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Historical Aerial Photography of Wayne
County, Indiana
Shaun Scholer
Wayne County/City of Richmond GIS Interlocal
765-973-9385
Wayne CountyWayne County• Approximately 404 Sq Miles
• Richmond is the major city
• Total Population 69,000
• Borders Ohio
• Holds the highest elevation in Indiana
• Objectives – digitally archive deteriorating photo
prints from the surveyors office for the years 1940, 61, 69, 80, 86, 92, and 94
– Share what we scanned
IntroductionIntroduction
What really happenedWhat really happenedYear Season Scale Scanning DPI Photo Size
1936 leaf-on 660 600 8 x 10 in
1940 leaf-onLeaf-off
660100 200
36 x 36 in17 x 32 in
1954 leaf-off 100 200 17 x 32 in
1961 leaf-on 400 200 36 x 36 in
1969 leaf-onLeaf-off
400100 200 36 x 36 in
1980 leaf-on 400 200 36 x 36 in
1986 leaf-off 400 200 36 x 36 in
1992 leaf-off 400 200 36 x 36 in
1994 leaf-off 400 200 36 x 36 in
1975 & 1979
The Value in Aerial PhotographyThe Value in Aerial Photography• Historical aerial photos are
comprehensive views of the last century for the city of Richmond and Wayne County
• Use this collection of photography to increase our understanding of key features of the land including forests, watersheds, agricultural and urban areas
• The ability to use aerial imagery to study temporal changes of land has grown tremendously as technology and software has grown
Uses of aerial photographyUses of aerial photography• Environmental studies
• Determining historic land use
• Assessing environmental sites
• Documenting historical sites
• Tracking vegetation growth
• River/runoff trends
ExampleExample• Mound Builder Indian Sites
19361940
1990
ExampleExample• Cemetery Site
1996 2006
2008
Its Used Its Used – Inside Government
• Assessor• Planning and Zoning• Surveyor
– Outside Government• Lawyers• Environmental Assessments Firms• Historians• Archeologists• Farmers
The Perfect Storm of…The Perfect Storm of…
EquipmentEquipment
PersonnelPersonnel
ProductsProductsRelationshipsRelationships
PersonnelPersonnel• Kevin Parish, Intern Purdue University East
• Gunty Atkins, County GIS Coordinator
• Susan Beeson, Richmond GIS Coordinator
• Bill Brown, Wayne County Surveyor
• Shaun Scholer, GIS Manager
ProductProduct• County aerial photography
– Larger sheets and easier to locate photo identifiable points
• City aerial photography– Larger scale with more detail but more difficult
to find photo identifiable points in undeveloped areas
– Existing orthophotography was use in the rubber-sheeting process
• Street intersections• Fence corner posts
• USDA farmland assessment photography– This is occasionally marked up with field notes
EquipmentEquipment• Design Jet 4500 HP Scanner Capabilities
– 42 inch– 600 dpi
• Server Storage Space– Approximately 200 GB
RelationshipsRelationshipsInternal
• Wayne County/City of Richmond GIS Interlocal• County Surveyor• Richmond Engineering
External• Indiana Spatial Data Portal
– They will host your imagery for public download. • Indiana Historical Aerial Photo Index (IHAPI)
– Charge for imagery they have in inventory, however may swap if you have additional photography they need
• Local Natural Soil Conservation Service (NRCS)– Privacy of land owner information prevents sharing of much of
their photography, however some older sets of imagery that don’t contain markups may be used
Alternative SourcesAlternative Sources• Indiana State Archives
• Air National Guard– They flew imagery of the airports,
however I don’t have any contacts
• Indiana State Library– They didn’t have any historical
photography and referred me to the State Archives
– They do possess copies of Sanborn maps, however can't be copied
Earth ExplorerEarth Explorer• USGS Earth Resources Observation
and Science (EROS) Center– Medium Resolution available for
download from Earth Explorer• ~15 MB b/w images• ~40 MB color images• TIFF format• 400 dpi.
http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/Single_Frame_Records
http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
Farm Service Agency FSAFarm Service Agency FSA• Aerial Imagery Catalog Listing
– 1992, NAPP2– 1987, NAPP1– 1983, NHAP1– 1980, FSA– 1975, NRCS– 1969, FSA– 1961, FSA– 1956, FSA
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/catalog.txt
Making the Imagery Publicly Making the Imagery Publicly AccessibleAccessible
• GIS Web Server – Overlaid with GIS layers
• ISDP – Available for download
• IHAPI – Available for Viewing without GIS overlays
Decision PointsDecision Points• Finding Sources for aerial photography• Finding additional funding for 1936 (NPR Matching
Grant method; I’ll match your dollar for dollar)– Surveyor– GIS Interlocal– Planning and Zoning– Information Technology Department
• Technical Decision– Step 1…– Determining scan settings– Rubber-sheeting (when do you stop)– Creating the cropping tile– metadata
Processing StepsProcessing Steps
Hard Copy Scan Rubber-sheet
Image Cleanup
Crop
Scan SettingsScan Settings• 8 bit
• Grayscale Resolution
• 200 dpi,
• TIF
• Troubles with scanning– Prepping the maps for scanning– Keeping the scanner glass clean– Calibration streaks
Rubber-Sheet ProcessRubber-Sheet Process• Affine – 4 Point Rectification
• Update Georeferencing command – (Save World File)
Cropping TileCropping Tile• The image “Sweet Spot”• What's Consistent• What’s Easy
Caution when rectifying to Existing Caution when rectifying to Existing RoadsRoads
• The Good, the bad and the ugly
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Final ProductFinal Product• Contrast, brightness and shifts
Looking BackLooking Back• Inventory years of imagery
• Swap imagery
• Proceed with Processing
