Where Civilization Began Olduvai Gorge located on the edge of
the Great Rift Valley in Tanzania Archaeologists Mary and Louis
Leakey discovered bone over 2 million years old This has led some
scientists to believe that the first people were from Africa
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Bantu Migration Today, close to 100 million people across the
southern half of Africa speak related languages, collectively known
as Bantu languages. Linguistic evidence shows that the root Bantu
language emerged in what is now Nigeria and Cameroon by 2000 BC. By
1000 BC, in a series of migrations, Bantu speakers had spread south
to the lands of Angola and east to Lake Victoria. Over the next
1500 years they scattered throughout central and southern Africa,
interacting with and absorbing indigenous populations as they
spread.
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The Gold Salt Trade Traveling caravans crossed the vast Sahara
desert to the Middle East Travelers looked to profit from the
desert crossing with large trades The savanna lands of West Africa
lacked salt, which is essential to survival In West Africa, salt
was more valuable than gold
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Ghana became a rich and powerful nation, especially when the
camel began to be used as a source of transport. Ghana relied on
trade and trade was made faster and bigger with the use of the
camel.
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After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over
northern Africa. Followers of this religion are called Muslims.
Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic
people there. This weakened the great civilization of Ghana. Local
warriors then decided to break away from the power of Ghana and
form their own local kingdoms. This ended many of the trade
networks. This eventually weakened the civilization of Ancient
Ghana. Islamic Mosque in Ghana
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The Empire of Mali is Born
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The Slave Trade Africa Unit
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How Does The Slave Trade Begin? Early 1400s Europeans sent
explorers to West Africa to map it and look for gold They traded
iron, copper, fish, sugar, ivory, gold, and pepper. Europeans
wanted to convert Africans to Christianity
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How Does The Slave Trade Begin? Europeans required a large
labor force to make their American colonies profitable 1 st used
Native Americans Then looked to Africans because of their numbers
and their lack of modernization
Why was there a slave trade? Demand for Goods Demand for
Slaves
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Ending the Slave Trade 1700s European thinkers begin to oppose
slavery Abolition Movement movement to end slavery 1807 Britain
outlawed trading 1834 Britain outlawed slavery It continued in USA
until 1865
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Why did the slave trade end? Industrialization Less Need for
Slaves
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African Diaspora The slave trade sent millions of Africans
overseas this created a scattering of individuals Survivors
struggled to hold on to their culture African people and their
culture of food, music, dance, and tradition was spread across a
wide area.
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1787 British set up a colony in West Africa for freed slaves
(Sierra Leone) Later, free blacks from the US formed Liberia, it
became independent in 1847
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Age of Imperialism Africa Unit
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Tribalism in Africa Tribalism Pride and loyalty to ones people
within Africa being based on tribal boundaries Historical
Significance Europeans did not understand or respect Tribalism.
This has resulted in additional conflict being created in Africa
which has continued to last to present day
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Imperialism (Colonialism) (Colonization) WHEN A MORE POWERFUL
NATION TAKES OVER A WEAKER NATION FOR ECONOMIC, STRATEGIC, OR
POLITICAL REASONS.
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Main Cause of African Imperialism Economic Motives European
factories need raw materials to run. Coal / Iron Ore / Oil / Cotton
/ Rubber These raw materials are found in Africa. Strategic Motives
Offers port cities between Europe and Asia
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Causes of African Imperialism Political Motives Prestige The
more land you control the more powerful you are Religious
(Spiritual) Motives Christians believed that it was their duty to
spread the ideals of Christianity White Mans Burden Duty of the
white race to bring the superior white culture to non-whites
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Boers (Dutch) vs. British The Dutch (Boers) had settled in Cape
Town in 1652 Early 1800s British won control of the Cape colony
from the Boers The Boers retreated on the Great Trek northward The
Boers set up two independent republics in the 1850s 1. Orange Free
State 2. Transvaal
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The Berlin Conference Representatives from 14 European
countries made decisions about dividing Africa No African
representatives were invited
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The Scramble for Colonies Some colonies were taken by force but
most were voluntarily given up Treaties were negotiated with
African leaders
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New Patterns of Government Direct Rule European Governments
controls everything Indirect Rule European officials make decisions
and native leaders enforce them
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African Independence Africa Unit
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Negative Effects of Imperialism Traditional patterns of life
were destroyed Exploited Africas natural resources Switched to
farming cash crops African villages were no longer self-sufficient
Africans became dependant on Europe Positive Effects of Imperialism
Built roads, bridges, and railroads Set up new schools Introduced
new farming methods
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Steps to African Independence Nationalism grew in the different
African countries after WWII. Most Europeans were reluctant to
fight to hold onto overseas colonies. African leaders began to use
the cry of Africa for Africans.
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Steps to African Independence African leaders organized
political parties and staged strikes & boycotts. Organization
of African Unity - Formed in 1963 to promote peace and independence
Pan-Africanism calls for the unifying of all of Africa
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Kenya Fights for Independence In Kenya, white settlers had
moved in and displaced African farmers, mostly of the Kikuyu tribe.
Jomo Kenyatta was a spokesman for the Kikuyu and led the movement
to get Europeans off their land. Kenyatta supported nonviolent
methods, but others turned to guerrilla warfare. By 1952, they
began to attack European settlers.
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Kenya Fights for Independence The British called the guerrillas
Mau Mau and pictured them as savages. The British imprisoned
Kenyatta and threw thousands of Kikuyu into concentration camps.
The British went on to bomb the Mau Mau fighters, armed only with
swords. The rebels were crushed, but not the freedom movement. When
the British released Kenyatta in 1963, he became the first prime
minister of an independent Kenya.
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Apartheid in South Africa Africa Unit
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Origins of Apartheid 1910 Britain granted S. Africa self-rule
Whites make up 13% of Africas pop. 77% are black 1948 Nationalist
party comes to power Supported by white farmers (Boers) They set up
apartheid rigid separation of races
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The Republic of South Africa S. Africans were classified as
black, white, coloured (mixed), Asians Pass laws were created White
only busses, beaches, bathrooms, restaurants, and schools
Opposition groups were banned from speaking out (ANC) Nelson
Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years for opposing racial
segregation
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Struggle Against Apartheid Archbishop Desmond Tutu strongly
opposed apartheid, but not through violence (won Nobel Peace Prize)
Freedom marches and boycotts spread across South Africa During the
1980s economic sanction were imposed by the United States and other
nations
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Apartheid Ends F.W. De Klerk lifts ban on opposition groups
1990 Nelson Mandela is released from prison His release symbolized
hope for the people of South Africa 1991 Africans were no longer
classified by race 1992 citizenship is given to blacks 1994 Mandela
is elected President