History Notebook Must Haves- History 2014

8/10/2019 History Notebook Must Haves- History 2014

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Table of Contents:

SyllabusPage 2-3

Rules and Guidelines.. Page 4

Magna CartaPP. 5 and

!istori"al #ournalPP $ and %

So"ial &yna'i"sPP (-)2

*ar +istory ,ngran"e .............PP )3

/ritis+ Royal 0inePP )3 and )4

Pira"yPP )5-2)

1ing P+ilis *arPP 2)-23

Pre-Reolution /rit'er..PP 23-2(

Middle PassageSlaery..PP 36-3%

Causes to t+e 'er. Re.PP 3%-55

'eri"an Reolution..PP 55-)2$rti"les7 Const.7 bill of rig+ts..PP )2$-)54

8e9 Reubli"..PP )55-)%

#effersonian &e'o"ra"y PP )%-262

#a"sonian &e'o"ra"y..PP 262-22(

Causes to t+e Ciil *ar.PP 22(-232

Ciil *arPP 232-256

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Mr. !enri"+ %t+ grade Syllabus 266(-)6

August 26th-28th Orientation, Assign 14 page historical journal. Prepare forBritish/Colonial e!ate

Aug "1st-4th #or$ on 14 page historical journal, Prepare for British/Colonial %e!ate.

&ept. 8th-11th '4( e!ate British )s. Colonists the *ear is 1++6. Assign )i%eoassignent/groups.

&ept. 14th-18th istorical ournals %ue &ept. 18th. Prepare for Boston assacre 0rial,&ho portions of i!ert*3s i%s.

&ept. 21st-25th Perfor 0rial, Prepare for test o)er Pre-e)olutionar* #ar 7ra.

&ept. 28

th

-Oct 2

n%

ecture/e)ie/0est o)er Pre-e)olutionar* #ar 7ra.

Oct. 5th-th Prepare for )i%eo pro%uction of e)olutionar* #ar. i!ert*3s i%s.

Oct. 12th-16th Present hoe )i%eos that re-enacte% e)olutionar* #ar era. i!ert*3si%s.

Oct. 1th-2"r% '7n% of 1st9uarter( ecture o)er e)olutionar* #ar.

Oct. 26th-":th. e)ie e)olutionar* #ar/0est.

;o). 2n%-6th '4( Prepare for Constitutional Con)ention. e-7nact out ConstitutionalCon)ention.

;o). th-1"th Continue Constitutional Con)ention. ecture o)er Articles ofConfe%eration, Constitution an% Bill of ights.

;o). 16th-2:th-'2( Continue ecture o)er A of C, Constitution, an% Bill of ights.

;o). 2"r%-24th e)ie A of C, Constitution an% Bill of ights, Aen%ent assignent.0est.

;o). ":th- 4th '2n% ee$s interis %ue( a$e Political Cartoons o)er #ashington an%A%as A%inistration. Present Political Cartoons.

ec. +th-11th ecture o)er #ashington an% A%as A%inistration )i%eo on #ashington3slife.

ec. 14th-18th e)ie o)er #ashington an% A%as A%inistration 'oralit* chart( 0est

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an. 4th-8th Create a song, art, or poe o)er efferson/a%ison/onroe/9uinc* A%as3A%inistrations. Present to class. oralit* chart.an. 11th-14th '4('7n% of 2n%


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1. Be a goo% citiena. Be respectful of others an% *ourself

!. Be a responsi!le in%i)i%ual.c. Be a relia!le stu%ent.

2. Be a positi)e influence in an% outsi%e the classrooa. pic$ peers up hen the* are feeling %on-!e a goo% listener

!. pic$ up trash in the halla* hen *ou see it. t3s *our school !eprou% of it.c. Contri!ute to the class ith positi)e participation.%. isten to others hen it is their turn to tal$.e. Be a supporti)e group e!er. elp !e a lea%er, cheerlea%er,o%ne* ing li$e 'can3t e all just get along( an%/or agen%a setter.f. pic$ up after *ourself. #hen *ou are finishe% ith soething *ou

ha)e use%, clean up the area.

&tu%* aterials priorit*r. enrich3s lectureaterial that *ou stu%* for group presentations/in%i)i%ual or$r. enrich3s notes&uppleental resources0e=t!oo$

Magna Carta )2)5

4


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1. ?irst, that e ha)e grante% to >o%, an% !* this present charter ha)econfire% for us an% our heirs in perpetuit*, that the 7nglish Church shall !efree, an% shall ha)e its rights un%iinishe%, an% its li!erties unipaire%. 0hate ish this so to !e o!ser)e%, appears fro the fact that of our on free ill, !efore the out!rea$ of the present

%ispute !eteen us an% our !arons, e grante% an% confire% !* charter the free%o of the ChurchDs elections - a right

rec$one% to !e of the greatest necessit* an% iportance to it - an% cause% this to !e confire% !* Pope nnocent .

0his free%o e shall o!ser)e oursel)es, an% %esire to !e o!ser)e% in goo% faith !* our heirs in perpetuit*. #e ha)e

also grante% to all free en of our real, for us an% our heirs for e)er, all the li!erties ritten out !elo, to ha)e an% to

$eep for the an% their heirs, of us an% our heirsE

2. f an* earl, !aron, or other person that hol%s lan%s %irectl* of the Cron, for ilitar* ser)ice, shall %ie, an% at his

%eath his heir shall !e of full age an% oe a FreliefD, the heir shall ha)e his inheritanceon pa*ent of the ancient scale

of FreliefD. 0hat is to sa*, the heir or heirs of an earl shall pa* for the entire earlDs!aron*, the heir or heirs of a $night l::s. at ost for the entire $nightDs FfeeD, an% an* an that oes less shall pa*less, in accor%ance ith the ancient usage of FfeesD.

6. eirs a* !e gi)en in arriage, !ut not to soeone of loer socialstan%ing. Before a arriage ta$es place, it shall !eD a%e $non to the heirDs ne=t-of-$in.

+. At her hus!an%Ds %eath, a i%o a* ha)e her arriage portion an%inheritance at once an% ithout trou!le.&he shall pa* nothing for her %oer, arriage portion, oran* inheritance that she an% her hus!an% hel% jointl* on the %a* of his %eath. &he a* reain in her hus!an%Ds house

for fort* %a*s after his %eath, an% ithin this perio% her %oer shall !e assigne% to her.

8.;o i%o shall !e copelle% to arr*, so long as she ishes to reain

ithout a hus!an%. But she ust gi)e securit* that she ill not arr* ithout ro*al consent, if she hol%s her

lan%s of the Cron, or ithout the consent of hate)er other lor% she a* hol% the of.

. ;either e nor our officials ill seie an* lan% or rent in pa*ent of a%e!t, so long as the %e!tor has o)a!le goo%s sufficient to %ischarge the%e!t.A %e!torDs sureties shall not !e %istraine% upon so long as the %e!tor hiself can %ischarge his %e!t. f, for lac$of eans, the%e!toris una!le to %ischarge his %e!t, his sureties shall !e ansera!le for it. f the* so %esire, the* a*

ha)e the %e!torDs lan%s an% rents until the* ha)e recei)e% satisfaction for the %e!t that the* pai% for hi, unless the

%e!tor can sho that he has settle% his o!ligations to the.

28.;o consta!le or other !ailiff of ours shall ta$e the corn or other chattels of

an* one e=cept he straighta* gi)e one* for the, or can !e alloe% arespite in that regar% !* the ill of the seller.

":.;o sheriff nor !ailiff of ours, nor an* one else, shall ta$e the horses orcarts of an* freean for transport, unless !* the ill of that freean.

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"2. #e shall not hol% the lan%s of those con)icte% of felon* longer than a *earan% a %a*G an% then the lan%s shall !e restore% to the lor%s of the fiefs.

"6. enceforth nothing shall !e gi)en or ta$en for a rit of in


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n this fun assignent, *ou ill !e transporting *our in% !ac$ to a tiehere people e=perience% a %ifferent a* of life than e %o to%a*. 0he*use% %ifferent transportation, e%icines, technolog*, clothing, foo%

preparation, an% a*s to ha)e fun. 0he* ha% ainl* a rural counit* asoppose% to the ur!an one that e gro up ith to%a*. 0he* alsoe=perience% things politicall* that pitte% neigh!or )ersus neigh!or in thee)olutionar* #arH o %i% this occur #hat %i% the* feel Benjain?ran$lin !ecae an ar%ent patriot hile his son reaine% a o*alist>o)ernor. n the eantie, e)er*one as still tr*ing to a$e a li)ing. o%i% these people li)e their li)es sociall*, professionall* an% politicall* 0his%iar* shoul% !e 14 pages han%ritten, an% a%e to loo$ authentic t shoul%a%%ress the *ears 1+6"-1+8".

Onl* one person fro each class can !e chosen fro the list !elo. f *ouha)e a %esire to pic$ soeone that is not on this list *ou are not liite% !* it,

!ut *ou nee% to run it !* e first. 0his is orth 14: points, an% *ou usta%%ress each area sociall*, politicall* an% professionall* for the person thatis chosen. t shoul% !e ritten in 1stperson as though *ou ere thatcharacter. t shoul% !e a%e to loo$ ol% or authentic in soea* as thoughit ere a lost journal onl* no to resurface. Iou a* sign *our nae as the

person *ou ha)e chosen an% sa* that *ou foun% it. 0he co)er a* sa* thejournal of ;athan ale foun% !* '*our nae(.

1. Benjain ?ran$lin "+. #illia Pitt '7l%er(2. 0hoas efferson "8. Banastre 0arleton". >eorge #ashington ". 0hoas Paine4. ohn A%as 4:. >eorge >ren)ille5. ohn Paul ones 41. ar* u%ig a*es6. &auel A%as 42. Bets* oss+. A!igail A%as 4". ;athan ale8. erc* Otis #arren 44. e!orah &apson

. aes Otis 45. 7lia Pinc$ne*1:.Ale=an%er ailton 46. ohn ic$inson11.aes a%ison 4+. ohn Burgo*ne12.aes onroe1".Bene%ict Arnol%14.oratio >ates15.Charles ee

+


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16.ing >eorge 1+.Paul e)ere18.ohn ancoc$1.Patric$ enr*2:.r. oseph #arren21.0hoas >age22.0hoas utchinson2".areneral Phillip &chu*ler

":.or% Cornallis"1.&ir #illia oe"2.&ir enr* Clinton"".?rancis arion"4.ajor ohn An%re"5.Charles 0onshen%"6.>eorge >erain

Population !rea$%on !* region through the %eca%esan% !* raceE

*+ite fri"an 'eri"an

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8e9 ,ngland 166,"+ ",56

Middle 2,25 1:,825

Sout+ern 1"8,11: 54,:8

)$26 "+,":6 688+


8e9 ,ngland 211,2"" 6,118Middle 1"5,28 11,68"

Sout+ern 11,8" +",22:

)$36 5"8,424 1,:21


8e9 ,ngland 281,16" 8,541

Middle 2:4,:" 16.452

Sout+ern 2+:,28" 125,:"1

)$46 +55,5" 1"",588


8e9 ,ngland "4,:2 1:,82Middle 2+5,+2" 2:,+"6

Sout+ern ":,588 2:4,+:2

)$56 "4,"4: 2"6,42:


8e9 ,ngland 4"6,1+ 12,+1+

Middle "8,855 2,:4

Sout+ern 4"2,:4+ 284,:4:

)$6 1,26+,81 "25,8:6

urt+er notes on so"iety

ar' 0ife


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1. 9 out of 10 colonist lived on a farm

2. Most families took care of everything they needed

3. Homes were simple

4. arm life involved many chores

!. amilies had to clear land of trees

0ife in Cities

1. 1 in 20 lived in the city

2. "he waterfront was the heart of the city

3. #ity featured markets$ taverns$ and shops

4. #ities were noisy and smelly

!. ire was a constant danger

Rig+ts of Colonists

1. #olonists saw themselves as %nglish citi&ens and e'pected to (e treated the

same

2. )sed town meetings to discuss concerns and make laws

3. Many (egan using a representative government

Cri'e and Punis+'ent

1. %ach colony set their own laws

2. Murder$ treason$ and piracy were punished (y death

3. "heft * forgery were punished with +ail$ whipping$ or (randing

4. ,esser crimes were punished with fine$ short +ail time$ or time in the stocks

!. -uritans of ew %ngland were the strictest

/ocial #lasses

1. n %ngland a persons social class was determined (y family (ackground$ title$

and wealth

2. n the colonies$ wealth and success mattered more than family (ackground

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3. -eoples clothes showed their social class

4. Middle class farmers and skilled workers owned their own land or (usiness

and many could vote

!. ,ower classes depended on others for work and pay and could not vote

. ndentured servants and slaves were at the (ottom of society

,ife for frican mericans

1. /lavery was (iggest in the /outhern colonies

2. "riangular "rade

a. %urope 5est frica merica

(. "he Middle -assage was a horri(le +ourney

3. /laves worked in many different +o(s

4. /laves had very little hope of achieving a (etter position in society

Religion

1. 6eligion was a huge part of colonial life

2. ll -uritans were re7uired to attend church

3. /ometimes church lasted for ! hours

,du"ation

1. Most children did not receive any education

2. 8oys received more teaching than girls

3. ew %ngland parents wanted their kids to (e a(le to read the 8i(le$ so they

started pu(lic schools.

eligion continue%4. "he families in the south were too far apart to have schools. "he wealthy

taught their kids at home

!. n the middle colonies$ religious differences slowed pu(lic education

. ew %ngland parents supplied the schools with what ever they had

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a'ilies

1. Most people married in their 20s

2. "here were more men than women

3. amilies tried to have lots of kids

4. ids were e'pected to work

!. Many kids died (efore (ecoming adults

0eisure Ti'e

1. :8ees$ :frolics and house and (arn raisings were fun$ social ways to share

work

2. ids had simple toys and played games

3. n the /outh people also went fo' hunting$ played cards$ did horse racing and

(ull (aiting

4. dults played versions of lawn;(owling$ (illiards$ and (ackgammon

Colonial ood

1. #orn was a ma+or food

2. Meat was o(tained from hunting or raising animals and had to (e treated to

keep it from spoiling

3. pples$ (erries$ and grapes were common fruits

4.


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1:: *ears #ar 1""+-145"0hirt* Iears #ar 1618-1648ing #illia3s #ar 168-1689ueen Anne3s #ar 1+:1-1+14ing >eorge3s #ar 1+4:-1+48

&e)en Iear3s #ar 1+56-1+6"#ar for Aerican n%epen%ence 1++5-1+8";o!ilit*/;apoleonic #ars 1+"-1815

,ngland#ar of the oses 1455-148+7nglish Ci)il #ar 1642-164ing Philip3s #ar 'colonial( 16+5-16+6

ran"e?rench e)olution 1+8-1+"

/ritis+ 1ings and ;ueens

!ouse of 8or'andy

#illia , the Con


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!ouse of )553-)55%,li?abet+ > )55%-)63

!ouse of Stuart

#a'es > )63-)25

C+arles > )25-)4(

Co''on9ealt+Prote"torate

Coonealth 164-165"@lier Cro'9ell )53-)5%

ichar% Croell 1658-5Coonealth 165-6:

!ouse of Stuart

C+arles >> )6-)%5

#a'es >> )%5-)%%

!ouse of @range

#illia 168-1+:2ar* 168-165Anne 1+:2-1+14

!ouse of !anoer

George > )$)4-)$2$

George >> )$2$-)$6

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colon* at ariJn, on the sthus of Panaa '168(. 0heir stories alsoinfluence% such iportant authors as onathan &ift, aniel efoe, an%o!ert ouis &te)enson.

0he !uccaneers ere largel* inspire% !* the e=aple of 16th-centur*seaen, such as &ir ?rancis ra$e, !ut the* are to !e %istinguishe% frogenuine pri)ateers !ecause the coissions that the* hel% ere seldo'alid. 0he* are also to !e %istinguishe% fro the outla9ed iratesof the18th centur*, although an* of the !uccaneersD actions can !e calle%

piratical.

0he earliest !uccaneers ent un%er assue% naes, such as DOlonnais'ean-a)i% ;au( or oc$ Brasiliano, a utchan ho ha% li)e% in Brail.#ith the appearance of enr* organ, an outstan%ing lea%er, the* !egan to

organie thesel)es into poerful !an%s that capture% Porto!elo in 1668an% Panaa in 16+1. As the 0reat* of a%ri% '16+:( ha% onl* recentl* !eensigne% to copose Anglo-&panish %ifferences in those parts, the nes of hissuccess at Panaa as not officiall* elcoe. organ as !rought !ac$ to7nglan% un%er arrest, !ut, on the reneal of trou!le ith &pain, he as$nighte% an% sent out as %eput* go)ernor of aaica. e an% his superiorsattepte% to suppress !uccaneering, a tas$ ipossi!le ithout a%e


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are%. 0o%a*, the aters off n%onesia an% &oalia are aong the orl%3sost %angerous

httpE//.piratesinfo.co/%etail/%etail.phparticleMi%N44

nne /onny7 Cali"o #a" and Mary Readby: &aid Staleton

Anne as !orn in relan%, an illegitiate chil% of proinent la*er, #illia

Corac, an% the fail* ai%, Peg Brennan '* !est guess at the *ear of!irth is aroun% 1+::-1+:5, arr*ing age as aroun% 1"-14, if the arriageto Bonn* laste% 1-" *ears an% tie ith ac$ha at a!out the sae thatoul% ha)e a%e her soehere !eteen 15-2: at the tie of the trial(.er father fle% the scan%al surroun%ing the !irth ta$ing other an% chil%ith hi to Charleston, &outh Carolina. Although the father prospere% as aerchant in the colonies, he an% the other appear to ha)e !een soehatless successful as parents. Anne as trou!lesoe, hea%strong an% ill-tepere%.

Anne e)entuall* arrie% the unsuccessful aes Bonn*. 0he arriagefaire% poorl* as aes, ta$ing his ife to the pirate ha)en of ;ePro)i%ence, ha% a har% tie supporting his ife. e e)entuall* turne%inforer for the ne go)ernor, #oo%es ogers, further alienating hishea%strong ife. isillusione% ith her hus!an%, Anne transferre% heraffections to the peacoc$ li$e figure of Calico ac$ ac$ha. ac$hareturne% AnneDs affections !* la)ishing her ith gifts. #hen aes Bonn*refuse% ac$haDs offer to !u* Anne, the couple snuc$ a!oar% a erchantsloop ith a han%ful of ac$haDs ol% pirate !u%%ies an% too$ o)er theship. 0hus !egan AnneDs pirate career.

#hile Calico ac$ loo$e% the part of the %ashing pirate, his career assoehat lac$luster, at least after ta$ing up ith Anne. 0he pries ta$ensee to ha)e !een ostl* coastal tra%ers an% fishing !oats. ar* ea%sees to ha)e joine% the pirates hen a utch tra%er she as ser)ing on asta$en !* the pirates. At soe point %uring AnneDs sojourn ith Calico ac$

1+
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she is sai% to ha)e gotten pregnant an% ha)e !een set ashore in Cu!a to%eli)er the !a!*. &he as later pic$e% up an% carrie% on ith ac$ha as

!efore.

n late Octo!er, 1+2:, off the coast of aaica, a British ;a)* sloop,coan%e% !* a Captain Barnet, cae across ac$haDs anchore% ship.#ith ost of the cre %run$ the onl* resistance the pirates put up asoffere% !* Anne an% ar*. ealiing that the fight as lost the oenturne% on their less than courageous creates, $illing one an% oun%ingothers, screaing at the to Dfight li$e enD. Anne an% the others of the

pirate cre ere capture% an% put on trial for pirac*. All ere sentence% to%eath, !ut Anne an% ar* escape% the noose !* plea%ing their !ellies 'no7nglish court oul% $ill an un!orn chil%(.

Anne sees to ha)e %isappeare% fro the orl%Ds stage at this point, there issoe conjecture that her ealth* father !ought her release after the !irth ofthe chil%.

What follows was submitted by a visitor to Stapletons site. It may be fact,but not sure of verification.

AnneDs chil%, !orn fi)e onths after the trial, on April 21, 1+21, as nae%ohn Corac Bonn*. ohn ac$ha sees to ha)e !een liste% as theillegitiate chil%Ds father. After the chil%Ds !irth the other an% chil% return

to @irginia )ia &outh Carolina. 0here are soe recor%s that ipl* that shearrie% a oseph Burleigh at this tie, 1+21. t is guesse% that this arriageas arrange% !* AnneDs father to get her starte% upon a clean slate hen shereturne% 'one can onl* iagine the %or* re


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shipping lanes. t as onl* hen the &panish an% the British!egan to get along for a short tie in the earl* 18thcentur* that thecrac$%on on pirac* !egan in earnest. ost of the pirates ereforer sash!uc$lers, pri)ateers, that or$e% un%er the protection

of the British cron. Once traine% in this area, this as theirli)elihoo%. As it !ecae illegal, the targets then inclu%e% &panishas ell as British ships. 0his is hen the British ;a)* starte%enforcing the las against pirates. B* 1+2:, pirac* in theCari!!ean ha% %ie% out an% it3s ost faous pirate Captainorgan ha% !ecoe a faous lieutenant go)ernor of aaica an%enforcer against his pirates an% forer !u%%ies.

A lasting legac* of pirac* inclu%es of course !urie% treasure, aparrot, an% one legge% en ith e*e patches. #hat one %oesn3trea%il* un%erstan% that this is the first 'odern true de'o"ra"yto

!e fore%. A captain as )ote% upon !* the cre, an% all%ecisions ere up for )ote an% an*one on the !oat perforing%uties got a )ote. 0his inclu%e% sla)es, forer sla)es, hites,

!lac$s, in%enture% ser)ants an% oen.

uring the 16th an% 1+th centuries, 7nglan%, ?rance an% the ;etherlan%sen%orse% the use of pri)atel* one% ships, $non as pri)ateers, to fight

!attles, con%uct rai%s, %isrupt tra%e an% harass the &paniar%s, in or%er to gaina foothol% in the area, $non as the &panish ain, ithout ha)ing to fun% areal na)* there. Pri)ateers oul% often split the !oot* the* seie% ith thecountries ho coissione% the. One of the ost faous figures of thisera as #elshan enr* organ, ho as coissione% !* the Britishgo)ernent of aaica to carr* out attac$s against the &panish. organ an%the !uccaneers in his coan% capture% an% plun%ere% settleents in Cu!a,Panaa an% @eneuela. e earne% a reputation as a s$ille% !ut !rutalilitar* strategist ho oul% hang en to a$e the gi)e up their

possessions. organ as later $nighte% an% appointe% lieutenant go)ernorof aaica

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0he lure of &panish treasure as strong an% the line !eteen pri)ateeringan% pirac*, in hich sailors3 actions aren3t sanctione% !* an* nation, aseasil* !lurre%.

uring the >ol%en Age of Pirac* in the Cari!!ean, in the late 1+th centur*an% earl* 18th centur*, a nu!er of legen%ar* pirates eerge%, inclu%ing7%ar% 0each, a forer 7nglish pri)ateer, ho !ecae $non an% feare% asBlac$!ear%. Other nota!les in the pirate orl% inclu%e% BartholoeQBlac$ BartR o!erts, ho capture% hun%re%s of ships in his short career,an% Captain QCalicoR ac$ ac$ha, nic$nae% for his colorful attire an%ree!ere% for a cre that inclu%e% to feale pirates, Anne Bonn* an%ar* ea%. Calico ac$ as hung for his cries in 1+2: in aaicaG theoen in his cre a)oi%e% the sae punishent !* claiing to !e

pregnant.

Another notorious nae is Captain #illia i%%, ho as !orn in &cotlan%an% e=ecute% for pirac* in on%on in 1+:1. espite his con)iction,historians ha)e %e!ate% hether i%% as reall* a pirate or strictl* a

pri)ateer. &oe of i%%3s !urie% treasure as foun% on >ar%iners slan%, atthe eastern en% of ong slan%, ;e Ior$, an% legen% has persiste% thatore loot as hi%%en in other near!* locations.

Pirates ere la!rea$ers !* nature of their or$, !ut the* ere not ithouttheir on co%e of con%uct. Pirate cres electe% their on captains, !ase% onlea%ership an% na)al s$ills. Capture% loot as %istri!ute% e


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Pirac*3s >ol%en Age en%e% !* the 1+2:s, hen pirates ere outatche% !*7uropean ilitar* forces in the Cari!!ean. espite the ter Q>ol%en Age,R a

pirate3s life as har%l* glaorous. &hips ere sell*, uncoforta!le an%infeste% ith rats an% !ugs. ?oo% an% fresh ater ere liite%. isease an%

perio%s of !ore%o ere other unelcoe aspects of life on!oar% these)essels. An% not all pirates chose such li)es in the first place. &oe enere $i%nappe% an% force% to ser)e on pirate ships.

/a"ground to1ing P+ilis *ar

Colonists +unger for land7as ell as the hea)*-han%e% treatent of the#apanoag an% other ;ati)e People !* go)ernent officials, le% to one ofthe ost %isastrous ars in Aerica3s histor*.

Goernor *illia' /radford died in )5$G assasoit, the principal lea%eraong the #apanoag, %ie% in 166: an% as succee%e% !* his son#asutta, calle% Ale=an%er !* the colonists. #ith the passing of the firstgeneration, hich ha% forge% an uneas* alliance, the personal !on%s hichha% helpe% to create a or$ing peace en%e%.

T+e t9o "ultures different 9ays of life and "on"ets of land useha%cause% tension for an* *ears. A continuing pro!le as the trapling of

;ati)e cornfiel%s !* colonists3 li)estoc$. #hile colonists ere legall*

responsi!le for %aage, such las ere %ifficult to enforce in reote areassuch as eho!oth an% 0aunton. ncrease% copetition for resources'particularl* lan% for planting, hunting an% fishing( cause% friction !eteenthe to groups. Changes in the regional econo*, such as collapse in the furtra%e, le% an* ;ati)e People to support thesel)es !* selling their lan%.#ith other go)ernents 'assachusetts Ba*, Connecticut( all copeting toesta!lish their territories, Pl*outh ante% e=clusi)e rights to purchase lan%fro the #apanoags.

1>8G P!>0>PS *R : T!, *R

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>n )27 in an arrogant atte't

to eAert "ontrol7the Pl*outhCourt suone% #apanoaglea%er #asutta to Pl*outh.

ajor osiah #inslo an% asall force too$ #asutta atgunpoint. &oon after


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an* *ears for Pl*outh an% the other colonies to reco)er fro %aage topropert*

T+e out"o'e of 1ing P+ilis *ar 9as deastatingto the tra%itional a*of life for ;ati)e People in ;e 7nglan%. un%re%s of ;ati)es ho foughtith Philip ere sol% into sla)er* a!roa%. Others, especiall* oen an%chil%ren, ere force% to !ecoe ser)ants locall*. As the tra%itional !ase ofe=istence change% %ue to the Colonists3 )ictor*, the #apanoag an% otherlocal ;ati)e counities ha% to a%apt certain aspects of their culture inor%er to sur)i)e.

Pre-Reolutionary 'eri"a,ngland )26-)$6

e)olution an% politics in 7nglan%C+arles >%issol)e% Parliaent in 162 an% attepte% to rule as anQa!solute onarchR for 11 *earsCiil *ar!ro$e out in 1642 Charles as con)icte% of hightreason an% be+eaded in )4(After se)eral *ears of insta!ilit*, @lier Cro'9ellas appointe%or% Protector of the Coonealth !* Parliaent in 165" an%hel% this position until his %eath in 1658

After a little o)er a *ear of ea$ rule !* his successor, the "ro9n9as restored in )6, hen C+arles >>ascen%e% to poerCharles ha% no chil%ren, so the cron ent to the Cat+oli"u$e of Ior$, #a'es >>.T+e Glorious Reolution

Parliaent foun% aes to ha)e !ro$en the contract of theMagna Cartaan% strippe% hi of the throneaes 3s ol%est %aughter ar* an% her hus!an% #illia ofOrange ere in)ite% to ta$e o)er the throne of 7nglan%Parliaent passe% a Bill of ights to clarif* the poers ofParliaent o)er the cron

Politics in the Coloniest+ree tyes of "olonies:

"ororateSlargel* self-go)erning, electing >o)ernor an%legislati)e asse!l*

2"


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rorietarySgo)erne% !* the person to ho theproprietar* charter as grante%RoyalSing appointe% the go)ernor, ho as su!ject tothe %irection of the Cron, legislature a* !e electe% !*soe portion of the pu!lic

u%iciar* as largel* %ictate% !* the e=ecuti)e in the colonies,rather than !eing in%epen%ent

!* 1+52Eassachusetts, ;e apshire, ;e Ior$, ;e erse*,@irginia, ;orth Carolina, &outh Carolina, an% >eorgia ereQnationalie%R into ro*al pro)incesConnecticut an% ho%e slan% reaine% self-go)erningar*lan%, Penns*l)ania, an% elaare ere proprietar*colonies

n soe colonies, the treasurer as responsi!le to the legislati)easse!l*, in others he or$e% for the go)ernorG hat iplicationsoul% this ha)e --Governor might not have ability to raise taxesand may not get to decide how to spend the money

#hen the asse!lies ere seen to ha)e too uch poer in acolon*, the British ha% to choicesE

ipose a ta= on the colon*, so the go)ernors ha% the one*the* nee%e% to a%inister the colon* an% oul% not ha)e to%epen% on the colon* for one*

pass a la coan%ing all asse!lies to %o the !i%%ing ofthe ing an% his Pri)* Council

#hat issues %o *ou see ith thisT+e Georges !anoerian 1ings

>eorge '1+14 T 1+2+(is other, &ophia, as gran%%aughter of aes &ophia, ha% !een chosen as heir to 9ueen Anne, !ecause sheas ProtestantG this pre)ente% the throne returning to the&tuarts, in particular, Anne3s Catholic half-!rother, aes'Act of &ettleent of 1+:1(

&ophia %ie% )er* shortl* !efore 9ueen Annespent uch tie in >eran*, his hoe%elegate% uch of the a%inistration of go)ernent to thePri'e Minister, chosen fro the ouse of CoonsRobert *alolean% the *+igs esta!lishe% the office of thePrie inister %uring >eorge3s reign, fen%ing off a 0or*challenge to restore a &tuart to the throne

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>eorge '1+2+ T 1+6:(son of >eorge hate% his father an% encourage% opposition to his father3sruleassociate% ith #alpole !efore he cae to poer un%er hisfather as P '1+21 T 1+42(>eorge U supporte% #alpole an% the #higs, !ecausethe* feare% that the 0ories oul% repeal the Act of&ettleent, hich esta!lishe% the ano)ers as 7nglishonarchs>eorg ?rie%rich en%el rote the usic for >eorge 3scoronationCreate% the colon* of >eorgia in 1+"2?aous for ta$ing istresses rather than rearr*ing after

his ife Caroline %ie% in 1+"+>ot Britain in)ol)e% hea)il* in the #ar of the Austrian&uccession?ought in >eran* to protect ano)er fro the ?rench inthe #ar 'last British onarch to actuall* participate in a

!attle(n 1+45, Bonnie Prince Charlie, le% a aco!ite re!ellion toreturn %irect %escen%ent of aes to the throneG hein)a%e% &cotlan% an% arche% on 7nglan%Prince Charles as %efeate% !* the u$e of Cu!erlan%'>eorge 3s *ounger son( at the Battle of Cullo%en?re%eric$, Prince of #ales, %ie% su%%enl* in 1+51, a$inghis son, >eorge, the heir to the throne an% the ne Prince of#alesBritain a%opte% the >regorian calen%ar in 1+52.

n 1+52, >reat Britain refore% its calen%ar. t ha% pre)iousl* operate% un%er the ulian Calen%ar,!ut%uring 1+52 a%opte% the >regorian Calen%ar. 0he calen%ar change re


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#illia Pit the 7l%er gui%e% Britain3s effort %uring the &e)en Iears#ar un%er >eorge an% his gran%son, >eorge

George >>> )$6 E )%267 but +is son too oer role of Prin"e Regent in

)%))D

gran%son of >eorge

ha% 15 chil%rensuffere% fro a %isease that cause% episo%es of a%ness an% otherunpleasant s*ptosattepte% to ea$en the poer of Parliaent an% the Ca!inet that ha%!uilt un%er the prior >eorgesBritain !ecae 07 orl% super-poer after the Peace of Paris'1+6"(, en%ing the &e)en Iears #arssue% the o*al Proclaation of 1+6" liiting estar% e=pansioninto n%ian territories.

Pontia"s *ar

;ati)e tri!es in the >reat a$es fearful of the ne 7nglish a%inistration in

the region after the en% of the ar, re!elle% an% %estro*e% 8 7nglish fortsun%re%s of colonists an% nati)es ere $ille%Battle of e)il3s oleS;iagara gorge, British ere a!ushe% an% assacre%Britain respon%e% ith the o*al Proclaation of 1+6"0he )iolence an% terror of PontiacDs #ar con)ince% an* estern Penns*l)anians that theirgo)ernent as not %oing enough to protect the. 0his %iscontent as anifest ostseriousl* in an uprising le% !* a )igilante group that cae to !e $non as the Pa=ton Bo*s,so-calle% !ecause the* ere priaril* fro the area aroun% the Penns*l)ania )illage ofPa=ton 'or Pa=tang(. 0he Pa=tonians turne% their anger toar%s Aerican n%iansSan* ofthe ChristiansSho li)e% peacefull* in sall encla)es in the i%st of hite Penns*l)aniasettleents. Propte% !* ruors that an n%ian ar part* ha% !een seen at the n%ian )illageof Conestoga, on ece!er 14, 1+6", a group of ore than 5: Pa=ton Bo*s arche% on the)illage an% ur%ere% the si= &us


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igration occurre% fro the &cottish an% rish '25:,:::( in the 18 thcentur*. 0hereason for this iigration as that Catholic relan% nee%e% or%er so the* sent &cottishPres!*terians to the northern region of the rish countr*si%e. 0he 7nglish then%iscriinate% against the Pres!*terians. 0he British passe% las against the &cottish an%rish hen the* tra%e% in 7nglan%, the* ta=e% the at a )er* high rate. #hen their

har)ests faile% for se)eral *ears in a ro, an* %eci%e% to eigrate to the Britishcolonies in Aerica. After coing to Aerica, an* reporte% !ac$ of the )ast aountsof lan% the* coul% !u* ith just a little one*. ost lan%e% initiall* in Phila%elphia, !utthe* ent further est in Penns*l)ania.

igration also occurre% fro the >erans. O)er 1::,::: cae fro the Protestantsects of the hine i)er @alle*. 0hese orshippers ere siilar to the 9ua$ers, !ut ere$non as the ennonites. 0he utherans, Cal)inists an% ennonites fle% >eran* toachie)e prosperit* !ecause an* ere hungr*, an% others ante% to a)oi% the ar tornregion. 0hese people arri)e% ainl* aroun% 1+1+ an% !* 1+66 the people of >eranheritage in Phila%elphia ha% a%e up 1/" of Penns*l)ania3s total population. 0he*


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)3- 2nd 8aigation "t-Stale "t ;othing coul% !e iporte% intoAerica unless it ha% first !een transshippe% through the other countr*. 0his a%%e% tothe price of each of the goo%s as it ent through British erchants

)$6- iport %uties on to!acco accounte% for 1::,::: poun%s.)$3-e=ten%e% the juris%iction of the on%on Custos Coissioners to

Aerica.)$5-0he Pri)* Council as forulate% to create a poerfulsu!coittee, the or%s of 0ra%e, hich as responsi!le for regulatingcolonial affairs.A plantation %ut* hich as a su of one* e


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'colonial( ith %isrespect. 0here ere too an* go)erning !o%ies, the custos office,the 0reasur*, the A%iralt* an% the Pri)* Council all ha% so)ereignt*. Also, an* peopleignore% these acts on !oth si%es. 0he i%%le colonies continue% to pro%uce iron,olasses as iporte% fro the ?rench Cari!!ean islan%s ithout pa*ing custos thefull aount. 0he British n%ustrial e)olution as in pla* an% an* ere a!le to !u*

ore goo%s, so the rules ere o)erloo$e% !ecause the %ean% as higher, also soecustoers officers ere pai% to loo$ the other a*.

Triangular Trade

)$%- 0he Aerican ar$et accounte% for 2+ percent of all e=ports frojust the ports of Boston, ;eport an% Phila%elphia. 0hese goo%s of lu!er, fish, grain,an% eat fro the colonies oul% then sail to the Cari!!ean an% returne% to the i%%leColonies or ;e 7nglan% Colonies ith cargoes of fruit, olasses, sugar an% ru.0ra%e ith Africa accounte% for less than 1W of all Aerican e=ports. &la)es ere sol%%irectl* to colonial ports here the* ere sol% %irectl* colonial ports here the* ere

sol% for cash or cre%it. ?ro Britain, the colonists !ought anufacture% goo%s, clothes,an% furniture.

8e9 ,ngland Middle Sout+ern

Settled 162:-16"6 1624-1681 16:+-1+"2Reason eligious free%o 0ra%e/Profit eligion/0ra%eTraded >rain, ?ish, ships >rain, ?ish, u ice, >rain, u!er

u!er, furs, iron Cattle, u!er, iron n%igo, 0o!acco, ron#hales, cattle Cattle, ?ish, u

Colonies Connecticut, ;e Ior$ >eorgia, @irginiaho%e slan%, Penns*l)ania ar*lan%, ;orthassachusetts ;e erse* an% &outh Carolina;e apshire elaare

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People U 7)ents

0he i%%le Passagec.16:: - 18::

esource Ban$ Contents

?or ee$s, onths, soeties as long as a *ear, the* aite% inthe %ungeons of the sla)e factories scattere% along AfricaDsestern coast. 0he* ha% alrea%* a%e the long, %ifficult journe*fro AfricaDs interior -- !ut just !arel*. Out of the roughl* 26'illionho ere ta$en fro their hoes an% sol% into sla)er*,+alf %i%nDt coplete the journe* to the African coast, ost of

those %*ing along thea*.

An% the orst as *et to coe.

0he capti)es ere a!out to e!ar$ on the infaous MiddlePassage7so calle% !ecause it as the i%%le leg of a three-part)o*age -- a )o*age that !egan an% en%e% in 7urope. 0he first legof the )o*age carrie% a cargo that often inclu%e% iron, cloth,!ran%*, firears, an% gunpo%er. Kpon lan%ing on AfricaDsVsla)e coast,V the cargo as e=change% for Africans. ?ull*loa%e% ith its huan cargo, the ship set sail for the Aericas,

here the sla)es ere e=change% for sugar, to!acco, or soeother pro%uct. 0he final leg !rought the ship !ac$ to 7urope.

0he African sla)e !oar%ing the ship ha% no i%ea hat la* ahea%.Africans ho ha% a%e the i%%le Passage to the plantations ofthe ;e #orl% %i% not return to their hoelan% to tell hathappene% to those people ho su%%enl* %isappeare%. &oetiesthe capture% Africans ere tol% !* the hite en on the shipsthat the* ere to or$ in the fiel%s. But this as %ifficult to!elie)e, since, fro the AfricanDs e=perience, ten%ing crops too$so little tie an% %i%nDt re


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e=pressing %ejection an% sorro, no longer %ou!te% of * fatean%


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Iou coul% sa* that ohn ;eton as !orn again . . . at least se)eral ties %uring hislife. n his *outh he ri%icule% Christianit*, onl* to later !ecoe a inister. Born a freean, he as ensla)e%, then set free. Once the captain of a sla)e ship, he later%enounce% the sla)e tra%e, !ecoing a great influence in its %eise.

After his otherDs %eath hen he as se)en, ohn ;eton ent to 7nglish schools thatprepare% stu%ents for the inistr*. B* the age of ten, ;eton as sailing on his first)o*age ith his father, a strict sea captain. ?or the *oung ohn, this life as a sailoroul% continue for an* *ears.

After an* )o*ages, inclu%ing stints on a &panish erchant ship an% ith 7nglan%Dso*al ;a)*, ;eton foun% hiself sailing on a sla)e ship. Ala*s trou!lesoe in his*outh, ;eton as %ischarge% along the African coast, here he ent to or$ for asla)e tra%er. 0he tra%erDs !lac$ VifeV %isli$e% the *oung ;eton intensel* an%con)ince% the tra%er that the !o* shoul% !e treate% as a sla)e. &o there he or$e%,along ith !lac$ sla)es -- poorl* fe%, poorl* clothe%, unpai% -- for a!out a *ear. e as

rescue% !* another hite sla)e tra%er an% later returne% to 7nglan% on the shipGreyhound.

t as on the Greyhoundthat ohn turne% !ac$ to his Christian roots. But his refoun%religion %i%nDt alter his )ies on sla)er*. ?i)e *ears later, as captain of his on ship, herote in his journal that he as than$ful for !eing le% into Van eas* an% cre%ita!le a*of life.V An% he as not alone in his a* of thin$ing. n 1+5", hen he rote the entr*,the sla)e tra%e as respecta!le an%, in 7nglan%, o)erhelingl* accepte%.

After four *ears as a sla)e ship captain, ;eton resigne% his coission on the a%)iceof his %octors. B* this tie his )ies on the tra%e ha% !egun to change. &e)eral *ears

later, after !ecoing a inister, he rote, V thin$ shoul% ha)e

ma&ing grace$ how sweet the sound

"hat saved a wretch like me.

once was lost$ (ut now am found$

5as (lind$ (ut now see.

;eton continue% to spea$ out against the sla)e tra%e. n 1++, he state%, Vf the tra%eis at present carrie% on to the sae e=tent an% nearl* in the sae anner, hile e are%ela*ing fro *ear to *ear to put a stop to our part in it, the !loo% of an* thousan%s ofour helpless, uch injure% fello creatures is cr*ing against us. 0he pitia!le state of thesur)i)ors ho are torn fro their relati)es, connections, an% their nati)e lan% ust !eta$en into account.V

"2


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ust !efore ;etonDs %eath in )%6$7 t+e ,nglis+ goern'ent offi"ially broug+t to a"lose its arti"iation in t+e slae trade.

People U 7)ents

Olau%ah 7


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of the sla)es. 0here as no !u*er, hoe)er, for the *oung 7


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Oen ha% saile% to Africa ith his !rother. Once there, the* ere capture% an%iprisone%. A sla)e %ealer nae% ichar% all rescue% the to an% offere% the jo!sas his agents. #ith no one* to return hoe, the to !rothers accepte% the offer.

i$e all tra%ers at the tie, Oen %i% not capture sla)es hiselfG rather, it as Africans

ho ac


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182

n the span of a hun%re% *ears, fro 1+:: to 18::, the ton ofi)erpool in northest 7nglan% as transfore% fro hat asVnot uch ore than a fishing )illageV into one of the !usiestsla)e-tra%ing ports on the Atlantic, ith its ships accounting foro)er 4:W of the 7uropean sla)e tra%e fro Africa to the ;e#orl%.

0here as no single reason for i)erpoolDs %raatic groth. B*1+::, ties ith the Aerican colonies ha% !een firl*esta!lishe% -- the port as iporting shiploa%s of sugar an%to!acco in e=change for hite in%enture% ser)ants. Also, earl* in

the 18th centur*, the areas surroun%ing i)erpool sa ane=tensi)e rise in the anufacturing of te=tiles, iron, an% firearsan% gunpo%er -- tepting ites for the !lac$ sla)e tra%ers ofAfrica. Another reason for the groth as the a)aila!ilit* ofcapital. an%oners an% erchants hoping to increase theirealth !egan funneling their one* into shipping )entures. An%still another reasonE the o*al African Copan*Ds onopol* onthe sla)e tra%e ha% recentl* en%e%, opening the tra%e to all.

i)erpoolDs first sla)ing )essel, ironicall* nae% the'lessing,set sail in 1+::. n 1+":, 15 i)erpool sla)e ships hea%e% toar%

AfricaG in 1+, 1"4 ships a%e the )o*age. Although soe)o*ages reape% huge profits -- the ship Vi)el*V a%e a profit of"::W in 1+"+ -- the o)erall profit for the tra%e %uring the secon%half of the centur* range% !eteen eight an% ten percent. &till,%ue in large easure to profits fro the sla)e tra%e, i)erpoolprospere%.

&la)e-tra%ing )o*ages stoppe% in 18:+ hen 7nglan% a!olishe%its participation in the tra%e. i)erpool, hoe)er, oul% turn toin%ustrial anufacturing an% oul% continue to prosper foran* *ears.

Causes to t+e 'eri"an Reolution: )$6-)$$5

*rits of ssistan"e-0he right for the go)ernent to search an% seie itesthat are un%er suspicion of suggling ithout the !ur%en of proof. t as upfor re)ie for 6 onths after the coronation of a ne ing. n this case itas the coronation of ing >eorge in 1+6: that ha% the re)ieing thecase, hich as usuall* a ru!!er stap appro)al process.

"+
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h319.html


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aes Otis senior as a proinent la*er ho ha% in an* of the Bostonians in%searne% his a* to the chief justice of the supree court. #hen the position caea)aila!le it as his son, aes Otis jr. ho ent to the ieutenant >o)ernor utchinson

to lo!!* for his a% to the go)ernor ?rancis Bernar%. utchinson as alrea%* 2n%incoan% in the e=ecuti)e !ranch an% the lea%er of the legislati)e !ranch as he aspresi%ent of the ouse of epresentati)es. aes Otis r. as$e% 0hoas utchinson if heere intereste% in the position an% utchinson %ecline%. Once assure% of utchinson3s%isinterest he plea%e% his case for his a%. utchinson sai% he oul% %o hat he coul%for hi. #hen the position !ecae a)aila!le, Bernar% as$e% utchinson if he oul%li$e to !e chief justice of the court in assachusetts. utchinson %ecline% sa*ing an*of the people ant aes Otis &r. to ta$e the position. Bernar% assure% hi hetherutchinson accepte% or not that Otis &r. oul% not !e recei)ing the appointent. At thaturging utchinson accepte% the position of Chief ustice. aes Otis r. as infuriate%.e then


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Otis sai% that e)er* an li)e% in a state of nature. 7)er* an as his on so)ereign,su!ject to the las engra)e% on his heart an% re)eale% to hi !* his a$er. ;o othercreature on earth coul% legitiatel* challenge a an3s right to life, his li!ert* an% hispropert*. e sai% that right too$ prece%ence o)er the authorit* of parliaent. e thenchallenge% the ing %irectl*, sa*ing that the rits of assistance represente% the sort of

%estructi)e an% ar!itrar* use of poer that ha% cost one $ing his hea% an% another histhrone. e then ent on to sa* Q Mans !o'e is +is "astleHan% there he ust !e asell protecte% as a prince.

Otis %efinitel* on the %a* an% ohn A%as as there to recor% the action. eutchinson $ne that his si%e as !eaten, !ut the pro!le of an eotional arguent isthat it onl* effects those that are listening ithin the courtroo. On paper it loses it3ssting, an% utchinson co*l* %ela*e% his ruling as he realie% the other e!ers of thecourt ere in fa)or of Otis3 arguent. e effecti)el* %ela*e% the )er%ict !* as$ing fora%)ice on hether or not e a%e these rits specific, oul%n3t an inforant3s nae !elea$e%. f that ere the case, e as uphol%ers of the la oul% lose a poerful pipeline

of inforation. e con)ince% the 4 other ju%ges to as$ for council fro the ing. 0hisof course too$ soe tie as the* ha% to cross the Atlantic, then the arguent ha% to !epresente% !efore the ing, an% then his response nee%e% to !e returne%, hich too$ o)er4 onths. B* then the eotional arguent of Otis as lost an% the #rits ere restore%.

0he afterath of it all as that utchinson as loo$e% upon as a %irt* politician ithinhis so)ereignt* an% Otis though he lost, gaine% the poer of the people. Otis is the oneho cae up ith the slogan QTaAation 9it+out Reresentation is Tyranny.H

T+e Treaty of Paris )$3

0he ?rench an% n%ian #ar '&e)en Iears #ar( as )er* costl*. 0he ar ha%!rought on a %e!t so huge that o)er one half of the annual !u%get ent topa* the interest pa*ents. 0he* $ept a peacetie ar* "::: iles aa*fro the other countr* pro)i%ing e)en further e=penses. 0his ser)e% asthe !asis for the stage in hich the British parliaent loo$e% for a*s tohelp pa* this enorous %e!t an% to aintain the ar*. ence the upcoingta=es an% the 9uartering Act. 0he goo% nes is that the ?rench ce%e% the

lan% fro the Appalachian ountains to the ississippi i)er an% the lan%of Cana%a.

Pontia"s Rebellion )$3

0he Colonists %i%n3t )alue this ar* !ecause it as too sprea% out an%ineffecti)e as Pontiac3s e!ellion ha% alrea%* %eonstrate%, !ut it as this

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e)ent hich pro)o$e% the ar* to !e statione% along the estern frontier toprotect the fro further nati)e Aerican uprisings. 0he Ottaa tri!e asaligne% ith the ?rench %uring the ar an% Pontiac an% his hatre% for theBritish %i%n3t stop !ecause of the 0reat* of Paris. e attac$e% etroit,hile other ;ati)e Aerican tri!es attac$e% the @irginia an% Penns*l)aniafrontier. After a *ear of fighting an* %eserte% the cause an% then Pontiacas force% to sue for peace. 0his e=pose% the ina!ilit* of the British ar*to %efen% thesel)es against the uprisings that coul% threaten colonialsettleents an% se)eral thousan% Aericans lost their li)es.

Pro"la'ation of )$3

Because of this ne lan% !eing a)aila!le, the colonists ante% to settle it.oe)er, the British parliaent %i%n3t feel the* coul% protect the lan% o)er

the Appalachian ountains. 0hose colonists that ha% o)e% o)er theountains ere or%ere% to return to the QsafeR si%e or the eastern si%e of theountain ange. Of course, no ne settleents ere to !e a%e on theestern si%e of the Appalachian ountains. 0his greatl* angere% colonists,

!ut the* ostl* o!e*e%. 0he* !egan to )ie the ar* as ore to $eep thefro an econoic opportunit* than protection fro a force of nati)eAericans that the* coul%n3t realisticall* %efen% an*a* !ecause thefrontier as too )ast.

Sugar "t of )$4

>eorge >ren)ille, ho replace% or% Bute as prie inister in 1+6", loo$e%for a*s in hich to ha)e the colonists !ear ore of the econoic !ur%en.0he original ;a)igation Acts force% the Aericans to first tra%e ith Britainan% then the* oul% tra%e it elsehere. 0his act change% that to a %egree !*a$ing the ajor purpose to raise one* for the cron. 0he colonies ereno seen to raise re)enue, an% the colonists %i% not respon% to this ell.0he olasses Act of 1+"" ha% set the ta= at si= pence per gallon, !ut this act

actuall* re%uce% the ta= on olasses to three pence per gallon in or%er toattract ore sugglers to actuall* report their real aount of goo%s coingin !ecause it a* !e cheaper to report it than to pa* off custos officers.>ren)ille also a%%e% tough ne enforceent las for those that trie% tooutrun na)* patrol !oats. e enacte% an e=pan%e% juris%iction of the )ice-a%iralt* courts o)er coerce an% the custos officials ere gi)en ore

poer to search for illegal suggling.

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0he Aerican reaction as to clai that the Aericans claie% that the*alone ha% that poer to ta= through local asse!lies not fro parliaent.0he petitions ere sent fro an* asse!lies in the colonies le% !* ho%eslan% an% assachusetts.

oe)er, >ren)ille an% others in parliaent sa the Aericans asungrateful. i%n3t the British ar* just sa)e the fro the ?rench

#hat >ren)ille %i%n3t full* grasp an% an* of the colonists eren3t there*et either !ut the colonists pro)i%e% so uch re)enue for the Britisherchants %ue to the ;a)igation Acts an% the rule that the* Qha%R to tra%eith the other countr* on an* of their staple pro%ucts. 7conoicall*spea$ing the Aericans ere helping to aintain the sta!ilit* of the poun%

!* pro)i%ing the ar$et for the to sell furnishe% ites that ereanufacture%. 0he Aericans %i%n3t see the nee% for a ne polic* thatseee% too aggressi)e an% no that the ilitar* threat as gone 'en% of?rench an% n%ian #ar( >ren)ille as seen as cra*.

Sta' "t )$5

0he point of the &tap Act as to raise re)enue !* 6:,::: poun%s annuall*fro the Aericans. >ren)ille appointe% stap %istri!utors in e)er*

colon*. t as to go into effect !* ;o)e!er 1, 1+65. Colonel saac Barrein the ouse of Coons ho ha% fought in the &e)en Iears #ar inAerica arne% his colleagues that the Aericans ere QSons of 0ibertyH.ence the naeG !ut Parliaent %i% not listen to hi.

0he Sta' "tas to ha)e a stap place% upon an* printe% %ocuentsinclu%ing nespapers, ills, arriage licenses, %ee%s an% pla*ing car%s.#ithout the official paper ith the stap on it the a!o)e oul% not !e legalan% coul% !e challenge% in a court of la.

Aericans hear% a!out the &tap Act in a*. Patri" !enryso)e asthe ost %raatic in the ouse of Burgesses. e aite% until late in thesession as an* of the e!ers ha% alrea%* retire% to their hoes hen heintro%uce% this significant legislation. e as an e=treel* goo% oralspea$er. is resol)es centere% on the i%ea that the ouse of Burgess ha%the sole right to ta= it3s citiens. is ost aggressi)e easure sai% that an*

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attept to collect ta=es !* parliaent as illegal, unconstitutional an%unjust an% ill %estro* !oth British an% Aerican li!ert*. e sai%, QThat(aeser hadhis 'rutus, (harles I his (romwell, and then he said )ingGeorge IIIRZ an* cut hi off an% crie% Q07A&O;HHR pause pause aitfor itZRcould profit from their example.R

;espapers in @irginia ha% thought that all + easures ha% past 'e)enthough 2 ha% not !een intro%uce%( an% then it ent throughout all of thecolonies that e)en soe that %i%n3t pass %i% causing an* in assachusettsto feel as though the* ere !ehin%. ;o the copetition as on an% othercolonies ere tr*ing to $eep up ith @irginia. 0he >o)ernor ofassachusetts ?rancis Bernar% calle% it an Qalar !ellR hen referring tothe =irginia Resolutions.

A Sta' "t Congressas fore% in hich states ha% sentrepresentati)es to see$ a*s to protest the &tap Act. 0his as the firstrepresentati)e !o%* that ha% actuall* ta$en place since the first i%ea of thisas propose% !* in the 1+54 ith Benjain ?ran$lin3s lbany Plan.

0his congress as a!le to %iscuss ore than the liite% i%ea of the &tapAct, here the* share% a!out other coon %ifficulties an% got to $nolea%ers fro %ifferent regions. 0he* %i% %raft petitions to the $ing an%

parliaent hich restate% the !eliefs of the Aericans that no ta=es shoul%!e ipose% upon the colonists. Onl* through their on representati)e!o%ies coul% the* !e in fa)or of these ta=es. 0here as no ention ofn%epen%ence fro 7nglan% or an* %isrespect to the ing. 0his as a!outthe so)ereignt* of parliaent.

0he lea%ers ha% set the stage for those that ere a !it less couth to hit thestreets ith their true feelings. 0here ere organie% ass protests in theajor colonial ports. 0he nefoun% group no nae% &ons of i!ert*

!urne% in effig* the local stap collector an% !rother-in-la to t. >o)ernor0hoas utchinson, An%re Oli)er. Oli)er %i% not resign so the

tonspeople Qin)ite%R Oli)er to the i!ert* tree here the* foun% an effigy'li$eness( of Oli)er hanging fro the tree, ith a &tap Act paper in his

poc$et an% a !oot $ic$ing hi 'representing or% Bute(. 0his as a se)erefor of intii%ation that resulte% in the %estruction of his house an%e)entuall* this force% Oli)er to resign. B* ;o)e!er 1stall of the stapcollectors ha% resigne% an% the &tap Act raise% no re)enues at all. ;otonl* %i% the* %estro* Oli)er3s house, !ut the* also rae% utchinson3s

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house, thought to !e the finest in the assachusetts Ba* Colon*. 0his alsoresulte% in the %estruction of the histor* that utchinson as riting on thesae colon*. utchinson %i% not resign an% it alost ga)e hi a !it ofs*path* aong the tonspeople !ecause he shoe% up for or$ in thesae clothes that he ha% on prior ith no sleep to sit at his chair to rule asChief ustice. e apologie% for his appearance, e=plaine% his situation an%then con%ucte% !usiness as usual.

Sta' "t reealed and &e"laratory "t

>ren)ille lost his jo! as lea%er of the 0reasur* an% he reaine% ithin theain !o%* of the ouse of Coons. #ith >ren)ille out of the a*, the

parliaent reealedthe Sta' "ton arch 18, 1+66. >ren)ille urge%parliaent to !e tough ith the colonists an% he as a!le to get the to pass

the &e"laratory "ton the sae %a* to esta!lish thesovereignty ofparliament over the colonies in all cases whatsoever* 0his as largel*ignore% !* the colonists !ecause the* on the ajor )ictor* of reo)ing the&tap Act.

0he British erchants sai% to the local colonial erchants that the* aloneere responsi!le for the repeal an% no *ou oe us. 0his outrage% thecolonists further that the* oul% ta$e cre%it for hat as rightfull* theiron %oing. >eorge ason as offen%e% so that he calle% the claisri%iculous. 0he British erchants ere seen as haught* an% no theiperial officers ere seen tarnishe%, no longer ere the* a!le to coan%the respect that the* ha% once ha%. 0he* loo$e% to !e puppets of the

parliaent an% no longer one of the, the colonists.

;uartering "t of )$5

n or%er to lessen the cost for stationing troops in Aerica, parliaent caeup ith the i%ea to ha)e the sol%iers li)e ithin the hoes of those holi)e% on the frontier so the* coul% !e rea%il* !e a)aila!le to fight a %irect

threat fro the ;ati)e Aericans as e=hi!ite% !* Pontiac3s e!ellion in1+6".

0hese troops ere resente% !* the colonists, !ecause the* ere largel*ineffecti)e, the* ere haught* toar% their hosts. 0he* ere e=pecte% torecei)e ru, can%les, salt an% hate)er ites %eee% necessar* for theire=istence on the frontier. an* of the ere lou%, o!no=ious an% there

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ere reporte% issues of harassent toar% the oen an% e)en soeaccounts of rape.

To9ns+end Reenue "ts )$$

Charles 0onshen% Chancellor of the 7=che


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suspen%e% !* their go)ernors !* %irect or%er fro or% ills!orough hichas in %irect conflict ith the i%ea of a representati)e asse!l* an% againstthe cause of li!ert*. ;o the colonies ere unite% in counication an%cause as the* ha% a rall*ing point.

n or%er to announce a presence of force 4::: troops ere o)e% fro;o)a &cotia an% relan% to Boston in 1+68 to help %eal ith the tal$ of theQinjusticesR of %is!an%ing the legislati)e !o%*. an* of the troops ereta$en fro the frontier for their QprotectionR fro the ;ati)e Aericans an%o)e% ore inlan%. 0his !egge% the


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!a*onets an% loa%ing ith %ou!le shot to protect ugh #hite. 0hetonspeople %are% the sol%iers to fire, Pri)ate ugh ontgoer* as$noc$e% %on an% cae up firing an% urge% all of the to fire. is actionsan% or%s cause% the other sol%iers to thin$ that Preston ha% gi)en the or%erto fire. #ith )iolence an% the threat of )iolence fro !oth si%es as clu!s ha%struc$ sol%iers, saile% through the air as issiles, ice, roc$s an% sno erethron at the sol%iers along ith nae calling left the tonspeople ith 5

people $ille% an% 8 oun%e%. 0his inci%ent !ecae electrifie% throughoutthe Aerican colonies !* the Paul e)ere engra)e% print that as circulate%that shoe% the British sol%iers firing into a QharlessR cro% hich as aneffecti)e use of roaganda.

As a reaction to this the British sol%iers ere o)e% off the ainlan% an%statione% at Castle #illia to reo)e the to e!ittere% si%es.

Custos Coissioners fro 1+68-1++5 o)ersteppe% their !oun%aries ontheir poer of search an% seiure an% ere illing to harass an* person,hoe, or ship that as Qsuspecte%R of suggling. 0his cause% people suchas ohn ancoc$ a note% !usinessan an% note% suggler to ta$e notice an%

join the cause. &a A%as $ept up the pressure !* ha)ing para%es onQassacre a*R an% cele!rating the repeale% &tap Act. an* though erescare% enough !* the Boston assacre to not get too e=cite%. oe)er aseach ne piece of legislation occurre%. n 1++2 he generate% enoughsupport to for the

"o''ittee of "orresonden"ehich note% coon

grie)ances aong the %ifferent colonies.Gasee >n"ident )$$2

A British )essel nae% the >aspee as in search of ships that eresuggling. #hile the* ha% lan%e% loo$ing for soe suspecte% sugglersthe* chase% soe of their pre* on the shores of ho%e slan%. #hile the*ere gone, a group of ho%e slan%ers set the ship, >aspee, on fire until itas %estro*e%. #hen the people of ho%e slan% ere


47/249

tra%e %irectl* ith the colonists, hich alloe% for a higher profit for thecopan*, !ut loer costs to the colonists. 0he Aericans sa this piece oflegislation couple% ith the reaining tea ta= fro the resi%ual of the0onshen% e)enue Acts as a tric$ to a$e colonists pa* the ta=. t alsoun%ercut sugglers of tea, hich a%e up )er* poerful lea%ers in Boston.Phila%elphia an% ;e Ior$ Cit* ere a!le to a$e the ships lea)e ithoutunloa%ing the tea. Boston chose a %ifferent route as the* oul%n3t lea)e, sothe* %eci%e% to Q%isguiseR thesel)es as oha$ n%ians an% ent on

!oar% the ships an% %upe% "42 chests of tea into Boston ar!or effecti)el*changing the color of the ater. 0his aounte% to a net loss of o)er 1:,:::

poun%s.

>ntolerable "ts of )$$4

0he official piece of legislation as calle% the Coer"ie "ts!ut thecolonists calle% the the ntolera!le Acts. 0here ere se)eral easures thatha% to ta$e place. ?irst it close% Boston ar!or until the* pai% for the lossesof the 7ast n%ia Copan*. &econ%, the legislati)e !o%* oul% no longer !eelecte%, !ut appointe% !* the >o)ernor. Also the* oul% onl* !e alloe%one eeting a *ear. 0hir%, the >o)ernor coul% transfer an* British sol%ierto 7nglan% to !e trie% for their allege% crie. ?ourth, the ar* coul% !eageas appointe% the ne ro*al go)ernor. utchinson as reo)e%.

;uebe" "t of )$$4

0his as the area of Cana%ian 9ue!ec pro)ince that as un%er Britishauthorit* since the en% of the ?rench an% n%ian #ar. n this act, 9ue!ecas not gi)en an electi)e authorit* in an asse!l*, it ga)e ore poer to theCatholics than as arrante% hich angere% an* of the colonists. 0he*a%e it $non that 9ue!ec as e


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or$ aong the colonists. 0his as !rought a!out largel* !* the influenceof &a A%as. 0his continental congress selecte% 55 %elegates fro aroun%12 colonies ith onl* >eorgia a!sent, !ut the* ga)e their consent tohate)er as agree% upon. 0his as the eeting here Patric$ enr*,>eorge #ashington an% ichar% enr* ee fro @irginia et ith ohnA%as an% &a A%as fro assachusetts along ith Christopher>a%s%en fro &outh Carolina an% oseph >alloa* fro Penns*l)ania.0hese people ere giants !* reputation an% ost ere e=traor%inar*spea$ers, !ut this eeting as largel* use% to get to $no one another an%ho far the* an% their respecti)e colonies ere a!le to go in ters of li!ert*.

Suffol Resoles of )$$4

&a A%as aneu)ere% the o%erates to for these resol)es. 0his as the

i%ea to resist the coerci)e acts ith force if necessar*. All coerce ashalte% ith 7nglan% until the Coerci)e Acts ere ith%ran. >eorge

pre%icte% ar ith ;e 7nglan% an% loo$e% forar% toar% teaching thea lesson.

Paul Reeres IRideH )$$4-)$$5

&ate ro' To Purose

+ec. -, -- Boston Phila%elphia 7=plain theBoston 0ea Part*

+ec. -, -- Phila%elphia ;I Cit* 7=plain the Boston0ea Part*

/ay 0, --0 Boston Phila%elphia ;es ofntolera!le Acts

/ay 0, --0 Phila%elphia ;I Cit* esponse ofColonies

artfor%Boston

Summer of --0 Boston ;e Ior$ eetings ith

#hig lea%ers;e Ior$ Boston for calling a

QCongressRSept. , --0 Boston ilton Pic$up &uffol$ esol)esSept. , --0 ilton ;I an% Phill*

&uffol$ esol)es to Congress

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'spies(le% !* r. oseph #arren an% e=ecute% !* Paul e)ere ere not to !ecaught unaares again.

ec. 1"-1th1++4 Ports'out+ lar' 8e9 !a's+ireD

e)ere ent !* lan% to thart off the seie% araent that the British ereloo$ing to gra! li$e at the Po%er Alar. 0he British ent !* sea, !ut theti%e asn3t fa)ora!le, nor as the eather ar as the in% an% sno astough on the British sails. 0his alloe% e)ere a chance to get there !eforethe British sol%iers. 0he lan% in hich e)ere tra)erse% as fille% ithsno an% u% as inter ha% coe earl*. 0he u% ha% just froen o)er.0his as )er* %ifficult for e)ere an% his horse ha% to ri%e. e)ere ro%e 6:iles in a perio% of a %a* an% a half. e tol% the #higs that ?ort #illia

an% ar* as going to !e un%er attac$ !* to British regients to seietheir po%er. #ithin a %a*3s tie of e)ere3s arri)al the* ha% gathere% up4:: ilitiaen to retain QtheirR po%er. 0he British garrison at ?ort#illia an% ar* as outnu!ere% 4:: to 6 an% the* %i%n3t ant tosurren%er. 0he* fire% " shots fro their cannon tr*ing to hol% off the 4::en ho ent o)er the alls ithout a single casualt*. 0he* ere

ph*sicall* o)erpoere%, an% then the* surren%ere%. 0he captain asalloe% to $eep his sor% hich he %re upon his attac$ers hen the* too$%on the ing3s colors. Another sol%ier too$ up for Captain Cochran an%as struc$ in the face ith a re)ol)er. 'first !los of the ar( 0heilitiaen ere a!le to secure 1:: !arrels of gunpo%er, us$ets, si=teencannon. 0he* ere una!le to sa)e 2: hea)* cannon that the* coul% noto)e or hi%e effecti)el* in the countr*si%e. 0he British ere una!le to sen%support as the na)* )essel that approache% as conne% into coing intoshallo ater at high ti%e hich $ept the fro !eing a!le to effecti)el*lan% their troops for %a*s. 0he* ere )er* angr*. >age sa this asoutrageous. 0he ing3s troops ha% !een attac$e%, the ars secure% an% theilitar* as una!le to support. an* other tons folloe% Portsouth3slea%E ;eport, Pro)i%ence an% ;e on%on.

?e!. 26th-2+th1++5 Sale' lar'

25: British sol%iers ere sent to acage %eci%e% to go after the,

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an% then perhaps set a trap for e)ere an% his other echanics as the* roe%out to ta$e a closer loo$ the* ere %etaine%. 0his alloe% for the sol%iers toapproach &ale ithout arning. Colonel eslie as an a!le coan%er,

!ut a gentlean at that. eslie3s en lan%e% on a &un%a* at E:: in theorning. 0he* aite% hi%%en fro )ie !* the tonspeople until the* entto church in the afternoon. After the* ere in their eetinghouses eslieor%ere% the to approach the storehouses. ?i)e iles aa*, the* felt )er*confi%ent so the* starte% arching to the fife an% %ru announcing their

presence ith authorit* !* pla*ing Ian$ee oo%le. ajor Pe%ric$ a #higilitia an ha% seen the regulars lan% an% as no tr*ing to figure aa* toarn the tonspeople. e coul% onl* approach the ton !* the sae a*that the roa% ent an% it as the sae approach as the regulars. ajorPe%ric$ ounte% his horse an% ro%e up to the colun an% salute% Coloneleslie. Colonel eslie or%ere% his en to stan% asi%e so that ajor Pe%ric$

coul% get across the !ri%ge. e arche% slol* along until he as out ofsight, then gallope% to here the stores of aunition ere $ept. 9ua$ers,Baptists, an% Congregationalists or$e% together on the &a!!ath to securethe ars. 0here as a %ra!ri%ge o)er the ;orth i)er hich the* oul%not loer to the British ar* once the* a%e it to the ton. Colonel esliecurse%, stape% an% ante% to $no h* the ing3s higha* as !eingo!structe%. e threatene% to shoot the. ohn ?elt, the ilitia captainarne% hi that if he %i% that the hole lot of the sol%iers oul% !e $ille% ifthe* open fire%. e aintaine% the roa% as the ton3s not the ing3sHH&oe sat on the e%ge of the %ra!ri%ge an% taunte% Col. eslie. 0hoasBarnar% itnesse% the tension an% as a inister he felt it his %ut* to sa)e

people3s li)es if he coul%. e as$e% Col. eslie here he as going an%hat he as loo$ing for. e then sai% if the* aren3t there ill *ou returnhoe. eslie replie% that he oul%. 0hus a)erte% the crisis !ecause the%ra!ri%ge as loere%, the regulars sa)e% their pri%e !* loo$ing for their

prie !ut fin%ing none returne% hoe frustrate% *et again.

April 18th-1th1++5 Con"ordrai% 'also to capture ohn ancoc$ an%&a A%as hi%ing in e=ington(

Paul e)ere as on alert *et again ith his echanics, hen he as tol% !*r. oseph #arren that the egulars ere on the arch that ne=t orningan% that he oul% nee% to get rea%* to cross the Charles i)er !* ro!oat

past the &oerset a British ship of the line in hich the oon cooperate%an% as %ar$ enough for hi to snea$ past the guar%s on the ship. r.#arren allege%l* recei)e% his intelligence fro >age3s ifeH #arren also

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sent #illia aes !* lan% through Boston ;ec$ an% the sol%iers let higo, !ecause he as acting li$e a ton %run$ for onths to prepare for thisoent. 0he* thought he as harless so the* let hi go. e)ere roe%across the i)er loo$ing for the lanterns in the Ol% ;orth Church QOne if !*lan%, to if !* sea.R t turns out that the regulars ere coing !* sea inor%er to cut off a!out 1: iles of their arch. e)ere ro%e on BronBeaut* the !est horse in the lan% that as %onate% !* eacon ar$in.e)ere ro%e all night tr*ing to alert as an* of the ilitia captains as hecoul%. 0his alloe% for the netor$ to !e ore efficient as the* coul% thenalert the tonspeople


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the trun$. As he left the ta)ern ith the trun$ to !ur* he hear% a shot fire infront of hi. e as !ehin% the ilitiaen ho ere fire% at e=ington>reen. #hile A%as an% ancoc$ left the Clar$e3s A%as hear% the shotsfire% an% he sai% it as a fine %a*. ancoc$ loo$e% to the s$* an% sai% *es itisZthis !rief con)ersation sus up the %ifference !eteen A%as an%ancoc$. #hat %i% each ean

r. oseph #arrenlearne% of the British

plans an% sent Paule)ere to alert ohnancoc$ an% &auelA%as. Paul e)ere

proise% to arn thehen the British sol%iers

starte% to arch. &incehe asnDt sure that heoul% !e a!le to get outof Boston ith theessage, he a%e plansto alert people !* puttinglanterns in the Ol% ;orthChurch steeple. eoul% light one lantern if

the British ere coing!* lan%, an% to lanternsif the British erecoing !* sea.

On the e)ening of April18th, the British troopsere ferrie% across theBoston ar!or to starttheir arch on

e=ington. Paul e)erehung to lanterns in thechurch steeple. 0henPaul e)ere, #illiaaes an% r. &auelPrescott ro%e to arn thecolonists that the British

Picture of the Church &teeple in hich Paul e)erehung his lanterns to arn the colonists the Britishere coing '&ourceE i!rar* of Congress(

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ere coing.

Paul e)ere ro%e toe=ington an% alerte%

&aual A%as an% ohnancoc$. B* the tiethe British sol%iersreache% e=ington,&aual A%as an% ohnancoc$ ha% escape%.

0he colonists ha% !eene=pecting a fight iththe British. 0he* ha%

organie% a group ofilitia, calle% theinuteen. 0he* erecalle% inuteen

!ecause the* nee%e% to!e prepare% to fight on ainutes notice.

#hen the Britishsol%iers reache%

e=ington, Captainonas Par$er an% +5are% inuteen erethere to eet the. 0heinuteen ere greatl*outnu!ere%. 0heBritish sol%iers fire%,$illing 8 inuteen an%injuring 1: others.

Although Paul e)ereas capture% !* Britishscouts !efore reachingConcor%, otheressengers anage% toget through an% arn the

inute an eorial, Concor%, assachusetts'&ourceE i!rar* of Congress(

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people. #hile the Britishsol%iers continue% ontheir a* to Concor%,the en an% oen ofConcor% ere !us*o)ing the ars an%aunition to nehi%ing places insurroun%ing tons.#hen the sol%iersarri)e% the* ere onl*a!le to %estro* part ofthe supplies.

The British Retreat toBoston

inuteen fro near!*tons ere norespon%ing to theessengersD arnings.

0he so$e fro the!urning supplies as alsoattracting local farersan% tonspeople. A largeforce of patriots as nogathere% in response tothe British troops.

As the British sol%iers

hea%e% !ac$ to Boston,the* ere attac$e% !* theinuteen. All along theroute, inuteen, localfarers an% tonspeoplecontinue% the attac$against the British. B* the

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tie the sol%iers reache%Boston, +" British sol%ersere %ea% an% 1+4 oreere oun%e%.

n the %a*s fighting, 4patriots ere $ille%, an%" ore ere oun%e%.

T+e 'eri"an Reolution )$$5-)$%3

In the Spring of 1775, Fort Ticonderoga wascaptured for the American Colonies by a troop led

by Ethan Allen

The fort is situated at a !erystrategic point at the southerntip of "a#e Champlain, andhad been in $ritish handssince the %eace of %aris in17&' At the time of the attac#it was neither well(maintainednor well(guarded)

furthermore the garrison hadno idea that hostilities had

bro#en out in Concord and"e*ington

+than Allen recognied thesignificance of capturing thefort and was preparing to doso, with the GreenMountain Boys, when$enedict Arnold arri!ed witha military commission fromthe -assachusetts andConnecticut re!olutionarycouncils to lead an attac#

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The .reen -ountain $oys refused to ser!e underanyone other than their own commander, so +thantoo# charge lea!ing $enedict Arnold the honor of

being co(commander of the force At dawn on -ay

1/th the fort was easily ta#en, as the garrison of amere fifty men was indeed totally surprised

Crown %oint, another $ritish fort a few miles to thenorth, was also ta#en without an engagement thefollowing day The capture of these two forts securedprotection from the $ritish to the north, and pro!idedmuch needed cannon for the colonial army

Although popular mythology attributed these early !ictories to

+than0s military s#ill, they were only possible because of the totalunpreparedness of the $ritish

Notwithstanding the Lexington disaster, British hopes again ran highin Boston harbor during the spring of 1775. The arrival in May ofowe, !linton, and Burgoyne, with another ar"y, raised the British

for#e to ten thousand "en. $age see"ed no longer to doubt hisability to put down the rebellion% and yet, to show his "oderation, heissued a pro#la"ation, offering a free pardon to all, ex#ept &da"sand an#o#', who would lay down their ar"s and return to theirallegian#e, while those ta'en in ar"s were to be put to death. $agehad possession of Boston, and he "ight have felt se#ure but for the"ena#e of the surrounding hilltops fro" whi#h the ene"y "ight throwshells into his #a"p and shipping. e therefore deter"ined to o##upyso"e of these hills.

Boston, a #ity of so"e seventeen thousand people, was situated on apeninsula (utting northward, while farther to the north, a#ross anarrow #hannel of water, was the !harlestown peninsula, #onne#tedwith the "ainland by an isth"us 'nown as !harlestown Ne#'. )n thepoint of this peninsula lay the village of !harlestown, and ba#' of the

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village rose an elevation #alled Breed*s ill, while farther ba#' wassituated a higher elevation 'nown as Bun'er ill.

The &"eri#an ar"y o##upied the "ainland and extended in a grandse"i#ir#le for sixteen "iles ++ fro" !a"bridge to the Mysti# iver. -twas under the general #o""and of an honored veteran of the latewar, $eneral &rte"as ard, whose head/uarters were at!a"bridge. earing of $age*s intention to o##upy the hills above!harlestown, ard sent a for#e of twelve hundred1"en on the nightof the 10th of une to fortify and possess Bun'er ill and thus toforestall the 2nglish.

3nder !olonel illia" 4res#ott, who had witnessed the dispersion ofthe adianstwenty years before, this band of "en "ar#hed silently

to the pla#e. 4assing Bun'er ill, for so"e #ause un'nown, theyrea#hed Breed*s ill at "idnight and began to throw upe"ban'"ents. aithfully they toiled on till brea' of day revealed theirwor' to the ga6e of the astonished British. The 2nglish guns weresoon trained on the wor's, and the sleeping #ity was awa'ened bythe boo" of #annon. But the "en on the hill toiled on, and by noonthey were well intren#hed behind a strong redoubt. The British"eanwhile de#ided to stor" the &"eri#an wor's.

The British landed ++ three thousand of the", led by owe ++ about

three in the afternoon, and began the as#ent of the hill toward the&"eri#an breastwor's. -t was a daring thing to do ++ and not onlydaring, it was foolish and sui#idal. They "ight have gone round to!harlestown Ne#' and #ut 4res#ott off fro" supplies andrenfor#e"ents, and eventually have for#ed his surrender. But herewas a sa"ple of the bulldog #ourage of the 2nglish"an. 3p they"ar#hed, in line of battle, with undaunted #ourage.

Not a shot was fired fro" the top of the hill% the &"eri#ans were#oolly reserving their fire. $eneral 4utna" rode along the lines andordered the "en not to fire until they #ould see the whites of theirene"y*s eyes. hen the British had #o"e within a few rods, a fla"eof fire swept along the &"eri#an lines and the front ran's of theene"y were #ut to pie#es.

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&nother volley followed, and another, until the British fell ba#' indisorder, leaving the hillside strewn with dead and wounded.89#ar#ely fifteen "inutes elapsed before they had re+for"ed their linesand "ade another dash up the hill, only to re#eive again su#h a"urderous fire fro" the breastwor's as no ar"y, however brave,#ould have endured. &gain they rolled down the hill in #onfusion ++ex#ept the hundreds who lay dead or wounded on the slope.

More than an hour now elapsed before the 2nglish #ould rally to athird atta#', and it was only a blind tena#ity of purpose, unte"peredby wisdo", that led the" to "a'e it at all. They had lost near athousand "en, while the &"eri#ans had suffered but little. -t is truethat the latter had al"ost exhausted their supply of powder, but thisthe British did not 'now% and but for this fa#t any nu"ber of assaults

would have resulted as did the first two ++ until the British ar"y wouldhave been annihilated.

ith wonderful #ourage they now "ade a third #harge up the hill. Thefirst volleys of the &"eri#ans swept down their front ran's as before.But as the assailants neared the #rest of the hill, they noted thesla#'ening of the &"eri#an fire, and owe deter"ined to #harge withthe bayonet.

Madly the 2nglish rushed forward and leaped over the parapet. The

&"eri#ans were without bayonets to their "us'ets, and the fight wasnow an une/ual one% hot with #lubbed "us'ets and stones they"ade a valiant stand against the on#o"ing ene"y. 9#ores of the"were #ut down, until 4res#ott, seeing the folly of #ontinuing thestruggle, ordered a retreat, and the British were left in possession ofthe field.

)ne of the last to leave the redoubt was $eneral oseph arren,who lingered in the rear as though he disdained to fly, and this #osthi" his life. e had (oined the ran's as a volunteer and had foughtbravely during the day, but with the last 2nglish volley he fell deadwith a bullet in his brain. Through his death the &"eri#an #ausesuffered the "ost serious loss in a single life during the war.

The vi#tory won by the British at Bun'er ill:was a #ostly one. Theylost in 'illed and wounded 1;5< "en, one tenth of who" were

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offi#ers. 4it#airn was a"ong the dead. owe was wounded in thefoot.

The vi#tory enabled the 2nglish to hold Boston for nine "onthslonger, but the "oral effe#t lay wholly with the &"eri#ans, whose losswas


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+. eclarator* Act8. 0onshen% e)enue Acts. Boston assacre1:. >aspee nci%ent11. Boston 0ea Part*12. Coerci)e 'ntolera!le acts(

?or *our ne=t project, e ill a$e a )i%eo o)er the folloing *ears. #eill !rea$ into groups an% %ue to hate)er )enue *ou li$e *ou ill fil *ourartistic choice of stor*telling in one of the folloing *ears an% inclu%e thefolloing topics thoroughl* %escri!e% ithin the rele)ance of the sai% *ear.

)$$5

Paul e)ere3s i%e 5/18-5/1e=ington an% Concor% 5/1?ort 0icon%eroga 5/1:Bun$er 'Bree%3s( ill 6/1+2n%Continental CongressOli)e Branch PetitionContinental Ar*>eorge #ashingtonsrael Putna#illia Prescott0hoas >ageoseph #arrenArteis #ar%Patric$ enr*Q>i)e e i!ert* or >i)e e eathR

)$$

Battle of ;e Ior$ 'arle eights /16, #hite Plains 1:/28, Broo$l*n

eights 8/2+(#illia oe>eorge #ashingtonohn A%as0hoas effersonBenjain ?ran$lineclaration of n%epen%ence +/2-8/2/1++6

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Coon &ense0hoas PaineBattle of 0renton 12/26/1++6Colonel allelaare i)er

)$$$

Battle of Princeton 1/"/1+++or% Corallis0he QAerican CrisisR0hoas Paine>eorge #ashingtonBattle of &aratoga 1:/1+ 'Bennington 8/16, ?reean3s ?ar 1:/+(

Bene%ict Arnol%oratio >ates&t. egerohn Burgo*ne&ion ?raserBattle of Bran%*ine /11/1+++Battle of >eranton 1:/4/1+++oss of Phila%elphia /26/1+++#illia oe

)$$%

0reat* ith ?rance 2/6/1++8Benjain ?ran$linohn A%as&ilas eaneBattle of onouth 6/28/1++8Charles ee&ir enr* Clinton

ar


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&ap ?o= ?rancis arionCharles 0on 5/12/1+8:Ca%en 8/16/1+8:ings ountain 1:/+/1+8:&a)annah ?alls to British 1+8:enr* Clintonor% Cornallisaniel organ

;athaneal >reeneBenjain incoln&panish 0reat*

)$%)

Copens 1/1+/1+81>uilfor% Court ouse "/15/1+817uta &prings /8/1+81

;inet*-&i= a!an%one% !* BritishA%iral %e >rasseA%iral oo%Battle of the @irginia Capes /5-/ 1+81Battle of Ior$ton 8/":-1:/1/1+81>eorge #ashingtonor% Cornallis

;athanael >reeneaniel organBanastre 0arleton0reat* of Paris 1+8"ohn a*ohn A%asBenjain ?ran$lin

Iou ill !e gra%e% on the folloingE co)ering the inforation copletel*

5: points, creati)it* 25 points, Peer e)aluation 25 points.

/attle of 8e9


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over :8,;;; by the end of &ugust. Meanwhile, $eneral ashingtonwas preparing his "en as well as he #ould under the #ir#u"stan#es.ashington was ha"pered by the British #ontrol of the sea, whi#hallowed the" to #on#eivably atta#' either Long -sland or Manhattan.ashington de#ided to defend both vulnerable areas. )n &ugust 88,$eneral owe, the British #o""ander, began transporting troopsa#ross the bay fro" 9taten -sland to Long -sland. ashingtonde#ided to defend Broo'lyn eights by digging in around Broo'lynAillage. ashington fortified the eights of $uan, a range of hills 1;;to 15; feet in height and #overed by heavy brush and woods. Theheights were bro'en by four passes. The furthest away was thea"ai#a pass. )nly five soldiers were detailed to defend the pass.)n &ugust 80th, owe*s troops /uietly "ade their way to the a"ai#apass and sei6ed the five &"eri#an guards there. The British

advan#ed behind &"eri#an lines undete#ted until they rea#hed thesettle"ent of Bedford, where they opened fire. &t that point, Britishtroops rushed through the Bedford pass. Two hundred fifty &"eri#antroops, under $eneral 9tirling, were surrounded on three sides. Theyfought bravely, but were soon overwhel"ed. &"eri#an troops werefor#ed ba#' into Broo'lyn eights. !ornwalis did not follow+up with ani""ediate atta#' on Broo'lyn eights. ashington*s advisorsre#o""ended a withdrawal before British frigates #ould blo#' the2ast iver and any available "eans of es#ape. )n the night of

&ugust :;th, ashington su##essfully withdrew his troops a#ross the2ast iver to Manhattan. ashington turned his attention torebuilding his ar"y. e was given instru#tion by the !ontinental!ongress that allowed hi" to withdraw fro" New or'. ashingtonbegan "oving his supplies and wounded soldiers north fro"Manhattan. Meanwhile, owe had de#ided not atta#' the heavilyfortified Manhattan, but instead to outflan' ashington and trap hi".)n 9epte"ber 1:, owe began to "ove his ar"y a#ross the 2astiver to Cips Bay, there he hoped to #ut ashington off. The landingwas su##essful, and "et only li"ited opposition. ashington*s ar"y,

however, was able to su##essfully "ove North to arle" eights.The next day, a brief s'ir"ish too' pla#e at arle" eights thatbe#a"e 'nown as the Battle of arle". -n this brief battle, severalhundred British light infantry were badly "auled by !olonel Tho"asCnowlton*s !onne#ti#ut regi"ent. The &"eri#ans and the Britishbegan digging in. )n )#tober 18, owe on#e again "oved his ar"yto the north to outflan' ashington, this ti"e at Throgs Ne#'. e

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landed there su##essfully, but his for#es were bottled up on the Ne#',whi#h, depending on the tides, was so"eti"es an island. ashingtonde#ided to withdraw north to hite 4lains. The British slowlyfollowed. -t too' owe ten days to arrive in hite 4lains. There, on)#tober 8Dth, the British troops #aptured !hattertons ill, to the rightof &"eri#an lines. ashington soon withdrew to New !astle, andowe did not follow.

0he !attles ofTR,8T@8 an% PR>8C,T@8 are connecte%, an% part of acapaign against the British forces in ;, %uring the Aerican e)olution

%uring the 1++6-1+++ inter. ere is a general account of that capaign.

n the fall of 1++6, #ashington as in %esperate straits, ha)ing !een%efeate% in ong slan%, an% ha)ing to retreat fro ;e Ior$ Cit*, hich

!eing surroun%e% !* ater, as foun% to !e in%efensi!le fro the Britishith their na)al o!ilit* an% larger force. ?ort #ashington on anhattanslan% as capture% !* the essians 'ercenar* troops fro >eran*eplo*e% !* the British(, an% ?ort ee, opposite the u%son on the erse*shore, as a!out to !e attac$e%. #ashington or%ere% the stores reo)e% an%the troops to prepare for e)acuation. ea)ing ost of the ar* un%er ajor

>eneral Charles ee, in #estchester, he crosse% into ;e erse*.

>eneral oe, the British coan%er, for once o)e% eneral ee in#estchester, ;I, to join hi. ee, pro!a!l* seeing a chance to a$e hiselfloo$ goo% in coparison to #ashington 'it as a continuing pro!le to get

people to act for the goo% of the countr* an% not for thesel)es in all areasof go)ernent %uring the ar( an% also anting an in%epen%ent coan%,

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acte% )er* lac$a%aisicall*, an% o)e% )er* slol* to join hi. ee ante%to sho he coul% succee% against the British here #ashington coul% not,

!* attac$ing their flan$ an% rear, an% lea)ing #ashington out on a li!.

#ashington o)e% south first to ;ear$, an% aite% for the ; ilitia torall*. ?e shoe% up. ?or the past se)eral onths the en of ; eresuppose% to alternate ser)ing a onth on %ut* in the ilitia, an% no the*ere fe% up ith it, an% sta*e% ith their failies. an* states ha% a har%tie getting an*one ne to ser)e in the ar*, as the British seee% to !eun!eata!le. 0he re)olution seee% to !e failing, an% ost people ante% tonot get in)ol)e%, face% ith in)asion !* the fae% British regulars. 7)er*$in% of support for the ar as failing, an% all o)er, troops e)en ha% a har%tie getting perission to sleep in !arns or !u*ing foo% an% clothing.

#ashington o)e% to ;e Brunsic$, lea)ing ;ear$ on the 28th ith theBritish entering the ton as the Aericans left. #hile in ;e Brunsic$,to Briga%es of the V?l*ing CapV a unit set up to respon%


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re!ellion, an% no the* infecte% the rest. 0he ne repu!lic loo$e% to !e onits last legs, an% #ashington perhaps on%ere% if he oul% !e hung, %ranan% eneral >rant, un%erCornallis in ;e Brunsic$, or%ere% that nothing !elonging to the ar*,e)en officers, lea)e ;e Brunsic$ ith out an escort. 0he local en of

;e erse* coul%nDt seriousl* hurt the British, !ut the* coul% a$e thecautious, an% re%uce their a!ilit* to get inforation !* patrolling.

Along the ri)er, )on onop as place% in charge of the essians, statione%at Burlington, 0renton an% ith posts at ansfiel% &


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On ece!er 22 n% 1++6, #ashington ha% 4+:+ ran$ a

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