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Welcome to
History 06
History of the Americas II
Prof. Valadez
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• Colonial Legacies
• European Settlements in the Americas
• African-Indian-European Relations – What are the characteristics of the Spanish, Portuguese,
English, French, and Dutch colonies in the Americas.
• How are they different?
• How are they similar?
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The Afroeurasian Trade World Before Columbus
Admiral Zheng He
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• Indigenous, Europeans, and Africans
• Encounter shaped by:
− Religion
−Geography
− Culture
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Aljamia
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Spain 1492
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Mataindios Altarpiece of Santiago, the Indian-slayer, Church of Santiago Tlatelolco
Santiago Matamoros, 18th c. New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, USA.
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• Legacy of Reconquista • Encomienda: a system consisting of social and economic relations
• Inquisition: established to bring religious unification in Spain
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In 1492 Columbus sailed west. Why?
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Columbus’ Voyages
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The Columbian Exchange "Columbian exchange" movement of plants, food,
crops, diseases and people
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The Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
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How did the Spanish communicate?
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The Requirement 1510 Participation Assignment #3 groups of 3
1. When was this written? Who wrote it? What is the purpose of this document?
2. What does this document say about European society and hierarchy?
3. What are the Europeans demands? What are the consequences for not obeying European demands?
4. How is the conquest justified?
5. Write your own question about the document
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The Requirement “But, if you do not do this, and maliciously make delay in it, I certify to
you that, with the help of God, we shall powerfully enter into your country, and shall make war against you in all ways and manners that we can, and shall subject you to the yoke and obedience of the Church and of their Highnesses; we shall take you and your wives and your children, and shall make slaves of them, and as such shall sell and dispose of them as their Highnesses may command; and we shall take away your goods, and shall do you all the mischief and damage that we can, as to vassals who do not obey, and refuse to receive their lord, and resist and contradict him; and we protest that the deaths and losses which shall accrue from this are your fault, and not that of their Highnesses, or ours, nor of these cavaliers who come with us. And that we have said this to you and made this Requisition, we request the notary here present to give us his testimony in writing, and we ask the rest who are present that they should be witnesses of this Requisition."
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Early contacts between the Spanish and Mesoamericans
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1502-1520 9th Tlatoani
Priest
1519 Spanish arrive
Montezuma Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin
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Omens
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Cortes 1519-1535
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• On the Island of Cozumel, Cortes meets Gonzalo Guerrero & Jeronimo de Aguilar.
• After the defeat of the Mayans near Veracruz, Malintzin
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Hernan Cortes and La Malinche meet Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan, November 8, 1519.
Facsimile (c. 1890) of Lienzo de Tlaxcala.
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Encounter: November 8, 1519
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Montezuma’s palace
• Narvaez Expedition
– Sent to arrest Cortes
• Cortes leaves Pedro de Alvarado in charge
• Aztecs have a dance
festival that leads to the
massacre of nobles.
• Aztecs attack the Spanish
• Montezuma is killed by ?
• Noche Triste
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Ahuehuete or Montezuma Cypress
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Tzompantli with heads of Spaniards
and their horses
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Fall of Tenochtitlan August 13, 1521
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Factors that led to the conquest of Tenochtitlan
• Interpreters
• Native allies
• Diseases
• Iron weapons & military strategy
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Cuitláhuac, died of smallpox • Indian conquistadors?
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New Spain
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Cuauhtémoc 1495-1525, the last Tlatoani
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Pic 1: The
death of
Cuauhtémoc,
Codex
Vaticanus A
"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-
century painting by Leandro Izaguirre.
Native Codices
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New Spain
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New Spain
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• In 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa led a band of soldiers across the jungle covered mountains of present day Panama.
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Francisco Pizarro
Pizarro, who led 160 adventurers smallpox
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• Spanish messengers invited Atahualpa to a meeting
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Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca 53
Conquistadors decapitate Atahualpa after strangling him, 1533. 54
Spanish Colonies • Spanish Model: search for gold and slaves
• Colonial Government – Absolutism: monarch tight control of colony
» Power flowed from king to Council of Indies to viceroys to local officials
– Few European women, multiracial population
– Indian inhabitants always outnumbered European colonists and their descendants in Spanish America.
– Gold and silver mining was the primary economy in Spanish America.
– Encomienda: Spanish institution, which forced natives to work for the Spanish in mines or on plantations
» Indians have a place in society
– The Catholic Church played a significant role: Mission
» The conquest of the Incas
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Las Castas
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PA#4
1. Who wrote the article? When was this documents written? Is this a primary source or a secondary source? How do you know?
2. What is mestizaje? What kind of society is created in colonial Mexico? What are castas?
3. Do the casta paintings celebrate Mexico’s diversity? What do the paintings represent?
4. What is one legacy of the colonial Mexican society?
5. Write your own question. 58
Telenovelas
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Miss Mexico
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Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera
Private Collection 61
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Colonial Society
• Europeans – Peninsulares
– Criollos
• Indigenous
• Africans
• Castas – Derogatory
– 60 labels
• Cedula de Gracias al Sacar
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Yanga, Veracruz
Gaspar Yanga • Establish first free town in 1609.
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Caste Society
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Family History
• www.familysearch.org
• Black Mexicans
• 11 mins-25 mins • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIzHIRCBtdE
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Portuguese Global Empire
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Native settlement greatly determined by topography
Guaraní
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Donatarios
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Brazil’s Racial Democracy
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