History Study Guide

Early European Exploration and Settlement and Indians

I. exploration begins 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue; Columbus discovered America Indians were already there so Columbus is an European point-of-view, but not Viking Columbus hit the Bahamas in October 1492

A. events that make it possible printing press: Marko Polo’s reports are spread compass: tool used in navigation boat design improved: rudder, longer, leaner, faster concentration of resources: created by Spain 1492 Spain succeeded in pushing out the people of North African decent; with no war there

was new money

B. Spain explores and colonizesExploration: 1471: sailors sail to the equator 1487: go to the tip of Africa 1492:Columbus 1522: ship sails around the world Spain is the most active

Motivation: riches – trying to trade with Asia (spices) and Indians (gold) raw material – need timber Christianizing the Indians – Spanish missionaries improving shipping industry – expensive glory – wanted fame

1514 – exploration of Florida: don’t find anything1519 – Cortez went to Central Mexico and defeated the Aztec Indians, and put themselves at the top of the Aztec Empire1540 – widespread exploration of the south: don’t find much1560 – Spain explores the southwest: don’t find much; no riches

Characteristics of Spain’s Exploration: bringing Native Americans to the Spanish Empire bureaucracy – very complex but worked, Spain became very wealthy

II. columbain exchange old world meets new world after 10,000 years separation and there are fundamental differences

between the groups

A. plants came to America: wheat, grapes, onions, sugar cane, peaches, oranges, weeds,

Kentucky blue grass went to Europe: corn, tomatoes, squash, potatoes

B. animals came to America: horses, domesticated: chicken, cow, goats, hogs went to Europe: grey squirrel

C. disease came to America: small pox, measles, 80-95% Indians wiped out went to Europe: syphilis

III. IndiansA. diversity there were many different groups and they were really diverse; large and complex large groups – Aztecs some really small and peaceful

B. north American Indians

Middle: Mississippi valley mound builders

East Coast: eastern woodland groups big on farming lived in wigwams

Pequots: lived in Connecticut wore moccasins fished lived in villages made of wigwams part of the year they were together and part of the year they were separated chief was head but no absolute power women had power about food family groups had power

IV. Indian and European interactionA. differences and similaritiesDifferences: Indians moved seasonally and every few years; Europeans tried to stay put unless forced Indians had a lot of land by European standards; Indians thought they had just enough Indian women were in charge of agriculture and had some power; European men were in

charge Hunting was for royalty in Europe so Europeans thought the Indians were lazy Indians didn’t have individual land ownership; Europeans did Indians didn’t have wealth accumulation drive; Europeans did Indians viewed he world as possessing spirits (didn’t think of themselves as in charge);

Europeans view the world as God creating it and putting them in charge

Similarities: came from small towns practiced farming and hunting practiced warfare and high levels of violence

****Indians were not one with nature

B. balance of power in the beginning there was a relative balance of power Europeans had technology, but didn’t know how to survive

Changes because of: disease – Indians died disruption of culture – because of trading the economy changed dependence – Indians rely on Europeans

C. Indian response to European domination initial response is fighting to annihilation used savvy diplomacy

Settlement of English Colonies

I. background to English colonizationA. broad trends in English colonial developmentDifferences from Spanish colonization to English: England had no central empire – different colonies, very independent, individual government;

Spain had a big central empire Spain had no population transfer; England shipped its population over

B. reasons England begins colonizing there is a push for it by the royal; they wanted more land England had a population problem; too many people England figures out how to fund colonization; nobility forms companies England feels the need to “catch up” with Spain

C. experience in Ireland English first attempt at colonization they view and treat the Irish the same as Native Americans the Irish used brutal force to keep the English out

II. VirginiaA. Roanoke the first attempt in North American colonization they didn’t know what they were doing the “vanished colony” because no one knows what happened to them

B. JamestownBeginning: disaster in its early years poorly chosen sight colonists don’t work, they didn’t know what they were doing because they were jewelers,

perfumers, minor nobility, etc not use to working all day colonists were there to make money all for themselves

End:

leadership/military under John Smith who makes martial law and hard rules; forced people to work “you don’t work, you don’t eat”

Indians help out with food they find tobacco to make money company changes it policy; no martial law; implement English law; representative government House of Burgesses: democratic government with elected officials only adult, white men, who owned property were able to vote they start giving away land women begin to arrive in the colony

C. changes in the 1610’s reintroduce civilian law – no martial law women – family structure

Problems: Indian attack colony – 1622 was a big attack bad financially – tobacco isn’t enough population remains small – only 1,200 people still alive when 14,000 had come

D. becomes royal colony in 1624 the colony is taken over by the crown instead of the companies that use to own it

E. nature of society lawless society mainly men planters make some money – if they made money they would go back to England Indians remained a threat indentured servants (not slaves) – mainly young men who boarded a ship with nothing but the

trip was paid for by a planter for 4-7 years labor; they were owned for those years

Indentured Servants differences from slavery: they agreed to be indentured servants weren’t there for life children were not sold

Indentured Servants similarities to slavery: brutalized bought and sold 40% died

F. characteristics of Virginia for the rest of the 1600’s aristocracy is forming spread out plantations – not interested in society law of England prevailing – governor church – Anglican church of England not interested in escaping English ways but trying to reproduce them

III. Maryland becomes an extension of Virginia Catholics in England were being prosecuted 1630’s nobleman Lord Baltimore was granted Maryland by the King Lord Baltimore is Catholic so English Catholics had a haven in Maryland

Maryland becomes overtaken by Virginians

Settlement of English Colonies, Part II

I. MassachusettsA. Puritanism

Late 1510’s Reformation: Catholic church was called out for being too greedy because of indulgences indulgences – paying for your sins protestant reformers vs. catholics King Henry VIII wanted divorce so he established the Church of England and he was in charge

and could do whatever he wanted King vs. protestant reformers

Puritan Beliefs: God was sovereign and controlled everything but you couldn’t understand him puritans believed humans were worthless and totally evil God controlled everything predestination: “the elect” were the ones chosen for salvation God made a covenant with humans to know if you were a member of “the elect” you would have “an experience” church members were call the visible saints and had to be able to prove they were part of “the

elect”

Reasons for Coming to America: didn’t think the Church of England was reformed enough, it was still too Catholic see the Catholic church as in league with the devil see England as corrupt and though God was going to wipe England out wanted to set up a model society – “city upon a hill” : this was the main driving force did not want to abandon England permanently – they still see themselves as subjects of

England, not separatists

Massachusetts technically a company but were able to get there annual meetings to be held in Massachusetts

B. types of settlers Puritans – lots of them, they survive because it is not as ruff middle class small farmers, professionals, artisans came as families communities form and centered around the church

C. puritan society

Beliefs and customs: could do things in moderation; example – eating could exercise and ice-skate drank alcohol sex with marriage they didn’t wear black clothing that some believe didn’t believe in drunkenness, adultery, and gluttony

Economy: small farmers no tobacco fished sold salted fish in the Caribbean money was not life’s focus

Government: technically democratic voters: adult, white man who was a church member clergy did not hold office but could influence the peopleD. dissenters problems Puritans didn’t believe in religious toleration

1. Roger Williamso thinks the Puritans were not separate enough with Englando thought the charter with England was a disgraceo thought they needed distinction from church and governmentohe was eventually thrown out and went to Rhode Island

2. Anne Hutchinsono said people don’t need to go to church to be good Puritansowomano thrown out and killed by Indians

E. comparison with Virginia

Cities: Virginia was spread out to make money Massachusetts had communities centered around the church

Economy: Virginia had a staple crop economy Massachusetts didn’t have a staple crop economy but sold lumber and fished

Population: Virginia was primarily male and poor Massachusetts had a broad mix of ages and sexes

Church: Virginia didn’t view church as important but had the Anglican Church Massachusetts had the Puritan church at its center

Government: Virginia had a governor elected by the King and they were a royal colony Massachusetts called there own shots but were technically a company

F. factors leading to change

1.) dissent – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson2.) generational problem – people who came to Massachusetts were die-hard

Puritans but there children have a different view than their parents

1660’s the children don’t have commitment; they want money not church

3.) new people – merchants appear with money well connected in London; not Puritans politically powerless so they start to make waves

4.) new relationship with England: 1680’s England decided it needed better control

over the Puritan colonies they lose their charter and become a royal colony

with a governor England is putting together an empire Puritan colonies under English rule – Anglican

church England tolerated religious freedom but not Puritans

Virginia and Massachusetts begin looking more and more alike in the 18th century

II. Middle Colonies geographically in the middle characteristics fall in the middle

A. New York starts out as a new Amsterdam but it doesn’t have to support of the Holland monarch and it

didn’t prosper; it had a diverse population 1660’s: King Charles II throws land to friends: the Duke of York (kings brother) is given this

land Dutch colony gave up and gave over the land cosmopolitan population religious freedom economy mixed: staple crop agriculture and other stuff

B. Pennsylvania founded by a Quaker, William Penn because Penn’s father had helped get the King on the

thrown

Quakers: opposite of Puritans inter-light (Jesus) – everyone had this; religious discovery was something that everyone had to

find no original sin or pre-destination believed everyone was equal in the eyes of God women were important and could speak at meetings (church)

Pennsylvania: opened its doors to all religions populated explodes and economy does well mixed economy – some agriculture, some trade some in towns, some spread out

democracy, representative assembly

C. characteristics of middle colonies

III. Southern ColoniesA. Carolina eight proprietors – high-archial colony grows slow and in the 1680’s population begins different – settled by people coming from Barbados plantations and slaves in the north are poor people coming out of Virginia outer bank kept ships from coming in

B. Georgia founded in the 18th century unlike the other colonies in the 17th century 1730’s Britain wanted a buffer from South Carolina and Spanish Florida Britain dumped the poor debtors who were in jail to Georgia no alcohol, no slavery, but debtors got land to farm doesn’t work out, debtors stayed in England imprisoned; population doesn’t grow alcohol law lifted but still not a big population 1750’s slave law lifted and there was a population explosion – mainly South Carolina’s

population doesn’t rescue England’s poor

Development of Slavery

I. origins of racism racism: believing your own race is superior to other races comes from two tendencies: 1. categorizing 2. individuals think they are right when English (not colonists) began to explore they encountered extensive African American and there

was skepticism in European culture the color black symbolized horror, evil, something to be feared Europeans were Christians and though that others were heathens – Africans

II. slavery in VirginiaA. gradual shift to slavery 1619: first people with African decent; probably slaves from the Caribbean Africans traded off the ship in Jamestown loaded as slaves, traded as indentured servants 1640s: there is a pattern of a distinguish being made between indentured white people and

indentured black people; example – run aways 1660-1720: widely recognized slavery, laws began to form

B. reasons for shift

1.) Fear of Rebellion: the number of poor indentured servants were growing and they had stopped with land grants aristocracy thought that as the poor people increased trouble would increase 1676: Nathaniel Bacon lead a rebellion because he got mad at the government; led the

rebellion to Jamestown and burned the city, governor fled, but Nathaniel died of dysentery

2.) Change in supply: the poor were subjects to the King of England and the King wouldn’t let them be slaves, plus

they came voluntarily and if you enslaved them they wouldn’t come African decent were not under the King the supply of indentured servants were going down and the African supply was going up 1670’s there was an English slave company created

3.) Life Expectancy: at first the life expectancy was really short so buying slaves for life made no sense it increases over the century as conditions get better (no swamps, more food) slaves were more expensive than indentured servants better off paying for the cheaper but when life expectancy changed it was a good thing for

profit (slaves were for life)

4.) Racial Assumptions: English treated poor people like crap Africans looked different, had cultural differences, and were poor racism is a key component but not the only one

III. slavery in other southern coloniesA. South Carolina begins with slavery first permanent slaves considered a slave colony – slaves were everywhere

B. Georgia 1750’s slavery was allowed so the population boomed

IV. slavery in the middle and northern colonies slaves not essential to society and economyMiddle Colonies: some slavery 8-10% mixed economy is a reason for little slaves, not all plantations

Northern Colonies: little slavery 2% no plantation agriculture slaves loaded and unloaded ships

V. slave trade minority of Africans come to British America 1580-1810: 12 million Africans were forced on slave ships, 10 million arrived, 2 million died most slaves went to Brazil and the Caribbean were the masters were most brutal 450,000-500,000 slaves reached British America slaves in British America were the only ones that provided natural increase by birth

3 Active Participants: all essential companies in Europe with the money; capitol colonist willing to buy; demand leaders in Africa willing to fight other groups and trade them on the coast; supply

A. village raid

one African group would fight another African group, lead them to the coast, and traded them as slaves

B. middle passage jails were set up n the African coast first slaves were shipped to the Caribbean

Ways to put Slaves on Ship: pack them tightly – started with more but more died pack less tightly – started with less but not as many died

the slaves were mostly packed tightly extreme brutality on ship was used to keep order bad food, bad health, and dirty

C. arrival Caribbean to the port; sometimes Baltimore but mostly Charleston slaves cleaned up for sale sold at auction

there is a psychological trauma of the unknown for the slaves

VI. slave experience in the colonies 17th and 18th centuries extreme brutality and the most chance of being freed is seen; extreme

differences

South Carolina: slaves from Barbados slaves were the dominant population worked on large plantations with little to no contact with whites African culture traits remained and a new language (Creole) was formed

Virginia: more slaves than South Carolina slaves were not the majority they were in constant contact with whites worked in smaller groups fewer culture traits remained and English was learned

Middle and Northern Colonies: the minority was slaves they were in constant contact with whites no cultural traits remained and English was learned

Colonial Politics, Economy, and Slavery

I. politicsA. colonies’ places in the empire colonies didn’t mind being subjects to England colonists thought of themselves as English

the king’s job was to oversee the good of the empire; protector of the people; the king was seen as doing a good job

the king’s job was to see that the empire prospered – and it does colonists happy being British

B. ***mercantilism*** economic policy that drives the colonist trade system and the British trade policy the colonist were cool with it money is what really matters; try to gain more and keep what you already had goal was to be self-sufficient; maintain the empire

Trade Acts: trade laws the colonists had to use English ships for trading enumerated or specified goods were goods that were suppose to only be sold to England consumers had to buy from the colonies manufactured goods had to be bough from England

C. government with the colonies no centralized government like the Spanish individual colonies had their own government colonies didn’t want to join together they were independent colonies were tied directly to England By the 18th century the colonies were royal and their government mirrored England’s Royal governor and colonial assembly with an upper and lower house governor was limited in power lower house could find a way around the governor

D. ***deferential politics*** attitude that dominated colonial politics and during the US writing of the constitution social hierarchy there was an ability for social mobility and there wasn’t an extreme difference between poor

and rich there was a notion that there were “great men” 50-70% of the white men could vote the same men were elected (the wealthy) by the more moderate farmers not suppose to seek office the wealthy controlled things

II. economicsA. growth grew tremendously in the 18th century established trade patterns things started settling down in the middle colonies there was a mixed economy in the northern colonies there was everything but staple crop agriculture

B. maturation lawyers and merchants that governed and controlled trade and maintained order there was a growing difference in classes trade imbalance: more imports into America than exports to England easy credit: no money, no problem; many go into debt

III. societyA. population growth 18th century – population increased but was steady there were no mass deaths or starvation the birthrates were up there was an even sex ratio 80% - people started marrying young and having lots of kids 20% - steady immigration

B. cities cities grew and were established some of the cities: Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia (largest) cities are the center of high culture because of ports colonial newspapers and magazines are being printed

C. education started developing colleges in cities most ivy league schools were established in the 18th century there was no organized education below college; some families taught there kids or hired tutors language began changing from that of England a dialect developed; people had a “colonial accent”

Book Questions:

Who lived in the colonies by 1770 and what made the population unique to that of any other place in the Americas, Europe, or Africa?

English, Dutch, French, Scot, Irish, Swede, and GermanThe strange mixture was not found in any other country. It had a remarkable mixture of people.They excluded American Indians from society and captured African Americans.

In what ways, both positive and negative, did the colonial economy change from the late seventeenth century to 1770?

Positive: Economy grew significantly more diverse and complex American goods to international markets and more international goods to the American goods They grew enough crops to feed the family plus surplus to go to market (both use and profit) Paid more attention to markets Everyone worked including women they went from a society of mostly farming and began to branch out to other occupations – ex. fishing,

whaling, fur trade

Negative: Africans lost freedoms and everything else they had and farmed Gap between the rich and the poor

increased and poverty became permanent in America Slaves began to outnumber servants

How did colonial politics mature during the eighteenth century and what possibilities and disappointments were realized?

Possibilities:

Disappointments:

In what contradictory way did colonial material culture change?

From 1680 to 1770, what became of the relative colonial religious homogeneity?

What role did all these changes play in the coming of the Revolution?

Essay Themes:

Trace the history of early Virginia, including the development of slavery in that colony.

IV. VirginiaA. Roanoke the first attempt in North American colonization they didn’t know what they were doing the “vanished colony” because no one knows what happened to them

B. JamestownBeginning: disaster in its early years poorly chosen sight

colonists don’t work, they didn’t know what they were doing because they were jewelers, perfumers, minor nobility, etc

not use to working all day colonists were there to make money all for themselves

End: leadership/military under John Smith who makes martial law and hard rules; forced people to

work “you don’t work, you don’t eat” Indians help out with food they find tobacco to make money company changes it policy; no martial law; implement English law; representative government House of Burgesses: democratic government with elected officials only adult, white men, who owned property were able to vote they start giving away land women begin to arrive in the colony

C. changes in the 1610’s reintroduce civilian law – no martial law women – family structure

Problems: Indian attack colony – 1622 was a big attack bad financially – tobacco isn’t enough population remains small – only 1,200 people still alive when 14,000 had come

D. becomes royal colony in 1624 the colony is taken over by the crown instead of the companies that use to own it

E. nature of society lawless society mainly men planters make some money – if they made money they would go back to England Indians remained a threat indentured servants (not slaves) – mainly young men who boarded a ship with nothing but the

trip was paid for by a planter for 4-7 years labor; they were owned for those years

Indentured Servants differences from slavery: they agreed to be indentured servants weren’t there for life children were not sold

Indentured Servants similarities to slavery: brutalized bought and sold 40% died

F. characteristics of Virginia for the rest of the 1600’s aristocracy is forming spread out plantations – not interested in society law of England prevailing – governor church – Anglican church of England not interested in escaping English ways but trying to reproduce them

Virginia was spread out to make money Virginia had a staple crop economy Virginia was primarily male and poor Virginia didn’t view church as important but had the Anglican Church Virginia had a governor elected by the King and they were a royal colony

I. slavery in VirginiaA. gradual shift to slavery 1619: first people with African decent; probably slaves from the Caribbean Africans traded off the ship in Jamestown loaded as slaves, traded as indentured servants 1640s: there is a pattern of a distinguish being made between indentured white people and

indentured black people; example – run aways 1660-1720: widely recognized slavery, laws began to form

B. reasons for shift

1.) Fear of Rebellion: the number of poor indentured servants were growing and they had stopped with land grants aristocracy thought that as the poor people increased trouble would increase 1676: Nathaniel Bacon lead a rebellion because he got mad at the government; led the

rebellion to Jamestown and burned the city, governor fled, but Nathaniel died of dysentery

2.) Change in supply: the poor were subjects to the King of England and the King wouldn’t let them be slaves, plus

they came voluntarily and if you enslaved them they wouldn’t come African decent were not under the King the supply of indentured servants were going down and the African supply was going up 1670’s there was an English slave company created

3.) Life Expectancy: at first the life expectancy was really short so buying slaves for life made no sense it increases over the century as conditions get better (no swamps, more food) slaves were more expensive than indentured servants better off paying for the cheaper but when life expectancy changed it was a good thing for

profit (slaves were for life)

4.) Racial Assumptions: English treated poor people like crap Africans looked different, had cultural differences, and were poor racism is a key component but not the only one

Virginia: more slaves than South Carolina slaves were not the majority they were in constant contact with whites worked in smaller groups fewer culture traits remained and English was learned

Discuss Puritanism and its role in the history of the New England colonies.

C. Puritanism

Late 1510’s Reformation: Catholic church was called out for being too greedy because of indulgences indulgences – paying for your sins protestant reformers vs. catholics King Henry VIII wanted divorce so he established the Church of England and he was in charge

and could do whatever he wanted King vs. protestant reformers

Puritan Beliefs: God was sovereign and controlled everything but you couldn’t understand him puritans believed humans were worthless and totally evil God controlled everything predestination: “the elect” were the ones chosen for salvation God made a covenant with humans to know if you were a member of “the elect” you would have “an experience” church members were call the visible saints and had to be able to prove they were part of “the

elect”

Reasons for Coming to America: didn’t think the Church of England was reformed enough, it was still too Catholic see the Catholic church as in league with the devil see England as corrupt and though God was going to wipe England out wanted to set up a model society – “city upon a hill” : this was the main driving force did not want to abandon England permanently – they still see themselves as subjects of

England, not separatists

Massachusetts technically a company but were able to get there annual meetings to be held in Massachusetts

D. types of settlers Puritans – lots of them, they survive because it is not as ruff middle class small farmers, professionals, artisans came as families communities form and centered around the church

E. puritan society

Beliefs and customs: could do things in moderation; example – eating could exercise and ice-skate drank alcohol sex with marriage they didn’t wear black clothing that some believe didn’t believe in drunkenness, adultery, and gluttony

Economy:

small farmers no tobacco fished sold salted fish in the Caribbean money was not life’s focus

Government: technically democratic voters: adult, white man who was a church member clergy did not hold office but could influence the people

F. dissenters problems Puritans didn’t believe in religious toleration

1. Roger Williamso thinks the Puritans were not separate enough with Englando thought the charter with England was a disgraceo thought they needed distinction from church and governmentohe was eventually thrown out and went to Rhode Island

2. Anne Hutchinsono said people don’t need to go to church to be good Puritansowomano thrown out and killed by Indians

G. comparison with Virginia

Cities: Virginia was spread out to make money Massachusetts had communities centered around the church

Economy: Virginia had a staple crop economy Massachusetts didn’t have a staple crop economy but sold lumber and fished

Population: Virginia was primarily male and poor Massachusetts had a broad mix of ages and sexes

Church: Virginia didn’t view church as important but had the Anglican Church Massachusetts had the Puritan church at its center

Government: Virginia had a governor elected by the King and they were a royal colony Massachusetts called there own shots but were technically a company

H. factors leading to change

1.) dissent – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

2.) generational problem – people who came to Massachusetts were die-hard Puritans but there children have a different view

than their parents 1660’s the children don’t have commitment; they

want money not church3.) new people – merchants appear with money

well connected in London; not Puritans politically powerless so they start to make waves

4.) new relationship with England: 1680’s England decided it needed better control

over the Puritan colonies they lose their charter and become a royal colony

with a governor England is putting together an empire Puritan colonies under English rule – Anglican

church England tolerated religious freedom but not Puritans

Virginia and Massachusetts begin looking more and more alike in the 18th century

Discuss the origin of slavery and the way slave experiences differed in the various regions of the colonies.

Development of Slavery

II. origins of racism racism: believing your own race is superior to other races comes from two tendencies: 1. categorizing 2. individuals think they are right when English (not colonists) began to explore they encountered extensive African American and there

was skepticism in European culture the color black symbolized horror, evil, something to be feared Europeans were Christians and though that others were heathens – Africans

III. slavery in VirginiaA. gradual shift to slavery 1619: first people with African decent; probably slaves from the Caribbean Africans traded off the ship in Jamestown loaded as slaves, traded as indentured servants 1640s: there is a pattern of a distinguish being made between indentured white people and

indentured black people; example – run aways 1660-1720: widely recognized slavery, laws began to form

B. reasons for shift

1.) Fear of Rebellion: the number of poor indentured servants were growing and they had stopped with land grants aristocracy thought that as the poor people increased trouble would increase 1676: Nathaniel Bacon lead a rebellion because he got mad at the government; led the

rebellion to Jamestown and burned the city, governor fled, but Nathaniel died of dysentery

2.) Change in supply:

the poor were subjects to the King of England and the King wouldn’t let them be slaves, plus they came voluntarily and if you enslaved them they wouldn’t come

African decent were not under the King the supply of indentured servants were going down and the African supply was going up 1670’s there was an English slave company created

3.) Life Expectancy: at first the life expectancy was really short so buying slaves for life made no sense it increases over the century as conditions get better (no swamps, more food) slaves were more expensive than indentured servants better off paying for the cheaper but when life expectancy changed it was a good thing for

profit (slaves were for life)

4.) Racial Assumptions: English treated poor people like crap Africans looked different, had cultural differences, and were poor racism is a key component but not the only one

IV. slavery in other southern coloniesA. South Carolina begins with slavery first permanent slaves considered a slave colony – slaves were everywhere

B. Georgia 1750’s slavery was allowed so the population boomed

V. slavery in the middle and northern colonies slaves not essential to society and economyMiddle Colonies: some slavery 8-10% mixed economy is a reason for little slaves, not all plantations

Northern Colonies: little slavery 2% no plantation agriculture slaves loaded and unloaded ships

VI. slave trade minority of Africans come to British America 1580-1810: 12 million Africans were forced on slave ships, 10 million arrived, 2 million died most slaves went to Brazil and the Caribbean were the masters were most brutal 450,000-500,000 slaves reached British America slaves in British America were the only ones that provided natural increase by birth

3 Active Participants: all essential companies in Europe with the money; capitol colonist willing to buy; demand leaders in Africa willing to fight other groups and trade them on the coast; supply

A. village raid

one African group would fight another African group, lead them to the coast, and traded them as slaves

B. middle passage jails were set up n the African coast first slaves were shipped to the Caribbean

Ways to put Slaves on Ship: pack them tightly – started with more but more died pack less tightly – started with less but not as many died

the slaves were mostly packed tightly extreme brutality on ship was used to keep order bad food, bad health, and dirty

C. arrival Caribbean to the port; sometimes Baltimore but mostly Charleston slaves cleaned up for sale sold at auction

there is a psychological trauma of the unknown for the slaves

VII. slave experience in the colonies 17th and 18th centuries extreme brutality and the most chance of being freed is seen; extreme

differences

South Carolina: slaves from Barbados slaves were the dominant population worked on large plantations with little to no contact with whites African culture traits remained and a new language (Creole) was formed

Virginia: more slaves than South Carolina slaves were not the majority they were in constant contact with whites worked in smaller groups fewer culture traits remained and English was learned

Middle and Northern Colonies: the minority was slaves they were in constant contact with whites no cultural traits remained and English was learned