History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 1 (Download Only)

© 2010 Cosmopoint

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDADSchool Of Architecture

Faculty Of Built Environment

ADA ADA 123 123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 11

CHAPTER CHAPTER 11::INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

http://www.novapdf.com


CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 1 : : INTRODUCTION

1: INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT & SYLLABUS OUTLINE1.1 Introduction to History & Theory of Architecture1.2 A word about Drawing & Images1.3 Ancient Mesopotamia

1.3.1 Sumerians & Akkadians

TOPIC OUTLINES

Slide 2 of 36© 2010 Cosmopoint



1.3.2 Neo-Sumerians

1.3.3 Babylonians & Hittities

1.3.4 Assyrians

1.3.5 Neo-Babylonians

1.3.6 Persians





COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

LO1 Students able to understand the world architecture and ableto identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and




temples.





Starts: 4000 BCE Developed WRITTEN LANGUAGE forDOCUMENTING GOVERNMENTAL TRANSACTION + LITERARY PURPOSE

YEARS

Outstanding: 3500 BCE

Called MESOPOTAMIA= between rivers(by Greek) ACHIEVEMENTS

1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction




* MESOPOTAMIA HISTORIC PERIOD HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY EVOLVED BY ITS PEOPLE NAMELY

TIGRIS & EUPHRATES rivers, Middle Eastern= NOW IRAQ & IRAN

Developed in independent URBAN COMMUNITIES=CITY STATES

AREA

Ended: 331 BCE





Called MESOPOTAMIA= between 2 rivers









THE CIVILIZATION EVOLVED BY

PEOPLE

SUMERIANS

AKKADIANS NEO-BABYLONIANS

PERSIANS

4000-2350 BCE

2350-2150 BCE 612-539 BCE

525-331 BCE





NEO-SUMERIANS

BABYLONIANS

BABYLONIANS HITTITIES

ASSYRIANS

2150-2000 BCE

1800-1600 BCE

1400-1200 BCE

1200-900 BCE

900-612 BCE





Starts: 4000 BCE

YEARS AREASUMERIANS

Fertile valley of East Region of Caspian Sea.

Al-Ubaid,Indo-Europian a nomadic people from steppes of Central Asia migrated to CASPIAN SEA.

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians




ACHIEVEMENTS

1-Mastered ART OF AGRICULTURE

2-Developed system of IRRIGATION=use flood waters of Euphrates.

3-Believed in GOD=NATURAL ELEMENTS

4-Urban Communities developed around SHRINES= SACRED PLACES OF GOD.

ARCHITECTURE

Influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER:MONUMENTAL

TEMPLE,

SHRINES,

COMPLEXES,

CULT STATUES





SUMERIANS

ARCHITECTURE

Temple stood on PLATFORM





YEARS / AREA

•ERIDU= earliest development (3800 BCE)

A RECTANGULAR BUTTRESSED

WALLS enclosed LONG SHRINE ROOM

flanked by smaller SIDE CHAMBERS.

Greatly influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER





YEARS/PERIOD STYLES / ELEMENTS

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..

• 3800 BCE at GAWRA

•MASTER PLANNING=Featured ACROPOLIS with TWO TEMPLES, A SHRINE, and DWELLING HOUSES





•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.

•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture

•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS





SUMERIANS

YEARS / AREA





ARCHITECTURE

•GAWRA= 3800 BCE

U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS





YEARS/PERIOD STYLES / ELEMENTS

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..

• 3500-3000 BCE at URUK=WHITE

TEMPLE

•METHOD OF CONTSTRUCTION=Developed by means of built on 40’H BASE of rubble+coated with whitewash over BRICKS+panels with SLOPING BUTRESS

•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.





•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture

•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS





SUMERIANS

ARCHITECTURE

CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.





YEARS / AREA

•URUK= 3500-3000 BCE

U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

40’H BASE of SLOPING BUTRESS





The settlements of the Sumerians were disrupted about 2350

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians




BCE, by the arrival of a new group of Semitic people from the steppes of central Asia.





Starts: 2350-2150 BCE

YEARS AREAAKKADIANS

City of AKKAD= West

An IMMIGRANTS=SEMITIC people from steppes of Central Asia

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians




ACHIEVEMENTS

Bank of Euphrates

1-Establishments of WARRIOR KING

2-Imperial States + Many urban Cities





The Akkadian Empire was overthrown in about 2150 BCE by

1.3.2 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians




the Guti, a group of savage tribes from the mountain regions of Iran.





Starts:

YEARS AREANEO-SUMERIANS

City of AKKAD= West

Guti= A group of savage tribe from mountain of Iran,caused of POLITICAL allegiance reminiscent of the FIRST SUMERIAN CITY STATES





Bank of Euphrates

ACHIEVEMENTS

1-Development of URBAN TEMPLES FORM

2-Elevated temple on

ARTIFICIAL MOUNT=ZIGGURAT

ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT:

1-Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD 2- Protection of Scared precinct from flood

3-Visual prominence (HIERARCHY) 4-Create Highland Dwelling Place





NEO-SUMERIANS



School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA

IRAQ 2100 BCE

TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT: Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD.





Dominance in the turbulent Mesopotamian region passed to

1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians




the Amorite Dynasty in the city-state of Babylon from about 1800-1600 BCE.





YEARS AREABABYLONIANS

AMORITE DYNASTY= King Hammurabi (1728-1686 BCE) who restored Akkadian Tradition





Starts: 1800-1600 BCE City of state of Babylon

ACHIEVEMENTS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States

ARCHITECTURE

GREAT TEMPLE OF MARDUK=KING OF GOD





HITTITIES

ARCHITECTURE





YEARS / AREA

MARDUK TEMPLE

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States





About 1530 BCE the Hittities, a vigorous Indo-European

1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities




people from Anatolia, overran the First Dynasty of Babylon.





YEARS AREAHITTITIES

Vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia overran 1st Dynasty of Babylon





Starts: 1400-1200 BCE City of state of Babylon

ACHIEVEMENTS

Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)

ARCHITECTURE

Asymmetrically built City of HATTUTAS





HITTITIES

ARCHITECTURE





YEARS / AREA

HATTUSAS, TURKEY

1400-1200 BCE Flanked Gates=Sculptures and Sphinxes/lionsAsymmetrical city of Hattusa





Starts: 900 BCE

YEARS AREAASSYRIANS

Fierce people from Northern Mesopotamia

1.3.4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians




NINEVEH (Kuyunjik)

ACHIEVEMENTS

Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)

ARCHITECTURE

THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE.





ASSYRIANS

ARCHITECTURE

THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE

1.3.4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians




YEARS / AREA

KHORSABAD 720 BCE





After first losing the more remote portions of their Empire, the

1.3.5 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians




Assyrians finally fell in 612 BCE to the combined assaults of Babylonianss, Scythians, Persians, and Medes.





Starts:

YEARS AREANEO-BABYLONIANS

Combined assaults of Babylonians, Scythians, Persians, and Medes

1.3.5 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians




ACHIEVEMENTS

Rebuilding and enlargements of Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE)

ARCHITECTURE

1-City processional way= ISHTAR GATE 2-Planted terraces= HANGING GARDEN 3-Crumbled Ruin of Ziggurat=TOWER OF BABEL





NEO-BABYLONIANS

ARCHITECTURE




YEARS / AREA

BABYLON 612 BCE City processional way= ISHTAR GATE with animal motifs





NEO-BABYLONIANS

ARCHITECTURE




YEARS / AREA

BABYLON 612 BCE

This hand-coloured engraving by the 16th-century Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon





Babylon’s greatness was eclipsed in 539 BCE when it became part ofthe Persian Empire of Cyrus II.

The Persian had overthrown the and

1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians




The Persian had previously overthrown the Medes, and theycontinued to expand outward from their capital at Susa (Iran) toconquer all Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and even Egypt by 525 BCE.





Starts: 525 BCE

YEARS AREAPERSIANS

Persepolis (Iran)

Persian Empire of Cyrus II





ACHIEVEMENTS

CEREMONIAL CITY founded by Darius (518 BCE) to supplement Susa (Administrative capital) and Pasargadae (centers of court life)

ARCHITECTURE

1- EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES and hypostyle halls

2- Hittie Audience Chambers

3-Mesopotamian Sculpted animal motifs

4-The Great Palace

5- King Xerxes throne room=Hall of A Hundred columns





PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE

Plan of the Palace,Persepolis, (Iran, 518 BCE)





YEARS / AREA

BABYLON 612 BCE





PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE

EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES





YEARS / AREA

BABYLON 612 BCE





PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE

HYPOSTYLES HALLS= Resting on pillars (by Greek term)





YEARS / AREA

BABYLON 612 BCE





PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE





YEARS / AREA

BABYLON 612 BCE

Mesopotamian ColumnSculpted animal motifs





YOUR NEXT SESSION WILL BE:

THANK YOU




PLEASE READ:Chapter 3 A World History of Architecture: ANCIENT EGYPT




Documents

History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 1 (Download Only)