HISTORY 30CANADIAN

STUDIES

Unit OneChange

Society Society- A system where individuals and

social organizations performing a variety of roles interrelate with each other according to a set of mutual expectations and in ways controlled by the social and natural environment

Examples of Aspects of Society Role of government System of education Democratic freedoms Role of service groups Behavioural expectations

World View A description of reality providing “natural

and believable” knowledge which is generally accepted by members of a cultural group to help them meet their needs, create order and coherence, and provide a basis for predictions. How a specific group thinks “the way things should be”

Criteria for World View Spiritual Beliefs- defining the meaning and

purpose of existence Moral Beliefs- about peoples right and

obligations Social Beliefs- about the organization of

individuals into society Intellectual Beliefs- about determining the

truth and beauty Economic Beliefs- how Wealth is created

and distributed

Economic Beliefs- how Wealth is created and distributed

Political Beliefs- about making and enforcing decisions within society

What Shapes World View? Will some of us in this room share

differing world views? Is that a good or bad thing?

Social Contract An agreement between the members of a

group which explicitly defines the rights and obligations of each member. The social contract also defines the rights and duties of the rulers and the ruled.

What do we have in Canada which serves as our Social Contract?

Has the Social Contract between teachers and students changed in the past 20 years?

Social Change Societies adjust to patterns of reality in

ways that seem reasonable at the time Over time realities change making it

necessary for society Society may not choose to respond to

change until more change forces society to deal with it

Steps for Change 1. Denial 2. Acknowledgement 3. Acceptance 4. Defence

Criteria Are rules or standards which are

accepted and used to provide a consistent basis for making judgements.

What grounds do we use for making judgements?

Dialectical Evaluation Is the process of

Defining relevant viewpoints within the information

Testing the viewpoint for factual accuracyTesting the viewpoints for moralityEvaluating the factual and moral testingForming your own conclusion about the

issues

Legitimacy Legitimacy in making and enforcing decisions

is based on people’s belief that ;1. Decision makers have the necessary authority

based on criteria such as tradition, morality, consensus, majority rule, position within a group or status

2. The decisions are being made are legitimate according to the prevailing criteria / values of the society’s worldview

3. All members of society have an obligation to accept and obey legitimate decisions even if they don’t agree with them

Implementing change in a Democratic Society

Burden of ProofThe assumptions made about who should be

required too prove that a position is correct and who should be given the benefit of the doubt

How do we do this in our Society? In all decision making there is a measure

of uncertainty about the consequences and costs associated with the decisions

3 Moral Tests1. New Case Test- How does this set a

precedent?2. Role Exchange – Apply to both parties 3. Universal Consequences

Exploration of North America By the 17th century countries such as

Russia, Spain, Portugal, France and Britain had all explored Canada

Britain and France had the largest impact on Canada

The French Foundation New France had two distinctive forms of

governmentGovernment under the 100 Chartered

Associates (wealthy French Merchants 1627)

Royal Government (1663) New France was run a colony of France controlled by the King

The Features of the Fur Trade The explosion in popularity of the beaver

pelt spurred on the exploration of North America

Early Settlement took place along the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers

Settlements were established along the northern St. Lawrence

As demand for beaver furs for coats and hats increased during the mid 18th century these areas became trapped out of beaver

Inland routes became necessary to help provide enough pelts

This was dangerous as many ships were raided or sunk on their way back to France

In 1627 the King of France Louis XIV granted a charter to a group known as the 100 Associates

It was believed that New France would not succeed unless a monopoly was given to allow less competition and more profit

The 100 Associates were in the North America for one reason only-profit from Fur

They were not interested in diversifying the economy or promoting agriculture which is what the King wanted

In 1608 Samuel de Champlain established a permanent settlement at what is today Quebec City where the monopoly was controlled from

French traders would trade manufactured goods with the First Nations in return for beaver pelts

The French became allied with the Algonquin and Huron peoples around Lake Ontario

The Fur Trade had a huge impact on the First Nations people. They had always been self reliant, living off the land as they needed

The fur trade changed the focus of day to day living as the men now spent most of their time hunting beaver which they would trade for European goods

Diseases also wiped out huge portions of their population base.

Questions1. Why was the expansion of the fur trade

important2. The King of France gave the 100

Associates a Charter in 1627. What responsibilities did these wealthy merchants have? What did the King get in return?

3. How did Charles L’Allemant see the monopoly as a bad thing? List

4. What impact did the Fur Trade have on First Nations people of Eastern Canada?

Phases of the fur trade The French depend on the Huron,

Algonquin, and Iroquin nations to act as middlemen to bring the furs to the trading posts

The Huron and Iroquois are in competition for these furs and often fought over them

The Iroquois became unhappy with the French and begin attacking them instead of trading and eventually ally with the British

The English and Dutch are established in what is today New York state

These conflicts lead the 100 Associates to lose profits

Eventually in 1652 the Iroquois stop the flow of all fur into Quebec and they attack the Huron and kill the French missionaries.

The King is unhappy with 100 Associates as they are not making money and the colony is not doing well.

He sends in French troops in 1663 and establishes Royal control over the colony

Questions1. Why did Champlain form an alliance

with the Huron as opposed to the Iroquois?

2. What is the Royal Governments? Why was it established and was it successful?

3. With the development of peace with the Iroquois & France and the death of the Huron what two problems developed.

French/ British Contact In 1670 King Charles

II granted all the rivers draining into the Hudson Bay to an English Company

The French now had competition to the North (English) and the south (Dutch)

The French then led a series of raids headed up by Pierre de Iberville against HBC posts from 1686-1697

This increased tensions in the New World between the two Old World rivals

The start of the 18th century saw a new problem appear for the French. They did not have enough First Nations to serve as middlemen, damaging the efficiency of the Fur Trade.

A new group of middlemen emerged the Coureurs de Bois

The Coureurs de Bois (Runner of the Woods) were French adventurers who were seen as celebrities in France for their daring, and they were very well compensated for the work they did.

This caused problems for France because instead of young men settling New France and becoming farmers they were taking off into the wilderness in search of their fortune.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_YsuqkkBa8&feature=related

With the British controlling to the North and South of New France, the French attempted to build new trading posts/forts in the interior bringing them in direct confrontation with the British

This led to battles which spread the French even thinner and unable to protect its assets

Exploration of North America Europeans were motivated by three main

things which led to the exploration and settlement of North America

1. God- The desire to convert people to their religion

2. Gold- the quest to acquire as much wealth as possible through colonization

3. Glory- the desire to bring glory to their country and excitement of the adventure

Development of an Empire By the mid 18th century France controlled much

of North America They were aided in their exploration by their

proximity of the Great Lakes which connected them to much of Canada

Conversely the British were hemmed in along the Eastern Seaboard by the Appalachian Mountains.

The fur trade and missionary worked changed the goal from looking for a route to the orient to settling the new world.

The Fall of New France By the 1680’s the British had replaced

the Dutch as the powerhouse in the Ohio Valley and southern St. Lawrence

From 1680 to 1759 the French and British continued to battle for control of the New World

In the 1720’s France started to build the fortress Louisbourg on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island

It was to serve as the “Gibraltar of North America” as any ships looking to enter the St. Lawrence seaway had to sail past, as well it was an easy sail to try and intercept British ships headed for the 13 colonies

In response to the French fort the British settled Halifax in 1749 and Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal.

In 1755 the British who controlled the area of the Maritimes known as Acadia shipped all of the French residents (Acadians) to the 13 colonies

In 1756 the Seven Years War began which led the British to invade the Fortress

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkxlTtEWyjU

This was part of the “Three Pronged Attack by the British” as they also attacked French settlements at Lake Champlain before turning their sights on Quebec

Plains of Abraham In 1759 the British are victorious at the

Plains of Abraham ending 150 years of French rule in Quebec

At the conclusion of the Seven Years War in 1763 the Treaty of Paris gives the British control over all French territory in the New World.

This is a significant moment in Canadian history

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4eVwzZ9a_A

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Beauport

Quebec

Point Levis

Montmorency River

Isle de Orleans

Anse de Foulon

St. Charles River

Plains of Abraham

Landmarks

Quebec

Point Levis

Montmorency River

Isle de Orleans

St. Charles River

Beauport

British(James Wolfe)

9,000 infantry(Charles Saunders)22 ships of the line

French(Montcalm)

French(Marquis de Montcalm)13,000 infantry

British(Wolfe)

Wolfe has plenty of time to establish his force on the Plains of Abraham west of Quebec. Montcalm however has no time to recall the detachment far west of Quebec and his Beauport forces are moving slowly towards the heights.

Wolfe holds an uncharacteristic council of war which his subordinates use to convince him to abandon his various plans for a second attack on Beauport. Wolfe does so and moves his base to Point Levis and Isle de Orleans in preparation for a landing at Anse de Foulon, recently scouted by his subordinates. Montcalm is relieved – thinking Wolfe is withdrawing altogether – but remains alert.

When Wolfe recovers from his illness, the situation is much improved but critical. Montcalm detaches 800 infantry to aid the outnumbered French commander La Corne in Montreal and 3,000 infantry are chasing shadows further and further west of Quebec as a result of aggressive British raids on the coast. Montcalm’s subordinates assure him that the 100 infantry left behind to guard Anse de Foulon are enough to sufficiently delay or even prevent any landing.

Wolfe’s main base is established just east of the Montmorency River; there are also forces posted across the St. Lawrence River at Point Levis and Isle de Orleans. Saunders’ fleet is divided in order to completely blockade the river of French ships and supplies. Montcalm’s main base is established at Beauport; there are also forcesposted all along the north side of the St. Lawrence River to prevent any British landing which could subsequently threaten Quebec by land.

Wolfe recognizes the attack to be unsuccessful and orders a hasty evacuation. The evacuation can not be hampered in any way by Montcalm due to the damp gunpowder. This costly, abortive attack drives Wolfe into bitterness and despair, eventually contributing to incapacitating physical illness.

British(Wolfe)

French(Montcalm)

Wolfe deploys his force in two lines with a small flank guard and reserve. Montcalm deploys his force in two lines with Canadian skirmishing parties on his flanks and no reserve.Montcalm’s Canadian skirmishers harass Wolfe’s flanks along the forest/cliff lines, forcing the British to lie in prone position for cover. Montcalm resolves to launch a decisive frontal attack and reins in these skirmishers.

The French advance steadily, halting 130 yards from the British to fire a volley before continuing a progressively untidy advance. Wolfe’s orders that no shot be fired until the French are within 40 yards are being strictly followed. When the French do wade into this range, they are struck by a rapid volley which, to them, sounds like a single cannon shot; the French are utterly defeated and stunned.

Wolfe and Montcalm are both mortally wounded as the British pursue the French from the battlefield. Effective rearguard actions by Canadian skirmishers and French regulars prevent the defeat from becoming a disaster. Wolfe’s subordinates also do not care to risk any sort of reverse after already winning the battle so rather than aggressively pursuing the French, they settle in to besiege Quebec.

Both sides are leaderless at this point although Townshend and Vaudreuil assume loose command of the British and French respectively. Vaudreuil orders the Quebec garrison to hold out until the city is taken by assault or food runs short. Food runs short much more quickly than imagined; as Townshend begins to get the heavy artillery and ships of the line in position, the French surrender Quebec. This occurs just before the French relief force comes within sight of the city.

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French(Marquis de Montcalm)2,000 regulars2,500 militia/natives

British(James Wolfe)4,500 regulars

Royal Proclamation Put forth at the conclusion of the Seven

Years War One of the most important documents in

the history of Canada Had three main points1. Boundaries of Quebec would be set

along the St. Lawrence River

2. Territories beyond the Appalachian Mountains were not open to settlers or traders until peace was made with the First Nations of the area

3. The colonies in British North America were made into a group of separate, self-contained units: Acadia, Quebec, and the thirteen colonies, each would work on its own.

Government in ColoniesAfter the Royal Proclamation

Governor(Has Total Power in Colony, appointed by the

crown)

Executive Council(British Citizens only and appointed by the

Governor )

Citizens had little say in Gov’t The French had none as they were Catholic

Quebec Act Governor Sir Guy Carleton was appointed to

lead Quebec in 1766 His main job was to secure the loyalty of the

newly conquered French Many merchants from the 13 colonies were

coming to Quebec hoping to receive cheap land, power and influence

Initially, Carleton sided with the merchants but eventually came to see that if Quebec was to survive it would need the Canadians

He believed that the 13 colonies were on the verge of revolt (They were) and did not want Quebec to join them

Canadians were required to make the fur trade work as no one else was tough enough to survive the climate

A loyal Canadian population would help if there were any further Anglo/France conflicts in the future.

So Carleton lobbied to have legislation passed that would bring the Canadians on their side

Quebec Act of 1774 The French Catholic Canadians

received the following:Recognition of the Catholic ChurchMinority Representation on the Executive

CouncilFrench Civil Law code retainedSeignerurial System retainedBorders of the Province extended south

Gov’t under the Quebec Act

Governor

Executive Council (17-23 British Members & a minority of

French)

People(Had no vote or say in Government)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jnd6lCEUXug

American Revolution The Quebec Act further upsets the 13

colonies because:Merchants are not given full rights in

QuebecEstablishment of Catholicism in a British

ColonyDenial of an elected legislatureExpanded boundaries of Quebec make

western expansion more difficult

The British imposed the Naval Navigation Act against merchants to ensure they would pay tax and not simply import goods illegally or trade with the French which was also illegal

This act called for smugglers to be tried by the Navy instead of a sympathetic jury

The citizens of the 13 colonies were beginning to develop the ideas of personal freedom which were to define the identity of their country

Things like the Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Townsend Act further enraged the citizens

Events like the “Boston Tea Party” left the population ready for independence

War began in 1775 with the skirmishes in Massachusetts

The Americans attacked Quebec and Nova Scotia hoping to prevent England from setting up a base to fight the war

They drove the British north of Lake Champlain and neared Montreal but were unable to drive the British out

July 4th, 1776 they issued the Declaration of Independence which has provided the framework for the governing of the United States ever since

The war does not end until 1783 when the British are driven out.

United Empire Loyalists Not all were hoping to see the colonies

split from England Many remained loyal to the King and were

forced to suffer for their loyalty Many eventually emigrated to the British

colonies to the north for protection and a continuation of the British way of life.

They were given land grants upon arriving in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

Many also settled south of Montreal in an area known as the Eastern Townships

They also brought along traditional British values and political views.

This differed greatly from the republic that they had left to the south.

Constitutional Act of 1791 AKA The Canada Act The British were beginning to wonder

about the wisdom of imperialism. Colonies cost too much money and

were causing problems for Britain They learned from the American

Revolution that you could not give too much autonomy to the colonies and expect them to remain loyal

The Canada Act recognised that there were two races, two languages, cultures and two sets of institutions

Creates Upper (English)and Lower Canada (Quebec)

Created a new system of government

Gov’t est by Canada Act Governor (appointed by British Parliament)

Executive Council (appointed by Governor for life)

Legislative Council ( appointed by Gov for life)

Elected Assembly (all decisions had to be approved by Leg. Council

Veto

Veto

Veto

The right to Veto at so many levels led to a somewhat ineffective system of government.

To have the right to vote you needed to own land or pay a specific yearly rent

Elections were to be held every four years The Elected Assembly were able to impose

taxes for local purposes It created a colonial aristocracy and

established the power of the church (1/7th of all land grants were given to the church)

Questions1. How were dangerous tendencies to be kept

in check by the British Government?2. What rights did the Loyalists demand within

the Canada Act?3. How did the British Government get out of

levying direct taxes on her people in BNA? Why was this different than they had done in the 13 colonies?

4. What did the British government hope to achieve by selling Crown Reserves?

5. Why were the British worried about the French? What did they do to appease them?

6. How did the following groups view the Canada Act?A. FrenchB. LoyalistsC. English Merchants in Lower CanadaD. Upper Canadian English

The War of 1812 Peace between the US and Britain was

short lived. The summer of 1812 saw violence

breakout between the US and England as a result of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe

The Americans were mad at Britain for imposing a naval blockade in the exportation of goods into France

The United States had completed the Louisiana purchase in 1803, which doubled the size of the country and they wanted to settle it

They were angry with Britain for supplying arms to the First Nations tribes trying to prevent American expansion into the west, led the US to declare war on the Britain

Their goal was to remove British influence on the Western frontier and seize British North America

A group known as the War Hawks lobbied Congress to declare war on Britain

They were successful and in June of 1812 the Americans declared war on Britain

The War Hawks reasoned that the with such a small population (8 mil vs 500,000) the US would win easily

It did not work that way at all. essentially the war was a stalemate

The Northeastern states did not support the war and basically remained neutral

Most of the fighting was in the St.Lawrence/ Great Lakes region

The British Army was aided by Canadian Militia

If further demonstrated to Britain that it was costly and difficult to protect Canada.

Great Migration The population of Canada grew quickly

after the American Revolution Loyalists were joined with Late Loyalists

(1791-1812) to see the population of Upper Canada explode

From 1815-1850 thousands of people came from the British Isles

They changed the make up of Canada

People were leaving tough circumstances brought on by the Industrial Revolution and famine

They brought with them ideas that greatly changed thinking in Canada, many of the Scots and Irish were unhappy with Britain

Others brought with them the ideas of political reform.

Social Divisions in British North America The British Government hoped the system of

government would keep the people happy. But, problems occurred as the people wanted

more representation and control of their own affairs

The elite use their power in self serving ways Money was spent to build canals to ship

commercial goods, instead of roads which would help all

The people and the farmers felt that the government was not listening

For 20 years the reformers in the legislative assemblies demanded the right to have elected legislative and executive councils so all levels would be accountable

Those in control refused political change as it would limit their power

Questions1. What parts of society did the elite

(Family Compact) control in society?2. What were the names of the elite groups

in Upper or Lower Canada ? How were the problems different in each colony?

3. How did each oligarchy use the system of government to preserve their power and economic positions?

4. Who were Joseph Papineau and William Lyon Mackenzie? What political change did each want?

In Upper Canada reformers wanted the same powers as the Legislative Assembly had in Britain, equal land grant policy, and improvements in roads and education

Anyone who did not agree with the Executive Council were usually thrown out of the elected Assembly

The Reformers called the oligarchy the Family Compact

Reform Movement in Upper Canada

A large number of people were Methodists and the Church of England was Protestants

Edgerton Ryerson was leader of the Methodists, they elected a majority in the Assembly and began to make problems for the government

William Lyon Mackenzie was also a Methodist who always rejected the Family Compact. He was the leader of the Reformers, he owned a printing press and always published newspapers denouncing the Executive Council

Mackenzie was very radical. In 1835 he was on an Assembly committee which demanded an elected assembly like the American Senate

In 1836 Sir Francis Bond Head became the new Governor. In that election year Head and his buddies threatened people to vote the “right” way.

Head won control of the elected assembly and gave economic control to the Merchants which led to an economic depression

After this Mackenzie started riots and was forced to flee to the United States, his rebellion failed.

The problems in Upper Canada were economic and more for individual rights

Reform Movement in Lower Canada Joseph Papineau tried many ways to make

the Legislative Assembly more powerful. He would try to limit money given to the

Executive Council for local enterprises, this upset the British

Papineau was so powerful within the legislative assembly that the governor dissolved it in 1823, which angered the French.

British Merchants in Lower Canada complain to London because they are not able to promote their self interest in the Legislative Assembly

As a result the British House of Commons begins to take a look at uniting the Lower and Upper Canada into one colony and eliminating the Quebec Act

This would make the French a minority and would all but guarantee English domination

1834 Papineau comes up with 92 resolutions which basically stated that the people were not happy with the oligarchy, they wanted more freedoms for the French and the Legislative Assembly to have more power.

The Governor Lord Russell came back with 10 Resolutions but they did not include a limit to the power of the Executive Council

As well they tried to bride Papineau with a position on the Executive Council

This infuriated Papineau who started a revolt as a result

He had to flee to the USA and the revolt failed

The Revolt in Lower Canada was primarily about French vs English.

Questions1. What were the similarities and

differences between the grievances in Upper and Lower Canada?

2. What would have been the likely outcome had Upper and Lower Canada merged in 1823?

Rebellions of 1837 & 38

In Lower Canada a group led by Papineau called the Patriotes voted to resist British “oppression”

They also talked of joining the United States Street fights between the Fils de la Liberte

and the English Doric Tories were common The British Government fearing widespread

violence imposed Martial Law

Lower Canada

The British were supported by the Red Coats while many of the Patriotes lacked weapons

They had one moment of success though, as they held off the British army at St.Denis

The leaders like Papineau who never supported violence, were forced to leave and fled to the USA.

Rebellion in Upper Canada News of the unrest in Lower Canada

spread to Upper Canada and British troops were sent to Lower Canada to put down the uprising.

Mackenzie decided that this was a great time to try and rise up against the British

His plan called for his supporters to storm the city hall and arrest Gov. Bond Head and declare their independence

The revolt did not go as they had planned as fewer than 800 rebels gathered for the “attack”

Mackenzie’s plans ended in humiliation at the Battle of Montgomery’s farm. Mackenzie was forced to flee and left behind his briefcase with all of the plans and names of those involved

Mackenzie fled to the USA where he continued to try and incite revolution and eventually was arrested

Rebellions of 1838 The Rebellions of 1838 showed that discord

had not been quieted with the fleeing of Papineau and Mackenzie

More small skirmishes occurred with more bloodshed

Groups like the Patriot Hunters and les Frères' Chasseurs tried to incite revolution by utilizing guerrilla tactics

These raids were largely ineffective and were put down by the British

Impact of the Rebellions They signalled to the British that there was

potentially some very serious discord in British North America

The discord was centred largely around the lack of representation in government

As a response Lord Durham is sent to Canada and as a result he writes a report which becomes one of the most important moments in Canadian history

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyWFYFoKIPo&feature=related

The Road to Confederation 1839-1867 The rebellions of 1837-38 reminded the

British of dealings with the 13 colonies They were concerned BNA might be next to

try and revolt and become independent Critics in British Parliament called for Reform This led to them sending John Lambton aka.

“Radical Jack” aka. Lord Durham to Canada to serve as Governor General of Upper and Lower Canada

Lord Durham Durham arrived in Quebec in May of

1838 with the idea of combing all of the colonies under one elected legislature

He discovered that each colony was against this as they feared getting into the problems of the other colonies

So Durham abandoned this idea in favour of a union of Upper and Lower Canada

A leading reformer from Upper Canada Robert Baldwin proposed a form of responsible government to Durham which would more closely resemble the gov’t of Britain.

Durham agreed with the idea of responsible Gov’t except in Lower Canada, where he feared the French majority would block the wishes of the British minority and gov’t

This is why he proposed the Union of Upper and Lower Canada.

Durham came under fire for dealing leniently with the patriotes after the rebellion of 1838 and resigned after five months as governor general

Upon his return to Britain he authored the Durham Report which changed the course of Canadian History

The Durham Report The Durham Report made the following

recommendations1. Limit the power of the Church of

England in Canada2. That Lower Canada and its French

majority should be under rule of the English and assimilated into English culture

3. Durham also noted that many in the colonies looked at the United States with envy at their economic wealth and political freedom. If Britain did not grant Canada some of these liberties he believed that the country would revolt violently or be annexed by the USA