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A handout for my HOA3 class: a summary of compiled information from various sources (see references)
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HOA 323 A History of Architecture IV SY2012-13 • RLDDeOcampo,uap
[4.1] A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN
CHINA AND HONG KONG“The architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. There is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always employed an indigenous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area, the same system of construction is prevalent. That this system of construction could perpetuate itself for more than four thousand years over such a vast territory and still remain a living architecture is a phenomenon comparable only to the continuity of the civilization of which it is an integral part.” 1
Part 1: Influences and Architectural Implications 2-5
Influences Architectural Implications1 Geographic18-54° North lat, 73-135° East long. varied characteristicsRussia, Mongolia The Great Wall of ChinaJapan, Korea, Vietnam, etc. similarity in architectural character2 Geologic (and therefore, locally available materials)60+ mountain ranges, 100+ mountains(including Mt. Everest)
abundance of red sandstone and limestone(used for important structures)
forests(hardwoods and softwoods)
timber construction: mostly cedar, pine, & bambooposts are the main support, brackets are secondary
mines (iron and copper) steel (used in modern infrastructure)50+ rivers (including Yangtze & Yellow) clay (bricks, tiles, porcelain) as building material3 Climatic (makes roof the chief feature)
Upper: Polar avoid the cold wind and catch the sun:- structures are south-facing- site is an enclosure with courtyard/sky-wellMiddle:
Temperate, Monsoon sloped roof to throw off rainwater;widely projecting eaves to protect from rain;titled ends to catch the sunLower: Monsoon, Subtropical
4 Historic/PoliticalAncient Xia, Shang, Chou The Great Wall of ChinaImperial Qin, Han, Tang, Sung,
Yuan, Ming, Qing The Forbidden City1911-1949 Republic of China1949 – pres People’s Republic of China The Great Hall of the People (Arch. Zhang Bo, 1959)
1978 economic reforms5 Spiritual/Cosmological/Ethical/Religious
Balancesymmetry in plan and elevation:even no. of columns to make odd no. of bays(where center bay is the main door)
Geomancy feng shuiabsolute obedience to parents ancestor worship
altars at home showcasing pictures of ascendants;frames are hung in hierarchy (emperor at highest)
Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism temples and shrines6 Social/Culturalhierarchy of social classesand sumptuary laws
structures are laid out and accessed in hierarchy;regulated domestic architecture
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS page 1 of 4
HOA 323 A History of Architecture IV SY2012-13 • RLDDeOcampo,uap
Part 2: Other Architectural Characteristics1. Walls are not structural elements, they are protective. They are commonly used
only to enclose a structure and delineate the rooms within. Walls are often made of paper, this allows light to pass through. More importantly, it is able to bear China’s greater passion: painting and calligraphy.
2. Sloped Roofs are usually gable.3. Elevations have horizontal orientation4. Door heads are square.5. Grotesque carvings of dragons are found on roofs of important structures6. Glazed tiles are used in wealthy roofs.
Part 3: Vernacular Chinese Architecture (Examples)
CHINA
Siheyuan (dwelling) Fujian Tolou/Hakka Houses Temple of Confucius in Beijing
Yellow Crane Tower (pavilion) Giant Wild Goose Pagoda Temple of Heaven
HONG KONG
Chi Lin Nunnery (Buddhist) Wong Tai Sin Temple (Taoist)
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS page 2 of 4
HOA 323 A History of Architecture IV SY2012-13 • RLDDeOcampo,uap
Part 4: Contemporary Chinese Architecture (Examples)
CHINA
Nat’l Grand Theater“The Egg”
Beijing National Stadium“Bird’s Nest”
Beijing Nat’l Aquatic Center“Water Cube”
Guangzhou Int’l Financial Center Shanghai World Financial Center China Central Television HQHONG KONG
HSBC Bank of China Int’l Finance Centers 1 & 2
Lippo Center Int’l Commerce Center AIA Central
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS page 3 of 4
HOA 323 A History of Architecture IV SY2012-13 • RLDDeOcampo,uap
Part 5: Contemporary Chinese Architects
Qi KangBorn 1931 in Nanjing, China
Rocco YimBorn and educated in Hong Kong
Professional practice began in 1979
Yansong Mamentor: Zaha Hadid
Jing Liu and husband Florian Idenburgborn 1981, apprenticed at SANAA in Japan
founder of So-Il
Wang Shu and architect-wife Lu WuyenFirst Chinese winner of the Pritzker Prize (2012)
References:
1 Paraphrased from Liang, Ssu-ch'eng, 1984, A pictorial history of Chinese architecture: a study of the development of its structural system and the evolution of its types, ed. by Wilma Fairbank, Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
The table was compiled and tabulated from:2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China (Retrieval date: November 18, 2012)3 http://www.oldandsold.com/articles23/architecture-144.shtml (Retrieval date: November 18, 2012)4 http://www.oldandsold.com/articles23/architecture-145.shtml5 http://www.oldandsold.com/articles23/architecture-147.shtml6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_China#cite_note-1
http://www.aiacentral.com/building03.phphttp://www.pritzkerprize.com/2012/ceremonyhttp://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/traditional-vernacular-dwellings.htmhttp://www.thecoolist.com/fujian-tulou-chinas-amazing-hakka-houses/http://www.artandliving.com/aandlmagazine/index.php/nowmenu/architectures/520-ma-yansong-mad-utopia
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS page 4 of 4
