History of ANPR

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Automatic number plate recognitionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The system must be able to deal with different styles oflicense plates

License-plate recognition process

Automatic number plate recognition(ANPR; see also other namesbelow) is a masssureillancemethod that uses optical character recognitionon images to read ehicle registrationplates! They can use e"isting closed-circuit teleisionor road-rule enforcement cameras, or onesspecifically designed for the task! They are used by arious police forces and as a method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_plate


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ofelectronic toll collectionon pay-per-use roadsand cataloging the moements of traffic orindiiduals!

#$%& can be used to store the images captured by the cameras as well as the te"t from the licenseplate, with some configurable to store a photograph of the drier! 'ystems commonlyuse infraredlighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of the day!*+**#$%&technology tends to be region-specific, owing to plate ariation from place to place!

oncerns about these systems hae centered on priacy fears of goernment tracking citi.ens/moements, misidentification, high error rates, and increased goernment spending!

Contents

hide*

0tymology

+ 1eelopment history

omponents

2 Technology

o 2! #$%& in mobile systems

3 #lgorithms

4 1ifficulties

5 6maging hardware

7 ircumention techni8ues

9 %olice enforcement

o 9! #ustralia

o 9!+ :elgium

o 9! 1enmark

o 9!2 France

o 9!3 ermany

o 9!4


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o 9!9 =nited >ingdom

o 9!? =nited 'tates

o 9! 'audi #rabia

o 9!+ 'weden

? #erage-speed cameras

o ?! 6taly

o ?!+ The $etherlands

o ?! =>

rime deterrent

+ 0nterprise security and serices

Traffic control

2 0lectronic toll collection

o 2! Toll roads

o 2!+ %ortugal

o 2! harge .ones @ the London congestion charge

o 2!2 'weden

3 =sage

4 hallenges

o 4! ontroersy

o 4!+ %late inconsistency and Aurisdictional differences

o 4! #ccuracy and measurement of #$%& system performance

5 Bther uses

7 &elated research society

9 'ee also
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+? &eferences

Etymologyedit*

#$%& is sometimes known by arious other termsC

Automatic license-plate recognition(#L%&)

Automatic license-plate reader(#L%&)

Automatic vehicle identification(#D6)

Car plate recognition(%&)

License-plate recognition(L%&)

Lecture automatique de plaques d'immatriculation(L#%6)

Mobile license-plate reader(EL%&)

Development historyedit*

#$%& was inented in 954 at the %olice 'cientific 1eelopment :ranch in the =>!citationneeded*%rototype systems were working by 959, and contracts were let to produce industrial systems,first at 0E6 0lectronics, and then at omputer &ecognition 'ystems (&') inWokingham, =>! 0arlytrial systems were deployed on the# roadand at the 1artford Tunnel!


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The fonton1utch plateswas changed to improe plate recognition!

#$%& uses optical character recognition(B&) on images taken by cameras! When1utch ehicleregistration platesswitched to a different style in +??+, one of the changes made was to the font,introducing small gaps in some letters (such as PandR) to make them more distinct and thereforemore legible to such systems! 'ome license plate arrangements use ariations in font si.es andpositioning#$%& systems must be able to cope with such differences in order to be truly effectie!Eore complicated systems can cope with international ariants, though many programs areindiidually tailored to each country!

The cameras used can include e"isting road-rule enforcement or closed-circuit teleision cameras,as well as mobile units, which are usually attached to ehicles! 'ome systems use infrared camerasto take a clearer image of the plates!3*4*5*7*9*?**+**2*

ANPR in mobile systemsedit*

The 1ubaipolice use #$%& cameras to monitor ehicles in front and either side of the patrol car

#Eerseyside %olicecar e8uipped with mobile #$%&!

1uring the 99?s, significant adances in technology took automatic number plate recognition(#$%&) systems from limited e"pensie, hard to set up, fi"ed based applications to simple Gpoint andshootG mobile ones! This was made possible by the creation of software that ran on cheaper %based, non-specialist hardware that also no longer needed to be gien the pre-defined angles,

direction, si.e and speed in which the plates would be passing the cameras field of iew! Furtherscaled-down components at more cost-effectie price points led to a record number of deploymentsby law enforcement agencies around the world! 'maller cameras with the ability to read licenseplates at higher speeds, along with smaller, more durable processors that fit in the trunks of policeehicles, allowed law enforcement officers to patrol daily with the benefit of license plate reading inreal time, when they can interdict immediately!

1espite their effectieness, there are noteworthy challenges related with mobile #$%&s! Bne of thebiggest is that the processor and the cameras must work fast enough to accommodate relatie
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_vehicle_registration_plateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typefacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Police


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speeds of more than ?? mph (4? kmHh), a likely scenario in the case of oncoming traffic! Thise8uipment must also be ery efficient since the power source is the ehicle battery, and e8uipmentmust be small to minimi.e the space it re8uires!

&elatie speed is only one issue that affects the camera/s ability to actually read a license plate!#lgorithms must be able to compensate for all the ariables that can affect the #$%&/s ability toproduce an accurate read, such as time of day, weather and angles between the cameras and thelicense plates! # system/s illumination waelengths can also hae a direct impact on the resolutionand accuracy of a read in these conditions!

6nstalling #$%& cameras on law enforcement ehicles re8uires careful consideration of theAu"taposition of the cameras to the license plates they are to read! =sing the right number ofcameras and positioning them accurately for optimal results can proe challenging, gien the ariousmissions and enironments at hand!


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4! 'yntacticalHeometrical analysis @ check characters and positionsagainst country-specific rules!

5! The aeraging of the recognised alue oer multiple fieldsHimagesto produce a more reliable or confident result! 0specially since anysingle image may contain a reflected light flare, be partially

obscured or other temporary effect!The comple"ity of each of these subsections of the program determines the accuracy of the system!1uring the third phase (normali.ation), some systems useedge detectiontechni8ues to increase thepicture difference between the letters and the plate backing! # median filtermay also be usedto reduce the isual noiseon the image!

Difficultiesedit*

0arly #$%& systems were unable to read white or siler lettering on black background, as permitted on => ehicles

built prior to 95!

'wedish licenseplate

Eust be able to recogni.e

international license plates as such!

There are a number of possible difficulties that the software must be able to cope with! TheseincludeC

%oor file resolution,usually because the plate is too far away butsometimes resulting from the use of a low-8uality camera!

:lurryimages, particularly motion blur!

%oor lighting and low contrast due to oere"posure,reflectionorshadows!

#n obAect obscuring (part of) the plate, 8uite often a tow bar, or dirt onthe plate!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_noise_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_resolution&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_resolution&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_blurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_noise_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_resolution&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_blurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)


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# different font, popular for anity plates(some countries do not allowsuch plates, eliminating the problem)!

ircumention techni8ues!

Lack of coordination between countries or states! Two cars fromdifferent countries or states can hae the same number but differentdesign of the plate!

While some of these problems can be corrected within the software, it is primarily left tothehardwareside of the system to work out solutions to these difficulties! 6ncreasing the height ofthe camera may aoid problems with obAects (such as other ehicles) obscuring the plate butintroduces and increases other problems, such as the adAusting for the increased skew of the plate!

Bn some cars, tow bars may obscure one or two characters of the license plate! :ikes on bike rackscan also obscure the number plate, though in some countries and Aurisdictions, such asDictoria,

#ustralia, Gbike platesG are supposed to be fitted! 'ome small-scale systems allow for some errors inthe license plate! When used for giing specific ehicles access to a barricaded area, the decisionmay be made to hae an acceptable error rate of one character! This is because the likelihood of an

unauthori.ed car haing such a similar license plate is seen as 8uite small!


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To ma"imi.e the chances of effectie license plate capture, installers should carefully consider thepositioning of the camera relatie to the target capture area! 0"ceeding threshold angles ofincidence between camera lens and license plate will greatly reduce the probability of obtainingusable images due to distortion! Eanufacturers hae deeloped tools to help eliminate errors fromthe physical installation of license plate capture cameras

Circumvention techniquesedit*Dehicle owners hae used a ariety of techni8ues in an attempt to eade #$%& systems and road-rule enforcement cameras in general! Bne method increases the reflectie properties of the letteringand makes it more likely that the system will be unable to locate the plate or produce a high enoughleel of contrast to be able to read it! This is typically done by using a plate coer or a spray, thoughclaims regarding the effectieness of the latter are disputed! 6n most Aurisdictions, the coers areillegal and coered under e"isting laws, while in most countries there is no law to disallow the use ofthe sprays!4*5*Bther users hae attempted to smear their license plate with dirt or utili.e coers tomask the plate!

$oelty frames aroundTe"as license plateswere made illegal in Te"as on 'eptember +?? byTe"as 'enate :ill 29 because they caused problems with #$%& deices! That law made it a lass

misdemeanor (punishable by a fine of up to =' I+??), or lass : (punishable by a fine of up to=' I+,??? and 7? days in Aail) if it can be proen that the owner did it to deliberately obscure theirplates!7*The law was later clarified in +??5 to allow $oelty frames!

6f an #$%& system cannot read the plate, it can flag the image for attention, with the humanoperators looking to see if they are able to identify the alphanumerics!

6n order to aoid sureillance or penalty charges, there has been an upsurge in car cloning! This isusually achieed by copying registration plates from another car of a similar model and age! Thiscan be difficult to detect, especially as cloners may change the registration plates and traelbehaiorto hinder inestigations!

Police enforcementedit*

Eobile #$%& cameras fitted to a$ew 'outh Wales %olice Force


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losed-circuit teleisioncameras such as these can be used to take the images scanned by automatic number plate

recognition systems

Australiaedit*

'eeral 'tate %olice Forces, and the1epartment of Justice (Dictoria) 9*use both fi"ed and mobile

#$%& systems! The $ew 'outh Wales %olice Forceent uenlik Konetim 'istemiGwhich consists ofa registration plate number recognition system on the main arteries and city e"its! +9*The system hasbeen used with two cameras per lane, one for plate recognition, one for speed detection! $ow thesystem has been widened to network all the registration number cameras together, and enforcingaerage speed oer preset distances! 'ome arteries hae 5?>mh limit, and some 3? kmh, andphoto eidence with date-time details are posted to registration address if speed iolation is
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=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=17http://www.ankara.pol.tr/kgys/goruntuleme_sistemi.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-29


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detected! #s of +?+, the fine for e"ceeding the speed limit for more than ? is appro"imately='I53!

"raineedit*

The proAect of system integration MBLL6 TechnologyN and theEinistry of 6nternal #ffairs of=kraine1epartment of 'tate Traffic 6nspection ('T6) e"periments on the introduction of a modern

technical comple" which is capable to locate stolen cars, driers depried of driing licenses andother problem cars in real time! The =krainian comple" GDideo controlG?*working by a principle ofideo fi"ing of the car with recognition of license plates with check under data base!

nited (ingdomedit*

#n #$%& 08uipped Dectraof thereater Eanchester %oliceforce

Main article:Police-enforced ANPR in the UK

The => has an e"tensie (#$%&) automatic number plate recognition TDnetwork! 0ffectiely,thepoliceand security sericestrack all car moements around the country and are able to trackany car in close to real time! Dehicle moements are stored for + years in the $ational #$%& 1ataenter to be analy.ed for intelligenceand to be used as eidence!

6n 995 a system of one hundred #$%& cameras, codenamed L=TTB$, was installed to feed intothe automated :ritish Eilitary 6ntelligence 'ystems in $orthern 6reland!citation needed*Further cameras

were also installed on the :ritish mainland, including unspecified ports on the east and west coasts!citation needed*

nited )tatesedit*

#ity of #le"andriapolice car e8uipped with mobile #L%&!
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Intelligence_Systems_in_Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Intelligence_Systems_in_Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia


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#$%& cameras in operation on the:rooklyn :ridgein $ew Kork!

6n the =nited 'tates, #$%& systems are more commonly referred to as #L%& (#utomatic License%late &eaderH&ecognition) technology, due to differences in language (i!e!, Gnumber platesG arereferred to as Glicense platesG in#merican 0nglish)

Eobile #$%& use is widespread among =' law enforcement agencies at the city, county, state andfederal leel! #ccording to a +?+ report by the %olice 0"ecutie &esearch Forum, appro"imately5 of all =' police departments use some form of #$%&!*Eobile #$%& is becoming a significant

component of municipal predictie policing strategies and intelligence gathering, +*as well as forrecoery of stolen ehicles, identification of wanted felons, and reenue collection from indiidualswho are delin8uent on city or state ta"es or fines, or monitoring for G#mber #lertsG! 'uccessfullyrecogni.ed plates may be matched against databases including Gwanted personG, Gprotection orderG,missing person, gang member, known and suspected terrorist, superised release, immigrationiolator, and $ational 'e" Bffender lists!*6n addition to the real-time processing of license platenumbers, #L%& systems in the =' collect (and can indefinitely store) data from each license platecapture! 6mages, dates, times and %' coordinates can be stockpiled and can help place a suspectat a scene, aid in witness identification, pattern recognition or the tracking of indiiduals!

#n early, priate sector mobile #$%& application has been applications for ehicle repossession andrecoery2*), although the application of #$%& by priate companies to collect information frompriately owned ehicles or collected from priate property (for e"ample, drieways) has become an

issue of sensitiity and public debate!3*

Bther #L%& uses include parking enforcement, and reenuecollection from indiiduals who are delin8uent on city or state ta"es or fines! The technology is oftenfeatured in the reality TD show Parking Warsfeatured on #O0 $etwork! 6n the show, tow truckdriers and booting teams use the #L%& to find delin8uent ehicles with high amounts of unpaidparking fines!

)audi Arabiaedit*

Dehicle registration plates in 'audi #rabiause white background, but seeral ehicle types may haea different background! =nited 'tates diplomatic plates hae the letters /='1/, which in #rabic reads/1'=/ when read from right to left in the direction of #rabic script! There are only 5 #rabic lettersused on the registration plates! 4*# hallenge for plates recognition in 'audi #rabia is the si.e of thedigits! 'ome plates use both 0astern #rabic numerals and the /Western #rabic/ e8uialents! #research with source code is aailable for #%$& #rabic digits!5*

)*edenedit*

The techni8ue is tested by the 'wedish police at nine different places in 'weden!7*

Average-speed camerasedit*Main article:Speed limit enforcement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_words_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom#Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_words_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom#Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-NYTrepo-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_words_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom#Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-NYTrepo-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement


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#$%& is used forspeed limitenforcement in #ustralia, #ustria,9*:elgium,2?*1ubai (=#0),citationneeded*France, 6taly,2*The $etherlands,2+*'pain,2*and the =>!22*

This works by tracking ehicles/ trael time between two fi"ed points, and calculating the aeragespeed! These cameras are claimed to hae an adantage oer traditional speed cameras inmaintaining steady legal speeds oer e"tended distances, rather than encouraging heay braking onapproach to specific camera locations and subse8uent acceleration back to illegal speeds! 23*

+talyedit*

6n 6talian


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London and $ew Kork ity to proide citywide protection against acts of terrorism, and to proidesupport for public gatherings and public spaces!3*

Enterprise security and servicesedit*

6n addition to goernment facilities, many priate sector industries with facility security concerns are

beginning to implement #$%& solutions! 0"amples include casinos, hospitals, museums, parkingfacilities, and resorts!32*6n the =', priate facilities typically cannot access goernment or policewatch lists, but may deelop and match against their own databases for customers, D6%s, criticalpersonnel or Gbanned personG lists! 6n addition to proiding perimeter security, priate #$%& hasserice applications for alet H recogni.ed customer and D6% recognition, logistics and key personneltracking, sales and adertising, parking management, and logistics (endor and support ehicletracking)!

Traffic controledit*

Dideo tollingat'chRnberg, #ustria

Eany cities and districts hae deeloped traffic control systems to help monitor the moement andflow of ehicles around the road network! This had typically inoled looking at historical data,estimates, obserations and statistics, such asC

ar park usage

%edestrian crossingusage

$umber of ehicles along a road

#reas of low and high congestion

Fre8uency, location and cause of road works

TD cameras can be used to help traffic control centres by giing them lie data, allowing for traffic

management decisions to be made in real-time! :y using #$%& on this footage it is possible tomonitor the trael of indiidual ehicles, automatically proiding information about the speed andflow of arious routes! These details can highlight problem areas as and when they occur and helpthe centre to make informed incident management decisions!

'ome counties of the =nited >ingdom hae worked with 'iemens Trafficto deelop traffic monitoringsystems for their own control centres and for the public!33*%roAects such as


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taken from TD cameras! #$%& systems can be used to proide aerage point-to-point Aourneytimes along particular routes, which can be displayed on a ariable-message sign(DE') giingdriers the ability to plan their route! &BE#$'0 also allows traellers to see the current situationusing a mobile deice with an 6nternet connection (such as W#%, %&'or ), allowing them toiew mobile deice TDimages within the company Trafficmaster has used #$%& since 997 to estimate aerage traffic speeds onnon-motorway roads without the results being skewed by local fluctuations caused by traffic lightsand similar! The company now operates a network of oer 2??? #$%& cameras, but claims that onlythe four most central digits are identified, and no numberplate data is retained! 34*35*37*

6000 transactions on 6ntelligent Transportation 'ystems(60006ntelligent Transportation 'ystems 'ociety) published some papers onthe plate number recognition technologies and applications!relevant!disc"ss*

Electronic toll collectionedit*

&oll roadsedit*

The FasTraksystem in Brange ountyuses #$%& and radiotransponders

Film showing the approach to and passing of a toll station in 6taly, using a Telepass B:=! $ote the yellow Telepass

lane signs and road markings and the sound emitted by the B:= when passing the lane

Bntario/s2?5 0T& highwayuses a combination of #$%& and radiotranspondersto toll ehicles

entering and e"iting the road! &adio antennas are located at each Aunction and detect thetransponders, logging the uni8ue identity of each ehicle in much the same way as the #$%&system does! Without #$%& as a second system it would not be possible to monitor all the traffic!1riers who opt to rent a transponder for I+!33 per month are not charged the GDideo Toll hargeGof I!4? for using the road, with heay ehicles (those with a gross weight of oer 3,??? kg) beingre8uired to use one! =sing either system, users of the highway are notified of the usage charges bypost!

There are numerous other electronic toll collectionnetworks which use this combination of &adiofre8uency identificationand #$%&! These includeC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-message_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://www.romanse.org.uk/CCTVmobile.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TOPIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TOPIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TOPIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FasTrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_toll_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-message_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://www.romanse.org.uk/CCTVmobile.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TOPIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FasTrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_toll_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID


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The olden ate :ridgein 'an Francisco, alifornia,began using anall-electronic tolling system combiningFastrakand #$%& on Earch+5, +?!39*

$ Suick %assfor the 6nterstate 32? ($orth arolina)Triangle0"presswayin Wake ounty, $orth arolina

:ridge %ass4?*for the'aint John


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0ergreen %oint Floating :ridge, 'eattle, and Washington 'tate &oute45


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:oth front and back number plates are being captured, on ehicles going both in and out @ this giesup to four chances to capture the number plates of a ehicle entering and e"iting the .one! This listis then compared with a list of cars whose ownersHoperators hae paid to enter the .one @ those thathae not paid are fined! The registered owner of such a ehicle is looked up in a database proidedby the 1DL#!43*

)*edenedit*

6n 'tockholm, 'weden, #$%& is used for the 'tockholm congestion ta",owners of cars driing intoor out of the inner city must pay a charge, depending on the time of the day! From +?, also fortheothenburg congestion ta", which also includes ehicles passing the city on the main highways!

sageedit*

'eeral => companies and agencies use #$%& systems! These include Dehicle and Bperator'erices #gency (DB'#),44*1rier and Dehicle Licensing #gency (1DL#)45*and Transport forLondon!47*

Challengesedit*

Controversyedit*

The introduction of #$%& systems has led to fears of misidentification and the furthering of #$%&-style sureillance!49*6n the =nited 'tates, some such as regg 0asterbrookoppose what they callGmachines that issue speeding tickets and red-light ticketsG as the beginning of a slipperyslopetowards an automated Austice systemC

G# machine classifies a person as an offender, and you can/tconfront your accuser because there is no accuser!!! can it be wiseto establish a principle that when a machine says you didsomething illegal, you are presumed guiltyYG5?*

'imilar criticisms hae been raised in other countries! 0asterbrookalso argues that this technology is employed to ma"imi.e reenue forthe state, rather than to promote safety!5?*The electronic sureillancesystem produces tickets which in the =' are often in e"cess of I??,and are irtually impossible for a citi.en to contest in court without thehelp of an attorney!citation needed*The reenues generated by thesemachines are shared generously with the priate corporation thatbuilds and operates them, creating a strong incentie to tweak thesystem to generate as many tickets as possible!

Blder systems had been notably unreliable; in the => this has beenknown to lead to charges being made incorrectly with the ehicleowner haing to pay X? in order to be issued with proof (or not) of theoffense! 6mproements in technology hae drastically decreased errorrates, but false accusations are still fre8uent enough to be a problem!

%erhaps the best known incident inoling the abuse of an #$%&database in $orth #merica is the case of'dmonton S"nreporter >erry1iottein +??2! 1iotte wrote an article critical of 0dmonton police useof traffic cameras for reenue enhancement, and in retaliation wasadded to an #$%& database of Ghigh-risk driersG in an attempt tomonitor his habits and create an opportunity to arrest him!5*5+*5*Thepolice chief and seeral officers were fired as a result, and The Bffice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=34http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_congestion_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_congestion_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_congestion_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_congestion_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=36http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Fourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Easterbrookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-East05-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-East05-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-East05-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Diottehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Diottehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_congestion_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_congestion_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=36http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Fourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Easterbrookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-East05-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-East05-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Diottehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Diottehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-73


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of the %riacy ommissioner of anada e"pressed public concernoer the Ggrowing police use of technology to spy on motorists!G52*

Bther concerns include the storage of information that could be usedto identify people and store details about their driing habits and dailylife, contraening the 1ata %rotection #ctalong with similar legislation(seepersonally identifiable information)! The laws in the => are strictfor any system that uses TD footage and can identify indiiduals!53*53*54*55*57*59*7?*7*7+*

#lso of concern is the safety of the data once it is mined, following thediscoery of police sureillance records lost in a gutter!7*72*

There is also a case in the => for saying that use of #$%& cameras isagainst the law under the&egulation of 6nestigatory %owers #ct +???!73*The breach e"ists, some say, in the fact that #$%& is used tomonitor the actiities of law-abiding citi.ens and treats eeryone likethe suspected criminals intended to be sureyed under the act! Thepolice themseles hae been known to refer to the system of #$%& asa G+2H5 traffic moement databaseG which is a diersion from itsintended purpose of identifying ehicles inoled in criminal actiities!74*The opposing iewpoint is that where the plates hae been cloned,a /read/ of an innocent motorist/s ehicle will allow the elimination ofthat ehicle from an inestigation by isual e"amination of the imagesstored! Likewise, stolen ehicles are read by #$%& systems betweenthe time of theft and report to the %olice, assisting in the inestigation!

TheAssociated Pressreported in #ugust +? that$ew Kork %olice1epartmentcars and license plate tracking e8uipment purchased withfederal


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Eany #$%& systems claim accuracy when trained to match platesfrom a single Aurisdiction or region, but can fail when trying torecogni.e plates from other Aurisdictions due to ariations in format,font, color, layout, and other plate features!9*'ome Aurisdictions offeranity or affinity plates (particularly in the ='), which can create manyariations within a single Aurisdiction!9+*

From time to time, =' states will make significant changes in theirlicense plate protocol that will affect B& accuracy! They may add acharacter or add a new license plate design! #L%& systems mustadapt to these changes 8uickly in order to be effectie! #notherchallenge with #L%& systems is that some states hae the samelicense plate protocol! For e"ample more than one state uses thestandard three letters followed by four numbers! 'o each time the

#L%& systems alarms, it is the userZs responsibility to make sure thatthe plate which caused the alarm matches the state associated withthe license plate listed on the in-car computer! For ma"imumeffectieness, an #$%& system should be able to recogni.e platesfrom any Aurisdiction, and the Aurisdiction to which they are associated,

but these many ariables make such tasks difficult!urrently at least one =' #$%& proider (%late'mart) claims theirsystem has been independently reiewed as able to accuratelyrecogni.e the =' state Aurisdiction of license plates, and one0uropean #$%& proider claims their system can differentiate all 0=plate Aurisdictions!9*92*

Accuracy and measurement of ANPR systemperformanceedit*

# +??7 article in Parking (rend )nternationaldiscussed a disparity inclaimed s! e"perienced license plate recognition read rates, withmanufacturers claiming that their recognition engines can correctly

report 97 of the time, although customers e"perience only 9? to92 success, een with new e8uipment under perfect conditions!0arly systems were reportedly only 4? to 7? reliable!93*

True system error rate is the product of its subsystem error rates(image capture, license plate image e"traction, L% imageinterpretation); slight increases in subsystem error rates can producedramatic reductions of read rates! The effects of real-world interferingfactors on read rate are not uniformly specified or tested bymanufacturers! The article states Gthere is a need for the industry toadopt a standard performance measurement protocol to enablepotential customers assess the best fit for their particularre8uirements!G93*

!ther usesedit*

#$%& systems may also be used forHbyC

'ection control, to measure aerage ehicle speed oer longerdistances!94*

:order crossings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlateSmarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-PNTmeas-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-PNTmeas-95http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlateSmarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-PNTmeas-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-PNTmeas-95http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_note-96


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#utomobile repossessions2*95*

petrol stationsto log when a motorist dries away without payingfor their fuel!

# marketing tool to log patterns of use

Targeted adertising, a-la GEinority &eportG-style billboards!97*99*

Traffic management systems, which determine traffic flow usingthe time it takes ehicles to pass two #$%& sites??*

#nalyses of trael behaiour (route choice, origin-destination etc!)for transport planning purposes ?*?+*

1rie Through ustomer &ecognition, to automatically recogni.ecustomers based on their license plate and offer them the items

they ordered the last time they used the serice!

To assist isitor managementsystems in recogni.ing guestehicles!

%olice and #u"iliary %olice

ar parking companies


22/30

%arking lot

&oad %olicing =nit

'%0' (speed camera)

Dehicle location data

Lists

List of emerging technologies

Butline of artificial intelligence

"eferencesedit*

! /ump up 0G#$%& TutorialG!#$%& Tutorial! 3 #ugust +??4!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!

+! /ump up 0G'han 1u ; 6ntelliDiew Technol!, 6nc!, algary, #:,anada ; 6brahim, E! ; 'hehata, E! ; :adawy, Wael; #utomaticLicense %late &ecognition (#L%&)C # 'tate-of-the-#rt &eiewG!6000! Feb +?! &etrieed +?2-?-?9!

! /ump up 0G#n introduction to #$%&G! ct-information!co!uk!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!

2! /ump up 0GTD network tracks /getaway/ carG! :: $ews! +$oember +??3! &etrieed +?-?7-+!

3! /ump up 0G%late &ecognitionG!%hotoop!com!

4! /ump up 0G#lgorithm for License %late &ecognitionG! D6'L,Technion! +??+!

5! /ump up 0G# &eal-time ehicle License %late &ecognition(L%&)G!D6'L, Technion, +??

7! /ump up 0G#n #pproach To License %late&ecognitionG(%1F)! =niersity of algary!994! &etrieed+?+-?-+2!

9! /ump up 01raghici, 'orin (995)! G# neural network basedartificial ision system for license plate recognitionG(%1F)! 1ept!of omputer 'cience,Wayne 'tate =niersity!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!

?! /ump up 0GLicense %late &ecognition in Turkey (%laka Bkuma'istemi)G!rimedia!com! &etrieed+?+-?-+2!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Policing_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECS_(speed_camera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_location_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-1http://www.anpr-tutorial.com/http://www.anpr-tutorial.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-2http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-3http://www.cctv-information.co.uk/i/An_Introduction_to_ANPRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-4http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/4455918.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-5http://www.photocop.com/recognition.htmhttp://www.photocop.com/recognition.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-6http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2002w02/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-7http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2003w24/http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2003w24/http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2003w24/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-8http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~federl/Publications/licensePlate1996/license-plate-1996.pdfhttp://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~federl/Publications/licensePlate1996/license-plate-1996.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-9http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/papers/ijns1997.pdfhttp://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/papers/ijns1997.pdfhttp://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/papers/ijns1997.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-10http://www.grimedia.com/http://www.grimedia.com/http://www.grimedia.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Policing_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECS_(speed_camera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_location_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number_plate_recognition&action=edit&section=43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-1http://www.anpr-tutorial.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-2http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6213519&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6213519http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-3http://www.cctv-information.co.uk/i/An_Introduction_to_ANPRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-4http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/4455918.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-5http://www.photocop.com/recognition.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-6http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2002w02/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-7http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2003w24/http://visl.technion.ac.il/projects/2003w24/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-8http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~federl/Publications/licensePlate1996/license-plate-1996.pdfhttp://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~federl/Publications/licensePlate1996/license-plate-1996.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-9http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/papers/ijns1997.pdfhttp://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/papers/ijns1997.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-10http://www.grimedia.com/http://www.grimedia.com/


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! /ump up 0>wa[nicka, ahraman, Fatih; okmen, Euhittin (+??)!GLicense%late haracter 'egmentation :ased on the abor Transform

and Dector Suanti.ationG(%1F)! #rchied from the originalon+??4-?3-+2! &etrieed +?+-?-+2!

! /ump up 0BndreA Eartinsky (+??5)! G#lgorithmic andmathematical principles of automatic number plate recognitionsystemsG(%1F)! :rno =niersity of Technology! &etrieed +?+-?-+2!

2! /ump up 0G# License %late &ecognition algorithm for 6ntelligentTransportation 'ystem applicationsG!=niersity of the

#egeanand$ational Technical =niersity of #thens!+??4!#rchied from the originalon +??7-?2-+?! &etrieed +?+-?-+2!

3! /ump up 0G#utomatic $umber %late &ecognitionG! ct-information!co!uk! &etrieed +?+-?-+2!

4! /ump up 0'e"ton, 'tee ( July +??)! GLicense-plate spray foilstraffic camerasG! Washington (imes! &etrieed +?-?5-?+!

5! /ump up 0'e"ton, 'tee ( July +??)! GLicense-plate spray foilstraffic camerasG! Washington (imes! &etrieed +?-?5-?+!

7! /ump up 0Wentworth, Jeff!GBbscured license plate could bemotorists/ ticket to fineG! Te"as 'tate 'enate!#rchiedfrom theoriginal on +2 Earch +??3! &etrieed 3 #pril +??3!

9! /ump up 0*dead link*

+?! /ump up 0GeTendering - ontract #ward $otice 1etail Diew -??9+??&FTG! Tenders!nsw!go!au! &etrieed+?2-?2-+!

+! /umpup0httpCHHwww!police!nsw!go!auH\\dataHassetsHpdf\fileH???7H72774H#nnual\&eport\-\Kear\in\&eiew!pdf

++! /ump up 0


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+4! /ump up 0G1as :undeserfassungsgerichtG(in erman)!:erfg!de! $oember +??7! &etrieed+??9-?+-4!

+5! /ump up 0GTraffiaptureG! Jenoptic!com!

+7! /ump up 0GEatri" %oliceG!


25/30

22! ^ Jump up toCabG'peeding tickets can potentially be aoided bychanging lanesG!(he 1ail2 Mail(London)! 3 Bctober +??4!&etrieed +?+-?-+2! The


26/30

39! /ump up 0eeping 972 in thepastG! (he 7"ardian(=>)!

5?! ^ Jump up toCab0asterbrook, regg (+7 February +??3)!G1aily0"press - Lights, amera, #ctionG! (he Ne. Rep"4lic *nline!

#rchied from the originalon +??3-?9-?!(subscription re8uired)

5! /ump up 0G0dmonton officer reprimanded for checking up onnewspaper columnistG! : $ews! 2 $oember +??3!

5+! /ump up 0G: 0dmonton - Features - 0dmonton %oliceG!:$ews! #rchied from the originalon +??5-?-+! &etrieed +July +?!

5! /ump up 0GBfficer faces suspension for Bertime stingG!0dmonton %olice Watch! 4 'eptember +??7! &etrieed +?+-?-+2!

52! /ump up 0GanadaC %riacy ommissioner oncerned BerLicense %late 'pyingG!Thenewspaper!com! July +??5!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-59http://www.marinij.com/ci_22880388/last-toll-taker-leaves-golden-gate-bridge-switchhttp://www.marinij.com/ci_22880388/last-toll-taker-leaves-golden-gate-bridge-switchhttp://www.marinij.com/ci_22880388/last-toll-taker-leaves-golden-gate-bridge-switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Independent_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-60http://www.saintjohnharbourbridge.com/request.htmhttp://www.saintjohnharbourbridge.com/request.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-61http://www.translink.ca/en/Driving/Golden-Ears-Bridge.aspxhttp://www.translink.ca/en/Driving/Golden-Ears-Bridge.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-62http://www.autopistacentral.cl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-63http://www.fetc.net.tw/externalFETC/english/en_01.htmlhttp://www.fetc.net.tw/externalFETC/english/en_01.htmlhttp://www.fetc.net.tw/externalFETC/english/en_01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-CC_64-0http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://web.archive.org/web/20070913102002/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070913102002/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070913102002/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-65http://www.cclondon.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-66http://www.vosa.gov.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-67https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agencyhttps://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-68http://www.cclondon.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-69http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2003/jun/19/newmedia.mediahttp://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2003/jun/19/newmedia.mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-1http://web.archive.org/web/20050903045944/https:/ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w050228&s=easterbrook022805http://web.archive.org/web/20050903045944/https:/ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w050228&s=easterbrook022805https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w050228&s=easterbrook022805http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-71http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2005/11/14/edmonton-police-051114.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2005/11/14/edmonton-police-051114.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-72http://web.archive.org/web/20071023000706/http:/www.cbc.ca/edmonton/features/police/http://web.archive.org/web/20071023000706/http:/www.cbc.ca/edmonton/features/police/http://www.cbc.ca/edmonton/features/policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-73http://www.edmontonpolicewatch.org/?p=325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-74http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/29/2933.asphttp://www.thenewspaper.com/news/29/2933.asphttp://www.thenewspaper.com/news/29/2933.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-59http://www.marinij.com/ci_22880388/last-toll-taker-leaves-golden-gate-bridge-switchhttp://www.marinij.com/ci_22880388/last-toll-taker-leaves-golden-gate-bridge-switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Independent_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-60http://www.saintjohnharbourbridge.com/request.htmhttp://www.saintjohnharbourbridge.com/request.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-61http://www.translink.ca/en/Driving/Golden-Ears-Bridge.aspxhttp://www.translink.ca/en/Driving/Golden-Ears-Bridge.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-62http://www.autopistacentral.cl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-63http://www.fetc.net.tw/externalFETC/english/en_01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-CC_64-0http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://web.archive.org/web/20070913102002/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6902543.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-65http://www.cclondon.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-66http://www.vosa.gov.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-67https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agencyhttps://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-68http://www.cclondon.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-69http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2003/jun/19/newmedia.mediahttp://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2003/jun/19/newmedia.mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-East05_70-1http://web.archive.org/web/20050903045944/https:/ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w050228&s=easterbrook022805http://web.archive.org/web/20050903045944/https:/ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w050228&s=easterbrook022805https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w050228&s=easterbrook022805http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-71http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2005/11/14/edmonton-police-051114.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2005/11/14/edmonton-police-051114.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-72http://web.archive.org/web/20071023000706/http:/www.cbc.ca/edmonton/features/police/http://www.cbc.ca/edmonton/features/policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-73http://www.edmontonpolicewatch.org/?p=325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition#cite_ref-74http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/29/2933.asphttp://www.thenewspaper.com/news/29/2933.asp


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53! ^ Jump up toCabLettice, John (+ February +??)!GThe Londoncharge .one, the 1% #ct, and E' !$0TG!LondonC The &egister!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!

54! /ump up 0G#$%& 'trategy for the %olice 'erice +??3H+??4G!#%B (#ssociation of hief %olice Bfficers) #$%& 'teering

roup! 5 Earch +??3! #rchied from the originalon +??-?-!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!

55! /ump up 0G1riing crime downG(%1F)! LondonC => oernment


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79! /ump up 0G#L= raises priacy concerns about policetechnology tracking driers - $$!comG!0NN! 7 July +?!

9?! /ump up 0>lein, #llison (+4 'eptember +?+)!G#L= files suitoer info on license plate readersG!(he Washington Post!

9! /ump up 0G#utomated License %late &ecognition 'ystemsC%olicy and Bperational uidance for Law 0nforcementG!U5S51epartment of 6"stice National )nstit"te of 6"stice! +?+!

9+! /ump up 0G$ew 1eelopments 6n #L%&G! Police (echnolog2Maga;ine! 3 February +?!

9! /ump up 0+*dead link*

92! /ump up 0the license plate recognition company (+??2-?-+?)! GLicense %late &ecognition #lgorithms and TechnologyG!%laterecognition!info! &etrieed+?2-?2-+!

93! ^ Jump up toCabGEeasuring #$%& 'ystem%erformanceG(%1F)! Parking (rend )nternational! June +??7!&etrieed +?+-?-+2!

94! /ump up 0G'ection controlG! Derkeershandhaing 1ossiers!#rchied from the originalon +??4-?3-+! &etrieed +?+-?-+2!

95! /ump up 0G


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