8/13/2019 Histo Exam

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Nikole Jessa L. Pasilan2Entrep – A

1. The Enlightenment period also known as “Age of Enlightenment” or “Age ofReason” of the 18 th century was an era where intellectual, cultural and scientific life

urged as the principal source of legitimacy and authority. Enlightenment is also a use ofreason for social progress. It developed almost simultaneously in Russia, France, GreatBritain, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the colonies on the WesternHemisphere before spreading to other parts of the world. Through the Spanishcolonization in the Philippines, it integrated the Philippine archipelago under a singleauthority. It paved way to Filipino nationalism, a change in the economy, theestablishment of schools and the secularization of the parishes. With the execution ofGomBurZa and the influence of the Age of Enlightenment, it strengthened and mirroredthe Filipinos’ desire for reform. A literary and cultural organization called “The

propaganda movement” was formed in 1872 which was lead by the intellectualIlustrados, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Pedro Paterno with Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar and

Graciano Lopez Jaena as the three principal leaders. The aims of this movement were toinclude the Philippines in the Cortes Generales/Spanish Parliament, secularization of theclergy, to get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law, to createa public school (government funded) and public school system independent of the fiars,abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to thegovernment), to give the Filipinos freedom of speech and association, equal opportunityfor Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service, to recognize Philippines as a

province of Spain, to Filipinize the Parishes and the recognition of human rights.

The propaganda spearheaded by Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar and GracianoLopez Jaena helped bring the enlightenment to the Philippines. Lopez Jaena, a journalistand orator from Iloilo, established “La Solidaridad ” which was the official newspaper ofthe Propaganda movement. The La Solidaridad became the official voice of theAssociation of the Hispano de Filipinas composed of Spaniards and Filipinos in thePhilippines who worked for reforms. La Solidaridad was also an instrument throughwhich reforms in the government could be worked out. Marcelo del Pilar, a writer,

journalist, satirist, revolutionary leader and Ilustrado, was the Father of PhilippineMasonry. He established the Diariong Tagalog where he exposed the evils of the SpanishGovernment in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations thrown at him

by the priests. He also replaced Lopez Jaena as editor of La Solidaridad when he arrivedin Spain. Among his works were “Dasalan at Tocsohan” which was a novel he wrotesarcastically against priests which earned hi m the title “Filibuster,” and “Dupluhan, Dalit,mga bugtong,” which was a compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in thePhilippines. Lastly, the poetic talents of Dr. Jose Rizal helped bring the enlightenment.His books and writings include “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo.” In Noli MeTangere, it courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in thePhilippines. The Spaniards even prohibited the publication and reading and it meantdeath to those caught in possession of them.

2. What was Rizal’s take on revolution? Was he completely against it?

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3. From the point of view of Spain, depend why it is expedient and necessary to let the friars

rule.