History of Forensic History of Forensic Science and the Science and the

Crime Scene Crime Scene

Warm-Up ActivityWarm-Up Activity

Study the diagram shown.Study the diagram shown. ► How many animals were How many animals were here? What kind were they?here? What kind were they?► What were they doing?What were they doing?► Were they here at the same Were they here at the same time?time?

In your notebooks, use your In your notebooks, use your best guess and write down best guess and write down what you think happened at what you think happened at this scene.this scene.

Aim, Learning Target, & Aim, Learning Target, & AgendaAgenda

►Aim: How did forensic science, and crime Aim: How did forensic science, and crime labs, start and who started them? labs, start and who started them?

►Learning Target: I can detail the start of Learning Target: I can detail the start of forensic science and crime labs in the forensic science and crime labs in the world and in the city of NY.world and in the city of NY.

►Agenda: Agenda: Do NowDo Now Mini LessonMini Lesson Video Activity Video Activity

BCEBCE Evidence of fingerprints in early Evidence of fingerprints in early paintings and rock carvings made by paintings and rock carvings made by prehistoric humansprehistoric humans

700s700s Chinese used fingerprints to establish Chinese used fingerprints to establish the identity of documents and clay the identity of documents and clay sculptures, but without any formal sculptures, but without any formal fingerprint classification system.fingerprint classification system.

12481248 Chinese recorded a description of how Chinese recorded a description of how to distinguish drowning from to distinguish drowning from strangulation. First recorded strangulation. First recorded application of medical knowledge to application of medical knowledge to crime solving.crime solving.

1686 1686 First notes recorded about fingerprint First notes recorded about fingerprint characteristicscharacteristics

1784 1784 In England, John Toms was convicted of In England, John Toms was convicted of murder based on matching a piece of murder based on matching a piece of newspaper in his pocket to a wad left at newspaper in his pocket to a wad left at the crime scene.the crime scene.

18361836 James Marsh, a Scottish chemist, was James Marsh, a Scottish chemist, was the first to use toxicology (arson the first to use toxicology (arson detection) in a jury trial.detection) in a jury trial.

18641864 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photographs to identify criminals, photographs to identify criminals, document evidence and crime scenes. document evidence and crime scenes.

18801880 First recorded use of fingerprints to solve First recorded use of fingerprints to solve a crime in Tokyoa crime in Tokyo

18871887 First Sherlock Holmes novel publishedFirst Sherlock Holmes novel published

18911891 Hans Gross credited with coining the Hans Gross credited with coining the term term criminalisticscriminalistics

19011901 Development of techniques to detect Development of techniques to detect blood typesblood types

19031903 New York State prison system began to New York State prison system began to use fingerprints to identify criminalsuse fingerprints to identify criminals

19051905 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) establishedestablished

19101910 First police crime laboratory First police crime laboratory established in Franceestablished in France

1920 1920 Edmond Locard develops idea that Edmond Locard develops idea that ““Every contact leaves a traceEvery contact leaves a trace””..

19241924 First U.S. crime lab implemented in Los First U.S. crime lab implemented in Los Angeles.Angeles.

19321932 FBI crime lab establishedFBI crime lab established

19411941 Beginning of voiceprint identificationBeginning of voiceprint identification

19451945 Test for semen presence developedTest for semen presence developed

19541954 Breathalyzer for field sobriety testing Breathalyzer for field sobriety testing invested.invested.

19771977 Automated Fingerprint Identification Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) introduced by FBISystem (AFIS) introduced by FBI

19861986 First use of DNA to solve a crimeFirst use of DNA to solve a crime

19911991 Integrated Ballistics Identification Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) launched for comparison System (IBIS) launched for comparison of bullets, cartridge cases, and shell of bullets, cartridge cases, and shell casings.casings.

19961996 FBI introduced computerized searches FBI introduced computerized searches of the AFIS fingerprint database.of the AFIS fingerprint database.

Four Major Federal Crime Four Major Federal Crime LaboratoriesLaboratories

1.1. FBI – largest crime lab in the worldFBI – largest crime lab in the world

2.2. Drug Enforcement Administration Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) – analyzes drugs seized(DEA) – analyzes drugs seized

3.3. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) – analyzes and Explosives (ATF) – analyzes alcoholic beverages, weapons, alcoholic beverages, weapons, explosivesexplosives

4.4. U.S. Postal Inspection Service – crimes U.S. Postal Inspection Service – crimes involving the postal serviceinvolving the postal service

Crime Labs in NY CityCrime Labs in NY City► The Crime Scene Unit (CSU) is a part of the NYPD Detective The Crime Scene Unit (CSU) is a part of the NYPD Detective

Bureau's Forensic Investigations Division, responsible for Bureau's Forensic Investigations Division, responsible for forensic investigations of all homicides and sexual assaults, forensic investigations of all homicides and sexual assaults, as well as other crimes as deemed necessary by an as well as other crimes as deemed necessary by an investigating supervisor. investigating supervisor.

► Members of the Crime Scene Unit assist the precinct Members of the Crime Scene Unit assist the precinct detectives in the processing of a crime scene as well as detectives in the processing of a crime scene as well as determining the proper routing of evidence between the determining the proper routing of evidence between the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York, the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York, the NYPD Police Lab and the NYPD Property Clerk.NYPD Police Lab and the NYPD Property Clerk.

► The Crime Scene Unit is composed of NYPD detectives, not The Crime Scene Unit is composed of NYPD detectives, not civilian technicians like crime scene units in other parts of the civilian technicians like crime scene units in other parts of the U.SU.S

► The Crime Scene Unit covers all of the boroughs of New York The Crime Scene Unit covers all of the boroughs of New York City.City.

► The unit is also trained to process a crime scene in a The unit is also trained to process a crime scene in a hazardous environment, for example following a nuclear, hazardous environment, for example following a nuclear, biological or chemical attack. biological or chemical attack.