paneas stratum

II, dating from the late 2nd to the mid‑3rd century CE (Hartal 2009, p. 168, 170, 176, fig. 10.6:5).

KFH Casseroles (Pl. 13: 15–16): Casseroles were very rare and of Adan form 3 B only. These small fragments might well be residual.

HEL/ERM Cooking-pot (Pl. 14: 17): The small fragment of a wide‑mouthed cooking pot with concave neck and ledge rim is a transitional Hellenistic — Early Roman type, likely residual in the deposit L1973.

KFH/Golanic Cooking-pots (Pl. 14: 18–56; Fig. 7.2:3): Cooking pots of KFH / Golanic form Adan form 4 C, which is dated from the early 2nd to the mid‑4th century CE (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 128–130), constitute the majority (32 vessels / 30.45%) not only of cooking ware, but of all the types retrieved from L1973. Additional 7 cooking‑pots (6.7%) belong either to Adan forms 4 B or 4 C. The cooking pots of Adan form 4 C in L1973, come in four basic sizes: large, int. rim dm 14 cm (3 pots); medium, int. rim dm 11–12.5 cm (11 pots); medium‑small, int. rim dm 9.5–10.5 cm (2 pots); small, int. rim dm 7.70 cm (2 pots).

KFH/Golanic Cooking-jugs (Pl. 15: 57–63; Figs. 7.1 left; 7.2:3 bottom row): Identifiable as cooking‑jugs or kettles by their thin metallic reddish‑brown fabric (visually similar to other KFH wares in L1973), these vessels account for 6.7% of the assemblage. Even though the exact form is not included in Adan‑Bayewitz’s corpus, this would imply they were produced in the same manufacturing Kefar Hananya hub, as has been already suggested for other northern sites where they occurred. Adan‑Bayewitz does list the cooking jug as ‘form 6 A’ with a similar tapering neck but a differing collared hanging rim, dating it from the early to the mid‑2nd century CE, yet remarking that

‘evidence is insufficient to suggest date range for the Form’ (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 142–143). Another typologically related cooking jug with expanding neck and collared trefoil rim, yet produced of local north‑Golanic Ḥawarit fabric between the early 3rd and the mid‑5th century CE, is attested in Golanic sites, such as Khirbet Namra dated by coins to 250–325 CE (Hartal 2005, p. 64, 70–71, 107, fig. 49:13; Hartal, Hudson, Berlin 2008, p. 140–141, fig. 7:10–11).

All the cooking‑jugs from L1973 share the distinctive tapering neck expanding towards a slightly‑squat globular body; a thickened rim (no pinched trefoil); and a slightly‑pointed ridged button base. A strap‑handle with a single ridge is drawn from the mid‑neck to the vessel’s shoulder. The thickened rim does present form variations: pointed‑inverted (nos. 57, 60) or slightly‑concave and everted (nos. 59, 61–62). A further variation concerns the body ribbing, which in the smaller variant (nos. 59–63) is minimal applied on the shoulder and the bottom near the base, whereas the bodies of the larger vessels (nos. 57–58) are extensively ribbed on both exterior and interior. It remains to be investigated whether these variants possess any chronological or functional significance.

Parallels for this KFH cooking‑jug come mainly from Galilean sites at Magdala, Rama, Capernaum, as far as the Beth She’an valley in the East and the Carmel ridge and its coast at Dor and Naḥal Ḥaggit (see parallels listed in table) and are dated there from the late 1st to the 3rd/4th century CE. Recent excavations at Magdala in 2008–2009 produced another restorable kettle with concave rim similar to the ones found at Hippos. Moreover, the context of the kettle from Magdala — discarded in a dump inside a water‑pool with additional KFH cooking bowls and pots and ribbed‑ware juglets — is reminiscent of the Hippos cooking‑jugs found in a bathhouse (De Luca 2009,

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p. 392, fig. 78). The type, albeit with different rim‑forms, is also attested at Jalame (Johnson 1988, p. 203, fig. 7–45: 659, ‘before 351’) and at Sepphoris (Balouka 2013, pls. 14:4–5). Díez‑Fernández‘s Galilean corpus, classified this type as ‘T 9.10’ and ‘T 9.11’ dated respectively from the late 1st to the late 3rd and 4th century CE (CCRG, p. 118, 152, 200, nos. 251–252). An almost identical jug with concave rim (cf. nos. 59, 61) is illustrated and described in the Capernaum ceramic typology as type ‘VAS 13’: ‘Impasto rosso, probabilmente della fabbrica di Kefar Hananya. Cottura ben dosata. Pareti sottili. colla ampio è rastremato verso l’alto e coronato da un orlo che nella maggior parte dei casi è leggermente estroflesso’. S. Loffreda dates the type to the Early — Middle Roman periods, and specifies that at Capernaum it was found with coins of the emperors Galienus and Valerian (254–260 CE), its latest contexts pointing towards the mid‑3rd century CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 162). Another example of this cooking‑jug found at Hippos in BSL north (Pl. 11: 5) also came from a context beneath which a coin of Galienus (253–268 CE) was also unearthed.

Jar forms 1 and 2 (‘Shikhin’), and Varia (Pl. 16: 64–65, 70–74): Jar form 1 (no. 64) with a low bulging neck, everted rim and saggy body is another type popular between the 2nd and the 4th century. The

‘Shikhin’ jar (no. 65) with internal gutter is a typically Galilean type, dated from the 2nd to the 4th century CE (Adan‑Bayewitz and Wieder 1992, fig. 5:5); occurring in Meiron, strata III–IV (135–365 CE) and at Capernaum (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pls. 8.6:32, 34; 8.18:10; 8.19:10; 8.22:5–6; Loffreda 2008, p. 125–126, ‘Type ANF 12’). Restorable bodies and large fragments of a few other jars (nos. 70–74) are difficult to classify. Indeed, the missing necks of these jars and the plaster often found adhering to their insides suggest their tops might have been broken intentionally to utilise these containers for another purpose, like mixing stucco or plaster. A large cross‑mark is painted in red on no. 74.

Jar form 3 (High-neck & Folded-rim) (Pl. 17: 66–69): The overwhelming majority of the jars from L1973 are made of a sandy light fabric and distinguished by its tall neck with a ridge at its base and folded rim, which may be either of beveled (nos. 66–67) or slightly‑concave shape (nos. 68–69). This jar with tall and folded rim is probably the commonest 3rd and 4th century type across the country, and is found also in the Jebel Jofeh tomb near Amman, dated by coins from 250 to 275 CE (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 41); at Naḥal Ḥaggit, dated from the late 2nd to the late 3rd century CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112–121, figs. 3.11:2–9); and at the 3rd to 4th century warehouse in Pella (da Costa et al. 2002, fig. 8:1, 8).

Dipper-Jugs with Wide Mouth (pl. 18: 75–80): These wide‑mouthed vessels were likely used as dipping jugs, as some of their parallels were actually found in water cisterns and reservoirs. The vessels display a conical or vertical neck, and everted‑thickened (nos. 75–76) or folded‑concave rims (nos. 77–80). Two fabrics are distinguishable: a sandy‑buff with deep ribbing which is identical to the ribbed juglets below (nos. 75–78); and a metallic ‘egg‑shell’ brown or orange fabric (nos. 79–80) with shallow ribbing. Parallels for those, perhaps locally made Galilean vessels, are exceedingly rare. The concave omphalos base of no. 75 is typical of the 2nd to 3rd century jugs. Nos. 76–78, 80 with a vertical neck and globular body have parallels at Sha‘ar Ha‑‘Amaqim in vessels disposed in a water‑cistern between the 2nd and the mid‑4th centuries CE, which were likewise of thin almost ‘egg-shell’ ware (Michniewicz and Młynarczyk 2017,

p. 346, 348–349, fig. 5:5–6). No. 79, distinguished by a conical neck, sharply carinated shoulder, and bag‑shaped body, has parallels in several complete jugs of this ‘Type JG 3b’ in Sepphoris, dated from the mid‑2nd to the late 3rd century CE, which in Adan‑Bayewitz’s opinion may have been made at nearby Shikhin (Ayalon 1996, pl. IX:5–6; Balouka 2013, p. 44–45, pl. 21: 10–13, photo 10).

Dipper-Juglets of Ribbed Ware (Pl. 19: 81–87; Fig. 7.2:3 bottom row left): A single intact juglet no. 81 with a cylindrical body and narrow everted neck was found. A similar juglet is reported in a 2nd and 3rd century context in Gerasa/Jerash (https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/36053). Additional juglets with cylindrical or globular bodies are attested by a few flat bases with deeper body‑ribbing made of sandy light ware. While parallels for these are rare, the deep body‑ribbing is typical of 2nd and 3rd century CE vessels, e. g. the globular juglets retrieved from Naḥal Ḥaggit site in the Carmel and the Jebel Jofeh tomb in ‘Amman (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 86).

Juglets with Flanged-neck of Gritty Ware (Pl. 19: 88–89): Jugs and juglets with a flanged neck and a simple rim continue an Early Roman type. Made of reddish‑brown gritty fabric recalling cooking ware this type is common in northern sites. Similar jugs dated between the late 2nd and the early 4th century were found again at Jebel Jofeh tomb (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 100) and at Sepphoris (Balouka 2013, p. 44–46, ‘Type JT 2b’, pls. 11:11; 22:1, 3). But since only two necks of these juglets were present and no restorable vessels of that kind were found inside L1973, they could well be residual.

Splatter-Painted Coarse Ware (Pl. 20: 90–103): Accounting for 14.3% of deposit L1973, this distinct coarse ware is adorned with dribbles of poor dark‑red or brown washes splattered on the surfaces. The fabric is sandy in pinkish and buff shades, intermixed with many large and medium sized grits. The surfaces of the vessels are often worn, deteriorated, and tending to crumble. This, as wel as the frequent presence of voids and ‘sandwich’ or gray/buff cores in the shards’ section, attests to uneven firing and poor finish. Both the manner of decoration and the coarse‑tempered fabric of this small group in L1973 bring to mind ‘Spatter Painted Ware’: the locally produced fabric of the Ḥula Valley which was first defined at Tel Anafa and dated to the HEL — ERM Period, ca. 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE (Berlin 1997, p. 7–9; Hartal 2005, p. 106; Berlin and Stone 2016, p. 141). However, the vessels of this ware in Hippos apparently lack parallels in ‘Spatter Ware’ shapes, and must be assumed to be later due to their context. A material analysis may establish where this distinct group of small vessels was produced.

Apart from a single simple bowl no. 90, all other ones are closed forms: small juglets with flat string‑cut bases, likely used as containers for ointment oils and perfumes. The commonest type (three almost complete specimens were found) is the lekythos‑juglet with a flaring narrow neck and a simple or slightly thickened rim (nos. 93–95, 96?). The body is globular, with two sharp carinations at the shoulder and at the bottom of the body above the base. Singular vessels were a jug or juglet with a trefoil rim (no. 91), and a miniature juglet with everted rim (no. 97). Parallels for these vessels at MRM contexts are rare and inexact. The juglet‑lekythos with flaring neck (nos. 93‑95) is reminiscent of ‘type T 9.9’ in Díez‑Fernández’s corpus, which he dates from the late 1st to the 3rd century CE, citing specimens from Magdala, Beth She’an (1931 excavation) and Rama (CCRG, p. 117, 152, 200, nos. 245–247; see also Loffreda 1976, fig. 5:10–13; Tzaferis 1980, fig. 3:10).

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Lamps: the dating of the ceramic deposit L1973 hinges also upon the dating of the lamps found there, which were published in the Hippos preliminary 2010 report (Iermolin 2010) and requires perhaps a fuller study. Some 300 lamp‑fragments belonging to 150 Roman lamps were found in L1973, all of them showing signs of use and broken discus. Many of the lamps were poorly preserved, in a deteriorated state, and with their stamped designs often eroded, which hindered their identification. This could be due not only to the poor quality of their fabric, but also to the reaction of humidity and stucco found in the deposit, just as the state of other ceramic vessels found there. In the preliminary report, all the lamps are identified as the Roman discus lamp of ‘Type 7’ at Beth Shean, dated from the late 1st to the 3rd century CE. Hadad distinguishes variants 1 and 2 of this type, noting also the presence of imported lamps of that type made of thinner and finer fabric than the local provincial pieces (Hadad 2002, p. 16–20, nos. 19–29). Unfortunately, the poor state of preservation of the lamps in our L1973 makes it hard to apply such fine distinctions to them. A reassessment of the lamps published in the Hippos 2010 preliminary report enables us to detect at least 7 lamps belonging to two other types, besides the standard Roman discus lamp:

1) Iermolin, nos. 45–48 appear to be of a local type also found in ‘the potter’s workshop’ at Gerasa and dated there to the 2nd century CE. Being a provincial version of ‘Brooner XXV’, they are

distinguished from that standard Roman discus lamp by a knob handle and splashed brown‑red slip (Iliffe 1945, pls. VIII:144; IX: 134–139; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p. 90, 95–96, nos. 387–390). Examples were also found at Beth She’an (Hadad 2002, p. 20–22, nos. 32–33, ‘Type 10’).

2) Iermolin, nos. 298–300 belong to the ‘Jebel Jofeh’ type lamp, dated to the 3rd and 4th century CE. Of poor quality firing and decoration, these lamps are characterized by a vertical knob handle with ridges (no. 300) and molded ridges encircling the filling‑hole (no. 299). The decoration includes stamped circles with dots (no. 298) or indented ‘leaves’ (no. 299). Over a hundred lamps of this type were found in the Jebel Jofeh tomb at ‘Amman, dated by coins to ca. 250–275 CE, after which this type became known (Harding 1950, p. 84–86, pl. 25). Related types were also found in a deposit dated to the second half of the 3rd century CE from Gerasa (Rasson 1986, fig. 17:10); and in the 3rd to 4th century warehouse in Pella (da Costa et al. 2002, p. 517–518, fig. 12:1–2). These lamps were also found at Meiron, stratum IV of 250–365 CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pls. 9.17:2–3; 9.18:3). At Beth She’an, this lamp ‘Type 13’ is dated by numismatic contexts from the mid‑3rd to the mid‑4th century CE (Hadad 2002, p. 22–24, nos. 38–45). Fragments of four further ‘Jebel Jofeh’ type lamps were also found in fills covering L1973 and the southern Bathhouse of Hippos (Pl. 21: 110–111; and Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 303–304).

Table 1: Summary of Ceramics in SWL‑I, L1973

Type (Ills. Nos.) Counts* Total PercentageKFH Cooking-bowl, Adan form 1 A (nos. 1–2?) 1 rim; 1 restorable profile of 1 A / 1 C? 2 1.9%KFH Cooking-bowl, Adan form 1 B (no. 3) 1 rim 1 0.95%KFH Cooking-bowl, Adan form 1 C (nos. 4–8) 3 rims; 2 restorable profiles 5 4.75%KFH Cooking-bowl, Adan form 1 D (nos. 9–13) 3 rims; 2 restorable profiles 5 4.75%Gritty Cooking-bowl (no. 14) 1 restorable profile. 1 0.95%KFH Casserole, Adan form 3 B (nos. 15–16) 2 rims 2 1.9%HEL/ERM Cooking-pot (no. 17) 1 rim 1 0.95%KFH Cooking-pot, Adan form 4 C (nos. 18–26, 28–50) 16 restorable profile; circa 16 upper part only 32 30.45%KFH Cooking-pot, Adan form 4 C / 4 B? (nos. 27, 51–56) 6 restorable body/base (no rim);

1 rim of 4 B / 4 C?7 6.7%

KFH Cooking-jugs (nos. 57–63) 4 restorable profile; 1 neck;2 restorable body/base (no rim)

7 6.7%

Jar form 1 (no. 64) 1 restorable profile 1 0.95%Jar form 2 (‘Shikhin’) (no. 65) 1 restorable upper part 1 0.95%Jar form 3 (High-neck & Folded-rim) (nos. 66–69) 2 restorable upper part; 2 or 3 rims 5 4.75%Jar, Varia (nos. 70–74) 3 restorable body (no rim); 2 fragments 5 4.75%Dipper-Jugs with Wide Mouth (sandy buff) (nos. 75–78) 1 restorable profile; 3 upper part only 4 3.8%Dipper-Jugs with Wide Mouth (metallic egg-shell) (nos. 79–80)

2 restorable profiles 2 1.9%

Dipper-Juglets (sandy light, deep ribbing) (nos. 81–87) 1 restorable profile;6 restorable body/base (no rim)

7 6.7%

Juglets with Flanged-neck (gritty) (nos. 88–89) 2 rims 2 1.9%Splatter-painted Coarse Ware (nos. 90–93) 1 bowl (base);

3 restorable lekythos‑juglets;2 rims of juglets; 9 body / base of juglets

15 14.3%

Total 105 100%Total KFH / Golanic Cooking Wares 61 58.1%

* ‘Restorable profile’ = refers to an intact, complete or nearly complete vessel.

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Unstratified Fills Postdating the Bathhouse (Pl. 21)The ceramics retrieved from loci other than L1973 in SWL–I area all originated in unstratified fills of mixed periods (from the HEL of the 2nd century BCE to the UMM of the 7th and 8th centuries CE). Since many of this type are repeated in those present in L1973, the ceramics published in Pl. 21 is a selection of typologically significant pieces, which were lacking in L1973.

Large amounts of ceramics were retrieved from fills immediately above L1973 or adjacent to it (excavated in 2010): L1955, L1962, L1964, L1975, L1976, L1977, L1979, L1980, L1982, L1991. The larger bulk of this ceramic repeats the same types found in L1973, namely: KFH cooking wares; type 3 jars with tall‑neck & folded rim; dipper‑juglets with deep‑ribbing; and red/brown splatter‑painted juglets. However, throughout these loci were also present other ceramics of apparently later dates, including: (1) KFH cooking bowl Adan 1 E / 1G E, dated from the mid‑3rd to the mid‑5th century CE; (2) ‘Northern Bilanceolate’, 4th to 5th century CE lamps (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 303, 310); (3) Considerable amounts of BYZ and UMM pottery, especially many CRS bowls, few LRC and ARS rims; (4) Coarse heavy pithoi/basins with combed or finger-indented decoration (cf. Młynarczyk 2007, nos. 17, 30, 156; Młynarczyk 2009, nos. 55–57); (5) Sporadic fragments of black ‘Beisan’ jars (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 101–102).

In the 2011 season, north of L1973 and W1981, was exposed another wall, W3414, built in the same style as W1981 and joining a corner with it, although the exact nature of this structure was not clarified. North of W3414, a large and rich pottery dump, L3413 (visible in an oblique section) was partially excavated by a tractor. L3413 was intermixed with charred materials and animal bones, and contained mainly large restorable pieces of vessels, such as: KFH cooking‑pots Adan form 1 C, cooking‑bowls Adan form 1 E, KFH / Golanic cooking‑jugs (cf. L1973, Pl. 15: 59–60) and type 3 jars with a tall‑neck and folded rim. These were found intermixed with smaller amounts of later BYZ and UMM ceramics (not published). This raises some possibility that deposit L1973 originally extended further to the north, and was disturbed in later periods. The clearing of debris L3416, on the palaestra’s marble‑pavement F1401, produced small amounts of unstratified pottery of mixed periods, including a Roman discus lamp fragment (Pl. 21: 109) of the same type as in L1973, in addition to two further ‘Jebel Jofeh’ 3rd and 4th century CE lamp fragments (Pl. 21: 110–111).

Thus, the ceramics from fills postdating the Southern Bathhouse of Hippos suggests that this establishment went out of use sometime during the 4th century. Hence, some of the pottery, such as the red‑slipped cooking bowl (no. 104), the Aegean ‘Hollow Foot’ amphora (nos. 106–107) or the ‘Jebel Jofeh’ lamps (nos. 110–111) could well be contemporaneous with its functioning, whereas others originated in earlier and later fills (nos. 105, 112) that subsequently covered this building.

The Dating of Deposit L1973The rather homogeneous nature of the intact and restorable ceramic vessels and the lamps retrieved from L1973 (except the likely residual nos. 15–17, 88–89) implies that they were deposited, or more‑likely discarded, within a short time span perhaps of several years. Indeed, the fact that all the vessels were found broken and with signs of extensive use, indicates that the character of L1973 was a dump of various utensils discarded after they had gone out of use. Eating and drinking traditionally formed an integral part of

the Roman bathing routine, with some such establishments even accommodating vendors or food‑booths inside (Yegül 2010, p. 19–20, 26–27); so the large amount of cooking vessels and storage vessels (jars) in the Hippos bathhouse context is anything but surprising. The ribbed‑ware porous dipper jugs/juglets (nos. 75–83) must have been used as pouring‑water vessels, whereas the smaller containers, such as the juglet‑lekythoi (nos. 93–95), presenting traces of some dark‑colored substance on them, would be likely utilized for perfumes and ointments, which were equally associated with Roman bathing ways. As to the large number of lamps found in the bathhouse, they were naturally needed for practical purposes of lighting the dim surroundings of the bath; yet some of them might have also been used in the cults and the offerings carried out in such Roman bathhouses, as was also suggested in relation to a large deposit of lamps found at the bottom of a pool in the Hammat Gader Baths (Coen‑Uzzieli 1997, p. 319–321). But the dump that was L1973 served not only for disposing of ceramics and other utensils, but also of ‘architectural rubbish’, represented by the plaster and stucco fragments. This includes the aforementioned pieces of Hercules relief thrown into the gap between the two walls, which could be connected with some renovation and revamping work carried out in that establishment during the 3rd century CE. The intermixture of the latter calcerous components with earth and ceramics in humid conditions, is likely to account for further damage and the adherence of chalky ‘patina’ to the vessels in the deposit.

L1973 itself did not produce any coins that might assist in dating its contents. However, a provincial Roman coin (C2678) of Bostra dated 222–235 CE came from L1976 adjacent to it. Yet another Severan coin dated 198–217 CE which was found deep inside the marble pavement of the palaestra would support dating and use of the Southern Bathhouse at Hippos in the first half of the 3rd century CE (Hippos 2010, p. 153–154, nos. 7, 11–12). A further chronological ‘peg’ is provided by the stucco fragments of Hercules (Erlich 2018) and stucco fragments (Rozenberg 2018) typical of the 3rd century CE, which might have been discarded inside the ‘gap’, either contemporaneously with the vessels, or after them.

The Middle Roman parallels for the ceramics of L1973 are datable from the 2nd to the 4th century CE, while the majority of its lamps belong to the provincial Roman discus lamp type, consonant with Beth She’an ‘Type 7’ (late 1st to 3rd century CE), and a few of the ‘Jebel Jofeh’ lamp type consonant with Beth She’an ‘Type 13’ (mid‑3rd to mid‑4th century CE). The bulk of the KFH ware in the deposit consists of Adan forms 1 C and 1 D (mid‑3rd to 4th century CE), and cooking‑pots of Adan form 4 C (2nd to mid‑4th century CE). On the other hand, L1973 appears to lack 2nd century Roman vessels especially from the first half of that century. A comparison of L1973 with well‑dated Middle Roman ceramic deposits of the 4th century CE (or extending into the earlier years of that century) at cisterns nos. 2 and 3 at Meiron (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, p. 96–105, pls. 6.1–6.6) or Khirbet Namra in the Golan (Hartal 2005, p. 64–51, figs. 47–52) evinces dissimilarity. Thus, L1973 lacks the gritty cooking pots (neckless or with a neck) that occur at Meiron. L1973 equally lacks common Early Byzantine types dated to the 4th and 5th centuries CE, like the KFH cooking bowl Adan form 1 E / 1G E (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 103–109), or the ‘Northern Bilanceolate’ lamp. Conversely, Adan form 1 E / 1G E was present in the fills that covered the bathhouse (see below; Osband 2017, pl. 4: 5–6). The large deposit of ceramics and lamps published from

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the ‘Jebel Jofeh’ tomb near Amman and dated by its latest coins to 250–275 CE (Harding 1950) offers the largest ceramic comparanda for the Hippos L1973. Moreover, a 3rd century CE dating for L1973 is supported by the distinctive KFH (?) cooking‑jug with tapering neck (L1973, nos. 57–63), a type recurring in Capernaum (Loffreda 2008, p. 162, ‘VAS 13’) and at Hippos itself (Pl. 11: 5,) along with the mid‑3rd century CE coins of Galienus, and the gritty‑ware cooking‑bowl (Pl. 13: 14), which provides a good parallel to the late 2nd to mid‑3rd century CE vessel at Paneas (Hartal 2009, p. 168, 170, 176, fig. 10.6:5).

Correlating the available ceramic parallels with the limited numismatic finds and the stucco finds and with the later dumps that covered L1973 and the Southern Bathhouse which do contain 4th century CE ceramics and BYZ ‘Northern Bilanceolate’ lamps (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 308–310), the deposit L1973 should be dated altogether to the 3rd century CE.

C) MRM, LBZ AND UMM PERIODS (LQW AND NIP, HOUSE OF TYCHE AND COMPLEX ALPHA)

1. Living Quarters West (LQW): Pottery from the Late Byzantine — Umayyad Residential-Industrial Building (Pls. 22–27)The excavation in area LQW was initiated in 2011 in order to get a clearer picture of the living quarters of Hippos. LQW (Living Quarters West) lies in the southwestern part of the site tens of meters away from the Odeion. The whole area is covered with a large quantity of stone debris that had to be cleared to expose the structures. Apparently this was the result of the 749 CE earthquake and the ultimate deterioration of the quarter, which as the ceramic evidence shows was never to be inhabited again.

A junction of two streets was exposed: the north‑south street L3370, and the southern street L3371 (running west‑east). In that junction, a series of small rectangular rooms were found set on the north‑south axis in ‘the train‑like building’ (as the area supervisor dubbed it). These may be identified as part of a courtyard building, delimited by the walls W3318 and W3326 towards the streets junction, and by the walls W3357 and W3344 to the north and the west (only partially exposed). The inferior quality of wall construction — involving stones of different sizes and cuts without cement and with extensive reuse of architectural fragments, like the millstones reused in the construction of W3318 — is indeed typical of the latest Umayyad structures in Hippos, including industrial and other installations built on top of the Roman Basilica (Segal 2014b, p. 180, notes 58–59).

The entrance to the courtyard of the building was probably from the south, via a passageway paved with knit rectangular basalt stones F3345 (L3313). At this spot, underneath pavement F3345, a large water‑cistern L3354 was exposed, covered with a wellhead. The cistern was served by the south street water channel L3352 (also L3329/L3332) covered with stone slabs that ran along the southern wall of the building, W3318. In a small room lying west of the basalt‑pavement and the cistern, a tannur (oven, L3353) was uncovered. The dome of the tannur had collapsed, but its bottom (L3369) was paved with square bricks (bessalis). A patchy plastered

working‑surface F3358 lay adjacent to it. The tannur contents did not reveal signs of active use such as organic or burnt material, nor did it contain ceramics except for a few fragments of ‘Beisan jars’ (not belonging to it), which implies that the installation was abandoned. Turning in a bent angle from the basalt‑paved passageway F3345, one may access the southern room L3311 via a threshold set in W3323/W3324. From there, one proceeds into two additional rooms L3310 and L3330/L3333 set ‘in train‑like row’ on the eastern side of the presumed courtyard. In the northernmost room L3330/L3333, two successive packed‑earth floors F3347 and F3361 were exposed. The largest amount of pottery from LQW was retrieved from the extensively burnt grayish sediment accumulated upon the former F3347 (Pl. 24), which also produced three Byzantine 6th century coins (Berman 2014, p. 281, nos. 40–41, 44). West of the northern room and W3324, two fragmentary pavements F3362 and F3363 made of shapeless basalt stones were uncovered. The burnt (as in the northern room) sediment L3338/L3339 on top of pavement F3362 produced smaller amounts of pottery (Pl. 26), and also over 20 nails, quiet possibly associated with some wooden structure or installation that used to stand here. While the disordered construction of these two pavements varies from the knit pavement F3345 on the south side of the courtyard, they were all found at approximately the same elevation, and consequently might have formed part of the same open space or courtyard west of W3324.

In addition, remains of a large rectangular building lying east of street L3370 were exposed. South of the street L3371, some fragments of walls and floors belonging to another structure were also uncovered. But the nature of these two structures remained unclear. Nor did they produce significant finds or much ceramics. Indeed, almost all the Late Byzantine — Umayyad pottery published from LQW originated from the Residential‑Industrial Courtyard Building.

Compared to the other excavation areas at Hippos, the pottery retrieved from LQW was scanty. This could be explained either by the abandonment of the dwelling quarters before the 749 CE earthquake, or by the limited scale of excavation in this area. Due to the limited excavation in LQW, we publish only representative selection of pottery found in the courtyard building (Pls. 22–26), which is presented according to the architectural spaces where it was found. Additional ceramics and lamps bearing typological significance are presented in Pl. 27. Stray shards of HEL, ERM, MRM, including ESA, KFH cooking ware (Pl. 24: 1), and North‑Syrian mortarium (Pl. 27: 50) and jars with high neck and folded rim (cf. SWL Pl. 17: 66–71) frequently occurred in many loci. Small and worn, they are likely residual. Whether they attest to a habitation of LQW area before the 5th or the 6th century cannot be determined at present.

The ceramics, especially the restorable vessels found in the Residential‑Industrial Courtyard Building, presents a homogeneous Late Byzantine — Umayyad assemblage. Fragments belonging to the same vessel were sometimes found in the upper and lower loci of the same room (Pl. 22: 2), suggesting that all the vessels essentially belong to the same occupation‑phase that terminated sometime during the first half of the 8th century. The assemblage of the courtyard building is typified by a predominance of ‘white‑on‑black’ painted ‘Beisan jars’, and handmade basins or pithoi of coarse chaff‑tempered fabric with incised, combed and finger‑impressed decoration. Smaller quantities of Late Roman fine wares were also present in almost every locus. Also common were gritty cooking

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ware such as casseroles with a carinated plain side, occurring in Pella from 525 CE onwards (Watson 1992, p. 235), and high‑necked cooking pots which are exclusive to the Umayyad Period. The coarse‑ware pithoi and basins might well be associated with the various domestic and/or industrial installations, like the tannur found in the courtyard building, while the ‘Beisan jars’ were used for storage. The assemblage from LQW evidences the residential and/or industrial functionality of that courtyard building, whose layout recalls domestic courtyard buildings in the Umayyad quarter of Pella and other cities (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, p. 123‑141; McNicoll et al. 1992, p. 183‑188, pl. 119; endplates 7, 9). Indeed, the closest parallels of the ceramic assemblage of the LQW Residential‑Industrial Courtyard Building may be found in Pella, phases II — VII, from the 6th to the mid‑8th century CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pls. 110–117; Watson 1992). This date is corroborated by the four Byzantine 6th century coins retrieved from L3333 and L3329 (Berman 2014, p. 281, nos. 40–41, 44–45), and the dates of the Late Roman fine wares found in LQW (Table 2). The apparent lack of 7th century Byzantine and Umayyad coins from LQW is puzzling. But the presence of ‘brown‑on‑cream’ ware (Pl. 27: 54) (Watson 1992, p. 244, ‘Ware P’, no. 125; Walmsley 1995, Ware 8, fig. 6); red‑slipped kraters (Pls. 23:12; 26:40) (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 275–280) and typical Umayyad lamps (Pls. 26:47; 27:56), indicates that this quarter of Hippos remained inhabited into the 8th century, though not necessarily until the 749 CE earthquake.

Late-Roman Fine Wares (nos. 1–2, 9–10, 16–18, 33–34, 39, 48–49): ARS, LRC, and CRS that were represented in LQW, are listed in Table 2. The worn and small fragments of these wares at LQW and the absence of restorable vessels suggest that many of them may be residual, or at least of prolonged usage. Crushed thick shards of CRS (Pl. 25: 34), for example, were reused as constructional fill in the chalky layer inside and above water channel L3352 (at the foot of W3318). The commonest forms were LRC 3 E/F, dated 500–550 CE (Hayes 1972, p. 329–338). LRC 3 E/F were also the commonest imported Late Roman ware at the 6th and 7th century CE deposits at Pella (Watson 1992, p. 243, fig. 13:113–114, ‘Ware M’), and by far the most popular Late Roman fine ware type at Capernaum (Loffreda 2008, p. 103–104, 106). Residual fragments of LRC 3 F were also recovered from the Beth She’an Umayyad pottery workshop. However, growing evidence exists from this and other sites that Late Roman wares were still in use during the later Umayyad Period and until the 749 CE earthquake (Stacey 2004, p. 89; Armstrong 2009, p. 158–161; Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 283–284, 289–290, ‘type LRW 2’, fig. 11.39:2–3).

Table 2: Late Roman Fine Wares in LQW

Hayes Forms Dates CE Nos.ARS 91 A/B 450–530 No. 48ARS 104 C 550–625 No. 33ARS 105 580/600–660 and later No. 39ARS 109 C 580/600– mid-7th Nos. 1LRC 3 E 500–525 Nos. 17–18LRC 3 F 525–550 Nos. 9–10, 16LRC, Stamps IIB-III 440–580 No. 49CRS 5? early 6th–early 7th No. 34

FBW Ware (nos. 19, 53): Only a few fragments of this elegant table‑ware, possibly produced at Jerusalem, were present at LQW. No.

53 is a thin‑ware jug with incised gashes decoration, dated from the mid‑6th to the early 8th century CE (Magness 1993, p. 166–171, 236–241).

Bowls and Kraters (nos. 11–12, 35, 40): The local bowl no. 11 with its thickened rim typically ridged or grooved on ext. imitates CRS Hayes form 9 B. Recent evidence from Cyprus suggests that CRS forms 9 B/C continued in use, as late as the mid‑8th century CE (Hayes 1972, p. 378–382; Armstrong 2009, p. 158–161). The local examples of such bowls, spanning the Late Byzantine and the Umayyad periods, often came in sandy fabric covered in whitish or greenish self‑slip (Loffreda 2008, p. 237–238).

Nos. 12 and 40 belong to a distinctive group of dark‑red‑slipped kraters made of hard pink fabric, and painted with brown lines, dated to the 7th and 8th centuries CE. Having a square ledge rim, these kraters essentially continue a Byzantine 6th‑century CE form. Parallels are found at sites around the Sea of Galilee like Tiberias and Khirbet Kerak, and the type was also produced at the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop, from which the Hippos examples most likely originated (Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 275–280, ‘type KR 5’, fig. 11.33:2).

Krater (or basin) no. 35 with a triangular ledge rim, carinated and heavily ribbed on the outside, belongs to the popular ‘gray kraters or basins’ dated from the late 6th to the mid‑8th century CE. It was once thought that such gray‑ware kraters or basins were manufactured in reduction‑firing kilns at Jerash (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, p. 427, fig. 9:4, 9, ‘Group B’; Watson 1992, p. 237,

‘Ware D’; Uscatescu and Marot 2016, p. 285, fig. 4:3). But the form was produced also at the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop, and apparently on the Levantine coast as well (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 275–282, fig. 11.33:8–9).

Chaff-tempered Handmade Basins and Pithoi (nos. 8, 30–32, 51): Our examples are made of extremely coarse light fabric, buff or pink on the surfaces, but with thick yellow or gray cores tempered with sizeable white and gray particles, small pebbles and lots of chaff or another organic matter. The vessels display a typical ‘combed’ or incised decoration of wavy lines. Pithoi and basins (or troughs) of coarse chaff‑tempered fabric were common in BYZ and UMM assemblages, probably continuing into later periods. Their rims were finished on a wheel, and they could have been used in food preparation and storage (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, p. 427, fig. 8,

‘Group A’; Watson 1992, p. 238, ‘Ware E’, fig. 7–8; Stacey 2004, p. 96–97, fig. 5.10; Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 229–230). Nos. 31–32 have almost straight simple rims and are covered in poor reddish slip, just like counterpart basins at Capernaum (Loffreda 2008, p. 247–248, type ‘PIAT 61’). The sloping ridged sides and the thickened triangular rim of basin no. 51 are typical of the Decapolis cities from the 6th to the mid‑8th century, with especially close parallels in the Jerash Umayyad Potters’ Complex (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, fig. 8:16). Nos. 8 and 30 belong to a large holemouth‑pithos with incurved rim and combed or incised decoration, possibly used for wheat storage. A long‑lived type through the Byzantine and Islamic periods, this pithos is recorded at sites around the Sea of Galilee and at Pella (Łajtar and Młynarczyk 2017, p. 294–296, fig. 6: b, ‘Pithos C’).

Cooking Bowls (nos. 20–21): The small fragment no. 21 of KFH Adan form 1 E is likely residual. The cooking bowl (no. 20) with thickened‑ridged rim and ribbed exterior is familiar from previous excavation

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seasons at Hippos (Młynarczyk 2007, p. 119, 121, nos. 40, 59–60 with parallels). Being common at Pella and Gadara in 5th century contexts, it was claimed that during that period, this cooking bowl replaced the Galilean Adan form 1 E (McNicoll et al. 1992, p. 171–173, pl. 109: 9–10; Andersen 1993, p. 168–169, pl. 29: 171–176; Daszkiewicz, Liesen, and Schneider 2014, p. 154, fig. 12:8). However, such a 5th century date is problematized by the occurrence of the type in a 3rd to 4th century context at Pella (da Costa et al. 2002, fig. 6:3) and its apparent continuation into the Umayyad Period.

Casseroles (nos. 4, 13–14, 22–23, 41–43) and Cooking Pots (nos. 4–5, 24–25, 52): Excluding the neckless cooking pot (no. 4), all casseroles, casserole‑lids and pots are made of dark gritty (dark‑brown or gray) fabric characteristic of LBZ and UMM cooking material. The sliced‑rim casseroles (nos. 3, 13, 22–23, 42–43) and casserole‑lids (no. 14) are nearly all of plain unribbed ware and with carinated sides; the latter feature appearing in Pella from 525 CE onwards (Watson 1992, p. 235).

The neckless cooking pot with ‘hooked’ rim (no. 4) is made of typical Late Byzantine gritty reddish fabric. But evidence from the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop and Pella suggests that although becoming rare, the type continued to be produced in the UMM Period until the mid‑8th century (Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 260–263, ‘type CP 7’, pl. 11.22:12).

Cooking pots with a straight medium or high neck and plain rim (nos. 24, 52) date mainly to the Umayyad Period, the 7th and 8th centuries CE (Watson 1992, p. 235, figs. 2:17, 19; 3:20; Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 260–261, ‘type CP 1’, pl. 11.22:1; Uscatescu and Marot 2017, fig. 9:5). No. 25 with an inverted neck and notched rim is a variation of that type that persisted through the BYZ and UMM periods (Loffreda 2008, p. 190, type ‘PENT 14.2’). A distinctive Early Islamic cooking pot is no. 5 of thin‑ware with a high slightly‑outturned ridged neck; this type makes its appearance only in the second half of the 7th century, and persists into the Abbasid Period (Watson 1992, p. 235, fig. 3:21; Walmsley 1988, fig. 10:11–12; Walmsley 1995, fig. 8:3–4).

‘Beisan Jars’ (nos. 6–7, 15, 26, 36–37, 44–45): The so‑called ‘Beisan Jars’ of black or gray‑mottled metallic fabric adorned with white painted geometric designs were the most common jar type in LQW. Produced between the 4th and the 8th century, possibly at Beth She’an, they were the predominant jar type in the Jezreel and Jordan valleys in this period (Landgraf 1980, p. 80; Walmsley 1995, ‘Ware 12’; Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 230–235, fig. 11.3, ‘Type SJ 2’). Most jars feature short or medium necks. Variations of rims include a folded rim (no. 26) datable to the 6th and 7th centuries, and slightly inverted necks and square rims (nos. 15, 36, 45) which may be paralleled in the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop (see parallels). Noteworthy is the almost total absence from LQW (except no. 37?) of jars with tall inverted and un‑collared necks, which typified the 749 CE destruction deposits at Pella and elsewhere (Watson 1992, p. 238–239, fig. 9:74; Walmsley 1995, p. 664, ‘Ware 12’, fig. 7:8; Stacey 2004, p. 126–127, fig. 5.34:1–2).

Amphorae (nos. 27, 38): The Late Byzantine — Umayyad Courtyard building produced two of the most common imported amphora types of this period. No. 27 is a ‘Gazan amphora’ with the typical clay accretions around the rim. Used for storage of the celebrated Gaza wine or else fish products, its elongated form corresponds to ‘form 4’ dated from the mid‑6th to the 7th or the early 8th century

CE (Mayerson 1992; Majcherek 1995, p. 169, pls. 7–8; Pieri 2005, p. 103–107, fig. 66, ‘LRA 4B2/3’; Reynolds 2005, p. 574–575). No. 38 is one of the commonest Byzantine amphora types produced either in North Syria (Antioch?) or Cyprus from the early 5th to the mid‑7th century CE. Made of light sandy fabric with black and white inclusions it often carries red dipinto marks (Peacock and Williams 1986, p. 185–187, ‘Class 44A = ‘LRA 1’; Pieri 2005, p. 69–85, figs. 26–33, pls. 1–22). The cylindrical wide neck form and thickened rim date this specific subtype to the 6th until the mid‑7th centuries CE (Pieri 2005, p. 70–76, fig. 26, ‘LRA 1B1’; Reynolds 2005, p. 565–567, fig. 34). Indeed, fragments of the same amphora type with actual red dipinti were recovered previously from the NEC area at Hippos (Hippos 2009, p. 80–83, fig. 96; Łajtar 2014, p. 275–277, no. 26), and this amphora was common in Pella strata I/II — V, where it was dated from the 5th century to 660 CE (Watson 1992, p. 239, fig. 10:78, ‘Ware H1’).

Jugs (nos. 46, 54): Small containers were rare in LQW. No. 46 belongs to a cooking‑jug with trefoil banded rim made of the same gritty cooking fabric like the casseroles and cooking pots, and dated to the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The small jar or jug no. 54 is the sole representative of the early Islamic ‘red‑on‑cream’ ware, whereby geometric patterns and loops were painted in purplish red or brown on orange/pinkish fabric, often covered with creamy or white slip. While appearing around the turn of the 8th century CE, the ‘red‑on‑cream’ ware becomes common in the 749 CE destruction deposits and persists during the 9th century CE (Walmsley 1995, ‘Ware 8’, fig. 6; Uscatescu and Marot 2016, p. 293–294, figs. 8:20–21; 9:1).

Lids (nos. 28–29): Bell‑shaped lids with a flaring lip were common in the Late Byzantine and early Islamic periods (Magness 1993, p. 247–248, Form 1). Especially close parallels for the Hippos examples come from the nearby sites of Beth She’an and Khirbet Kerak (see listed parallels). They appear to have been used for covering pots’ and jars’ mouths for which their inner flange is fitted.

Lamps and Ampullae (nos. 47, 55–56): Like jugs, lamps were very rare to find in LQW. No. 47 belong to an Umayyad lamp in the Byzantine tradition: almond shaped with a sunken ‘channel’ connecting between a large filling hole and the wickhole. The rim is decorated with a vegetal scroll and/or ornamented circles and the lamp is covered in red slip. The type was common only in the north, and was also produced at the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop. In fact, this lamp type was the hallmark of the Umayyad levels in Beth She’an until 749 CE, disappearing afterwards (Walmsley 1988, fig. 9:4; Hadad 2002, p. 78–82, ‘Type 35’; Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 297–306, fig. 11.45:1–6, ‘types LP 1 D‑G’). The standard Byzantine ‘candlestick lamp’ is represented by a single small fragment (no. 55). Evidence from Beth She’an and elsewhere shows that this Byzantine lamp persisted in use from the 5th to the mid‑8th century CE (Magness 1993, p. 251–252, Form 3 A; Hadad 2002, p. 66–68, ‘Type 28’).

The spoked‑wheel with dots (no. 56) is a motif that commonly adorns bases of pear‑shaped lamps exclusive to the Umayyad and early Abbasid periods, whose filling hole is surrounded by a ridge extending to the wickhole. This was the most common type of lamp (‘Type 36’) at Beth Shean during the Umayyad Period (Walmsley 1988, fig. 10:6; Hadad 2002, p. 93). The type, which Bar Nathan regards as ‘the Umayyad lamp par excellence’ was also produced in the last phase ca. 740–749 CE of the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery

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workshop (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 299–300). Yet the two ridges and the concave profile of no. 56 also suggest an alternative possibility: that it belongs to an eulogia ampulla typical of the Jerusalem region, which also bore a lines‑dots decoration. Probably produced in the holy city, these vessels were used as containers of holy oil during the 7th to the early 8th century (Magness 1993, p. 259). If so, then this oil ampulla would might been put to use in the several churches and holy tombs found in Hippos.

2. Northeast Insula Project (NIP), The House of Tyche (‘Peristyle House’) 3rd/4th — 5th Century CE Pottery (Pls. 28–29; Fig. 7.2)East of the Northeast church, the Concordia University team has uncovered the remains of a small domus called The House of Tyche, or more accurately ‘The Peristyle House’, thanks to the three‑sided peristyle forming its nucleus. A garden lay adjacent to the north wall, W1266, of this house parts of which were also excavated (Hippos 2010, p. 50–78, figs. 67–85; Kapitaikin 2010, p. 102–103; Schuler 2014, p. 221–225, 239–241).

The Garden Entry and the Later Olive VatThe open garden space north of W1266 incorporated a semi‑circular pool (L1918) with a fountain and adjacent lower space, likely serving as an entrance‑porch paved with a black‑and‑white opus sectile floor (F1294) for those entering from the garden to the house. The entrance to the garden was from Cardo 4 North via a doorway in W1298. The doorway preserves the lintel intact in situ, and a threshold adorned with tabula ansata mosaic featuring a Greek greeting inscription. Near that entrance (L1907), fragments of two

‘Northern’ bilanceolate lamps with impressed decoration were discovered, usually dated from the late 3rd to the 5th century CE (B2430/3, 2444/6 not published), and ‘Gazan amphora’ of Majcherek type 4, dated from the mid‑6th to the 7th century (B2444/5, not published). At a later phase, the garden witnessed the construction of the olive vat (L1905) in the space between W1922 and W1266, and the blocking of a doorway in the latter wall through which the

‘The Entrance Hall’ was accessed.

The northern baulk bordering this area displayed a stratification of three layers: (A) 20 cm of black soil; (B) 35 cm fill of tan soil with a little heavy fill; (C) 1.70 m of tan soil with much destruction debris, which incorporated a large dump of pottery (1.2 m wide X 50 cm deep) consisting predominantly of large fragments of black/gray Beisan jars. The types attested in this pottery dump (L1901, L1296, L1299) included Beisan jars of both Middle Roman and Late Byzantine forms up until the 7th century, and a fragment of LRC Hayes form 10 C (late 6th to early 7th century CE; not published). Neither the extent of that pottery dump, or its possible relation (?) to the olive vat constructed over the ‘garden’ are clear.

The Peristyle CourtAn array of architectural fragments, painted plaster, bent nails, and other domestic items and grinding mills testifying to activities that could have taken place in that space were recovered from the debris accumulated in the peristyle court. The pottery retrieved from that debris, however, did not produce a well‑dated assemblage which could be unequivocally associated with that space at a single period. For this reason — and also since many of the types found here repeat the ones found in ‘the Entrance Hall’ and the

Cubiculum (discussed below) — it is not published here. Still, it is worthwhile listing here the following: A neck of Late Roman amphora 1A (B2357/1–2), dated from the late 5th to the early 6th century CE (cf. Watson 1992, fig. 10:78; Pieri 2005, p. 70–74, figs. 26, 30, pls. 13:1–2; 14, ‘LRA 1A Transition’); a neck of Late Roman amphora 1B (B2357/9), dated from the 6th to the mid‑7th century CE (cf. Pieri 2005, p. 70–71, 75–76, fig. 26, pls. 16:5; 17:4–6, ‘LRA 1B1’); a neck of micaceous Late Roman amphora 3A (B2357/11 with triangular rim), dated to the late 4th — 6th/7th century CE (cf. Pieri 2005, p. 95–96, figs. 57–58, pl. 29: 2, ‘LRA 3A2/3’); a hollow foot of micaceous Late Roman amphora 3B (B2357/10) of the same type discussed in the cubiculum below, dated from the mid‑4th to the 5th century CE (cf. Robinson 1959, pls. 29: M275, M282; 41: M282; Johnson 1988, p. 311, fig. 7–50:730–731; Pieri 2005, p. 97–99, fig. 61, ‘LRA 3B2/3’); a ‘Gazan amphora’ (B2361/8) of Majcherek type 3, dated from the late 5th to the first half of the 6th century (cf. Pieri 2005, p. 103–106, figs. 66, 69a, pl. 38: 1, ‘LRA 4B1’); a cooking bowl (B2351/11; cf. LQW Pl. 24: 20); and a restored North Syrian mortarium with squared‑rim (B2363/2; Fig. 7.2:2). The last vessel is of a type that was dated at Jalame to 350–375 CE (Johnson 1988, fig. 7–29:467, 469–471).

Another find was made at one of the eastern entrances to the peristyle court via W1910. The entrance near the threshold and W1911 features a west‑facing shelf (L1914), where two intact oil‑lamps lay; a further intact lamp was found near the threshold to the north. The three lamps are of lenticular form, with a high tongue handle, bow‑shaped nozzle and geometric decoration (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 102–103, pl. VIII, nos. 311–313, the parallels revised). This lamp‑type, datable from the 4th to the 6th / early 7th century, was found at Beth‑She’an, Hammat Gader, and Capernaum (Coen‑Uzzieli 1997, p. 323–324, fig. 6, pls. IV:1; V:1–3; Hadad 2002, p. 64–65, nos. 281–282,

‘Type 25’; Loffreda 2008, p. 62–63, type ‘LUC 8.1’). It is also found in Northern Jordan, at tombs in Pella, being also the commonest BYZ lamp at Gadara (Smith 1973, p. 218–220, pls. 44:1329; 63:150, 273, 166, 175, 151, 170, 169, 246; 65:239, 225, 253; 66:390; 67:266, 261, 287, 934; 83:170, 225; 84:261; da Costa 2001, p. 244, fig. 2:8, ‘Type 10’).

The greatest amounts of pottery from The House of Tyche were retrieved from the so‑called Cubiculum room; and from the Entrance Hall.

The Cubiculum (L1906)The cubiculum, which lies at the southeastern corner, was excavated in 2010 (Hippos 2010, p. 50–60, figs. 73, 81–85; Schuler 2014, p. 221–222, figs. 298–301), and a representative selection of its pottery from L1906 was published in the 2010 preliminary report (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 102–103, pl. VII, nos. 52–67). The pottery was found together with a Diocletian coin of 293–295 CE (Hippos 2010, p. 154, no. 22) and a crossbow fibula. Next to the entrance to the cubiculum, a horde was discovered, including two bottles, a glass beaker, a bone‑carved maenad, a bronze pitcher and several other luxury items (Schuler 2014). Apparently, the horde was hidden inside a smashed but restorable 3rd to 4th century CE jar (Fig. 7.1:1) of the type found also at SWL L1973 (Pl. 17: 66–69). In the current chapter, we will make a few chronological and typological precisions concerning the ceramics this author has published in 2010:

High-necked cooking pots with grooved or everted rim (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 52–53): Generally classified as Adan form 4 E1 / C4 B (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 132–135, 162–164) and Loffreda type ‘PENT 14.2’, it was one of the most popular types found at the glass factory at

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Jalame which flourished ca. 351–383 CE, although it also appears later (Johnson 1988, p. 188–189, fig. 7–34: 526–530). At Meiron it was present in the 4th century Cistern 3, and at the contemporary

‘Patrician House’ dated by a lot of coins (Meyers, Strange, Meyers 1981, p. 98–103, pls. 6.5:9–11; 6.6:25–26; p. 125–126, photo 64:2; pl. 8.13:2). While Adan‑Bayewitz claims the production of both forms 4 E1 / C4 B ceased by about 450–475 CE (Adan‑Bayewitz 2003, p. 17–23), this type starts to appear at Sepphoris in the 363 CE earthquake debris, and is dated from the mid‑4th to the 6th century CE (Balouka 2013, p. 23–24, pl. 28: 8–12, ‘type CP 4a’).

‘Beisan Jars’ (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 55–65): The majority of the jars retrieved from the cubiculum are of the early types characterized by a medium slightly‑concave neck with a pronounced ‘collar’ at its base and a thickened rim: beveled, triangular, or folded. Most of them correspond to Loffreda types ‘ANF 17–18’ of 300/350–500 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 132–133). A single folded rim example belongs to his ‘ANF 19’, dated 350–550 CE (Kapitaikin 2010, no. 59). At Sepphoris, they are dated from the mid‑4th to the 5th century CE (Balouka 2013, p. 41, ‘type SJ 10’, pl. 30: 13). Apparently, they were also one of the commonest jar types associated with the 4th century glass factory at Jalame (Johnson 1988, p. 214–219, figs. 7–53, 7–54, nos. 810–823).

Micaceous Late Roman Amphora 3 (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 66–67): This distinctive amphora with fusiform body made of micaceous thin‑ware was produced in Western Turkey in the regions of Aphrodisias of Caria, Sardis and Ephesus, enjoying a wide a distribution, both in the western and the eastern Mediterranean, between the 2nd and 6th centuries CE (Peacock and Williams 1986, p. 188–190, ‘Class 45 A’ = ‘LRA 3’; Pieri 2005, p. 94–101, 171, figs. 57–62, 107, pls. 28–32). The two items from the cubiculum (not necessarily of the same vessel) present an elongated fusiform small vessel with wide‑spaced shallow ribbing, terminating with a short open toe with a flange. At Jalame, a similar hollow‑toe type is dated from the late 2nd to the late 4th century CE (Johnson 1988, p. 210–211, fig. 7–50:729–731), whereas in the Beth She’an theatre it occurred in a late 4th to 5th century CE context (Sandhaus and Balouka 2015, p. 195, fig. 4.4:6). Apparently, that small amphora type was found also in the 4th century CE ‘Patrician House’ at Meiron (Meyers, Strange, Meyers 1981, p. 125–126, photo 64:3; pl. 8.13:3). Similar forms of this micaceous amphora occur in the Athenian Agora deposits, dated from the mid‑4th to the early 5th century (Robinson 1959, pls. 28: M256; 29: M275, M277; 31: M307; 41: M282). This fusiform amphora type ‘LRA 3B2/3’ was also imported to Gaul, where it is dated between the mid‑4th and the 5th century CE (Pieri 2005, p. 97–99, fig. 61, pl. 32:1, 3, 5, 10).

L1906 also contained some datable shards, not included in the 2010 publication since their relationship to the cubiculum is uncertain, including: a KFH bowl Adan form 1 B (B2339/2), ARS Hayes form 81 B of the second half of the 5th century CE (B2396/18); and intrusive (?) CRS Hayes form 9 B or Meyza form K 3, that are datable 530/540–700/750 CE (B2396/17).

The ‘Entrance Hall’ (Pls. 28-29)A small room occupying the northeast corner of the house served as an entrance hall from the garden into the domus, and then the peristyle court. The hall, which was excavated in 2011, is paved with a geometric mosaic (F1939 at elevation 129.85) featuring another Greek greeting inscription. Originally, the greeting inscription

would have faced the blocked doorway found in the north side wall, W1266, of the hall. In some later phase, three ceramic pipes conveying water were set on top of the original mosaic F1939, damaging it in many places. In addition, an upper plaster floor F1937 (at an elevation of 130.14) was detected in the SW corner and in the southern half of the threshold; with a layer of mud/plaster intervening between the upper and the lower floors. Clearly those pipes (and perhaps also the upper plaster floor?) reflect a functional repurposing of this space from domestic passage to a different utilitarian or industrial usage. Might the pipes overlying the earlier mosaic be connected to the construction of an olive vat L1905 in the adjacent ‘garden’ and the blocking of the doorway in W1266? (Schuler 2014, p. 223, fig. 304).

Another disturbance of mosaic F1939 was a pit (L1943, ca. 40 X 48, depth 5.7 cm) cut into the floor, found at a distance of 17 m from W1266 and 3.24 m from W1298. A KFH cooking pot (Pl. 29: 1) datable from the early 2nd to the mid‑4th century CE was found to have been inserted inside the pit. Surprisingly, the pot was not found to contain anything of value, but there was a layer of ashen soil, and also a nail, burnt wood, glass fragments, bones and some seeds in it. Drops of some shiny substance (lead?) were discernible on the vessel’s exterior. It is therefore unlikely to have served as a hoard, unless it is assumed that it was emptied in some earlier period. Deposits of cooking pots cut into floors from the 3rd and 4th centuries which similarly contained ashes and crushed utensils, were also found in Late Roman private houses at Jerash, where the

Fig. 7.1 Southern Bathhouse, the 3rd century CE ceramic deposit L1973.

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excavators suggested interpreting them as ‘termination deposits’ reflecting ritual and magical Roman beliefs (Lichtenberger and Raja 2015). Was that also the reason behind the burial of the pot in the House of Tyche at Hippos?

The lower ‘phase’ L1938 on top of mosaic F1939, and the upper ‘phase’ L1930 associated with the water‑pipes (possibly also with the fragmentary plaster F1937?) has produced considerable amounts of ceramics. In the current chapter we present a representative selection (Pls. 28:1–10; 29:11–20). The lower L1938 produced a single coin, dated 382 CE, while the upper L1930 produced two coins dated respectively to the early 3rd and the 3rd century CE (Berman 2014, p. 279–281, nos. 7, 12, 35). In both its ceramics and numismatics, the entrance hall appears to present an inverted stratification with Middle Roman and Early Byzantine deposits overlaying the Late Byzantine ones. This pertains also to the matrix of L1930: its upper elevation baskets (B2411, 2417, 2424, 2431, 2438) consist of a fill of small shards ranging from the HEL to MRM periods, including, ESA, KFH wares, and a few intrusive LBZ/UMM shards, including LRC

Hayes form 10 C, dated ca. 570–660 CE (not published), whereas the lower elevation baskets (B2442, 2445) presented pieces of large restorable fragments of grayish/black Beisan jars, and gritty cooking‑pots and casseroles. The inverted ceramic stratification of the entrance hall is perhaps explainable by the digging of the olive vat in the garden area north of W1266, and the construction of water pipes and plaster F1937 in the hall, potentially related to the former industrial function, which to judge from the ceramics could have taken place anytime between 350–500 CE. Just how much the stratification of the whole area was disturbed by these constructions is shown by the fact that fragments belonging to the same vessel were often encountered in the upper and lower baskets, e. g. the 3rd and 4th century CE Northern‑Syrian coarse mortarium (Pl. 29: 19), whose pieces must have ‘migrated’ down due to their heaviness. By the same token, little difference may be detected in the pottery retrieved from the upper and the lower ‘phases’ L1930 and L1938, which is the reason their pottery is discussed jointly in the following section.

Fig. 7.2 A high‑necked jar and a North‑Syrian mortarium, from the Cubiculum and the Peristyle Court at the House of Tyche (1‑2); cooking‑ware pots, bowls, jugs and a ribbed‑ware juglet, from the 3rd century CE ceramic deposit L1973 at the Southern Bathhouse (3).

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Cooking-Pots (nos. 1–2, 11–13): The closed cooking‑pots nos. 1 and 11 are made of fine metallic brown ware characteristic of KFH Galilean production. No. 11 from pit L1943 is of Adan form 4 C. No. 1 with a flaring neck corresponds to Adan form 1 D produced until ca. 450 CE.

Cooking pots nos. 2, 12–13 are of gritty thin fabrics with heavily ribbed bodies typical of Middle Roman and early Byzantine periods. No. 3 with a short concave neck is quite common in 3rd and 4th century Galilean assemblages (see parallels). The high‑necked cooking‑pot with grooved rim (no. 12) belongs basically to the same type discussed in the cubiculum of the house above (cf. Kapitaikin 2010, no. 53), which was common in the north between the mid‑4th and the 6th century CE. The neckless cooking pot no. 13 with a wide rim, two grooves, and coarse handles, generally corresponds to Adan form C4 A1 (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 159–162). Examples came also from the 363 CE destruction levels at Sepphoris, and the type seems to continue from the mid‑4th to the 6th century CE (Balouka 2013, p. 24–25, pl. 29: 1–3, ‘type CP 5a’).

Casseroles (nos. 3, 14): Open casseroles (no. 14) and casserole lids (no. 3) with plain or ribbed surfaces are an ubiquitous, longlived form, undergoing little change from the Middle Roman to Umayyad periods. The metallic pale ware and plain surface of no. 3 is typical of the 2nd to 4th century CE (Johnson 1988, p. 201–202, fig. 7–44; McNicoll et al. 1992, p. 170–171, pl. 108: 6–7; Magness 1993, 211–212, Form 1:1–2), while the gritty brown ware and uplifted handles of no. 14 is characteristic of later Byzantine examples from the 5th century CE onwards.

Jars (nos. 4–5, 15–17): No. 4 is a jar of metallic ‘Shikhin ware’ with a collared inverted neck and triangular rim, a type common in Galilean sites between the 2nd and 4th century CE. Jar no. 5 of sandy ware is of the same type in which the hoard in the cubiculum room of the house was deposited (cf. Kapitaikin 2010, p. 95, no. 54). The majority of the jars discovered in L1930 (nos. 15–17) are gray/black

‘Beisan jars’ of the early Loffreda types ‘ANF 17–18’ (medium collared neck and beveled, triangular or thickened rims), that was discussed and dated to the 4th and 5th century CE in the cubiculum room above (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 55–58, 60–62).

Amphora and Stopper (nos. 18, 10): No. 18 is a hollow toe belonging to Late Roman 3 micaceous small amphorae of the same type retrieved also from the peristyle court and the cubiculum (discussed above; Kapitaikin 2010, no. 67). The concavity of the toe is deeper than in the two former examples, and its edge is broken. Lacking the closed toe of 6th century CE amphorae of that type, it similarly dates from the mid‑4th to the 5th century CE (Pieri 2005, p. 97–99, fig. 61, pl. 32: 10, ‘LRA 3B3’). The stopper shard no. 10 was refashioned from sandy micaceous fabric associated with Aegean amphorae (but not LRA 3 ware). Similar round shards discovered in the 7th century CE Byzantine Yassi Ada shipwreck show that they were commonly used for sealing amphorae and jugs (Bass and van Doorninck 1982, p. 160–161, fig. 8–7).

Flask (no. 6): The narrow‑necked flask (or jug) with everted rim continues a common Early Roman form, and has numerous 2nd to 4th century CE parallels in the north.

Mortarium and Basin (nos. 19–20): The North‑Syrian mortarium of coarse fabric with volcanic temper has a rectangular rim with an inner cavity. Close parallels dated to the second half of the 4th century were published from Jalame (see parallels), although there is some evidence that the production of this class extended into the

6th and even the 7th century CE. The chaff‑tempered handmade basin‑base (no. 20) is a common household item, produced from the 4th to the 6th century CE.

Lamps (nos. 7–9): Few parallels exist for the ovoid lamp no. 7 with a stamped zigzag decoration; the closest at Jalame dated to the mid‑4th century CE (Manzoni‑Macdonnell 1988, p. 129, 131, fig. 6–5:68; pl. 6.3). Lamps nos. 8–9 decorated with a circle filled in with dots and a stylized petalled‑flower are hard to identify due to their fragmentary and worn state. They could again belong to the Beth She’an ‘Type 25’, two complete examples of which were found in the peristyle court above (Kapitaikin 2010, no. 311). But their crowded ornamentation and pear‑like shape seems closer to the Beth She’an ‘Type 19’, dated to the 4th and 5th century CE. This was the commonest lamp type at Beth She’an, and was likely produced there in local imitation of the southern ‘Beit Nattif’ lamps. These lamps are characterized by a pear‑shaped body and very dense ornamentation of simple geometric and stylized vegetal designs in high relief, betraying a sense of horror vacuii. The lamp is widespread in the Beth She’an valley, Samaria and North Jordan. A few examples appeared in Byzantine tombs at Pella as well (Hadad 2002, p. 37–50; Smith 1973, p. 218–220, pls. 60:74; 63: 149?; 84: 384; Da Costa 2001, p. 245, ‘type 12’, fig. 2:3).

The Dating of the Ceramic Assemblage of the House of TycheWhile the ceramics from the cubiculum and from the entrance hall do not present a sealed deposit, their domestic character may be plausibly associated with the main period of activity in the House of Tyche. Since no soundings were made below the floors of the House, the dating of its assemblage depends upon the numismatic context of 3rd and 4th century CE coins retrieved from these two rooms, and upon the epigraphy of the Greek mosaic inscriptions, the main comparanda of which date to the 4th and 5th century CE (Łajtar 2014, p. 261–263, nos. 9–10). Another stratigraphic consideration involves the late 5th to the early 6th century CE construction of the Northeast Church, whose apsis overlaid the western wall, W1230, of the House of Tyche (Schuler 2014, p. 239). The pottery itself also provides a chronological range in the Middle Roman — Early Byzantine periods, specifically in the dates of the micaceous Late Roman amphora 3B (Kapitaikin 2010, nos. 66–67; and Pl. 29: 18), datable from the mid‑4th to 5th century CE (cf. Pieri 2005, p. 97–99, fig. 61); the restorable jar (high‑necked folded‑rim) where the cubiculum hoard was hidden, which cannot be dated later than the early 5th century CE (Kapitaikin 2010, p. 95, no. 54); and the cooking pot of Adan form 4 C buried in the mosaic floor of the entrance hall (Pl. 29: 11), which cannot be dated later than 450 CE. Equally notable is the absence of typical 6th century forms from here. Given these typological and chronological considerations, the ceramic assemblage of the House of Tyche might be dated from the 3rd to the 5th century CE, most likely the late 3rd to the mid‑5th century CE.

3. Northeast Insula Project (NIP), Complex Alpha, Late Byzantine — Umayyad, Sixth — Eighth Century CE Pottery (Pls. 30–34)Complex Alpha is an L‑shaped building situated on the northwest corner of the junction of Cardo 2N and the decumanus maximus; it was excavated mainly in 2011. Most of the pottery recovered from complex Alpha came from its central and eastern rooms

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(L1927, L1928, L1929, L1931), especially from the latter narrow room where many restorable large fragments of ‘Beisan jars’ were found, hinting to its use as a storage space. In addition to these, the ceramic assemblage included large restorable pieces of casseroles and high‑necked cooking pots typical of the 7th and 8th century. Also present were small fragments of late Roman fine wares, the condition of which suggests they are residual or fill material. In the present chapter we do not include ceramics retrieved from topsoil L1889, even though its material was essentially similar to the rest of the LBZ‑UMM pottery retrieved from the complex. Conversely, only small amounts of ceramics were retrieved from the three western rooms, most of it originating from the southwest room (the western half of which was excavated already in 2010). The pottery came from L2008 from above the pavement F2009. The walls of this room are lined with benches, and it also presents a watering bowl inset in the floor and a drilled hole in one of the benches, likely intended for tying animals. In the northwestern room, two almost complete high‑necked cooking pots (Pl. 32: 48–49) were found inside niche L1944 (Schuler 2014, p. 236–241, figs. 321, 323).

The ceramic assemblage of Complex Alpha, which comprises mostly storage and cooking vessels, as well as the crude floors, wall‑construction and the presence of watering installations for animals at this building, bears out its utilitarian usage. The thick walls and the presence of one or two staircases imply that there was some superstructure above; so that at least some of the pottery recovered from the debris may have originated from there. Based on the latest forms of Late Roman fine wares and parallels at Pella and at the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop, the Complex Alpha ceramics may be dated from the mid‑6th to the early 8th century CE. In many respects, the ceramics of NIP is similar to that of the LQW residential‑industrial building (Pls. 22–27), although the latter area is much richer in types. How much into the 8th century CE does the ceramic assemblage of complex Alpha continue, it is difficult to say. The absence of ‘red‑on‑cream’ ceramics and other late Umayyad types could imply that this complex did not last until the 749 CE earthquake.

Late Roman Fine Wares (nos. 21–31): The commonest type in Complex Alpha was LRC Hayes form 3 F (nos. 21–25, 28?), dated around the mid‑6th century CE, just as was the case in Area LQW. It is worthwhile noting that shards of this form often surface in much later 7th and even early 8th century CE contexts, suggesting prolonged use, for example at the Beth She’an Theatre Umayyad pottery workshop (Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 289–290, fig. 11.39:2–3). The absence of ARS, and the presence of late 6th to 7th century CE forms LRC Hayes 10 B/C (nos. 26–27) and CRS Hayes 9 B (nos. 30, 31?) also supports a Late Byzantine dating of that assemblage. As I noted above, there is evidence for prolonged use of the heavy bowls CRS forms 9 B/C into the 8th century CE (Armstrong 2009, p. 158–161). No. 29 might belong to the earlier and rare form CRS 1, or its local imitation (Meyza 2007, p. 44‑50, pl. 1:6).

Local Bowls (nos. 32–34): Nos. 32–33 are of thick creamy or buff fabric with a characteristic green tinge, produced from the second half of the 7th century (Watson 1992, ‘Ware N’, p. 243; Walmsley 2001, p. 307–308, ‘ICW – A1’). No. 32 is a plate, which may also have served as a lid, with a flaring rim and internal flange, of a type found in Capernaum and Khirbet Kerak and dated to the early Islamic Period (Loffreda 2008, p. 251, type ‘PIAT 69’). The thickened‑rim bowl (no. 33) repeats the type found in LQW (Pl. 23: 11). The cooking

bowl with a thickened and ridged rim (no. 34) was a popular vessel in North Jordan from the 5th century onwards; the general type was discussed in Area LQW (cf. Pl. 24: 20)

Casseroles (nos. 35–41): The casseroles (nos. 35–38) and casserole lids (nos. 39–40) are a common and long‑lived form. The V‑shaped side and body ribbing of no. 35 is typical of Late Byzantine casseroles. The deeper shape with rounded unribbed sides of nos. 36–38 typifies the 7th to 8th century CE casseroles, and continues into the Abbasid Period.

Cooking Pots (nos. 42–51): No. 42 is a neckless cooking pot with an everted rim, having a shallow gutter for a lid. The type begins to be produced in the mid‑4th century CE, and continues until the end of the Umayyad Period, although becoming less common (Loffreda 2008, p. 191–192, ‘PENT 16’). No. 43 continues the Roman — Byzantine tradition of the thin‑walled cooking pot with a short neck and flattened rim, and is dated to the 6th and 7th century CE.

The restorable cooking pots (nos. 44–50) representing the final occupation phase of Complex Alpha are typical of the 7th to 8th century CE vessels, which are made of dark‑brown or grayish gritty fabric. Several typological variations occur, and most of them parallel the ones found in Area LQW: one type with a short inverted neck and a globular body (nos. 46–47, 51) and another type with an inverted or straight neck and squat body carinated at its midst (nos. 45, 48–50); and lastly a cooking pot with a high straight neck and a notched rim (no. 44).

Beisan Jars (nos. 52–59): The rather late ‘collar‑less’ types of gray/black ‘Beisan jars’ from Complex Alpha are akin to those found LQW, presenting short to medium slightly inverted necks with folded (nos. 52–53), thickened (nos. 54–56) or notched rims (nos. 57–58). Several body‑shards preserve the common white painted decoration of spirals.

Small Jars, Flask (nos. 60–62): Nos. 60–61 are small biansulate jars, a common shape in Umayyad and early Abbasid assemblages. No exact parallels exist for no. 60, but its form and the body ribbing might recall the UMM high‑necked cooking‑pots; or even more likely the small pots found in the Beth She’an Umayyad Pottery Complex (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 251–253, fig. 11.15:14). No. 61 belongs to metallic orange‑gray terracotta small jars, a type produced mainly at Jerash between the mid‑6th/mid‑7th and the early 9th century CE. This gray‑orange metallic ware, often decorated with white painted designs, enjoyed its peak of popularity during the 8th century CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, p. 429–432, figs. 11–12; Watson 1992, p. 236–237, ‘Ware C’, figs. 3–5; Walmsley 1995, ‘Ware 11’, fig. 7:1–7; Stacey 2004, p. 130).

The Pilgrims flask no. 62 is of a thick and coarse creamy fabric with a greenish tinge. Its specific form with a wide flaring neck and thickened rim is rather unusual for the Umayyad Period, and might be prefiguring later Early Islamic flasks. Flasks in this early creamy ware which began appearing in the second half of the 7th century, are considered as predominantly 8th century ware (Watson 1992,

‘Ware N’, p. 243, fig. 14:118; Walmsley 2001, p. 307–308, ‘ICW – A1’). Such flasks were also produced at the Beth She’an Umayyad Pottery Complex (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 272–275, fig. 11.28–11.30).

Wheel-Stamped and Incised Ware (nos. 63–64): Both belong to closed vessels. No. 63 is likely the fragment of a jar adorned with incised X‑es and wheel‑stamped crescents. No. 64 is likely a large jug of

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finer buff fabric, adorned with vertical wheel‑stamping, accentuated with brown painted stripes. A jug with exactly the same decoration was published from nearby Gadara (Vriezen 2015, p. 96, fig. XII.11:4). At Gadara, this decoration was dubbed ‘Wheel‑Stamped, Gouged and Incised Ware’ (Vriezen 2015, p. 95–98, fig. XII.11). Numerous parallels for a jug with this kind of decoration dated between the 6th and 8th century CE exist in North and Central Jordan. Wheel‑stamped rouletting appears on gray‑orange metallic terracotta in Pella in the 7th century CE (Watson 1992, p. 236, fig. 4:32–33). But ultimately, this decoration style is related to gouged designs of FBW jugs and juglets (Magness 1993, p. 166–171, 236–241), and/or to the crude incisions and rouletting of CRS ware (Hayes 1972, p. 371–372).

Chaff-tempered Handmade Ware (nos. 66–67): The handmade holemouth pithos no. 66 and basin no. 67 belong to the same general types found in LQW above (cf. pls. 24:30; 27:51), yet they lack incised decoration. The pithos with a dull red slip is a type already recorded at Hippos (Łajtar and Młynarczyk 2017, p. 294–296, fig. 6: a, ‘Pithos B’). The basin is ridged below the rim, with vertical

‘smoothing’ in the lower walls. Basins with similar features were the commonest type of handmade ones found in Late Byzantine — Umayyad deposits at Gadara (Vriezen 2015, p. 111–113, fig. XII.16:1, 7).

Various Utensils (nos. 65, 68): No. 65 most likely belongs to a sphero‑conical container, a type of vessel (aka ‘grenades’) common in Early Islamic levels and also at other sites in this region, namely: Kursi, Tiberias, Hammat Gader, Beth Shean. The function of these vessels is the subject of a long standing scholarly debate, with their explanations ranging from containers for medicines, perfumes, or mercury (used as medicine); to military weapons filled with inflammable substances; or mundane ‘beer gourds’ (Ben Arieh 1997, p. 378–380, pl. XV). Such vessels were actually manufactured also in the Umayyad pottery workshop in Beth Shean. Interestingly, one complete vessel found at an Umayyad goldsmith shop in the city center of Beth She’an did contain mercury (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 295–297, figs. 11.42:16–22).

No. 68 is a pipe of light fabric. Such pipes, often made of creamy or light fabric, were long‑lived utensils from the Roman Period to the Umayyad Period, and later (Vriezen 2015, p. 145–157, fig. XII.25; Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 334–336, fig. 11.66:2, 5, 7).

CONCLUSIONAs limited as the picture offered by the pottery retrieved from the 2010–2011 seasons at Hippos may be, it appears to reflect major regional and micro‑regional trends in the use and trade of pottery at that site over the various periods of its existence. During the Hellenistic — Early Roman periods (3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE), the pottery in Hippos reveals connections to the northern Levantine coast from which PSF, ESA, and color‑coated Hellenistic tablewares might have originated. Particularly close parallels for the pottery of Hippos in this period were found at Tel Anafa in the Ḥula Valley (Berlin 1997; Slane 1997), at Tel Iztaba near Beth She’an (Sandhaus 2014), and at Tel Kedesh in Upper Galilee (Herbert and Berlin 2003; Stone 2012; Berlin, Herbert and Stone 2014), as far as the coastal cities of Dor and Acre (Guz‑Zilberstein 1995; Rosenthal‑Heginbottom 1995; Berlin and Stone 2016). Humbler types such as rounded‑rim jars may have been produced locally, just as they were at Gamla (Berlin 2006).

From the Early Roman Period until the Middle Roman and Early Byzantine periods up to the 5th century CE, the pottery of Hippos became increasingly dominated by Galilean trade and manufacture, especially as regards the KFH cooking wares (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993; Adan‑Bayewitz 2003), beginning with the ledge‑rim cooking‑bowl (Pls. 1: 10; 5:15) we proposed calling ‘Adan form 1–0’, which was produced from about 50 BCE (Berlin 2006, p. 45–47, fig. 2.19:1–6), and including ‘Shikhin’ jars (Adan‑Bayewitz and Wieder 1992) and

‘Sepphoris kraters’ (Pl. 11: 1). Especially close parallels to Hippos from this period come from the well‑published assemblages of Jalame (Johnson 1988), Sepphoris (Ayalon 1996; Balouka 2013); and Capernaum (Loffreda 2008). Some of the KFH cooking types were also produced in competing Golan ware, as the evidence from Gamla and other sites shows (Adan‑Bayewitz 1993, p. 155–181; Berlin 2006, p. 17). But apart from these cooking wares, the Early — Middle Roman pottery of Hippos offers only minimal connections with north‑Golanic sites, such as Paneas/Baniyas (Berlin 1999; Israeli 2008; Hartal 2009), Khirbet al‑Ḥawarit (Hartal, Hudson and Berlin 2008), and Khirbet Namra (Hartal 2005, p. 61–81). Trademark Golanic types, such as Baniyas bowls, Golanic pithoi and Ḥawarit ware, were apparently unpopular at Hippos. The rare parallels for Hippos ceramics listed from these Golanic sites pertain normally to forms, but not to Golanic fabrics. The dominance of KFH wares is reflected in the rare 3rd century ceramic deposit of L1973, which also produced several examples of a cooking‑jug with a tapering neck (Pl. 15: 59–63), a common Galilean form in KFH fabric, which invites a closer study. Providing a singular large 3rd century assemblage, L1973 (Pls. 13–20) makes an especially valuable contribution to northern and Galilean ceramology, where only 3rd and 4th century assemblages were so far published.

During the Late Byzantine and the Umayyad periods (6th to 8th century CE), the character of ceramics of Hippos shifts again to the northern cities of the Decapolis, with particularly close parallels found in Pella (Smith 1973; Walmsley 1988; McNicoll et al. 1992; Watson 1992; Walmsley 1995), Gadara (Andersen 1993; Daszkiewicz, Liesen, and Schneider 2014; Vriezen 2015), and Beth She’an (Bar‑Nathan and Atrash 2011), for example in the ridged‑rim cooking bowl (Pls. 24:20; 30:34), which was a common type at Pella and Gadara. Ceramic connections to Decapolis cities further south, like Jerash, appear to have been minimal, in comparison.

Last but not least, ever since the Early Roman Period and until the Umayyad Period, the pottery of Hippos betrays especially close connections with other sites lying on either shores of the Sea of Galilee, such as Bethsaida (Fortner 1995; Tessaro 1995; Savage 2011), Ginnosar (Adan‑Bayewitz 1990; Sussman 1990), Beit Yerah (Delougaz and Haines 1960; Tal and Reshef 2017), Capernaum (Loffreda 2008), Tiberias (Stacey 2004), and Kursi‑Gergesa (Tzaferis 1983). These links index local maritime and ceramic exchanges across that great lake.

Period AbbreviationsHEL Hellenistic Period, ca. 300–63 BCE.

ERM Early Roman Period, ca. 63 BCE — 150 CE.

MRM Middle or Late Roman Period, 150–363/400 CE.

BYZ Byzantine Period, 363/400 CE — 640 CE.

LBZ Late Byzantine Period, ca. 500–640 CE.

UMM Umayyad Period, ca. 640–749 CE.

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Stacey, D. A.2004 Excavations at Tiberias, 1973–1974: The Early Islamic Periods,

IAA Reports 21, Jerusalem.

Stone, P. J.2012 “ ‘Provincial’ Perspectives: The Persian, Ptolemaic, and

Seleucid Administrative Center at Tel Kedesh, Israel in a Regional Context”, Unpublished Ph D. Thesis, University of Cincinnati.

Sussman, V.1990 “The Lamp”, in Wachsmann, S. (ed.), The Excavations of an

Ancient Boat in the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret), ‘Atiqot 19, p. 96–100.

Tal, O. and Reshef, N.2017 “Chapter 3: Hellenistic Stratigraphy and Architecture”;

“Chapter 4: Hellenistic Pottery Typology and Other Finds”, in Greenberg, R., Tal, O. and Da‘adli, T. (eds.), Bet Yeraḥ Volume III. Hellenistic Philoteria and Islamic al-Ṣinnabra: The 1933–1986 and 2007–2013 Excavations, IAA Reports 61, Jerusalem, p. 13–75.

Terem, Sh. V.2008 “The Oil Lamps from the Excavations at Gamla”,

Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Bar‑Ilan University, Ramat‑Gan (Hebrew).

Tessaro T.1995 “Hellenistic and Roman Ceramic Cooking Ware from

Bethsaida”, in Arav, R. and Freund, R. A. (eds.), Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Calilee, vol. I, Kirksville, MO, p. 127–139.

Toll N. and Matson, F. R.1943 The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final report IV, Part 1.1. The

Green Glazed Pottery, New Haven, CT.

Tzaferis, V.1980 “A Roman Bath at Rama”, ‘Atiqot 14, p. 66–75.

Tzaferis, V.1983 The Excavations of Kursi-Gergesa, ‘Atiqot 16, Jerusalem.

Tzori (Zori), N.1967 “The Ancient Synagogue at Beth‑She’an”, Eretz Israel 8,

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Uscatescu, A.2001 “L’apport des fouilles du macellum (Jérash, Jordanie) à la

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Uscatescu, A. and Marot, T.2016 “The Ancient Macellum of Gerasa in the Late Byzantine

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Walmsley, A. G.1988 “Pella / Fiḥl after the Islamic Conquest (AD635 — c. 900):

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Pella in the Seventh Century AD: the Ceramic Evidence”, in Canivet, P. and Rey‑Coquais, J.‑P. (eds.), La Syrie de Byzance a l’Islam: VIIe — VIIIe siècles. Actes du Colloque international, 11–15 Septembre 1990, Damascus, p. 233–247.

Will, E. L.1982 “Greco‑Italic Amphoras”, Hesperia 51, p. 338–356.

Yegül, F.2010 Bathing in the Roman World, Cambridge.

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Plate 1: 1-22.

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Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 1: 1-22 The Basilica, Northern Part (BSL North): Fills L3073, L3087, L3090.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Buff & grayish ‘sandwich’ fabric with black grits; dull reddish slip on int. & ext. of rim; burnt Dor, second half 3rd— early 1st BCE, most frequent in 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 291-293, ‘BL 4d and 5b’, figs. 6.3.25-26; 6.4.13-14); ‘Akko, 3rd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.6:4); Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 80 CE (Slane 1997, p. 275-276, ‘TA 1’, pl. 1:FW6); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 4); Pella, 2nd BCE (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pl. 128: 5).

RimOutturned Bowl /Fishplate?

B2742/1L30731.

Buff fabric; red slip on int. & ext. Dor, second half of 3rd— early 1st BCE, most frequent in 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 291-293, ‘BL 4d and 5b’, figs. 6.3.22,27; 6.4.10-16); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 4); Khirbet Zemel, 160-140 BCE, in Golan material (Hartal 2005, fig. 20:9); Bet Yerah (Tal and Reshef 2017, figs. 3.42: 1; 3.44:9, 12; 4.1: ‘PL1’).

RimOutturned Bowl /Fishplate?

B2745/10L30732.

Buff fabric; dull reddish slip on int. & ext. Second half 3rd— early 1st BCE. Bet Yerah (Tal and Reshef 2017, fig. 3.46:7); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pls. 75:1-2: 77:11); Bethsaida (Fortner 1995, pl.II.7). See also parallels under no. 1.

BaseFishplateB2745/11L30733.

Buff & orange 'sandwich' fabric; dull reddish to grayish slip on int. dripping on the ext. Late 3rd— early 1st BCE.Pella, 2nd BCE (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pl. 128: 9); Bethsaida (Fortner 1995, pl. I.3).

BaseBowlB2745/12L30734.

Buff fabric with white grits & crushed shells? Dull brownish to grayish slip on int. & ext. Dor, 3rd— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 289-290, ‘BL 8a’, figs. 6.1.2,17); ‘Akko, late 3rd— late 2nd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.10:14; 9.12: 4); Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 80 CE (Slane 1997, p. 278-279, ‘TA 4’, pl. 3:FW18); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 4); Khirbet Zemel, 160-140 BCE in Golan material (Hartal 2005, fig. 20:1,4); Pella, 2nd — early 1st BCE (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pl. 128: 8); Bethsaida (Fortner 1995, pl. I.1,3) McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 75:11;.

RimIncurved Bowl

B2745/20L30735.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Late 2nd BCE— early 1st CE. See no. 7 for parallels

RimESA Incurved Bowl

B2752/2L30906.

Fine buff fabric; reddish-brown slip on ext. & int. Gamla, late 2nd/early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:1-4); ‘Akko, 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.25:7); Hayes 1985, Form 4, late 2nd BCE— 10/20 CE, pls. I:9-12).

RimESA Incurved Bowl

B2748/3L30877.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, forms 18-19, late 2nd— mid-1st BCE, pls. III:5-7; Akko, 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.21:12; 9.23:3); Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 80 CE (Slane 1997, p. 299-300, ‘TA 15’, pl. 3:FW26); Kedesh, 140-120 BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 5.12:3); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 77:5).

RimESA BowlB2745/38L30738.

Fine buff fabric; dull black slip on int. & ext. ‘Akko, 3rd— early 2nd BCE, form only (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.27:9).

RimCalyx-cup?B2742/5L30739.

Metallic brown fabric with gray core.Tel Anafa, late 1st BCE— 50 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 113-114, ‘Galilean Ledge Rim Cooking Ware Bowl’, pl. 34:PW304, PW308); Gamla, late 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 45-47, fig. 2.19:1-2); Bethsaida (Tessaro 1995, p. 136, fig. 8, wrongly as Adan form 3 A Casserole).

RimKFH? Cooking Bowl

B2739/9L307310.

Coarse ‘sandwich’ gray and yellowish fabric & many white grits, quartz, and mica. Sooted on ext.Dor, 3rd— 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 300, ‘FP 1-FP 2’, figs. 6.23a:3-6); ‘Akko, 3rd— 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.8:9; 9.24:12); Tel Anafa, 125-80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 110-111, fig. 13, pl. 34:PW299-300); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 4.16); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 6).

RimMicaceous Baking Pan

B2739/3L307311.

Reddish-brown fabricKedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 4.14:1); ‘Akko, late 3rd— first half 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.11:7; 9.22:6).

RimStewpotB2745/19L3073

12.

Light buff fabric with large black & white gritsTel Anafa (Berlin 1997: pl. 59:PW492); Gamla, late 2nd BCE— late 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, p. 48-51, ‘Large jar with Rounded Rim’, fig. 2.22:1, 4-5); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78:6, 9).

RimJarB2745/14L307313.

Sandy yellowish fabric with white & gray grits.For date & parallels see no. 13.

RimJarB2745/23L307314.

Sandy buff fabric with white & gray gritsGamla, late 2nd — late 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.22:2); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78:4).

RimJarB2739/5L307315.

Sandy pinkish fabric with white & gray gritsGamla, late 2nd — late 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.22:3).

RimJarB2772/1L309816.

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Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Pinkish fabric with occasional medium white grits. Patchy buff on ext. Granular fabric from Akko?Gamla, late 2nd— 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, figs. 2.8:1,4; 2.9:2); Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 40 CE (Berlin 1997, pls. 2:PW12; 8:PW39, PW42); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 4.30:2); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pls. 3,5); ‘Akko, late 3rd— mid-2nd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.11:3).

RimPSF Jug or Table Amphora?

B2745/16L307317.

Buff to pink fabric. Brown slip band on the rim, dripping on the handle.Tel Anafa, 125— 80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 37-39, ‘Semi Fine Concave Rim Table Amphora’, pl. 1:PW6-PW7).

RimPSF Table Amphora

B2739/4L307318.

Pinkish to buff fabric with many white & gray grits Dor, 2nd BCE only (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 308, ‘AK 1’, fig. 6.29:1); Tel Anafa, 125— 80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 56-57, fig. 12, pl. 11: PW69-PW72); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Herbert and Berlin 2003, figs. 7, 14:4); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 2).

BaseAmphoriskosB2748/1L308719.

Pinkish to buff fabric with gray core.Tel Anafa, 280— 80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 58-66, figs. 9, 12, PW77-PW106); Dor, late 4th— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 304-306, ‘UG 1-UG 2’, fig. 6.26); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Herbert and Berlin 2003, figs. 8:4,6; Stone 2012, fig. 4.32:4); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pls. 2, 4).

BaseBottle or Unguentarium

B2748/5L308720.

Light grayish fabric; dull gray slip on ext. only.Dor, 200— 100/50 BCE (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, p. 236-237, fig. 5.15:9).

ShoulderWheelmade Lamp

B2745/1L307321.

Gray fabric; traces of dark gray slip on ext. Gamla, mid-2nd— early 1st BCE (Terem 2008, p. 34-39, ‘Type 4A’, pl. 6); Tel Anafa (Dobbins 2012, p. 142-144, fig. 4, pl. 7, L126-L128, L131-132); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pl. 129: 14; McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78: 10-11); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Herbert and Berlin 2003, figs. 8:7; 14:8); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 7); Dor, 200— 50 BCE, typical of 2nd BCE (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, p. 238, ‘ Type 12’, figs. 5.16:1-2; 5.17:11-13; Photo 5.43, incorrectly listed in text); ‘Akko, mid— late 2nd / 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9:14:2; 9.15:20-21; 9.25:6, 17).

ShoulderHellenistic Radial Lamp

B2752/1L309022.

Plate 1 (cont.): 17-22.

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Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Light buff fabric with white grits.Gamla, late 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 48-55, fig. 2.26:3); Sepphoris, 0— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, pls. 3:3; 4:4).

RimJarB2727/5L306723.

Pinkish fabric, buff on surfaces. Brown-gray slip band on rim only. 2 non-joining pieces.Gamla, late 2nd— early 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, p. 28-30, fig. 2.8:2-3); Dor, 3rd— 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309, ‘JG 7b’, fig. 6.32:3); Khirbet Zemel, 160 –140 BCE, in Golan material (Hartal 2005, fig. 23:10).

RimPSF Table Amphora

B2726/3L306724.

Buff to pinkish fabric.Granular fabric from Akko?

RimPSF Table Amphora

B2726/4L306725.

Buff fabric. Brown-gray slip band on rim only.Tel Anafa, 100— 80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 37-40, ‘Semi Fine Double Rim Table Amphora’, pl. 1:PW8); Dor, 3rd— 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309, ‘JG 7b’, fig. 6.32:7).

Rim &Neck

PSF Table Amphora

B2726/2L306726.

Pinkish fabric.For parallels & dating see no. 24.

RimPSF Table Amphora

B2726/1L306727.

Buff to pinkish fabric.Likely belongs to vessels nos. 24-27.

BasePSF Table Amphora

B2727/2L306728.

Metallic reddish-brown fabric; with gray core.Dor, second half 4th— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘CP 3’, fig. 6.18:11); Tel Anafa, 3rd— early 1st BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 84-88, fig. 9; pl. 20:PW183); Sepphoris, 3rd BCE— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, pls. 1:17; 2:4); Yoqnea’m, 2nd BCE (Avissar 1996, fig. X.3:13-14).

Rim & Neck

Cooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B2726/9L306729.

Plate 1 (cont.): 23-29.

Plate 1 (cont.): 23-29 The Basilica, northern part (BSL North): Tub L3067.

120

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 2: 30-48.

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Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 2: 30-48 The Basilica, northern part (BSL North): Probe L3082, L3083; Ash Layers L3068, L3070, L3075.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Coarse pink fabric with many large white grits.RimSaucer Lamp?B2747/7L3083 30.Fine buff fabric; dull brownish to reddish slip on int.; grayish slip on ext.Tel Anafa, 2nd BCE (Slane 1997, p. 280-281, pl. 4:FW39, ‘TA 9’); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Stone 2012, figs. 4.26:1; 4.42); Tel Dor, mainly 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 294, ‘Bowls with Pinched Handles’, figs. 6.7:3-7); ‘Akko, late 3rd— late 2nd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.10:3; 9.12:15); Yoqnea’m, 2nd BCE (Avissar 1996, fig. X.1:6-7); Bethsaida (Fortner 1995, pl. V.17-18).

RimS-Cup B2734/1L3075 31.

Type, fabric & decoration identical to no. 31.See parallels under no. 31.

RimS-CupB2740/1L307032.

Buff fabric; reddish slip on int.; black matte slip on ext. For parallels & date see no. 31.

RimS-CupB2728/1L306833.

Fine buff fabric; worn reddish slip on ext. & int.Tel Anafa, early 1st CE (Slane 1997, p. 306-307, pl. 16:FW167, ‘TA 22’).

RimESA? BowlB2747/11L308334.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on int.; worn gray slip on ext. 3rd— 2nd BCE.For parallels see no. 5.

RimIncurved BowlB2746/4L308235.

Fine light buff fabric; matte black slip on int. & ext.3rd— 2nd BCE.For parallels see no. 5.

RimIncurved BowlB2742/4L308336.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.Late 2nd BCE— early 1st CE. For parallels see no. 7

RimESA BowlB2725/11L305537.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Late 2nd BCE— early 1st CE. For parallels see no. 7

RimESA BowlB2733/2L306838.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.; rouletting on ext.Tel Anafa, late 1st BCE— 50 CE (Slane 1997, p. 324-328, pl. 24:FW265-269; FW277-279, ‘TA 34’); Hayes 1985, forms 46-47, 0— 60/70 CE, pls. VI:13-15.

RimESA Cup B2737/3L307739.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— early 1st CE (Slane 1997, p. 309-314, pl. 19:FW199, ‘TA 25b’); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 77:5).

RimESA CupB2747/1L308340.

Fine buff to pink fabric; dull brown-gray slip on int.BaseBowl / PlateB2747/6L308341.Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.Gamla, late 2nd / early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:17); ‘Akko, 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.25:42).

BaseESA BowlB2710/7L305542.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.; rouletting on int.Gamla, late 2nd / early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:18); Kedesh, 140— 120 BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 5.11:6-8).

BaseESA BowlB2707/6L305843.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.; rouletting & incised grooves on int.

Base fragment

ESA Plate ?B2731/8L307144.

Pale brownish fabric with yellowish core; white & gray grits.Gamla, early 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, ‘Cooking Pot with Splayed/Convex neck’, fig. 2.10:6); Zemel, 160-140 BCE, in Golanic material (Hartal 2005, fig. 20:3-4); Tel Anafa, 250— 110 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 88-89, pl. 21:PW190); Kedesh, 140 –120 BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 5.8:3); ‘Akko, 3rd— 2nd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.2:2; 9.16:5); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pls. 129:4; 131:4; McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78: 3); Sepphoris, 2nd— 1st BCE (Balouka 2013, ‘CP1’, pl. 1: 16’).

RimCooking PotB2707/2L305845.

Grayish to reddish-brown fabric; burnt on ext.2nd BCE.For parallels see no. 29.

RimCooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B2731/11L307146.

Brown fabric with few white grits and gray core. For parallels see no. 48.

RimCooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B2751/14L307147.

Brown fabric with few white grits and gray coreDor, second half 4th— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘CP 3’, fig. 6.18: 11); Tel Anafa, 3rd— early 1st BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 84-88, fig. 9; pl. 20: PW181-PW183).

RimCooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B2725/7L305548.

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Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 2 (cont.): 49-58.

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Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Gritty reddish-brown fabric with mica?; fired grayish-brown on ext. 2 joining pieces.Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Herbert and Berlin 2003, fig. 14:7; Stone 2012, fig. 4.15:2); Yoqnea’m, 3rd— 2nd BCE (Avissar 1996, fig. X.4:3); Dor, mid-4th— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘CP 5’, fig. 6.20:7-9, 11).

RimCasserole B2747/8 B2746/1

L3082L3083

49.

Light buff fabric with gray & white grits.Gamla, late 2nd BCE— late 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, p. 48-51, ‘Rounded Rim Jar’, fig. 2.22:3);Sepphoris, 0— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, ‘HSJ1c’, pl. 3: 1,3); Sea of Galilee Boat, 50 BCE— 70 CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1990, fig. 11:8).

RimJarB2710/4L305550.

Yellowish fabric with white gritsPella fortress, late 3rd— early 1st BCE (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, pl. 127: 1).

RimJarB2736/1L306851.

Greenish fabric with large white & gray grits.Gamla, late 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 48-56, ‘Straight Rim Jar’, fig. 2.28:2).

RimJarB2731/2L307152.

Light buff fabric with some black grits & quartz. Sooted on int.Granular fabric from Akko?Tel Anafa, 10— 50 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 47, fig. 14, pl. 7:PW36; pl. 48:PW429); Kedesh, first half 2nd BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 4.31:2); Dor, 175— 125 BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309-311, ‘LG and PF’, figs. 6.33:7-9; 34:1,3); Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 77:10); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 6); Bet Yerah (Tal and Reshef 2017, figs. 3.47:5; 4.1: ‘LG1’).

Rim & Neck

PSF?Lagynos or Flask

B2747/5L308353.

Buff to pinkish fabric with white grits. Decorated with horizontal brown bands on ext.Granular fabric from Akko?Dor, late 3rd— early 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309-310, ‘LG’, fig. 6.33); Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 50 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 37-47, fig. 12, pl. 3:PW14-PW17; pl. 6:PW29-PW31, pls. 73-74); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pls. 6-7);Yoqnea’m, late 2nd BCE (Avissar 1996, fig. X.7:9).

Shoulder PSF?Lagynos / Jug or Table Amphora?

B2710/3L305554.

Buff to pinkish fabric.BasePSF JugletB2710/5L305555.Pinkish fabric with white grits; fired light buff on surfaces.Tel Anafa, 110— 80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 70-71, fig. 12; pl. 15:PW124, PW126); Dor, late 3rd— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 302-303, fig. 6.25:11-12); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 2).

ShoulderOintment/Medicine Pot

B2746/3L308256.

Pinkish fabric with white grits; buff slip on ext.Dor, 4th— 2nd BCE(Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, figs. 5.13:9-10; 5.14:1-8, 12 etc.) Bet-She’an, 3rd— 2nd BCE (Hadad 2002, no. 1, ‘Type 1’).

Nozzle Wheel-made Lamp

B2746/10L308257.

Pinkish fabric with buff core; reddish slip drippings on ext. & int.; soot on int. 2nd BCE.

ShoulderPSF Mould-made Lamp

B2725/8L305558.

Plate 2 (cont.): 49-58 The Basilica, northern part (BSL North): Probe L3082, L3083; Ash Layers L3068, L3070, L3075.

124

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 3: 59-84 .

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Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 3: 59-84 The Basilica, northern part (BSL North): Fill L3079 of the Basilica.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Light brown fabric & gray core; some white grits Gamla, early 1st— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 24, fig. 2.5:10-11, 13).

RimThin-walled CupB2757/17L307959.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.: Tel Anafa, 10— 50 CE (Slane 1997, p. 324-328, pl. 24:FW273-FW276, ‘TA 34b’); Hayes 1985, form 45, 1/10— 50/60 CE, pl. VI:11-12.

RimESA BowlB2750/2L307960.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Gamla, late 2nd / early1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:2).

BaseESA Plate / BowlB2763/13L307961.

Unevenly fired reddish- to yellowish -brown fabric, fired grayish on bottom. Sooted.Adan form 1 A / G1 A?, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

Rim + SideKFH Cooking Bowl

B2757/2L307962.

Brown fabric. SootedAdan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

Rim + SideKFH Cooking Bowl

B2763/5L307963.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted. Adan form 1 B, late 1st / early 2nd CE— mid-4th CE RimKFH Cooking Bowl

B2763/19L307964.

Reddish-brown fabric.Tel Anafa, 250— 110 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 88-89, pl. 22:PW191); ‘Akko, 3rd— 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.5:2; 9.24:6).

Upper Profile

Cooking PotB2757/4L307965.

Reddish-brown fabric.El-Khirbeh (Judea), 70— 135 CE (Rapuano 2013, fig. 4:56).

Upper Profile

Judean? Cooking Pot

B2763/6L307966.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted. ext.Adan form 4 B, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE. Tel Anafa, 40— 50 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 92, pl. 26:PW216-218); Gamla, 40/50— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 40, fig. 2.12:10).

Upper Profile

KFH Cooking Pot

B2763/3L307967.

Orange fabric.Adan form 4 B, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE.

Upper Profile

KFH Cooking Pot

B2763/11L307968.

Brown fabric.Adan form 4 B, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE.

Upper Profile

KFH Cooking Pot

B2762/5L307969.

Reddish-brown fabric.Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE.

Upper Profile

KFH CasseroleB2762/10L307970.

Reddish-brown fabric.Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE.

RimKFH CasseroleB2757/11L307971.

Reddish-brown fabric. Ledge rim broken.Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE.

Upper Profile

KFH CasseroleB2757/9L307972.

Light brown fabric with large white & gray grits; gray core.Gamla, late 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 48-56, ‘Straight Rim Jar’, fig. 2.26:3); Bet She’an, second half 1st— 132/5 CE (Sandhaus 2007, fig. 6.2:3).

RimJarB2763/4L307973.

Pinkish fabric with large white and pink grits, fired light buff on ext. For parallels see no. 73.

RimJarB2762/1 & 3

L307974.

Pinkish fabric, fired light buff on ext.Bet She’an, second half 1st— 132/5 CE (Sandhaus 2007, fig. 6.2:6-7); Sepphoris, 1st/2nd— late 3rd/early 4th CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 17: 8-9, ‘SJ 2-3’).

RimJarB2762/4L307975.

Light brown fabric, light buff on surfaces. Triangular rimDor, 2nd— early 3rd CE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 321-323, fig. 6.49:24; Tel Anafa, 4 BCE— 50 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 142, pl. 48:PW429).

Rim & NeckJug / Flask?B2767/1L307976.

Light brown fabric with gray & brown grits. Adorned on ext. with dots or bunch of grapes in dark red Dor, late 3rd— early 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309-310, fig. 6.33:2,14-15); Tel Anafa, 100 BCE— 10 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 45, pl. 4:PW21, PW23, imported); Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 7).

Shoulder fragment

Lagynos / Jug / Table Amphora?

B2757/6L307977.

Buff fabric; reddish slip on int., dripping on rim ext. Zemel, 160— 140 BCE, in Golanic material (Hartal 2005, figs. 20:5; 22:3).

RimPSF? JugletB2762/12L307978.

Pinkish fabric, light buff on surfaces.Rim + NeckPSF? JugB2763/16L307979.Pinkish fabric & buff core.BasePSF? JugletB2757/3L307980.Orange to buff metallic fabric; knife-pared; soot on nozzle.Bet-She’an, late 1st BCE— mid-2nd CE (Hadad 2002, nos. 5-10, ‘Type 4’); Gamla (Terem 2008, ‘Type 13A’, pls. 18-26).

Nozzle‘HerodianLamp’

B2763/22L307981.

Pinkish fabric, buff on surfaces; geometric design in relief on the body.Bet She’an 70— 135 CE (Hadad 2002, no. 16, ‘Type 6’); Gamla with same design? (Terem 2008, pl. 34: 147, ‘Type 14’).

Nozzle + Shoulder

‘Moulded Lamp’ B2762/14L307982.

Pinkish-buff metallic fabric; dark-red slip on ext. & int. Curved conch or rosette on the discus. Gamla, with identic rosette (Terem 2008, pl. 38: 169, ‘Type 15’); Tel Anafa, late 1st BCE— first half 1st CE (Dobbins 2012, p. 174-175, 188-189, pls. 13, 16, L308, L311, L407); Masada, first half 1st CE (Barag, Hershkovitz, Bailey and Yellin 1994, nos. 148-150); ‘Akko, with similar rosette, second half 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.23:15).

Shoulder + Discus

‘Discus Lamp’B2762/13L307983.

Light grayish fabric, buff on surfaces. Vegetal scroll in relief on shoulder.CCRG, 70— 135 CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 50, 83, L8.2:91); Bet She’an 70— 135 CE (Hadad 2002, no. 18, ‘Type 6’); Gamla (Terem 2008, pl. 35: 155, ‘Type 14’); Masada (Barag, Hershkovitz, Bailey and Yellin 1994, no. 119, fig. 20).

Shoulder + Handle

‘Moulded Lamp’B2754/1L307984.

126

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 4: 1-6.

127

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 4: 1-6 The Basilica, southern part (BSL South): Probes L2034, L2037, predating the Basilica.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Brown fabric with reddish-brown core. Adan form 1 A / G1 A?, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

RimKFH?Cooking Bowl

B6437/2L20341.

Brown fabric with gray core.Mid-3rd BCE— 67 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 2: 45.

RimCooking Pot

B6439/2L20372.

Brown fabric with pink core.Adan form 4 B / G4 B?, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE.

RimKFH? Cooking Pot

B6437/1L20343.

Buff fabric with white grits and much mica? Chalky patina on ext.RimJarB6439/3L20374.Light brown to buff metallic fabric.Rim & HandleJugletB6439/4L20375.Buff to pinkish metallic fabric with gray core. Knife pared. Sooted nozzle.Late 1st BCE— 1st CE.See BSL North, Pl. 3: 81.

Nozzle‘HerodianLamp’

B6439/1L20376.

128

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 5: 7-27.

129

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 5: 7-27 The Basilica, southern part (BSL South): L2094, predating the Basilica

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy buff fabric; medium white & pink grits.Gamla, late 2nd BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.6:8, 11).

RimIncurved BowlB6844/8L20947.

Fine buff fabric; reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 4, late 2nd BCE— 10/20 CE. See BSL North, Pl. 1: 7.

RimESA Incurved Bowl

B6844/5L20948.

Fine buff fabric; reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 4?; Gamla, late 2nd / early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:1).

BaseESA Bowl/ PlateB6844/15L20949.

Fine buff fabric; reddish-brown slip on ext. & int. Grooved on bottom int.BaseESA Bowl/ PlateB6844/1L209410.Fine buff fabric; reddish-brown slip on ext. & int. Triangular rim.Tel Anafa, ‘Claudian-Neronian’, 40— 70 CE (Slane 1997, p. 307-308, pl. 16: FW175, ‘TA 23’).

RimESACup

B6687/13L209411.

Dark-brown fabric; grey core; red on ext.Tel Anafa, 4 BCE— 40 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 108-109, pl. 33:PW291).

Rim Baking Pan? B6687/7L209412.

Dark-brown fabric; grey core; reddish on ext.Late 1st BCE— first half 1st CE. See Pl. 5: 12.

Rim Baking Pan?B6687/8L209413.

Coarse blackish fabric with mica; crushed quartz and shells?Polished and sooted on int. 3rd— 1st BCE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 11.

Base Micaceous Baking Pan

B6687/18L209414.

Red fabric; white grits; grayish slip on ext.Gamla, late 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.19:3, 5).

RimKFH?Cooking Bowl

B6687/27L209415.

Gray int.; white grits; reddish ext. Short ledge rim Late 1st BCE— 67 CE.Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:5See BSL North, Pl. 1: 10.

RimKFH?Cooking Bowl

B6844/20L209416.

Reddish fabric; gray on ext.Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:3Adan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

RimKFH Cooking Bowl

B6844/17L209417.

Reddish fabric; gray on ext.Adan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

Rim KFH Cooking Bowl

B6687/29L209418.

Reddish ext.; gray core. Adan form G3 A?, mid-1st BCE— mid-2nd CE; Gamla, 50 BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.17:10).

RimKFH/ Golanic? Casserole

B6687/9L209419.

Dark-brown fabric; gray core.Adan Form 3A / G 3A?, mid-1st BCE— mid-2nd CE; Gamla, 50 BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.16:8).

Rim + Handle

KFH/ Golanic? Casserole

B6844/13L209420.

Red fabric; white grits; gray core.3rd— early 1st BCE.Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:4.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 29.

Upper Profile

Cooking PotB6687/1L209421.

Sandy yellow-buff fabric; white & gray grits; pink core.Pella, 150— 82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78:4); Sepphoris, 0— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 3: 5, 7).

Rim + Neck

JarB6844/18L209422.

Pinkish-buff fabric; white grits.Late 1st BCE— 70 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 23.

Rim + Neck

JarB6687/20L209423.

Light-brown / buff fabric; white grits.Late 1st BCE— 70 CE.Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:6.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 23.

Rim + Neck

JarB6687/15L209424.

Light-brown/buff fabric; pinkish on int.Late 1st BCE— 70 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 23.

Rim + Neck

JarB6687/19L209425.

Light brown fabric with tiny white grits; dark-brown slip on ext. & int. Offset Rim.Dor, 3rd— 2nd BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 308, figs. 6.29).

Rim + Neck

Jug/ JugletB6687/39L209426.

Pinkish fabric; buff slip on ext. Red-brown paint on ext. of rim and handle, dripping on int. of rim.

‘Akko, mid— late 2nd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.15:14).

Rim + Handle

PSF JugletB6687/35L209427.

130

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 5 (cont.): 28-34 a.

131

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Thin light-red fabric; tiny white grits; dripping brown-red paint on ext.Shoulder PSF Jug/ Table

AmphoraB6687/3L209428.

Pinkish fabric; almost white buff on ext.; painted brown painted bands on ext.Granular fabric from Akko?Dor, late 3rd— early 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309-310, ‘LG’, fig. 6.33); Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 50 CE (Berlin 1997, p. 9-10, 37-47, pls. 3:PW14-PW17; 6:PW29-PW31; pls. 73-74); Tel Iztaba, 107 BC destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 6, top row).

Shoulder & Handle Stump

PSF Lagynos/ Table Amphora

B6687/26L209429.

Fabric, slip and decoration as no. 27 above— belongs to the same vessel?Shoulder PSF Juglet B6687/30L209430.‘Sandwich’ buff & pinkish fabric; ridged on ext.; string-cut base.Sepphoris, 0— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 5: 15).

BaseJugletB6687/10?L209431.

Gray-yellow fabric.Gamla, early 1st— 67 CE.(Berlin 2006, fig. 2.5:10-11).

RimThin-walled Cup

B6687/33L209432.

Light red with large white grits. Some knife-paring on nozzle’s side. Little soot on backside & handle, shoulder. Shoulder broken.Late 1st BCE— mid-2nd CE. CCRG, 1st BCE— 1st CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 42, 63, L1:2-3); Sea of Galilee Boat, 50 BCE— 50 CE (Sussman 1990); Caesarea (Porath and Gur 2015, p. 7-8, fig. 2.3:2-3), Gamla (Terem 2003, p. 55, pl. 17: 69-71, ‘Type 17’); Capernaum (Loffreda 2008, p. 41-42, ‘LUC 1.2’); Magdala (Meza 2012, p. 27, fig. 8 left).

Intact‘Collared Lamp’B6686/37L209433.

Coarse brick-red fabric; large and medium white grits; yellow core.Nozzle sooted. Tel Anafa, 3rd— 2nd BCE (Dobbins 2012, p. 128-129, fig. 2, ‘L46’). See BSL North, Pl. 2: 57.

NozzleLampB6687/16L209434.

Hand-carved chalk. Int. smoothly polished; ext. sides chiseled; roughly polished ext. base.Bethsaida, identical base (Savage 2011, p. 91-99, fig. 4.14:4-5); Gamla, Late 1st BCE— 1st CE (Gibson 2003, p. 292-295, 304-305, fig. 4:4; Berlin 2006, p. 19-20, fig. 2.3:14, 17); Magdala (Meza 2012, p. 34-36, fig. 10).

BaseStone Mug?B6687L209434a

Plate 5 (cont.): 28-34a The Basilica, southern part (BSL South): L2094, predating the Basilica.

132

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 6: 35-54 .

133

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 6: 35-54 The Basilica, southern part (BSL South): L2092, predating the Basilica.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine buff fabric; red slip on ext.Hayes 1985, form 37, 60— 100 CE, pl. V:12-13.

Rim + SideESAPlate

B6682/1L209235.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int.Tel Anafa, 125 BCE— 50 CE (Slane 1997, p. 318-319, 322-323, 259, 263, ‘TA 29 or 32’, figs. 1-2; pls. 22:FW236; 23:FW258); Kedesh, 140— 120 BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 5.12:4).

CarinatedSide

ESA Cup

B6682/25L209236.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int.Gamla, late 2nd / early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:2).

Base ESA BowlB6682/19?L209237.

Fine buff fabric; mottled gray glaze on ext. Double-ridged strap handle.Late 3rd— early 1st BCE.

HandleJug / Lagynos?B6682/22L209238.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int. Double-ridged strap handle. 150 BCE— 50 CE.

HandleESALagynos

B6682/32L209239.

Fine and thin red fabric; red slip on ext. & int.Hayes form 25 onwards.Intrusive 3rd or 4th CE?

BaseARS?Bowl

B6682/4L209240.

Light-red fabric; dull lustrous slip on int.; polished on ext. Intrusive Byzantine?

BaseLRC?Bowl

B6682/20L209241.

Coarse brown fabric with a lot of mica; crushed quartz and shells?; gray core; polished on int. and unused. 3rd— 1st BCE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 11.

BaseMicaceous Baking Pan

B6682/16L209242.

Reddish-brown fabric; some white & black grits; gray on ext.Adan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

RimKFH?Cooking Bowl

B6682/11L209243.

Reddish-brown fabric; gray core. Adan form 3 A, mid-1st BCE— mid-2nd CEPublished: Osband 2017, fig. 1:2.

Rim + Almost full section

KFHCasserole

B6682/23-24L209244.

Dark-brown fabric; gray core.4th— early 1st BCE.See BSL North, Pl. 2: 48.

RimCooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B6682/29L209245.

Red fabric; white and black grits.Adan form 4 A, mid-1st BCE— mid-2nd CE.Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:1.

Rim + NeckKFHCooking Pot

B6682/6?L209246.

Sandy pinkish fabric; buff on ext. & int.; white grits.Late 2nd— late 1st BCE. See BSL North, Pl. 1: 15.

Rim + NeckJarB6682/15L209247.

Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits.Late 1st BCE— 70 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 15.

Rim + NeckJarB6682/12L209248.

Buff-pinkish fabric; white gritsLatter-first BC— 70 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 15.

Rim + NeckJar B6682/7L209249.

Buff to light-brown fabric; white grits; pink core. Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:7. Gamla, early 1st— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.28:4).

Rim + NeckJarB6682/13L209250.

Sandy pinkish fabric; buff on ext.; white grits; yellow core.Handle JarB6682/2L209251.Metallic light-brown fabric; large white grits; gray core.Gamla, 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 18-19, 48-49, colour plate 2: 4 right).

Handle‘Shikhin’ JarB6682/17L209252.

Pinkish fabric; buff slip on ext.; dripping brown slip on ext. Granular fabric from Akko?

BasePSF?Jug /

B6682/9L209253.

Thin greenish-yellow fabric; dull gray slip on top; and splashed brown paint on the sides.

‘Brooner XXII’, late 1st BCE— 1st CE.Gamla (Terem 2003, ‘Type 15’, pl. 38: 172-173); Caesarea (Porath and Gur 2015, p. 9-13, figs. 2.5-2.6, ‘C5R/72’).

ShoulderDiscus-LampB6682/33L209254.

134

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 7: 55-73 .

135

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 7: 55-73 The Basilica, southern part (BSL South): L2097, predating the Basilica.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo. Sandy orange to buff fabric; white & pink grits.Dor, mid-2nd— 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 290, ‘BL8e’, fig. 6.1:38); Sepphoris, 2nd BCE— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, pls. 1:30; 7:5).

Rim + Side

IncurvedBowl

B6804/7L209755.

Sandy and coarse greenish-yellow fabric; gray grits.Gamla, late 2nd BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.6:2).

Base + Side

Saucer?B6804/20L209756.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, forms 7-8, 50— 1 BCE, pls. II:5-6; Gamla (Berlin 2006, p. 21-23, fig. 2.4:9).

Rim + Side

ESAPlate

B6811/3L209757.

Fine buff fabric; red slip on ext. & int. Double grooves below carination on ext. Ridge on bottom int. Hayes 1985, form 34, 25— 50 CE pls. V:6-7; Tel Anafa, ‘Claudian-Neronian’, 40— 70 CE (Slane 1997, p. 307-308, pl. 16: FW172-175, ‘TA 23’).

Profile ESAPlate

B6690/1L209758.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 4?, late 2nd / early 1st BCE— early 1st CE.Gamla (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:1).

BaseESAPlate

B6690/11L209759.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 5?, late 2nd BCE— early 1st CE.Gamla (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:7).

BaseESAPlate

B6804/6L209760.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int. Groove below rim on ext.Hayes 1985, form 22, late 2nd BCE— 10 CE, pl. III:10-13; Gamla (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:12); Tel Anafa, 100 BCE— 10 CE (Slane 1997, p. 309-314, pl. 19:FW200, FW203, ‘TA 25b?’).

RimESABowl

B6804/12L209761.

Fine buff fabric; brown slip on ext. & int. Thickened lip.Hayes 1985, form 22, late 2nd BCE— 10 CE; Gamla (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:16); Tel Anafa, 125— 75 BCE (Slane 1997, p. 309-314, pl. 18: FW187, ‘TA 25a’).

Rim + Side

ESABowl

B6809/14L209762.

Fine buff fabric; red-brown slip on ext. & int. Grooved on ext. below the carination Hayes 1985, form 50, 60/70— 100 CE, pl.VI:18.

Profile ESA Cup

B6804/16L209763.

Fine buff fabric; shiny red-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 45, 1/10— 50/60 CE, pls. VI:11-12; Tel Anafa, 10— 50 CE (Slane 1997, p. 324-328, pl. 24: FW276, ‘TA 34b’).

Profile ESA Bowl

B6690/18L209764.

Fine buff fabric; shiny red-brown slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 22?, late 2nd BCE— 10 CE; Gamla (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:16-17); ‘Akko, 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.25:4).

Base ESABowl

B6690/20L209765.

Reddish fabric; gray on ext.Adan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

Rim + Side

KFH Cooking Bowl

B6804/11L209766.

Light reddish fabric.Adan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

Rim + Side

KFH Cooking Bowl

B6809/5L209767.

Metallic brown fabric.Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE; Sepphoris, 70— 135 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 9: 8).

Rim + Neck +Handle

KFH?Casserole

B6804/10L209768.

Metallic dark-brown fabric.Late 4th— early 1st BCE.Capernaum, Hellenistic (Loffreda 2008, p. 179-180, ‘PENT 2’).See BSL North Pl. 2: 47

Rim + Neck

Cooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B6809/4L209769.

Metallic dark-brown fabric; gray core. Fabric same as nos. 72, 75.Late 4th— early 1st BCE.Capernaum, Hellenistic (Loffreda 2008, p. 179, ‘PENT 1’).See BSL North Pl. 1: 70.

Rim + Neck

Cooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B6804/6L209770.

Metallic brown fabric; gray core.Sooted.Gamla, early 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.10:4-6); Kedesh, 140— 120 BCE (Stone 2012, fig. 5.8:3); Pella, 150— 83/82 BCE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 78:3).

Rim + Neck

Cooking PotB6690/15L209771.

Metallic dark-brown fabric; gray core.Fabric same as nos. 70, 75.Gamla, 75/60 BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.12:6); Tel Iztaba, 107 BC destruction level (Sandhaus 2014, pl. 3).

Rim + Neck +Handle

Cooking PotB6811/2L209772.

Metallic brick-red fabric; large white grits; brown on ext. & int.Gamla, early 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.10:9); Bet She’an, 30/10 BCE— 50/70 CE (Sandhaus 2007, fig. 6.1:4);Kedesh, 2nd BCE (Stone 2012, figs. 4.14:4; 5.9:3); Dor, 3rd— 2nd/early 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘CP4’, fig. 6.19:8).

Upper Profile

Cooking PotB6811/1L209773.

136

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 8: 74-87.

137

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 8: 74-87 BSL South: L 2097, predating the Basilica.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo. Metallic brown fabric; gray core; gray-brown on ext. & int.Pella, 150— 83/82 BCE (McNicoll et 1992, pl. 78:1); Dor, 3rd— 2nd/early 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘CP4’, fig. 6.19:1).

Upper ProfileCooking Pot

B6690/13L209774.

Metallic dark-brown fabric; gray core.Fabric same as nos. 70, 72.Tel Anafa, 125— 80 BCE (Berlin 1997, p. 90, pl. 23:PW206); Dor, 3rd— 2nd/early 1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 299, ‘CP4’, fig. 6.19:2); Kh. Zemel, 160— 140 BCE (Hartal 2005, fig. 21:10, 13).

Rim + Neck +Handle

Cooking Pot

B6804/23L209775.

Red fabric; white grits.Adan form 4 A / G4 A?, mid-1st BCE— mid-2nd CE; Gamla, 75/50 BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.14:13, 15).

Rim + NeckGolanic / KFH?Cooking Pot

B6804/22L209776.

Metallic brown fabric; gray and brown on ext. & int.Adan form 4 B, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE; or Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Rim + Neck +Handle

KFHCooking Pot

B6690/12L209777.

Soft buff to pinkish fabric; white grits.Published: Osband 2017, fig. 1:8.Late 1st BCE— 70 CESee BSL North Pl. 1: 23.

Rim + NeckJarB6804/1L209778.

Sandy pinkish fabric; large white grits; buff slip on ext.Bet She’an, 50— 132/135 CE (Sandhaus 2007, fig. 6.2:6-8).

Rim + NeckJar B6804/5L209779.

Sandy pink fabric; white grits.Rim Jar orAmphora?

B6690/14L209780.

Metallic brown fabric; gray core; buff on ext.1st BCE— 1st CE For Parallels see no. 52 above.

Handle‘Shikhin’ JarB6690/7L209781.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pink-buff fabric; large white grits.Pella, early 1st BCE (McNicoll, Smith and Hennessy 1982, pl. 129:1); ‘Akko, 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, figs. 9.25:11); Dor, 2nd— mid-1st BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 309, ‘JG 4’, fig. 6.31:11).

Rim Small Jar /Jug

B6804/15L209782.

Sandy pink fabric; medium white grits; string-cut base.BaseJugB6690/8L209783.Metallic brown fabric; gray core; light-brown on int.BaseCooking

Jug?B6804/2L209784.

Buff fabric; medium white grits; gray core. BaseJugletB6804/3L209785.Metallic gray fabric; medium white grits.Gamla, early 1st— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.5:10-11); Sepphoris, 0— 70 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 7: 8).

Rim Thin-walled Cup

B6809/3L209786.

Metallic buff fabric; knife-pared.Late 1st BCE— mid-2nd CE.See BSL North, Pl. 3: 81.

Nozzle‘Herodian Lamp’

UnknownL209787.

138

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 9: 1-19.

139

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 9: 1-19 Odeion (BLT): Cavea, sealed fills L3148 and L3152.

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo. Yellowish buff fabric; dripping grayish slip on ext. of rimSecond half 3rd— early 1st BCE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 2.

RimOutturned Bowl /Fishplate?

B6076/25L31521.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.Gamla, late 2nd/early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:4-5); Hayes 1985, form 4A, late 2nd BCE— 10/20 CE, pls. I:9-10.

RimESA Incurved Bowl

B6076/18L31522.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int. Grooved on rim int. with pronounced ridge beneath.Hayes 1985, form 17B, second half 2nd— early 1st BCE, pl. III:4; Kh. Zemel, 160— 140 BCE (Hartal 2005, fig. 20:6); Tel Anafa, 1st BCE (Slane 1997, p. 314-315, ‘TA 26’, fig. 1; pl. 21:FW217-219); Kedesh, third quarter 2nd BCE (Berlin, Herbert and Stone 2014, fig. 13); Dor 150— 80 BCE (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, p. 219, ‘Bowls with Internal Moulding’, figs. 5.6:4-5, erroneously labelled fig. 5.7 in the text); ‘Akko, first half 1st BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.21:14).

RimESA MastosB6063/19L31483.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.Hayes 1985, form 22, late 2nd BCE— 10 CE, pl. III:11.

RimESA BowlB6068/9L31524.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.Tel Anafa, 4 BCE— 50 CE (Slane 1997, p. 324-327, ‘TA 34a’, fig. 2; pl. 24:FW265-267).

RimESA Cup

B6076/19L31525.

Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.; stamped palmettes on the insideHayes 1985, form 4?Gamla, late 2nd/early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:4).

BaseESA PlateB6076/22L31526.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.; grooved on the inside.BaseESA Cup / Bowl?B6080/3L31527.Brown fabric; some mica; thick gray core.3rd— 1st BCE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 11.

ProfileMicaceous Baking Pan

B6076/12L31528.

Brown fabric with thick gray core.Adan form 1 A / G1 B?, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE; Gamla, early 1st— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 45-47, fig. 2.19:8).

Rim KFH/Golanic CookingBowl

B6076/1L31529.

Metallic orange fabric, fired light brown on surfaces, Adan form 1 A, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE; Gamla, early 1st— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 45-47, fig. 2.19:12).

RimKFH CookingBowl

B6076/2L315210.

Brown fabric with thick gray core.4th— early 4st BCE.See BSL North, Pl. 2: 48.

RimCooking Pot with Triangular-Rim

B6068/9L314811.

Reddish-brown unevenly fired fabric.Adan form 4 B / G4 B?, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE.

RimKFH/Golanic CookingPot

B6076/9L315212.

Sandy pinkish fabric with many large white & gray gritsGamla, late 2nd— late 1st BCE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.22:1).

RimJarB6063/5L314813.

Light brownish fabric with some white gritsLate 2nd BCE— 70 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 2: 50.

RimJarB6068/2L315214.

Yellowish fabric with white & gray gritsLate 1st BCE— 70 CE.See BSL North, Pl. 1: 23.

RimJarB6063/3L314815.

Buff almost fine fabric with some pink grits; yellow slip on ext.; Red band on rim. Akko granular fabric?Gamla, late 2nd/early 1st BCE— 67 CE (Berlin 2006, p. 30-31, fig. 2.9:1);‘Akko, 3rd BCE, in ‘spatter fabric’ (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.2:12).

RimPSF Jug/Table Amphora

B6076/5L315216.

Pinkish fabric; almost white buff on ext.; painted brown painted bands on ext.Granular fabric from Akko?Late 3rd— early 1st BCE.See BSL South, Pl. 5: 29.

Shoulder+ Handle stump

PSF Lagynos / TableAmphora

B6063/4L314817.

Fine buff fabric. Matte-black slip on ext. Brown-red slip on int. 350— 270 BCE.Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, p. 234, ‘Type 5b’, fig. 5.13:6);

ShoulderAtticStick-Lamp?

B6063/1L314818.

Coarse yellowish fabric with large white & gray grits.Red painted tituli picti?

Body Shard

Jar B6068/4L315219.

140

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo. Fine buff fabric; glossy reddish-brown slip on ext. & int.Gamla, late 2nd/early 1st BCE— early 1st CE (Berlin 2006, fig. 2.4:2,4); Hayes 1985, form 4A, late 2nd BCE— 10/20 CE, pls. I:9-10).

RimESA Incurved Bowl

B6055/6L314520.

Fine buff fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int.; rouletting on rim ext.Hayes 1985, form 45, 1/10 –50/60 CE, pl. VI:11-12; Tel Anafa, 10— 50 CE (Slane 1997, p. 324-328, pl. 24:FW273, ‘TA 34b’).

RimESA CupB6048/20L313921.

Light-brown fabric with gray grits & mica. ‘Standard Type 1d’, 210— 150/130 BCE.Will 1982, pl. 85:f; Peacock and Williams 1986, p. 84-85, ‘Class 2’; Lund 2000, p. 80-81, fig. 4; Yoqnea’m, late 2nd— early 1st BCE (Avissar 1996, p. 56-57, fig. X.6:7).http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/amphora_ahrb_2005/details.cfm?id=141&CFID=d0b0ff6c-79ae-4eb2-b8d7-8f03ea77430e&CFTOKEN=0

Rim‘Greco-Italic’ Amphora

B6049/17L313922.

Buff to pinkish metallic fabric with tiny white grits; knife-pared; concentric circles decoration on body. Sooted nozzle. Late 1st BCE— mid-2nd CE.See BSL North, Pl. 3: 81.

Nozzle‘HerodianLamp’

B6055/8L314523.

Plate 9 (cont.): 20-23.

Plate 9 (cont.): 20-23 Odeion (BLT): Cavea, unsealed fills L3139 and L3145.

141

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Description/ Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy greenish fabric; decomposed green glaze on ext. & int. 1st BCE— 3rd CE.Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997, p. 169-171); Dura Europos (Toll and Matson 1943, p. 62-64, ‘XI-B’, fig. 28:1938.4854).

RimParthian Glazed Bowl?

B6047/8L312824.

Buff metallic fabric; knife-pared. Triangular design in relief on nozzle’s underside. Sooted.75— 150 CEJalame (Manzoni-Macdonnell 1988, fig. 6-1:5).

Nozzle‘Southern Lamp’B6071/7L315525.

Greenish to buff thin fabric; dull brown slip spattered on ext. of the lamp & int. of nozzle. Sooted nozzle.1st— 3rd CE (Hadad 2002, p. 16-20, ‘Type 7’).

Bottom ‘Discus Lamp’B6071/6L315526.

Pinkish to buff thick fabric; Sooted nozzle.As preceding.

Bottom‘Discus Lamp’B6071/5L315527.

Buff fabric with gray core. Worn vegetal decoration. 75— 150 CE?

Shoulder‘Southern Lamp’?B6071/30L315528.

Pinkish to buff fabric; red slip traces. Worn pellets decoration. Two non-joining fragments.4th— 5th CE (Hadad 2002, p. 26-35, nos. 81-83, ‘Type 17’).

Shoulder‘Beit Nattif Lamp’B6075/24, 28

L315529.

Buff fabric. Spirals decoration.Late 3rd— early 5th CE (Hadad 2002, no. 100); (Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p. 100, no. 404); Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 126-128, fig. 3.13:10).

Shoulder + Pyramidal handle

‘Beit Nattif Lamp’B6075/25L315530.

Brownish-buff fabric. Stylized branch and grapes’ clusters.4th— 5th CE (Hadad 2002, no. 101).

Shoulder‘Beit Nattif Lamp’B6075/26L315531.

Buff fabric; dark red slip on ext. & int.Braziers: Dor, 2nd BCE (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, p. 205-208, figs. 5.1-5.2); ‘Akko, mid— late 2nd BCE (Berlin and Stone 2016, fig. 9.14:1).Incense Shovels: Sepphoris and Gerasa, 1st— 3rd CE (Balouka 2013, p. 54-57, pl. 34: 1-6).

FragmentBrazier orIncense Shovel?

B6071/3L315532.

Plate 10: 24-32 .

Plate 10: 24-32 Odeion (BLT): Unstratified Ceramics and Lamps from L3128, L3154, L3155.

142

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 11: 1-6.

143

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 11: 1-6 The Basilica (BSL), 3rd–4th Centuries CE: L2062 above F2063.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Light brown fabric with some white grits and gray core; yellowish slip on ext. Sepphoris, 135— 363 CE, identical form (Balouka 2013, pl. 23: 3, 6); Jalame, ‘in use by the mid-4th c. CE’ (Johnson 1988, p. 183, fig. 7-30: 483, 485); CCRG, 2nd— 3rd CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 131, 178, 221-222, ‘T21.3’: 558); Capernaum, 2nd— 3rd CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 229, ‘PIAT 22a’).

RimKrater B6486/1L20621.

Reddish-brown fabric with reddish core and some white & gray grits; Adan form 1 E / G1 E?, mid-3rd— first half 5th CE.

RimGolanic / KFHCooking Bowl

B6486/3L20622.

Reddish-brown fabric with reddish core.Adan form 1 E, mid-3rd— first half 5th CE; Meiron, 250— 365 CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pl. 8.16:19).

RimKFHCooking Bowl

B6486/2L20623.

Reddish-brown fabric with gray core.Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE; Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 13: 7); Jalame, ‘fourth CE and before’ (Johnson 1988, fig. 7-25: 393).

RimGolanic / KFHCasserole

B6491/1L20624.

Reddish-brown fabric. 2nd— 3rd CE.See detailed discussion of this type of cooking jug in SWL, Pl. 15: 59-63.

Rim + Neck

KFH Cooking Jug

B6491/2L20625.

Soft thick buff fabric; brown slip on the int.; dripping brown slip on the ext. 1st— 3rd CE.

Base‘Discus Lamp’B6491/3L20626.

144

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 12: 7-14.

145

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 12: 7-14 The Basilica (BSL), 3rd–4th centuries CE: L2075 and L2070.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Hard reddish-brown fabric; small black grits; gray on ext.Adan form 1 B, late 1st/early 2nd— mid-4th CE; Pella (Warehouse), 3rd— 4th CE (da Costa et al. 2002, fig. 9:7); Sepphoris, 135— 363 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 16: 6).

RimKFHCooking Bowl

B6602/14L20707.

Hard dark-brown fabric.Adan form 1 E, mid-3rd— first half 5th CE.

RimKFHCooking Bowl

B6602/5L20708.

Metallic gray fabric; medium white grits.Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 15: 14); Jalame, ‘351-383 CE and later’ (Johnson 1988, p. 197-198, fig. 7-41: 608); Jebel Jofeh (Amman), 250— 275 CE (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 105); Kh. Ibreiktas, 3rd— early 4th CE, form only (Kletter and Rapuano 1998, p. 46, fig. 2:7); Tel ar-Ra’s (Nablus), 3rd— 4th CE (Bull and Campbell 1968, fig. 11: 4, 6).

Rim + Neck

SmallCooking Pot

B6602/7L20709.

Gritty brick-red fabric; white grits & crushed quartz & shells?; gray on ext. Rim with internal grooving. Adan form C4 A2, mid-4th— first half 5th CE; Jalame, ‘especially 351-383 CE, but also earlier and later’ (Johnson 1988, p. 190-191, figs. 7-36, 7-37, nos. 548-558).

Rim Neckless Cooking Pot

B6602/17L207010.

Gritty brick-red fabric; crushed quartz; orange to gray on ext. Rim with internal grooving. For parallels and date see no. 10.

Rim Neckless Cooking Pot

B6602/12L207011.

Hard brick-red fabric; gray & white gritsAegean, late 2nd/3rd— 4th CE (Peacock and Williams 1986, ‘Class 47’, p. 193-195); Kh. Ibreiktas, 3rd— early 4th CE (Kletter and Rapuano 1998, p. 48-49, fig. 3:4).http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/amphora_ahrb_2005/details.cfm?id=154&CFID=ef77397b-905e-4bd5-b061-ce656f88ad7c&CFTOKEN=0

Rim‘Hollow-Foot’ Amphora

B6625/1L207512.

Buff fabric; gray core; reddish slip on ext. Stamped decoration.4th— 5th CE.Bet She’an (Hadad 2002, nos. 53-73, ‘Type 16’); Hammat Gader (Coen-Uzzieli 1997, p. 320-322, pls. I:5-6; II:1-8); Pella (Warehouse), 3rd— 4th CE (da Costa et al. 2002, fig. 12:1-2).

HandleBilanceolate Lamp

B6602/11? L207013.

Fine brown fabric; brown slip on ext. & int.; dark-brown to red on rim ext. Intrusive?CRS Hayes form 9 B, 580/600— 700 CE; Meyza form K 3, 530/540 - 680 CE (Meyza 2007, p. 62-68)

RimCRSBowl

B6602/10L207014.

146

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 13: 1-16 .

147

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 13: 1-16 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Cooking Bowls and Casseroles.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Reddish-brown fabric; grayish core.Adan form 1 A / G1 A?, second half 1st— second half 3rd CE.

Rim + Side Golanic/KFH? Cooking Bowl

B12338L19731.

Brick-red fabric; rest.Adan form 1 A / 1 C?, second half 1st— second half 3rd / mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Half vessel KFH Cooking Bowl

B2911/43L19732.

Brown fabric; sooted on the ext.Plaster attached. Adan form 1 B, late 1st/early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Rim + Side + Handle

KFH Cooking Bowl

B12339L19733.

Reddish-brown fabric; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 1.Adan form 1 C, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Complete KFH Cooking Bowl

B2694/1L19734.

Brown fabric; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 3; Osband 2017, fig. 3:1.Adan form 1 C, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Half vessel KFH Cooking Bowl

B2666/36L19735.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on the ext. Fragment of same vessel as no. 7?Adan form 1 C, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Profile KFH Cooking Bowl

B12349L19736.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on the ext. Adan form 1 C, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Profile KFH Cooking Bowl

B2955L19737.

Reddish-brown fabric; reddish core.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 2.Adan form 1 C, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Rim + SideKFH Cooking Bowl

B2683/20L19738.

Reddish-brown fabric; reddish & grayish core. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 4; Osband 2017, fig. 3:2Adan form 1 D, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE; Bet She’an, 130— 224 CE (Sandhaus and Balouka 2015, fig. 4.2:5).

Rim + Side + Handle

KFH Cooking Bowl

B2911/1L19739.

Brown fabric. Sooted on ext. & int. Adan form 1 D, mid-3rd—second half 4th CE.Rim KFH Cooking Bowl

B12340 L197310.

Brown fabric. Rim and non-joining side shards.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 6Adan form 1 D, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Rim + Side KFH Cooking Bowl

B2666/6L197311.

Brown fabric; rest. Heavily pitted & worn ext.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 5.Adan form 1 D, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Bowl

B2670L197312.

Brown fabric. Sooted on ext.Adan form 1 D, mid-3rd— second half 4th CE.

RimKFH Cooking Bowl

B12341L197313.

Brick-red gritty fabric; grayish core; large white grits; rest.Paneas, late 2nd— mid-3rd CE, in Baniyas ware (Hartal 2009, p. 168, 170, 176, fig. 10.6:5).

Nearly half vessel

Cooking Bowl?

B4310(old B2972).

L197314.

Brown fabric. Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE; Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pls. 13:6-7).

Rim KFH Casserole

B12346L197315.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext. Adan form 3 B, early 2nd— second half 4th CE; Meiron, 250— 365 CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pl. 8.19:7).

RimKFH Casserole

B12345L197316.

148

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 14: 17-30 .

149

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 14: 17-30 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Cooking Pots.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasket LocusNo.Metallic reddish-brown fabric; thick gray core. 1st BCE— 1st CECCRG (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 153, 201, no. 261, ‘T10.2’); Bet She’an, 30/10 BCE— 50/70 CE (Sandhaus 2007, p. 116-117, fig. 6.1:6).

Rim + Neck+ Handle

Cooking PotB12348L197317.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on ext.; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 21.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Small

B2691L197318.

Reddish-brown fabric. Base sooted on ext. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

IntactKFH Cooking Pot /Small

B2975L197319.

Brown fabric. Sooted on int. and ext.; rest. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B2692L197320.

Brick-red to reddish-brown fabric; Sooted mainly on ext.; rest. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B2978L197321.

Brown with reddish-brown core. Sooted mainly on ext.; rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper Half KFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B4286L197322.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on int. and ext.; rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper Half KFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B4290L197323.

Reddish-brown fabric with reddish core; some white & red grits; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 24Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper Profile KFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B4292L197324.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext. and on neck int. only. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper Profile KFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B4300L197325.

Reddish-brown fabric. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 18. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium-small

B2666/21L197326.

Reddish-brown fabric. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 12.Adan form 4 B / 4 C?, mid-1st— mid-2nd / early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper Profile KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2681/17L197327.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on surfaces. Sooted mainly on ext.; rest. Base broken.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4284 L197328.

Reddish-brown fabric. Neck broken.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 14.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Intact KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2908L197329.

Reddish-brown fabric. Two-thirds of the pot extant and rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 22.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2942L197330.

150

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 14 (cont.): 31-40.

151

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate Plate 14 (cont.): 31-40 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Cooking Pots.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasket LocusNo.Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on surfaces. Sooted on ext.; rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2964, B2879

L197331.

Reddish-brown fabric. Half of body extant rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 11; Osband 2017, fig. 3:3Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2936L197332.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on surfaces. Sooted on ext. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2955,B2964

L197333.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on ext. & int. Lower body and base missing and rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4285(old B2955)

L197334.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted mainly on ext. Two-thirds of pot extant and rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4286, B4296

L197335.

Reddish-brown fabric. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper halfKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2972L197336.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext. Sooted on ext. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper halfKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4298L197337.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on surfaces. Sooted on ext. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2955L197338.

Brown fabric. Sooted on ext.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2674/6L197739.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on ext. & int. Fragments of rim and base missing and were rest. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 10.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2941L197340.

152

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 14 (cont.): 41-49.

153

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 14 (cont.): 41-49 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Cooking Pots.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasket LocusNo.Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext. Sooted on ext. Two-thirds of pot extant and rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2911/38, B2972, B2964

L197341.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on ext. & int.; rest.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4283L197342.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on ext. & int. Body and base fragments missing and rest. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2972L197343.

Reddish-brown fabric. Body fragments missing and rest. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 20.Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2935L197344.

Reddish-brown fabric; sooted on ext. Two-thirds of pot extant and rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 15 (just rim)Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Nearly Complete

KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4297L197345.

Reddish-brown fabric; rest. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 9. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper half KFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4294L197346.

Reddish fabric. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4299L197347.

Reddish-brown fabric; rest. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 13. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2671/8L197348.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on surfaces. Sooted on int. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 23. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B2666/19L197349.

154

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 14 (cont.): 50-56.

155

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 14 (cont.): 50-56 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Cooking Pots.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasket LocusNo.Brown fabric. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th CE.

Upper ProfileKFH Cooking Pot /Medium

B4295L197350.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on surfaces. Sooted on int. & ext.; rest.

Body + BaseKFH Cooking PotB4291L197351.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext. Sooted mainly on ext.; rest.

Body + BaseKFH Cooking PotB4289L197352.

Reddish-brown fabric. Sooted mainly on ext.; rest.Base KFH Cooking PotB2901/16, B2955L197353.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext.; rest.Body + BaseKFH Cooking Pot B2666/40L197354.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext.; Sooted mainly on ext.; rest.

Body + BaseKFH Cooking PotB4293L197355.

Reddish-brown fabric, fired brown on ext.; rest.BaseKFH Cooking PotB4287L197356.

156

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 15: 57-63.

157

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 15: 57-63 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Cooking Jugs.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Reddish-brown fabric. Base rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 34.CCRG, late 1st— late 3rd CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 118, 152, 200, ‘T 9.10’: 251); Magdala , late 1st –3rd CE (Loffreda 1976, fig. 3:3); Rama, 3rd— 4th CE, form only (Tzaferis 1980, fig. 3:9); Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112-114, fig. 3.10:6).

Complete KFH?Cooking Jug

B2692L197357.

Reddish-brown fabric. Base broken. Sooted on ext.Body + HandleKFH?Cooking Jug

B4288L197358.

Reddish-brown fabric; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 35.CCRG, 3rd— 4th CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 118, 152, 200, ‘T 9.11’:252).

Half vessel KFH?Cooking Jug

B2937L197359.

Reddish-brown fabric. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 36.Dor, second half 2nd— early 3rd CE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 321-325, fig. 6.49:21).

Intact KFH?Cooking Jug

B2927L197360.

Reddish-brown fabric; rest. Capernaum, mid-3rd CE? (Loffreda 2008, p. 162, ‘VAS 13’); Magdala, late 1st— 3rd CE (Loffreda 1976, fig. 7:15); Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pls. 14:4-5).

Complete KFH?Cooking Jug

B2970L197361.

Reddish-brown fabric.NeckKFH?Cooking Jug

B12350L197362.

Reddish-brown fabric; brown on ext. Sooted on ext.Lower Body KFH?Cooking Jug

B2901/1L197363.

158

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 16: 64-65.

159

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 16: 64-65 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Jars.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy greenish-gray fabric; large white and black grits. Parts of the rim missing and rest. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 27 (just body).Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112-121, fig. 3.11:13).

Nearly Complete

JarB2901/2, B2681/3L197364.

Metallic gray fabric; reddish to brownish on surfaces; large white grits; rest. Bet She’an, 130— 224 CE (Sandaus and Balouka 2015, fig. 4.1:1); Jalame (Johnson 1988, fig. 7-51:765, 767, 772); Meiron, 135 –365 CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pls. 8.6:32, 34; 8.18:10; 8.19:10; 8.22:5-6); Capernaum, 3rd— 4th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 125-126, ‘ANF 12’); Sepphoris, 70— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pls. 10:5, 8; 17:5-6).

Upper ProfileJarB2954; B2957L197365.

160

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 17: 66-71 .

161

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 17: 66-71 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Jars.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy reddish fabric; buff on ext.; large white and brown grits; rest.Paneas, late 2nd— mid-3rd CE, in Baniyas ware (Hartal 2009, p. 171-172, 176, fig. 10.7:11)

Upper Profile JarB2972L197366.

Sandy buff fabric; large gray and white grits. Non-joining fragments.Kh. Ibreiktas, 3rd— early 4th CE (Kletter and Rapuano 1998, fig. 4:3); Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112-121, figs. 3.11:7-9).

Rim + Neck JarB12342L197367.

Sandy pinkish fabric; buff on neck surfaces; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 25; Osband 2017, fig. 3:4.CCRG, 3rd— 4th CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 109-110, 142, 187-189, ‘T1.10’:108, 110); Sepphoris, 3rd— early 4th CE (Balouka 2013, p. 38-39, ‘SJ4a’, pl. 19: 6); Rama, 3rd— 4th CE (Tzaferis 1980, fig. 3:21); Jalame (Johnson 1988, p. 213-214, fig. 7-51:774, 776); Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112-121, figs. 3.11:4, 6); Paneas, late 2nd— mid-3rd CE, in Baniyas ware (Hartal 2009, p. 171-172, 176, fig. 10.7:10); Jebel Jofeh (Amman), 250— 275 CE (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 41); Pella (Warehouse), 3rd— 4th CE (da Costa et al. 2002, fig. 8:1, 8).

Upper Profile JarB2666L197368.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; large white and gray grits; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 26; Osband 2017, fig. 3:5.Kh. Ibreiktas, 3rd— early 4th CE (Kletter and Rapuano 1998, figs. 4:1-2); Pella, late 3rd— early 4th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 108:2).

Rim + NeckJarB2666/32L197369.

Sandy pinkish fabric; speckled buff on ext.; large white grits; rest.Body JarB4282L197370.

Sandy pinkish fabric; buff on ext.; rest.Body JarB2954L197371.

162

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 17 (cont.): 72-74.

163

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 17 (cont.): 72-74 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Jars.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.

Sandy pinkish to yellowish fabric; large white grits; rest.Body JarB2901, B2911L197372.

Sandy pinkish fabric; buff on ext.; large white grits; rest.Base JarB2972L197373.

Sandy reddish fabric; large white & brown grit; rest. fragment.Cross painted in brown.

Body JarB12343L197374.

164

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 18: 75-78.

165

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 18: 75-78 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Wide‑mouthed Jugs.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy buff fabric; large white & gray grits; rest. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 29 (partial vessel).CCRG, 3rd CE? from Magdala (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 113, 147, 194, ‘T6.2’:167-168); Paneas, late 2nd— 3rd CE, concave base in local ware (Israeli 2008, p. 72-79, no. 67, fig. 4.13:12); Sepphoris, mid-2nd— late 3rd CE, concave omphalos base (Balouka 2013, p. 44-45, ‘JG 3b’, pl. 21: 10); Paneas, late 2nd— 3rd CE, concave omphalos base in Baniyas ware (Hartal 2009 p. 171-172, 176, fig. 10.7:14).

Complete JugB2911/27L197375.

Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 30.Sha’ar Ha-‘Amaqim, 3rd— 4th CE (Michniewicz and Młynarczyk 2017, p. 348-349, fig. 5:4); Sepphoris (Ayalon 1996, pl. IX:5).

Rim + NeckJugB2666/1L197376.

Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 32.

Upper Profile JugB2681/12L197377.

Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 33.

Upper Profile JugB2666/2L197378.

166

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 18 (cont.): 79-80.

167

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 18 (cont.): 79-80 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Wide‑mouthed Jugs.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Metallic light-brown fabric; rest.Sepphoris, mid-2nd— late 3rd CE (Balouka 2013, p. 44-45, pl. 21:10-13, photo 10).

Complete JugB2911/45L197379.

Metallic orange to buff fabric; rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 31 (just upper part).Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim, 2nd— first half 4th CE (Michniewicz and Młynarczyk 2017, p. 346, 348-349, fig. 5:5); Sepphoris (Ayalon 1996, pl. IX:6).

Half vessel JugB2901/4, B2911, B2911/57, B2912

L197380.

168

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 19: 81-89.

169

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 19: 81-89 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Ribbed‑ware and Gritty‑ware Juglets.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits. Ribbed body. Rim rest.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 38.CCRG, second half 3rd CE (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 113, 147, 194-195, ‘T6.3’:169, parallels in Nazareth).

Intact JugletB2694/2L197381.

Sandy greenish fabric with gray core; white & gray grits. Ribbed body. Paneas, late 2nd— mid-3rd CE, in Baniyas ware (Hartal 2009, p. 171-172, 176, fig. 10.7:3).

Lower BodyJugletB2954L197382.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ orange & buff fabric; large white grits. Ribbed body.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 39.Paneas, late 2nd - 3rd CE, in local ware (Israeli 2008, p. 73, 77, no. 43, fig. 4.13:16).

Lower BodyJugletB2671/12L197383.

Sandy buff fabric; large white & gray grits. Ribbed body.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 45.Kh. Namra, 250— 325 CE (Hartal 2005, fig. 49:6).

Lower BodyJugletB2666/29L197384.

Sandy buff fabric; ribbed body; yellow slip on ext.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 46.Kh. Namra, 250— 325 CE (Hartal 2005, fig. 49:6).

Lower BodyJugletB2911/54L197385.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; gray grits. Ribbed body;Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 40.Asherat (‘Akko valley), first half 3rd CE (Smithline 1997, p. 50, fig. 6:1); Jebel Jofeh (Amman), 250— 275 CE (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 86).

BaseJugletB2672/6L197686.

Buff sandy fabric; large white grits.Base Juglet or Cover

B12344L197387.

Gritty reddish-brown fabric; white grits.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 42.Jabal Jofeh (Amman), 250— 275 CE (Harding 1950: pl. 26: 200); Sepphoris, 70— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, p. 44-46, ‘JT2b’, pls. 11:11; 22:1,3); Kh. Namra, 250— 325 CE, in Hawarit ware (Hartal 2005, fig. 49:12).

Rim + Neck + Handle

Juglet with Flanged Neck

B2666/34L 197388.

Gritty gray fabric, reddish-brown on ext.Rim + Neck + Handle

Juglet with Flanged Neck

B12347L197389.

170

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 20: 90-103.

171

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 20: 90-103 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Deposit L1973 of the 3rd century CE: Splatter‑Painted Ware.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Sandy pinkish fabric; buff core; large white & gray grits. Reddish slip on int.; splattered red paint on ext. String-cut base.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 8.

BaseBowlB2666/33L197390.

Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits. Splattered reddish paint on int.Sepphoris, mid-1st— mid-2nd CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 11: 15-18); Magdala, late 1st— 3rd CE (Loffreda 1976, fig. 5:14); Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112-114, fig. 3.10:8).

TrefoilRim

JugletB12334L197391.

Sandy pinkish fabric; large white, brown, and gray grits. Splattered reddish paint on the neck’s int. & ext.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 43.

Shoulder + Neck

JugletB2671/1L197392.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & pink grits. Splattered red paint on ext., dribbling down on the neck’s int. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 48 (base only).CCRG, 3rd— 4th CE from Magdala and Bet She’an (Díez-Fernández 1983, p. 117, 152, 200, nos. 245-247, ‘T9.9’); Magdala, late 1st— 3rd CE (Loffreda 1976, fig. 5:10-13?); Rama, 3rd— 4th CE, form only (Tzaferis 1980, fig. 3:10).

ProfileLekythosJuglet

B2666/28L197393.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & pink grits. Remains of splattered red paint on the neck’s int. & ext.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 41.

Upper Profile

LekythosJuglet

B2695/1L197394.

Sandy buff fabric. Splattered gray to brown paint on ext., dribbling down on the neck’s int.

Upper Profile

LekythosJuglet

B12333L1973 95.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; large white, brown, gray grits. Remains of splattered red paint on ext.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 44.

Body + BaseLekythosJuglet

B2666/31L197396.

Sandy pinkish fabric; white grits. Remains of splattered reddish paint on ext.Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 104, 112-114, fig. 3.10:18).

Rim + NeckJugletB12335L197397.

Sandy buff fabric; white & gray grits. Splattered reddish paint on ext., dribbling down on int. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 47.

Body + BaseJugletB2666/27L197398.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & gray grits. Splattered reddish-brown paint on ext.

BaseJugletB2900L197399.

Sandy buff fabric; large white & gray grits. Remains of splattered reddish paint on ext.

BaseJugletB12337L1973100.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & pink grits. Remains of splattered red paint on ext. & int.Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 49.

BaseJuglet/ Cover?

B2681/2L1973101.

Metallic ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & pink grits. Splattered red paint on ext. Published: Kapitaikin 2010, no. 50.

BaseJugletB2681/1L1973102.

Sandy ‘sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & gray grits. Splattered reddish-brown paint on ext.

BaseJugletB12336L1973103.

172

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 21: 104-112.

173

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 21: 104-112 The Southern Bathhouse (SWL): Unstratified Fills (L1994, L1997) and the Marble Hall (L3416).

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Hard reddish fabric; medium white & black grits; pale-gray core; red burnished slip on int. with concentric ridge marking the juncture of base-body; very coarse brown-red ext. Paneas, late 2nd— mid-3rd CE, in Baniyas ware (Hartal 2009, p. 168, 170, 176, fig. 10.6:1, 3); Gerasa, 250— 300 CE (Rasson 1986, fig. 17:2); Pella, late 3rd— early 4th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 108: 10); Meiron, 335-361 CE, slightly different form (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, p. 125-126; photo 64:5; pl. 8.13:5).

ProfileCooking BowlB4279/1L1994104.

Fine red fabric; red slip int.; Stamped on int. with cross-monogram with two drop-shaped pendants below arms. LRC Stamp-group III, late 5th— early 6th CE (Hayes 1972, p. 363-365, fig. 78:67); Kh. Kerak, identical (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 31: 5).

BaseLRCBowl

B2952/1L1994105.

Coarse orange-red fabric; large white, black-volcanic grits, quartz and shells?. Sooted on ext. Aegean, late 2nd/3rd— 4th CE (Peacock and Williams 1986, ‘Class 47’, p. 193-195); Kh. Ibreiktas, 3rd— early 4th CE (Kletter and Rapuano 1998, p. 48-49, fig. 3:4).http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/amphora_ahrb_2005/details.cfm?id=154&CFID=ef77397b-905e-4bd5-b061-ce656f88ad7c&CFTOKEN=0

Handle‘Hollow-Foot’Amphora

B2952/2L1994106.

Coarse orange-red fabric; large white, black-volcanic grits, quartz and shells?; pale-gray core. For dating & parallels see no. 106.

Handle‘Hollow-Foot’Amphora

B2968/1L1998107.

Brown fabric; matte black slip on ext. & int. Relief decoration (worn) of crosses and bits of leaves(?). Rim broken.Eastern or Ionian, 2nd— 1st BCE?Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995, p. 215-216, no. 63, fig. 5.5:23).

Side below Rim

‘Relief Bowl’B2459/1L3420108.

‘Sandwich’ pinkish & buff fabric; white & gray grits; core. Reddish slip on ext. Ovolo and double-axe decoration. 1st— 3rd CE.

Rim ‘Discus Lamp’B4265/24L3416109.

Pinkish fabric; buff on surfaces. Remains of dull red slip on ext. Leaves in high-relief decoration.Jebel Jofeh (Amman), 250— 275 CE (Harding 1950, pl. 25: 1-197); Gerasa, 250— 300 CE (Rasson 1986, fig. 17:10); Meiron, 250— 365 CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pl. 9.18:3); Bet She’an, mid-3rd— mid-4th CE (Hadad 2002, p. 22-24, no. 41, ‘Type 13’).

Rim + Handle

‘Jebel Jofeh Lamp’

B4260/22L3416110.

Buff fabric; poor red slip. Impressed ‘eyes’ decoration.Bet Shean, mid-3rd - mid-4th CE (Hadad 2002, p. 22-24, no. 42, ‘Type 13’).

Rim + Base‘Jebel Jofeh Lamp’?

B4265/23L3416111.

Dark brown metallic fabric; finely crushed quartz; brown & yellow glaze on ext. & handle only. Crusader-Ayyubid?, mid-12th— mid-13th CE (Avissar 1996a, p. 142-143, fig. XIII.103:1, ‘Type 16’).

Rim + Handle

Cooking Bowl?B4268L3405112.

174

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 22: 1-8.

175

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 22: 1-8 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine— Umayyad Residential‑Industrial Building, Room L3311, L3314, L3335.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. of rim. ARS Hayes form 109 C, 580/600— mid-7th CE.

RimARSBowl

B3819/1 L33111.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. of rim. 3 grooves and incised pattern (?) on int. 2 joining fragments of different loci.

Base ARS?Bowl

B3829/9B3848/1

L3314L3335

2.

Gritty dark-brown fabric; gray core; sooted on ext.Pella, 5th— 660 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 1:4); Hippos (Młynarczyk 2009, figs. 3:54; 11:211).

RimCasserole B3828/3L33113.

Gritty reddish fabric.Bet She’an, Leontis’ House (Tzori 1973, fig. 7:5); Bet-She’an, 525 –749 CE (Bar-Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 260-263, ‘CP7’, pl. 11.22:12); Hammat Gader, 4th –7th CE (Ben-Arieh 1997, p. 351, 371, pls. III:23; XII:15); Pella 5th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 1:9).

RimNeckless Cooking-pot

B3848/1L33354.

Gritty dark-brown fabric; mottled gray on surfaces. Thin ware; ribbed neck.Hammat Gader, second half 7th— mid-8th CE (Ben-Arieh 1997, p. 367, pl. XI:4-7); Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 6:4); Hammath Tiberias, 5th— 8th CE (Johnson 2000a: fig. 16:98); Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 53: 35); Gadara (Vriezen 2015, fig. XII.21:24); Pella, 660— 850 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 3:21; Walmsley 1995, fig. 8:4); Jerash first half 8th CE (Ball et al. 1986, fig. 2:3; Rasson and Seigne 1989, fig. 5:1).

RimCooking Pot

B3828/7L33115.

Metallic brown fabric, mottled gray; white grits.Rim‘Beisan Jar’B3819/4L33116.Metallic red fabric, mottled gray.Pella, 600— 660 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 9: 70-71); Bet She’an, Synagogue, 6th CE (Tzori 1967, fig. 6:1).

Rim‘Beisan Jar’B3819/5L33117.

Very coarse buff fabric; yellow core; white & black grits, chaff. Incised decoration.Bet She’an, Synagogue, late 5th— mid-7th CE (Tzori 1967, pl. 32: 7); Pella, 5th— 660 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 8:57, ‘Ware E’).

SideHole-mouth Pithos

B3816/1L33118.

176

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 23: 9-15 .

177

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 23: 9-15 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine— Umayyad Residential‑Industrial Building, Entrance F3345, L3313.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext., buff on rim ext. Rilled rim. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRCBowl

B3831/9L33139.

Fine red fabric; reddish slip on int. & ext., brown on rim ext. Rouletted on rim ext.LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRCBowl

B3826/21L331310.

Sandy brown fabric; white grits; buff slip on ext. Capernaum, 550— 800 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 237-238, ‘PIAT 40’); Bet-She’an, first half 8th CE, form only (Bar-Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 283-288, ‘BL15’, fig. 11.37:5-6).

RimBowlB3831/2L331311.

Hard pink fabric; yellow core; dark red slip on ext. & int. Brown wavy line and band painted on ext. and the rim. Bet-She’an, 7th— 8th CE (Bar-Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 275-280, ‘KR5’, fig. 11.33:2); Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pls. 36: 2-4; 54:1); Tiberias (Stacey 2004, p. 98, fig. 5.12).

RimKrater B3831/10L331312.

Gritty brown fabric; sooted on ext.RimCasseroleB3831/1L331313.Gritty brown fabric; sooted on ext.Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, fig. 13.3, ‘Group H’).

RimCasserole-Lid

B3831/5L331314.

Metallic orange fabric, mottled gray; large white grits. White painted decoration on ext.Hippos (Młynarczyk 2009, fig. 3:46); Pella, 525— 660 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 116: 3; Watson 1992, fig. 9:66); Bet-She’an, first half 8th CE (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 230-234, fig. 11.3: 2, ‘SJ 2’).

Upper Profile‘Beisan Jar’B3831/13L331315.

178

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 24: 16-22 .

179

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 24: 16-22 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine— Umayyad Residential‑Industrial Building, Room L3330, L3333.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine dark-red fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRCBowl

B3846/9L333016.

Fine red fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int. LRC Hayes form 3 E, 500— 525 CE.

RimLRCBowl

B3843/3L333317.

Fine red fabric; reddish slip on ext. & int. LRC Hayes form 3 E, 500— 525 CE.

RimLRCBowl

B3842/8L333018.

Metallic buff fabric; gray slip bands on ext. & int. FBW form 2B?, 6th— 8th CE (Magness 1993, p. 198-200); Pella, 6th— early 7th (McNicoll et al. 1992, p. 146-147, pl. 98: 11).

Rim FBWBowl / Cover?

B3842/1L333019.

Hard dark-brown fabric; gray core. Pella, 5th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, p. 171-173, pl. 109: 9); Gadara, 5th CE (Vriezen 2015, p. 133, fig. XII.22:12-14; Andersen 1993, pl. 29: 171-172); Hammat Gader, 5th— 8th CE (Ben Arieh 1997, p. 348-349, pl. I:15-17).

RimCooking BowlB3846/1L333020.

Brown fabric with reddish core.Adan form 1 E / G1 E?, mid-3rd— first half 5th CE.

RimKFHCooking Bowl

B3846/4L333021.

Gritty dark-brown fabric; reddish core; sooted ext.RimCasseroleB3842/6L333022.

180

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 24 (cont.): 23-30 .

181

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 24 (cont.): 23-30 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine— Umayyad Residential‑Industrial Building, Room L3330, L3333.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Gritty dark-brown fabric; sooted on ext. & int.RimCasseroleB3843/5L333323.Gritty brown fabric. Very worn.Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 6:6); Bet-She’an, mainly first half 8th CE (Bar-Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 260-262, fig. 11.22:2, ‘CP1’); Capernaum, 450— 749 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 191, ‘PENT 15’); Pella, 550— 749 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 116: 4; Watson 1992, figs. 2:19; 3:20).

RimCooking PotB3847/3L333324.

Gritty reddish-brown fabric.Hammat Gader, Umayyad and onwards (Ben-Arieh 1997, p. 367, pl. XI: 12, 15); Hippos (Kapitaikin 2010, pl. VI:53); Capernaum, 350-650 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 190, ‘PENT 14.2’).

RimCooking PotB3846/2L333025.

Metallic gray fabric. Capernaum, 500— 700 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 135, ‘ANF 22’); Pella, 500— 525 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 110: 10; Watson 1992, fig. 9:65).

Rim‘BeisanJar’

B3842/11L333026.

Sandy drab brown fabric.Pieri 2005, p. 103-107, fig. 66, pl. 41: 3, 8-9, ‘LRA 4B2/3’, 6th— early 8th CE; Pella, 575/600— 660 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 116: 8; Watson 1992, fig. 10: 76).

RimGazan AmphoraB3846/3L333027.

Sandy gray-yellow fabric; large black grits; buff slip int. & ext. rest. Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pls. 34:8; 56:6); Bet She’an, Synagogue, 5th— 6th CE (Tzori 1967, fig. 10:3).

CompleteLidB3846/1-4L333028.

Fabric & slip as no. 28Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 34: 9); Bet She’an, Leontis’ House, 5th— 6th CE (Tzori 1973, fig. 9:16).

RimLidB3843/4L333329.

Very coarse buff fabric; gray core; very large white & gray grits & chaff. Capernaum, 350?— 800 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 149-150, ‘ANF 61’); Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pls. 38:12; 58:8); Pella, 5th— 660 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 8:57); Gadara (Vriezen 2015, fig. XII.11:6).

RimHole-MouthPithos

B3856/7L333330.

182

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 24 (cont.): 31-32 .

183

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 24 (cont.): 31-32 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine— Umayyad Residential‑Industrial Building, Room L3330, L3333.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Very coarse buff fabric; gray core; very large white & gray grits & chaff; reddish slip on ext.; rest.Pella, 500— 525 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 7:53); Capernaum, 350— 550 CE and later (Loffreda 2008, p. 247-248, ‘PIAT 61’).

RimBasin B3843/20L333331.

Fabric as no. 29. rest.RimBasin B3856/5L333332.

184

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 25: 33-38 .

185

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 25: 33-38 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine‑Umayyad Residential— Industrial Building, South Street Channel L3329, L3332, L3352.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine red fabric; red slip on ext. & int.; 2 grooves below rim.ARS Hayes form 104 C, 550— 625 CE.

RimARS BowlB3855/2L333233.

Metallic buff fabric; red-brownish slip on int. & ext. Wheel-ridged ext.CRS Hayes form 5?, mid— late 6th CE; Meyza form H 5, early 6th - early 7th CE (Meyza 2007, p. 56-57).

RimCRS?Bowl

B3834/12L332934.

Gray fabric; small white grits. Ridged ext.Bet-She’an, first half 8th CE, form only (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 275-280, fig. 11.33: 8-9, ‘KR9-10’); Hammath Tiberias, early 7th— mid-8th CE, form only (Johnson 2000a: fig. 10:20); Jerash late 6th— early 7th CE (Rasson and Seigne 1989, fig. 7:7); Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, p. 427, fig. 9:4, 9, ‘Group B’).

RimGray KraterB3834/4L332935.

Metallic orange & buff ‘sandwich’ fabric, mottled gray on ext. & rim int. See No. 7 above; and Capernaum, 450— 650 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 136, ‘ANF 24’); Pella, 525— 550 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 111:3); Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, fig. 13:9, ‘Group I’).

Upper Profile ‘BeisanJar’

B3834/8L332936.

Fabric as no. 36.Pella, 5th— 550 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 111:4; Watson 1992, fig. 8:63); Bet-She’an, first half 8th CE (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 230-234, fig. 11.3:3,

‘SJ2’).

Rim + Neck‘BeisanJar’

B3834/7L332937.

Sandy buff fabric; tiny white & black grits. Pieri 2005, p. 70-76, fig. 26, pl. 17: 3-4, ‘LRA 1B1’, 6th— mid-7th CE; Jerash late 6th— mid-7th CE (Rasson and Seigne 1989, fig. 12:1; Uscatescu and Marot 2016, fig. 5:3); Hammat Gader (Ben-Arieh 1997, p. 374-377, fig. XIII:11).

Rim + NeckAmphoraB3834/13L332938.

186

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 26: 39-47 .

187

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 26: 39-47 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine‑Umayyad Residential— Industrial Building, Courtyard (?) L3338, L3339.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & rim ext.ARS Hayes form 105, 580/600— 660 CE and later.

RimARSBowl

B3853/18L333839.

Hard pink fabric; dark red slip on ext. & int.; brown painted band on the rim.7th— 8th CEFor dating & parallels see no. 12.

RimKraterB3864/4L333940.

Gritty reddish-brown fabric. Sooted on ext.RimCasseroleB3853/1L333841.Gritty brown fabric. Sooted on ext.Rim CasseroleB3853/5L333842.Gritty reddish-brown fabric; Sooted on ext.RimCasseroleB3853/4L333843.Metallic grayish fabric, mottled orange on int.Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 7:6).

Rim + Neck‘BeisanJar’

B3853/2L333844.

Metallic grayish fabric; reddish core.Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, fig. 13:7, ‘Group I’).

Rim + Neck‘BeisanJar’

B3853/11,14L333845.

Brown gritty fabric. Sooted on ext.6th— 7th CEMagness 1993, p. 245, form 5; Capernaum, 550— 800 CE, form only? (Loffreda 2008, p. 165-166, ‘VAS 21’); Jerash late 6th— mid-7th CE (Uscatescu and Marot 2016, fig. 3:9).

RimCookingJug

B3857/4L333946.

Sandy buff fabric. Relief pattern of vegetal scroll or ornamented circles (worn). Red slip on int. Joining fragments.Bet She’an, second half 7th— first half 8th CE (Hadad 2002, p. 78-82, nos. 345-351, ‘Type 35’; Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 297-306, fig. 11.45: 1-6, ‘LP1 D-G’); Hammat Gader (Coen-Uzzielli 1997, p. 326, pl. VII:2-4); Hammath Tiberias (Johnson 2000b, fig. 18:7).

RimNorthern Islamic Lamp

B3853/24,B3864/1

L3338L3339

47.

188

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 27: 48-56.

189

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 27: 48-56 Living Quarters West (LQW): Late Byzantine— Umayyad Residential‑Industrial Building, Various Loci.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine red fabric; reddish slip on int. & rim ext. only. ARS Hayes form 91 A/B, 450— 530 CE.

RimARS BowlB3805/3L330348.

Metallic red fabric; red slip on int. only. Stamped on the base with lozenge with four pelta-shaped motifs. LRC Stamp-groups IIB-III, 440— 580 CE (Hayes 1972, p. 349, 352-353, fig. 73: v-w, no. 17).

BaseLRC BowlB3801/10L330149.

Very hard purplish-brown fabric; large black volcanic & white grits. Sooted int.2nd/mid-3rd— mid-4th CE (Hayes 1967, fig. 3: 1, 5; Blakely, Brinkmann, and Vitaliano 1992, p. 198, 208, fig. 5:3).

RimMortariumB3802/2L330250.

Very coarse pink fabric; thick buff core; very large white & gray grits & chaff. Incised wavy lines on ext. & int. below rim; ridging on the sides.Capernaum, 550— 800 CE and later (Loffreda 2008, p. 250, ‘PIAT 68’); Pella, 5th— 600/620 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pls. 109:11; 110:11,13; 112:2-3; 113:8; Watson 1992, fig. 7:56, ‘Ware E’); Gadara (Andersen 1993, pl. 31: 244-245; Vriezen 2015, pl. XII.16:1, 7); Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, p. 427, fig. 8:16, ‘Group A’).

RimBasinB3863/7L334351.

Gritty dark-brown & gray ‘sandwich’ fabric. Sooted on ext. & int. Nearly complete profile rest.7th— 8th CE. Cf. no. 24 above.Hippos (Młynarczyk 2009, fig. 1:7); Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 6:6-7); Pella, first half 8th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 3:20); Jerash, first half 8th CE (Uscatescu and Marot 2016, fig. 9:5); Tiberias (Stacey 2004, p. 123, fig. 5.32:1).

Complete Cooking PotB3804L330352.

Metallic orange fabric; gray slip bands on ext. & int. Incised gashes on ext. FBW, jug forms 1B or 2B, mid-6th— early 8th CE (Magness 1993, p. 236-241); Pella, 575/600— 660 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 114:8; Watson 1992, fig. 11:95-96); Capernaum, 550— 650 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 164, ‘VAS 17-18’).

Shoulder FBW JugB3861/5L334253.

Sandy buff fabric; brown-painted geometric pattern on ext. Capernaum, 8th–9th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 140, ‘ANF 47’); Hammat Gader (Ben-Arieh 1997, p. 374-375, fig. XIII:8); Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 37:13-14); Pella, first half 8th CE and later (Walmsley 1995, fig. 6, ‘Ware 8’); Jerash, first half 8th CE (Uscatescu and Marot 2016, fig. 8: 20-21).

Shoulder Small Jar/ Jug?B3818/4L331254.

Gray fabric, brown on surfaces. Candlestick pattern in relief.Bet She’an, 5th— 749 CE (Hadad 2002, p. 66-68, ‘Type 28’, nos. 287-291); Pella, 600— 660 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 115:8).

Rim Candlestick Lamp

B3801/11L330155.

Sandy yellowish fabric; buff slip and traces of red paint on ext. only. Spoked-wheel & dots in relief on the base.Lamp: Bet She’an, 8th— 9th CE (Hadad 2002, p. 82-95, ‘Type 36’, nos. 357-358, 360, 371-372, 381, 408, 416; Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 299-300, 308-315, figs. 11.48:4; 11.49:1, ‘LP3-LP6’); Tiberias, 725— 875 CE (Stacey 2004, p. 150-153, fig. 6.4:1, form 1B); Hammath Tiberias (Johnson 2000b, fig. 19:11, 14); Hammat Gader (Coen-Uzzielli 1997, p. 326-328, pls. IX:2; X:1); Capernaum (Loffreda 2008, p. 65-79, ‘LUC 9.1’) Ampulla: Jerusalem, 7th— early 8th CE (Magness 1993, p. 259).

Base or Side

Islamic Lamp or Ampulla?

UNKNOWNL334156.

190

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 28: 1-10.

191

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 28: 1-10 Northeast Insula (NIP), House of Tyche, 3rd— 5th centuries CE: Entrance Hall, L1938.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Metallic brown fabric. Ribbed body.Adan form 1 D, second half 3rd— first half 5th CE; Jalame, 4th CE (Johnson 1988, figs. 7-41:610; 7-42:615); Pella, 5th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 109: 6); Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 15: 14); Jebel Jofeh (Amman), 250— 275 CE (Harding 1950, pl. 26: 12); Gadara, ‘Roman-Byzantine’ (Daszkiewicz, Liesen, and Schneider 2014, fig. 12:1); Capernaum, 70— 270 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 183, ‘PENT 8’).

Upper Profile

KFH? Cooking-Pot

B2449/21L19381.

Gritty brittle dark-brown fabric. Ribbed body. Sooted ext. and base. Rest.Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 15: 14); Meiron, Cistern 3, 4th CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pl. 6.5:12); Jalame, 351-383 CE and later (Johnson 1988, fig. 7-41:608); Gadara, 2nd— 3rd CE (Daszkiewicz, Liesen, and Schneider 2014, fig. 12:11).

CompleteCooking-PotB2449/14, 23,24,25

L19382.

Metallic pink fabric, mottled light-orange on ext.; pink & white grits.RimCasserole Cover?

B2449/22L19383.

Metallic light-brown fabric; buff on ext. Rest.Sepphoris, 135— 300 CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 17: 9); Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, fig. 3.11: 10-11); Capernaum, 4th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 129, ‘ANF 16’); Meiron, ‘Patrician House’, 4th CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, photo 37:1; fig. 3.26:B); Bet She’an, late 4th— 5th CE (Sandhaus and Balouka 2015, fig. 4.3:1).

Neck + Rim

‘ShikhinJar’

B2449/15, 16,19L19384.

Sandy buff to greenish fabric; large white grits.3rd— 4th CE.See SWL, Pl. 17: 68.

Neck + Rim

JarB2449/18L19385.

Hard brown fabric; gray core; white grits.Nahal Haggit, late 2nd— late 3rd CE (Seligman 2010, p. 112-113, fig. 3.10:3,5); Pella, late 3rd— early 4th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 108: 16); Kh. Ibreiktas, 3rd— early 4th CE (Kletter and Rapuano 1998, fig. 4:6).

Upper Profile

Flask / Amphoriskos

B2452/4L19386.

Hard light gray fabric. Stamped zigzag pattern on the rim. Three ridges around the filling hole. Jalame, mid-4th CE (Manzoni-Macdonnell 1988, p. 129, 131, fig. 6-5:68; pl. 6.3).

RimLampB2449/28L19387.

Poorly fired sandy buff to greenish fabric; red slip traces ext. & int. Rim decorated with circles filled with dots in high relief.Bet-She’an, 4th— 5th CE (Hadad 2002, p. 37-50, nos. 175, 177-178, 205, 207-208, 214).

RimLampB2448/42, 46L19388.

Fabric & slip as no. 8 above. Rim decorated with stylized flower made of petals in high relief.Bet-She’an, 4th— 5th CE (Hadad 2002, nos. 131, 135-136, 183).

RimLampB2448/39L19389.

Buff sandy fabric; many mica. IntactStopperB2449/30L193810.

192

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 29: 11 .

193

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 29: 11 Northeast Insula (NIP), House of Tyche, 3rd— 5th centuries CE: Entrance Hall, Pit L1943.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Metallic brown fabric. Sooted on ext. Pieces of the rim broken. Rim dm. 11 cm. Adan form 4 C, early 2nd— mid-4th century CE.

IntactKFH Cooking-PotB2465L194311.

194

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 29 (cont.): 12-20.

195

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 29 (cont.): 12-20 Northeast Insula (NIP), House of Tyche, 3rd— 5th centuries CE: Entrance Hall, L1930.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Metallic ‘sandwich’ brown & grayish fabric; large white grits; mottled buff on ext. Ribbed body. Rest. Adan form 4 E1, mid-4th— first half 5th CE; or form C4 B, mid-4th— second half 6th CE; Sepphoris, mid-4th— 6th/7th CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 28:12); Meiron Cistern 3, 4th CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pl. 6.5:10); Capernaum, 4th— early 5th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 189, ‘PENT 14.1’).

Upper Profile Cooking-PotB2438/5-6, B2442/5

L193012.

Brown gritty fabric; sooted on ext. Ribbed body.Adan form C4 A1, mid-4th— mid-5th CE; Sepphoris, mid-4th— 6th? CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 29:1); Jalame, undated, probably 4th CE and onwards (Johnson 1988, p. 194-195, fig. 7-39:577, 583); Capernaum, 4th— 5th/6th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 192, ‘PENT 17’).

Upper Profile Neckless Cooking- Pot

B2442/2, 21L193013.

Gritty ‘sandwich’ brick-red and yellow-red fabric; brown on ext. Ribbed body. Sooted on ext.Pella, 5th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 109:8).

Rim and Handle

CasseroleB2445/12L193014.

Metallic ‘sandwich’ brown & grayish fabric; small white grits; mottled gray ext. & int.Pella, 5th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 8:62); Jalame, 4th CE (Johnson 1988, fig. 7-54:819); Capernaum, 350— 500 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 132-133, ‘ANF 18’).

Upper Profile‘Beisan Jar’B2442/19L193015.

Metallic ‘sandwich’ orange & grayish fabric; small white grits; mottled gray ext. & int. Rest.Jalame, 4th CE (Johnson 1988, fig. 7-54:818).

Neck & Rim‘Beisan Jar’B2445/9, 16L193016.

Metallic grayish-orange fabric; small white grits; mottled gray ext. & int. Rest.Sepphoris, mid-4th— 5th CE (Balouka 2013, pl. 30: 12-13); Jalame, 4th CE (Johnson 1988, fig. 7-54:813); Capernaum, 350— 550 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 133, ‘ANF 19’).

Neck & Rim‘Beisan Jar’B2445/11, 14L193017.

Fine micaceous brown fabric; reddish-brown core. Cf. Kapitaikin 2010, no. 67.Pieri 2005, p. 97-99, fig. 61, pl. 32:10, ‘LRA 3B3’, mid-4th— 5th CE; Athenian Agora, 4th— early 5th CE (Robinson 1959, pls. 28: M256; 29: M277, M282; 31: M307; 41: M282); Jalame, second half 4th CE (Johnson 1988, p. 210-211, ‘Amphora 2 / Variant 1’, fig. 7-50:731); Meiron, Cistern 3, 4th CE (Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981, pl. 6.4:5).

Base ToeAmphoraB2442/26L193018.

Coarse and hard brown fabric; large volcanic black particles & white chalk, and shells? Rest.Northern Syria? Late 3rd— early 4th CE (Hayes 1976: fig. 3:6).Jalame, second half 4th CE (Johnson 1988, p. 180-181, ‘Variant 1’, fig. 7-29:468,474); Capernaum, 350— 650 CE, likely residual (Loffreda 2008, p. 236-237, ‘PIAT 38’).

Rim MortariumB2417/9, B2442/23L193019.

Very coarse buff fabric; many large gray and white grits, and chaff; grayish core. Chaff indentations on ext. & base.Jalame, 350-375 CE (Johnson 1988, p. 183-185, fig. 7-32: 494); Capernaum, 350— 550 CE and later (Loffreda 2008, p. 247-248, ‘PIAT 61’).

BaseHandmade Basin?

B2442/24L193020.

196

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 30: 21-34.

197

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 30: 21-34 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: Late Roman Fine Wares and Bowls.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext., brown on rim ext. Rouletting on rim ext. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRC BowlB2425/5L192921.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. Rouletting on rim ext. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRC BowlB2408/18L192722.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRC BowlB2440/17L193123.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext., brown on rim ext. Rouletting on rim ext. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRC BowlB2408/16L192724.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. LRC Hayes form 3 F, 525— 550 CE.

RimLRC BowlB2428/16L200825.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. LRC Hayes form 10 B-C, late 6th— mid-7th CE.

RimLRC BowlB2419/6L200826.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. LRC Hayes form 10 C, early— mid -7th CE.

RimLRC BowlB2443/55L193127.

Fine red fabric; red slip on int. & ext. LRC Hayes form 3?, 450— 550 CE.

BaseLRCBowl

B2419/7L200828.

Fine buff fabric; dull reddish slip on int. & ext., discoloured buff on rim ext. CRS Hayes Form 1?, late 4th— 475 CE; (Meyza form H 1, 350/375 - 500 CE (Meyza 2007, p. 44-50, pl. 1:6).

RimCRS?Bowl

B2448/37L192829.

Fine buff fabric; dull red-brownish slip on int. & ext. Rouletting on body ext.CRS Hayes Form 9 B, 580/600— 700 CE; Meyza form K 3, 530/540 - 680 CE (Meyza 2007, p. 62-68).

RimCRSBowl

B2421/13L192930.

Fine buff fabric; peeling reddish slip on int. & ext. Rouletting on body ext.Bet She’an, 7th— mid-8th CE (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 290, fig. 11.39: 5).

BaseCRSBowl

B2418/4L192831.

Greenish-buff fabric; gray core; white grits.650— 800 CEKh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 56: 14).

RimPlate / Cover?

B2446/23L193132.

Sandy light-brown fabric; large white grits; greenish-buff slip on ext.See LQW, Pl. 23: 11.

RimBowlB2446/32L193133.

Gritty dark-brown fabric; small white grits; sooted on ext.Pella, 5th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 109:9); Gadara, 5th CE (Andersen 1993, pl. 29: 171-172; Vriezen 2015, p. 133, fig. XII.22: 12-13, 16); Hammat Gader, 5th— 8th CE (Ben Arieh 1997, p. 348-349, pl. I:15-16).

RimCooking Bowl

B2446/13L193134.

198

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 31: 35-41 .

199

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 31: 35-41 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: Casseroles.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Gritty dark-brown fabric, mottled gray. Ribbed & heavily sooted ext.Pella, 5th— 7th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 2:2; McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 109:8); Bet She’an, Synagogue, 5th— 6th CE (Tzori 1967, fig. 9:3).

Upper ProfileCasseroleB2409/3L192835.

Gritty brown fabric; mottled light -brown ext. Ribbed ext.Pella, mid-8th CE (Walmsley 1995, ‘Ware 13’, fig. 8:2).

Rim + HandleCasseroleB2409/2L192836.

Gritty brick-red fabric; gray core; sooted on ext.Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 6:12).

Rim + HandleCasseroleB2413/1L192837.

Gritty dark-brown fabric, mottled gray. Heavily sooted ext.See LQW, Pls. 22:3; 26:42-43.

Rim + HandleCasseroleB2446/26L193138.

Gritty reddish-brown fabric; small white grits; mottled dark-brown ext. Ribbed & sooted ext. Rest. & missing top.Pella, 5th— 7th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 2:1; McNicoll et al. 1992, pls. 110:7-8; 115:9); Bet She’an, 5th— mid-8th (Tzori 1967, fig. 9:6-7; Bar-Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 263-264, fig. 11.23:3); Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 6:13-16); Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, fig. 13:3-4).

Profile Casserole Lid

B2426/28-29, B2443/53

L192939.

Fabric as no. 39.Rest.

Lower profile Casserole Lid

B2448/26-27, 34L193140.

Gritty brown fabric. Ribbed ext.Pella, mid-8th CE (Walmsley 1995, ‘Ware 13’, fig. 8:1).

Lower ProfileCasserole Lid

B2419/4L200841.

200

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 32: 42-46.

201

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 32: 42-46 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: Cooking Pots.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Gritty dark-brown fabric. Ribbed ext; shallow rim gutter. Capernaum, mid-4th— mid-8th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 191-192, ‘PENT 16’); Bet She’an, 6th— mid-8th (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 260-262, fig. 11.22:7, ‘CP 5A’); Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 53: 39); Hammat Gader, 4th— 7th CE (Ben Arieh 1997, p. 371, pl. XII: 19); Pella, late 6th— 7th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 2:13, 15; McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 109:3, 11).

RimNeckless Cooking- Pot

B2409/6L192842.

Gritty dark-brown fabric. Sooted ext. Ribbed ext.Pella, 6th— 7th CE (Watson 1992, p. 235, fig. 2:16-17).

Upper ProfileCooking- PotB2446/4L193143.

Gritty dark-brown fabric. Sooted ext. Ribbed ext. Capernaum, 350— 650 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 190, ‘PENT 14.2’).

Upper ProfileCooking- PotB2408/13,B2426/34, B2432/14

L192944.

Gritty dark-brown fabric. Sooted ext. Rest.Jerash, North Theatre Umayyad Potters’ Complex, first half 8th CE (Schaefer and Falkner 1986, fig. 13:6).

Upper Profile Cooking- PotB2426/27,B2448/29

L192845.

Fabric as 45. Rest. Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 6:4).

Upper ProfileCooking- PotB2443/17, B2446/6,B2448/31,33

L192846.

202

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 32 (cont.): 47-51 .

203

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 32 (cont.): 47-51 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: Cooking Pots.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Gritty brick-red fabric, mottled dark-brown ext. Sooted ext. Rest.Pella, mid-6th— mid-8th CE (Watson 1992, fig. 2:19; McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 116:4); Jerash, 725-749 CE (Ball et al. 1986, fig. 2:4).

Upper ProfileCooking- PotB2446/15L193147.

Gritty brown fabric. Sooted int. & ext. Parts of the rim & side, handle missing. Cracked.

Half Vessel

Cooking- PotB2466/1L194448.

Gritty brown fabric. Sooted ext. Rest. See LQW, Pl. 24: 30.

Upper ProfileCooking- PotB2466/2L194449.

Gritty dark-brown fabric. Sooted ext. Parts of the rim & side missing & rest.

CompleteCooking- PotB2426/30, 32-33, 35-36, 42

L192950.

Gritty brown fabric; fired dark- brown on ext. & int. Sooted ext. Parts missing & rest.

CompleteCooking- PotB2443/44, 46L193151.

204

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 33: 52-55 .

205

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 33: 52-55 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: ‘Beisan Jars’.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Metallic grayish & orange fabric; white grits. Rest.See LQW, Pl. 24: 26.

Upper Profile ‘Beisan Jar’B2443/25,B2446

L193152.

Metallic orange fabric; small white grits; gray core; black on surfaces. Upper Profile‘Beisan Jar’B2426/20, B2448/21

L192853.

Metallic gray; medium white grits; black on surfaces.Jerash late 6th— mid-7th CE (Uscatescu and Marot 2016, fig. 4:7); Pella, 600— 660 CE (Watson 1992, fig. 9:54).

Neck ‘Beisan Jar’B2432/10L192954.

Metallic orange fabric; small white grits; gray on ext.Capernaum, 550— 8th CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 124-125, ‘ANF 21’); Pella, 6th— 7th CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 111:3; Watson 1992, figs. 7: 54, 56; 9:73, ‘Ware E’); Bet She’an, first half 8th CE (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 232-234, fig. 11.3: 8, 14); Gadara (Vriezen 2015, fig. XII.9: 3).

Neck‘Beisan Jar’B2443/26, B2446/20

L193155.

206

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 32 (cont.): 56-59 .

207

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 32 (cont.): 56-59 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: ‘Beisan Jars’.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Metallic brown fabric; small white grits; gray on int., black on ext. Rest.Bet She’an, first half 8th CE (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, fig. 11.3: 13); Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 7:3); Pella, 525— 550 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pl. 111:3).

Upper Profile ‘Beisan Jar’B2448/5, B2449/18

L192856.

Metallic orange fabric; small white grits; gray with white painted designs on ext. Rest.Jerash, late 6th— mid-7th CE (Uscatescu and Marot 2016, fig. 5:1). Cf. LQW, Pls. 22:7; 25:36.

Upper Profile ‘Beisan Jar’B2440/9, B2443/1

L193157.

Metallic orange fabric; small white grits; gray core; gray on int., black on ext.For parallels & dating see no. 58.

Neck‘Beisan Jar’B2421/21, B2436/19

L192958.

Metallic orange fabric; small white grits. Painted with spirals and X patterns in white on ext. Rest.

Body‘Beisan Jar’B2443L193159.

208

Lev-Arie Kapitaikin

Plate 34: 60-68.

209

Final Pottery Report of the 2010-2011 Excavation Seasons

Plate 34: 60-68 Northeast Insula (NIP), Late Byzantine— Umayyad Complex Alpha: Small Containers, Handmade Ware, and Varia.

Description / Dating / ParallelsPartVesselBasketLocusNo.Gritty brown fabric; many white & gray grits. Ribbed body.Upper ProfileSmall Jar? B2408/6L192760.Metallic buff fabric, mottled orange-grayish on ext. only. Ribbed body.Pella, mid-6th— mid-8th CE (Watson 1992, figs. 3:28; 4:30; 5:38).

Upper ProfileSmall Jar

B2443/36L193161.

Cream fabric, green-tinged; many white & gray grits. Hammat Gader, first half 8th CE, different fabric (Ben Arieh 1997, pl. XV:5-6); Bet She’an, first half 8th CE, different fabric (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 272-275, fig. 11.30:1).

NeckFlaskB2426/26L192962.

Fine buff fabric. Wheel-stamped vertical stripes, painted with brown on ext.Jerash, first half 8th CE (Rasson and Seigne 1989, fig. 5:8); Jerash, 6th— early 7th CE (de Montlivault 1986, fig. 20:1; Uscatescu 2001, p. 64, fig. 9:1-3); Kh. Kerak (Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 39: 13); Gadara (Vriezen 2015, p. 96, fig. XII.11: 4, 7, 9-11).

ShoulderJar/Jug

B2427L192863.

Light brown fabric. Rouletted ‘crescent’ patterns and incised ‘X’ patterns on ext. Brown paint traces?Gadara (Vriezen 2015, p. 96-97, fig. XII.11:5).

Shoulder JugB2435/15L193164.

Metallic orange fabric; grayish core.Kursi-Gergesa, 7th— mid-8th CE (Tzaferis 1983, fig. 8:26; pl. XVI:3); Hammat Gader, first half 8th CE (Ben Arieh 1997, p. 378-380, pl. XV:16, 19); Tiberias, 8th— early 9th CE (Stacey 2004, p. 138-139, fig. 5.52:6, 8-9); Bet She’an, first half 8th CE (Bar Nathan and Atrash 2011, p. 295-297, figs. 11.42: 16-17).

Upper ProfileSphero-Conical Container

B2443/59L193165.

Very coarse yellow fabric; grayish core; large gray & white grits & chaff. Red slip traces on ext.Capernaum, 500— 800 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 150, ‘ANF 62’).

RimHolemouth Pithos

B2428/15 L200866.

Very coarse brown fabric; grayish core; many large black, white & brown grits, pebbles & chaff. Rest.Capernaum, 350— 550 CE (Loffreda 2008, p. 249-250, ‘PIAT 66’); Pella, 6th— 620 CE (McNicoll et al. 1992, pls. 110:13; 112:2; 113:8; Watson 1992, figs. 7: 54, 56, ‘Ware E’).

Upper Profile BasinB2421/32L192967.

Coarse yellow fabric; large white & gray grits.Gadara (Andersen 1993, pl. 35: 308, 313-314; Vriezen 2015, p. 145-157, fig. XII.25:2-3).

Upper ProfilePipeB2443/28L193168.