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History

Ch-03 Nationalism In India

This chapter divide in four sub-theme –

*The first world war, khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement

*Different strands with in the movement

*Towards Civil Disobedience

*The sense of collective Belonging

The First World War:

Implication of first world war

*Created new economic and political situation means poor economic condition.

*Increase in defence expenditure .

*Increase custom duties and introduction of income tax.

*Increase price of commodities.

*Forced recruitment of villagers in army.

*Crop failure in many parts of India leading to shortage of food.

*Spread of epidemic killing millions of people.

Idea of Satyagraha:

*Emergence of Gandhi ji in 1915 with the idea of Satyagraha and Non-violence.

*Three experiments of Gandhi ji with Satyagraha are-

@ In 1916 Champaran Satyagraha Bihar against oppressive plantation system.

@In 1917 Kheda Andolan , Gujarat, demanding relaxation in revenue collection.

@ In 1918 Ahmedabad mil majdoor andolan in Ahmedabad Gujarat in support of

cotton workers.

Rowlatt Act in 1919:

*Rowlatt Act 1919 passed by Imperial Legislative Council Despite opposition from

Indian members.

*Government gots powers to detain political prisoners for two years without trial.

*it was intended to curb political activities by Indians.

*Gandhi ji launched Non-violent civil disobedience movement starting with hartal.

Result –

*Massive strike and shutdown of shops and workshops

*Feared British administration.

*Local amitsar leader arrested.

*Gandhi ji was stopped from entering Delhi.

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*Imposition of Martial law by General Dyer.

JALLIANWALA BAGH TRAGETY –

*Unaware of Martial law, people in Amritsar gathered in Jallianwala Bagh 13 april

1919 to celebrate Baisakhi.

*General Dyer blocked the only exist and ordered fire on the gathering that left

hundreds dead .

Result:

*News of tragedy spread to north India.

*Strikes and Clashes with police began.

*Government suppressed and humiliated protestors.

*Villagers were bombed .

*Violence forced Gandhi ji to call off Satyagraha movement.

Khilafat-Non Cooperation Movement :

*Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited to cities and towns.

*Gandhi ji interred to unite people specially Hindu and Muslims, for wide movement

across India.

*Khilafat issues gave this opportunity to Gandhi ji.

*Muhammad Ali and Saukat Ali (Ali Bandhu) associated with khilafat committee,

discussed united action on khilafat issue.

Sensing the opportunity to unite Hindu and Muslims, Gandhi ji launched khilafat Non

cooperation movement.

Stages of Non Cooperation Movement :

*Surrender of government titles by Indians.

*Boycott of civil services, Army , police, court, legislative councils and schools by

Indian people.

*Boycott of foreign goods.

*If government uses repressive measures, civil disobedience campaign to be

launched.

*mobilise popular support.

Differences within Congress :

*Many within congress opposed boycott of council elections .

*Fear of violence.

*No consensus between supporter and opponents of movement.

IN NAGPUR Session Of Congress 1920 ended with compromise and adoption of

Non Cooperation programme.

Differing stands within Movement :

there are three stands-

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First-Movement in town

Second-Rebellion in countryside

Third-Swaraj in plantation

Movement in towns :

Begnning-

*In this Movement middle class participation.

*School, college and courts boycotted.

*Boycott of foreign cloths.

*Picketing of liquor shops.

*Harmed colonial economy.

Slowdown-

*Khadi was expensive which poor people could not efford.

*Absence of alternative Indian institutions

*Students, teachers, lawyers joined back.

Rebellion in countryside :

Two major rebellion spread in that time first Peasant and second Tribal Rebellion.

Peasant Rebellion:

*Peasant Rebellion led by Baba Ram Chandra.

*Movement against Landlords and Talukdars.

*High rents, in security of tenure, begar.

*Organized Nai-Dhobi bandhs.

*Setting up of Kisan Sabha with branches in many villages.

Tribal Rebellion:

*Tribal Rebellion led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

*Movement against colonial forest laws.

*Restricted entry into forests.

*Used violence to counter forest laws.

*Raju persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

Swaraj in Plantation:

*Inland Emigration act 1859 opposed by plantation workers.

*Workers not permitted to leave plantation without permission.

*Many workers defied authorities and headed homes.

*Caught and brought back to plantations

*Brutal treatment with run away workers.

Towards Civil Disobedience :

*Withdrawal of non cooperation Movement as it turned violent.

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*Within Congress many argued return to politics and contest election to oppose

government policies and argue reforms.

*C R Das, Moti Lal Nehru found Swaraj Party.

*Others argued agitations.

Factors Shaping Indian Politics :

A- Great depression ,1930:

*Agricultural prices slashed.

*Exports declined.

*Peasants found it difficult to pay revenue.

B-Simon Commission ,1928 :

*Statutory commission under Simon constituted.

*To see the working of the constitutional system and suggest changes.

*It was an all-white commission. no any Indian members.

*Opposition by Indians.

Lahore Session Of Congress,1929 :

*Headed by Pt. Jawahar Lal Neharu.

*Demanded Purna Swaraj.

*Declared celebration of independence day on 26 January 1930.

*Pledge to struggle for complete independence.

Salt March ,1930 :

*Gandhi ji’s letter to Lord Irwin Starting general and specific demands.

*Abolition of salt tax was common to all.

*No response from Irwin.

*Gandhi ji Started Salt March and it joined by many Indians.

*From Sabarmati to Dandi, after reaching Dandi, Gandhi ji violated Salt Law by

manufacturing salt.

*Then after beginning of Disobedience Movement throughout India.

Calling Off Civil Disobedience Movement :

*Arrest of all most senior Congress leaders like Abdul Ghaffar khan .

*Violent clashes in many places and police firings.

*Gandhi ji arrested too .

*More violent clashes began.

*Peaceful Styagrahis attacked , women and children beaten and thousands arrested .

*Gandhi ji called off the Movement.

Re-launch of Civil Disobedience Movement :

*Gandhi ji entered in to a pact with Irwin.

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*Gandhi ji agreed to take part in 2nd Round Table Conference of Landon .

*Government to release to political prisoners .

*Negotiation at Round Table Conference broke , Gandhi ji returned to India From

Landon.

*Government resorts to brutal repression.

*Arrest of Congress leader again.

*Congress declared illegal institution .

*Gandhi ji again launched Civil Disobedience Movement.

How Participants Saw The Movement :

Rich Peasants Poor Peasants Business

Community

Workers

Hit trade depression

and falling prices

They took face

Similar problem as

rich peasants.

The demanded

protection against

import and fixed

exchange ratio.

Limited participation

due to closeness of

congress with

business communities.

Unable to pay land

revenue

Depression made it

impossible to pay rent

to landlords

Set up Indian Industrial

and Commercial Congr

- ess in1921 and Federa -

tion of Indian Chamber

of Commerce and

industries in 1927

Engaged in some port

of boycott against low

wages and poor

working conditions.

Resentment over

refusal of reduction in

revenue demand.

Congress not willing to

support poor tena - nts

fearing it might upset

the rich peasants.

Supported Civil

Disobedience

Movement

Congress reluctant to

include their demands

fearing alienation of

industrialist.

Joined Civil

Disobedience

Movement

No active

participation by poor

and small peasants.

Failure of Round

Table Conference lost

their interest in Civil

Disobedience

Movement

For them it was

struggle against high

revenue

Growing Socialism in

Congress and Militant

activities kept them

away from Civil

Disobedience

Movement, when Re

launched.

Disappointed when

Civil Disobedience

Movement was called

off

Reluctant to

participate when it

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was re-launched.

Role of Women:

*Large scale participation of women in Movements.

*Also participated in protest marches.

*She participated in Salt March.

*Picketing Foreign cloths and liquor shops.

*Even went to jail.

*Began to see service to nation as a sacred duty.

Limits Of Civil Disobedience Movement:

* Civil Disobedience Movement limited in specific class of society . two specific

class of society for away from that movements- Dalits and Muslims.

DALITS MUSLIMS

Gandhi ji opposed all forms of un-touch

ability

Decline of khilafat Non-Cooperation

movement alienated Muslims from

Congress.

Called them HARIJANS Open Association of Congress with

Hindu Mahasabha too widened the gap.

Dignified their work Millitant passions in both communities

provoked classes and riots.

Organised Satyagraha for their entry into

temple and other public places.

Muslim league demanded separate

electorate which Hindu Mahasabha

rejected .

Many dalit leaders like Ambedkar sought

political endowment.

Both Communities were filled with

suspicion and distrust .

Organized Depressed Classes Associ -

ation in 1930 and demanded separate

electorates in 2nd Round Table

Conference

Muslims feared domination by Hindu and

loss of their cultural identity.

Gandhi ji ruled out their demands.

Poona pact in 1932 between Gandhi ji

and Ambedkar granted reserved

constituencies for dalits.

Dalit however remained uneasy towards

national movements.

Sense of Collective Belonging :

*History, fiction, folklore, songs, symbols aroused nationalism in Indians.

*Nation came to be seen in Image of Bharat Mata.

*Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the first Image of Bharat Mata.

*Various other artist portrayed Bharat Mata in different forms.

*His hymn to Mother land, Vande Mataram, began to be sung widely in nationalist

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movements.

*Nationalist began collecting folklore and leagend to preserve traditions and discover

national identity.

*Natesha Sastri brought out a collection of Tamil tales, the folklore of southern India.

He assumed the character of national literature was trust worthy expression of

people’s thought and characteristics .

*Symbols like flags sought to unite and inspire people about nationalism.

*History began to be re-interoperated .

*Indians began to write about their glorious past and how the colonial masters

degraded it.

*This to posed problems .

*Image and symbols used by nationalist began to be viewed through religious

sentiments.

Note:-

1-Khalifa- A spiritual leader of the Muslim Community.

2-Hind Swaraj written by Mahatma Gandhi.

3-Dr B R Ambedkar participated in all three Round Table Conference.

4-Vande Mataram Written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Work Sheet For Students

Very Shot type Questions:-

Q1-Why was simon commission boycotted ?

Q2-What is meant of Begar ?

Q3-What is meaning of Satyagraha ?

Q4-By whom was the swaraj party ?

Q5-Why did Gandhi ji oppose the salt law ?

Shot type Questions:-

Q1- Explain four points about of gandhi ji idea of “satyagraha”

Q2-Explain three problem faced by Awadh peasants.

Q3- Examine the significance of the Non Cooperation Movement.

Q4- What was the Gandhi Irwin pact ?

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Map Work

1-Some important Indian National Congress Session

First INC Session1885 –Mumbai

September 1920 INC Session-Calcutta

December 1920 INC Session –Nagpur

December 1927 INC Session –Madras

December 1929 INC Session –Lahore

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1-Some important Centre of Indian National Movement

A- CHAMPARAN (BIHAR)- MOVEMENT OF INDIGO PLANTERS

B- KHEDA(GUJRAT)-PEASANT SATYAGRAHA

C- CHAURI-CHAURA(GORAKHPUR U P)-CALLING OFF NON

COOPERATION MOVEMENT

D- AHMEDABAD –COTTON MILL WORKERS SATYAGRAHA

E- AMRITSAR(PANJAB)- JALLIAWALA BAGH INCIDENT

F- DANDI-GANDHI JI BROKE SALT LAW

Note- Geography Ch-02 Forest and wild Life and

Ch-03 Water Resources to be assessed in periodic test

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only and will not evaluated in board examination.

Geography

Ch-04. Agriculture

*The word agriculture raised of Latin agricultūra, from ager, "field", which in its

turn came from Greek αγρός, and cultūra, "cultivation" or "growing". While

agriculture usually refers to human activities, known as cultivate crops.

*Agriculture is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural

resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest

products, horticultural crops, and their related services". it includes arable

farming, horticulture, animal husbandry and forestry, but horticulture and forestry

are in practice often excluded.

Types of Farming

The cultivation methods depend upon the characteristics of the physical environment,

technological know-how and socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from subsistence

to commercial type. In different parts of India, the following farming systems are

practised.

*Farming is two type Subsistence Forming and Commercial Forming.

* Subsistence Farming can be divide in two type of farming Primitive and Intensive

Farming .

* Primitive Subsistence Farming:

It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals

and other food crops. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a

fresh patch of land for cultivation. It is known by different names in different parts of

the country. It is known as jhumming in north-eastern states.

• Land productivity is low in this type of agriculture.

• This type of farming depends on monsoon.

• This farming is practised in few parts of India.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

• This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

• It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and

irrigation are used for higher production.

Commercial Farming

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• This type of farming uses higher doses of modern inputs such as high yielding

variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to obtain

higher productivity.

• Single Crop Farming: When single crop grows in same patch of land in same

time/ season called mixed Farming.

• Double Crop Farming: When two crops grows in same patch of land in same

time/ season called mixed Farming

• Mixed Farming: When more than two crops grows in same patch of land in

same time/ season called mixed Farming

Plantation :Plantation is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown

on a large area. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs,

with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as a raw material in

industries. Eg: Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Banana.

Cropping Pattern :

India has three cropping seasons:

1. Rabi

2. Kharif

3. Zaid

Rabi Kharif Zaid

Sowing

Season

Winter

from

October

to

December

Beginning of the

rainy season

between April and

May

In between the rabi and the Kharif

seasons, there is a short season during

the summer months known as the

Zaid season (in the months of March

to July)

Harvesting

Season

Summer

from

April to

June

September-October

Important

Crops

Wheat,

Barley,

Peas,

Gram and

Mustard.

Paddy, Maize,

Jowar, Bajra, Tur

(Arhar),

Moong, Urad,

Cotton, Jute,

Groundnut and

Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber,

Vegetables and Fodder crops

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Soyabean.

Major Crops Of India

variety of food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of India depending upon

the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practices. Major crops grown in India are:

food Crops Non-food Crops Horticulture Crops

Grains Plantation

1-Rice 1-Sugar Cane 1-Rubber 1-Fruits

2-Wheat 2-Oilseeds 2-Cotton 2-Vegetables

3-Millets 3-Tea 3-Jute

4-Maize 4-Coffee 4-Hemp

5-Pulses 5-Natural Silk

*We will discuss all of these one by one, in detail as-

Rice:

1. It is a kharif crop.

2. It requires high temperature( +25ºC) and high humidity with annual rainfall

above 100 cm.

3. Its Growing In June To July and Harvest in Nov. to Dec.

4. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.

5. It is grown in the Panjab, Haryana, U.P. , plains of north and

north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

Wheat:

1. This is a rabi crop.

2. It requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.

3. Its Growing In Nov. To Dec and Harvest in April to May.

4. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing

season.

5. The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan

are two main wheat-growing zones in India.

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6. It is the second most important cereal crop and main food crop, in the north

and north-western part of India.

Millets:

1. Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are the important millets grown in India.

2. These are known as coarse grains and have very high nutritional value.

Jowar Bajra Ragi

3rd most important food

crop with respect to area

and production.

Grows well on sandy soils

and shallow black soil.

It is a crop of dry regions.

It is a rain-fed crop mostly

grown in the moist areas.

Grows well on red, black, sandy,

loamy and shallow black soils.

Mainly produced in

Maharashtra, Karnataka,

Andhra Pradesh and

Madhya Pradesh.

Major producing states are

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Gujarat and

Haryana.

Major producing states are

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal

Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim,

Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

Maize:

1. It is a Kharif crop.

2. It requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old alluvial

soil.

3. It is used both as food and fodder.

4. Its requires HYV seeds, Fertilizers and Irrigation.

5. Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Pulses :

1. Its Rabi and Kharif Crops.

2. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.

3. Pulses are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.

4. Major pulses grown in India are Tur (Arhar), Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas and

Gram.

5. Pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops so that the soil restore

fertility.

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6. Major pulse producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,

Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka.

Food Crops other than Grains :

Sugarcane :

1. It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop.

2. It grows well in hot and humid climates with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C

and annual rainfall between 75cm to 100cm.

3. It can be grown on a variety of soils.

4. Needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.

5. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.

6. Sugarcane is the main source of Sugar, Gur (Jaggery), Khansari and molasses.

7. The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and

Haryana.

Oil Seeds :

Different oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12% of the total cropped area of

India. Main oil-seeds produced in India are:

• Groundnut: is a Kharif crop and accounts for half of the major oilseeds

produced in India. Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnuts.

• Mustard: is a rabi crop.

• Sesamum (til): is a Kharif crop in the north and rabi crop in south India.

• Castor seeds: It is grown as both Rabi and Kharif crop.

• Linseed: is a rabi crop.

• Coconut

• Soyabean

• Cotton seeds

• Sunflower

*Two important beverage crop are Tea and Coffee . its also plantation Crops.

Tea:

1. It is also an important beverage crop introduced by the British in India.

2. It is tropical and sub-tropical crop.

3. The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates with deep and

fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.

4. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.

5. Tea is a labour-intensive industry.

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6. Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri

districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Coffee:

• Yemen coffee is produced in India and this variety of coffee is in great demand

all over the world.

• It is tropical and sub-tropical crop.

• Its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and is confined to the

Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Non-Food Crops :

Rubber Fibre Cotton Jute

It is an equatorial

crop.

Cotton, Jute,

Hemp and Natural

Silk are the four

major fibre crops.

It is a Kharif crop. It is known as the

golden fibre.

It requires a moist

and humid climate

with rainfall of more

than 200cm and

temperature above

25°C.

Cotton, Jute and

Hemp are grown

in the soil.

It requires high

temperature, light

rainfall, 210 frost-free

days and bright sunshine

for its growth.

It grows well on

well-drained fertile

soils in the flood

plains. High

temperature is

required for its

growth.

It is an important

industrial raw

material

Natural Silk is

obtained from

cocoons of the

silkworms fed on

green leaves

Cotton grows

well in black cotton soil

of the Deccan plateau.

It is used in making

gunny bags, mats,

ropes, yarn, carpets

and other artefacts.

Mainly grown in

Kerala, Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka and

Andaman and

Nicobar islands and

Garo hills of

Meghalaya.

Rearing of

silkworms for the

production of silk

fibre is known as

Sericulture.

Major cotton-producing

states are Maharashtra,

Gujarat, Madhya

Pradesh, Karnataka,

Andhra Pradesh,

Telangana, Tamil Nadu,

Punjab, Haryana and

Uttar Pradesh.

Major jute producing

states are West

Bengal, Bihar,

Assam, Odisha and

Meghalaya.

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Horticulture Crops:

India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. Major crops produced are pea,

cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato. Some of the famous

horticulture crops grown in India are:

• Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), bananas of Kerala,

Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

• Lichi and Guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

• Pineapples of Meghalaya

• Grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra

• Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal

Pradesh.

Technological and Institutional Reforms :

Agriculture provides a livelihood for more than 60% of its population, so this sector

needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. The Green Revolution and the

White Revolution were some of the reforms initiated by people to improve agriculture.

Some Initiatives taken by the Government are:

• Schemes introduced by Government such as Kissan Credit Card (KCC),

Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).

• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on the radio

and television were introduced.

• The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and

procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by

speculators and middlemen.

Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy, Employment and Output

• In 2010-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by the farm sector.

• The share of agriculture in the GDP is declining.

• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities,

veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development,

research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc.

are a few of the initiatives introduced by the government to improve Indian

agriculture.

Food Security:

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1. The number of people who do not have food security is disproportionately large

in some region of our country particularly in economically less developed states

with the higher incidence of poverty.

2. The focus of the policy is on fixing the support price for procurement of wheat

and rice to maintain their stocks. Food Corporation of India.

3. The FCI procures food grains from the farmers at the government announced

minimum support price.

4. The competition for land between non – agriculture uses such as housing etc.,

5. The farmers are badly affected by the uncertainties of production and market.

6. The higher the supply the lower is the demand.

Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture:

1. Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It was there at the time of

colonization.

2. Till today it is one of the important items of export from India.

3. Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the

vailability of good quality cotton from India.

4. The Champaran movement which started in 1917 in Bihar.

5. Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmer in India have been

exposed to new challenges.

STUDENT WORK SHEET

Q1- What do you mean by Jhomming ?

Q2-State any three characteristics of commercial farming.

Q3-Compare primitive and commercial farming.

Q4-Explain the three cropping season in india.

Q5-What are challenge faced by jute in India ?

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