History of fingerpring

7/29/2019 History of fingerpring

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History of FingerprintingData Solution Inc.

Darshan Patel 4/9/2012

2012


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Table of Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ II

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

History of Fingerprints ........................................................................................................... 1

AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) .................................................. 2

Uniqueness of Fingerprints ................................................................................................... 2

Types of Fingerprints .............................................................................................................. 3

How Fingerprints Scanner Works? .................................................................................... 3

Type of Fingerprints Scanners ............................................................................................. 3

Pros and Cons of Fingerprint Scanners ............................................................................. 4

Future of Fingerprints ............................................................................................................ 4

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 5

Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 6

Works Cited ................................................................................................................................ 7

Figures

Figure 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Figure 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 4


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Abstract

This Analytical Report is about the history of fingerprints and scanning technology.

I discuss how the fingerprinting has been used as identification in law enforcement

agencies through the world. I also talk about how fingerprint scanning was

influenced British police in early nineteenth century and still remain most wildlyused fingerprinting method today.

The fingerprinting identification is used by law enforcement agencies since early

nineteenth century. In early days, the methods of fingerprint were using ink and

paper to capture the fingerprints. This method has become outdated with the

advancement of technologies. Currently law enforcement agencies have started

using biometric scanners and live scan technology. The biometric scanner police

officers use today, it can take up to seven to ten minutes to retrieve suspect criminal

record. But without Rapid ID mobile application, they will be able to retrieve it even

faster.


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IntroductionWhat is Fingerprint? A fingerprint is a mark made on surface by persons naked

fingertip. It is used to identify individuals from the unique pattern of loop, whorls

and arch. The fingerprinting identification is also known as dactyloscopy.

Fingerprints were taken hundreds of years ago, but they did not have the technologythat we have today. In China, ink was used to copy fingerprints and was used by

parents to recognize their children. It wasnt until late nineteenth-century when

fingerprints were used to identify the criminals for the first time. The governments

have used fingerprinting method for more than a century to accurately identify the

criminals from fingerprints left at the crime scene.

History of FingerprintsThe beginning of fingerprints goes back to early as ancient time. In early days, they

used fingerprints to recognized one another and basis for deciding if someone isbelonged or not. Modern fingerprint identification dates from 1880, when Henry

Faulds and William James published letters describing the uniqueness of the

fingerprints.

Later that year, their observation was proved by the English scientist Sir Francis

Galton, who designed the first elementary system for sorting fingerprinting patterns

into arches, loops and whorls. It wasnt until 1897, when the worlds first fingerprint

Bureau was established in Calcutta, India. Working in this fingerprint Bureau were

Haque and Bose. Haque and Bose were fingerprints experts who improved Galton

system and developed the fingerprint classification system eventually named after

London police commissioner, Sir Edward R. Henry. The Henry system for fingerprint

classification was officially introduced at New Scotland Yard in 1901. This system

was adopted as a personal identification by law enforcement agencies around the

world. This is the still most widely used fingerprint method.


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Juan Vucetich, an Argentine Police Official also developed a classification system

based on Sir Galton pattern types. His system was named the Vucetich system. This

classification system was published in a book named Dactiloscopa Comparada in

1904. This system is still used by many Spanish-speaking countries. The first use of

fingerprint identification in United States originated in 1902. During the early 20th

century, numerous law enforcement agencies around the country started using

fingerprinting systems and National Bureau of Criminal Identification started to

collect fingerprints cards from these agencies. FBI collected over one hundred

millions fingerprint cards by 1946. The Identification division of the FBI maintained

these fingerprint files manually. By the 1970s, computers have been developed and

FBI wanted to automate the process of searching and matching the fingerprints. In

1980, the first computer database of fingerprints was developed by the Japanese

National Police Agency. The database came to be known as Automated Fingerprint

Identification System (AFIS). In 1983, FBI used AFIS to create National Crime

Information Center. This was used for collecting information about criminalsbetween the local and federal government. By 1990, all fingerprints match were

processed on the computer and the response time were cut from 14 days to 1 day.

Today, there are approximately seven hundred million individual fingerprints

entered in AFIS.

AFISThe Automated Fingerprint Identification System is an automated identification

process used by various countries around the world. AFIS gather digital fingerprints

with fingerprint scanners. Computer algorithms then search for patterns based onSir Henrys System to find match stored in the database. The USA IAFIS(Integrated

Automated Fingerprint Identification System) store all fingerprint data collected in

the country and is managed by the FBIs information service division. This system

includes criminal history and mug shots of an individual. IAFISlets local, state and

federal agencies to have access to the database information. IAFISalso collects

fingerprints for the social services programs and licenses. One out of every six

American has a fingerprint record in IAFIS.

Uniqueness of FingerprintsFingerprint identification is based on persistence and individuality. Persistencerefers to the fact that the basic traits of the fingerprint do not change over time.

Individuality: the fingerprint is unique to an individual. In the history of

fingerprinting, no two fingerprints have been found identical in computer

comparisons. Various studies show that the fingerprints of an identical twins or

even triplets are very different.


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Types of FingerprintsThere are three types of fingerprints that can be claimed from a crime scene. These

types are as follows:

Latent Prints - are the marks that are left at the crime scene which are notvisible to the naked eye. These types of prints are made only of only the oiland sweat on the surface of the skin. To expose latent prints, a technician

uses the chemicals or the powder techniques.

Patent Prints - made of blood, ink or dirt and are visible to human eye.Example of patent prints would be an impression from flour and wet clay.

Plastic Prints - have three-dimensional characteristics. This occurs when anindividual presses a finger into soft medium such as dust, soap or a wax.

How Fingerprint Scanner Works?The older methods of fingerprint were using ink and paper to capture the suspect

fingerprints. This method has become outdated with the advancement of

technologies. Currently there has been a shift to biometric scanners and live scan

technology.A fingerprint Scanner performs two different types of task. First, it

needs to scan an image of your fingerprints. Then your fingerprints are saved into a

database so the law enforcement agent can check if you have any past criminal

history. In past few years, law enforcements have started using portable fingerprints

scanners. These scanners are connected wirelessly to a laptop via Bluetooth. The

scanners are also connected to IAFISservers to check if that person has any past

criminal history (Officer Johnson). The two main type of fingerprint scannersavailable today are Optical scanners and capacitance scanners.

Types of Fingerprints Scanners Optical Scanner This scanner has two basic job, first it needs to get an

image of a finger then it decides if the pattern of ridges and valleys matches

the any patterns that was stored in the server. This scanner uses charge-

coupled device (CCD) to capture images. The CCD is a sensor that is also used

in many digital cameras.

Capacitance ScannerThis fingerprint scanner produce an image of ridgesthat form fingerprint. While optical scanner uses light to produce an Image,capacitance uses electric current.Capacitance scanners are bit like atouchscreen in smartphones and tablets. The advantage of Capacitance

Scanner is that requires a real fingerprint shape.


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Pros and Cons of Fingerprint ScannersPros

Fingerprints are harder to fake than identity cards. You can lose your password but you are not going to lose yourfingerprints.

Passwords can be guessed but fingerprint can never be guessed.Cons

The Optical Scanners can present major security risk. This type ofscanners can be fooled easily by showing an image of fingerprint

instead of a real fingerprint.

Capacitance Scanners can also be fooled by a mold of a finger madeout of silicone or gelatin.

Future of FingerprintsIn past few years, Fingerprints scanners have started popping up all over the place.

With the advancement of technology, scanners have become very cheap and many

companies have already started integrating it with the laptops and cell phones.

There are many softwares that take advantage of fingerprints in laptops. It allows

user to login in securely without having to enter password. Today, fingerprint

scanners are used as biometric identification. In coming years, fingerprints scanners

are going to be integrated with an ATM machine, checkout counters and door locks.


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ConclusionThe fingerprint identification has served law enforcement agencies for past century.

The fingerprinting has come a long way since government implemented as mean of

identification. Recently, many agencies have begun using biometric and live scan

devices. This scanner allows officers to scan suspect fingerprint and pull up criminalhistory from IAFIS servers within minutes. The current fingerprint scanners used by

police officer can retrieve history of an individual within twenty minutes. I

recommend that we develop an application that can retrieve fingerprint faster than

the current technology and also our application needs to be cheaper compare to

whats in the market right now.


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Glossary

Biometric Scanner:Is a Fingerprint scanner device that measurement of persons

unique physical Identification. Biometric Fingerprint scanning provides an

identification of person based on recognition of those unique patterns and ridges in

a fingerprint.

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD): are the sensors used in digital cameras and video

cameras to record or take moving images.The CCD captures light and converts the

light into digital data. The CCD is also considered the digital version of film.

Database: is a collection of data stored in digital form. It is organized for convenient

access. Database has many different features like security management and feature

to make it easy for storing and retrieving data.

IAFIS: stand for Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. IAFIS is anautomated fingerprint identification that is used by FBI. IAFIS is largest biometric

database in the world.

Live Scan: is a fingerprint technology used by law enforcements to capture

fingerprints and palm prints electronically. Live scan is considered to be most

critical step in an automated fingerprint authentication system.

Software: is a computer program that provides instruction telling a computer what

to do.


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Works Cited

"Atlanta Police Get New Mobile Fingerprint Scanners." PoliceOne. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.

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Bowcott, Owen. "Police Will Use New Device to Take Fingerprints in Street." The

Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 26 Oct. 2008. Web. 9 Apr. 2012.

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Figure 1. "Fingerprint_patterns." Ridges and Furrows. Web. 26 Mar. 2012.

.Figure 2. Optical Scanners and capacitance scanner Web. 7 Apr. 2012.

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"Finger Print Scanner Guide." Officearmor. Web. 1 Mar. 2012.

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"Fingerprint Recognition II History of Fingerprinting." Biometrie Online. Web. 28

Feb. 2012. .

"Fingerprints & Other Biometrics." FBI. Web. 03 Mar. 2012.

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"Fingerprints Patters." Crimescene Forensics. Web. 1 Mar. 2012.

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"IAFIS." FBI. Web. 04 May 2012. .

"Major Crimes Division." FRPD. Web. 02 Mar. 2012.

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"New Jersey State Police - Identification Section." New Jersey State Police. Web. 04

Mar. 2012. .


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Officer Johnson. Interview. 3/27/2012

Rajiv Patel, Interview. 4/6/2012

"The History of Fingerprinting." Criminal Investigator Hq. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.

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"The History of Fingerprints." Onin.com. 21 Jan. 2012. Web. 23 Feb. 2012.

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"Types of Fingerprints." Odec. Web. 04 May 2012.

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"Working of Fingerprint Scanner." Circuitstoday. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.

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History of fingerpring