History of KoreaHistory of Korea

KOREAKOREA Located on a peninsulaLocated on a peninsula Covered with mountains Covered with mountains

that are not high but are that are not high but are very rugged. very rugged.

Korea is called the Korea is called the “Land of the Morning “Land of the Morning Calm”Calm”

(This book title is making (This book title is making a pun )a pun )

Geography & very early historyGeography & very early history Has served as a cultural bridge linking China Has served as a cultural bridge linking China

with island chains, including Japanwith island chains, including Japan

Earliest history of Korea & Earliest history of Korea & Relationship with ChinaRelationship with China

Earliest Koreans came not from China but Earliest Koreans came not from China but from Siberia & Manchuria (north of China). from Siberia & Manchuria (north of China). The earliest Koreans were hunter-gatherers. The earliest Koreans were hunter-gatherers.

Korean language is unrelated to ChineseKorean language is unrelated to Chinese However, Korea was influenced by China in However, Korea was influenced by China in

many ways. About 1500BC, Agriculture, many ways. About 1500BC, Agriculture, including rice farming and metalworking came including rice farming and metalworking came to Korea from Chinato Korea from China

Early History of KoreaEarly History of Korea

Kingdom of Kingdom of Old ChosonOld Choson emerged in northern Korea emerged in northern Korea about 200BCabout 200BC

108BC- Han dynasty China conquered Old Choson & 108BC- Han dynasty China conquered Old Choson & ruled it for 400 yearsruled it for 400 years

During this time, During this time, ConfucianismConfucianism came from China to came from China to Korea, as well as Chinese writing. Korea, as well as Chinese writing.

EARLY KOREAEARLY KOREA When the Han dynasty of China fell, When the Han dynasty of China fell,

Korea regained independence: there Korea regained independence: there were three kingdoms: Koguryo, were three kingdoms: Koguryo, Paekche & SillaPaekche & Silla

About 300AD-600AD is called the 3 About 300AD-600AD is called the 3 Kingdoms period. The 3 Kingdoms Kingdoms period. The 3 Kingdoms often fought among themselves. This often fought among themselves. This corresponds to a period of disunity in corresponds to a period of disunity in China between the Han and Sui China between the Han and Sui dynasties.dynasties.

Silla Silla dynasty-dynasty-670AD-935AD670AD-935AD The 3 kingdoms of Korea continued to fight. Meanwhile The 3 kingdoms of Korea continued to fight. Meanwhile

China became reunited under the Sui dynasty. The Sui China became reunited under the Sui dynasty. The Sui dynasty of China tried to take over Korea but failed. Soon dynasty of China tried to take over Korea but failed. Soon the Tang dynasty of China overthrew the Sui. the Tang dynasty of China overthrew the Sui.

The Korean The Korean SillaSilla dynasty made an alliance with Tang dynasty made an alliance with Tang dynasty Chinadynasty China

Working together, the Korean kingom of Working together, the Korean kingom of Silla & Silla & Tang Tang China conquered the other two Korean kingdomsChina conquered the other two Korean kingdoms

Then Then Silla Silla threw the Chinese out, and ruled an threw the Chinese out, and ruled an independent unified Korea: 670-935ADindependent unified Korea: 670-935AD

Buddhism came to Buddhism came to Korea from China. During this time Korea from China. During this time Buddhism became increasingly important in Korea and Buddhism became increasingly important in Korea and many beautiful temples were builtmany beautiful temples were built

The Silla dynasty is pronounced “The Silla dynasty is pronounced “ShillaShilla”. It can be ”. It can be spelled either Silla or Shilla. spelled either Silla or Shilla.

KoryoKoryo dynasty 935-1231AD dynasty 935-1231AD In 935, the In 935, the Koryo dynastyKoryo dynasty (this is (this is

different from the old Koguryo different from the old Koguryo kingdom) overthrew the old Silla kingdom) overthrew the old Silla dynasty, and ruled it until the 1200sdynasty, and ruled it until the 1200s

The Koryo built a strong dynasty of The Koryo built a strong dynasty of hereditary kings. hereditary kings.

During this time, Korea developed its During this time, Korea developed its own version of the “Civil Service own version of the “Civil Service Exam”, although in Korea, only men of Exam”, although in Korea, only men of the aristocracy could take the test. the aristocracy could take the test.

The Koryo built a capital at Kaesong. The Koryo built a capital at Kaesong. We get the name Korea from this We get the name Korea from this dynasty. dynasty.

KoryoKoryo dynasty 935-1231AD dynasty 935-1231AD

During this time, Korea improved During this time, Korea improved moveable typemoveable type (a Chinese invention), by making the letters from (a Chinese invention), by making the letters from metalmetal, which were more durable and made a , which were more durable and made a sharper image. sharper image.

““At first, one cuts letters in beech wood. One fills a trough level with At first, one cuts letters in beech wood. One fills a trough level with fine sandy [clay] of the reed-growing seashore. Wood-cut letters are fine sandy [clay] of the reed-growing seashore. Wood-cut letters are pressed into the sand, then the impressions become negative and pressed into the sand, then the impressions become negative and form letters [molds]. At this step, placing one trough together with form letters [molds]. At this step, placing one trough together with another, one pours the molten bronze down into an opening. The another, one pours the molten bronze down into an opening. The fluid flows in, filling these negative molds, one by one becoming fluid flows in, filling these negative molds, one by one becoming type. Lastly, one scrapes and files off the irregularities, and piles type. Lastly, one scrapes and files off the irregularities, and piles them up to be arrangedthem up to be arranged..””

MONGOLS IN KOREAMONGOLS IN KOREA

In 1231, the In 1231, the Mongols invaded Mongols invaded and took over Korea, and took over Korea, ending the Koryo ending the Koryo dynasty. dynasty.

In 1392, the Korean In 1392, the Korean General Yi drove General Yi drove the Mongols out of the Mongols out of Korea. Korea.

Yi – Choson Dynasty 1392-1910Yi – Choson Dynasty 1392-1910

General Yi founded the next General Yi founded the next dynasty. It has two names. It is dynasty. It has two names. It is either called the Yi dynasty either called the Yi dynasty (after Yi), or the Choson (after Yi), or the Choson dynasty. Yi himself called it dynasty. Yi himself called it Choson, after the first Korean Choson, after the first Korean kingdom- Old Choson. kingdom- Old Choson.

This dynasty lasted until 1910, This dynasty lasted until 1910, when Korea was annexed by when Korea was annexed by Japan Japan

Yi-Choson Dynasty: CultureYi-Choson Dynasty: Culture

During this period a beautiful type of pottery During this period a beautiful type of pottery with a green-blue glaze was made called with a green-blue glaze was made called “celadon”. “celadon”.

Yi – Choson dynasty-Hangul Yi – Choson dynasty-Hangul alphabetalphabet

King Sejong the Great (1418-King Sejong the Great (1418-1450) was a scholar in many 1450) was a scholar in many fields fields

Created a much simpler alphabet Created a much simpler alphabet for the Korean people-Hangul. for the Korean people-Hangul.

Hangul is said to be the easiest, Hangul is said to be the easiest, most logical alphabet in the most logical alphabet in the world, and can be learned in a world, and can be learned in a few hours. few hours.

ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ

King Sejong & HangulKing Sejong & Hangul

"Being of foreign origin, Chinese characters are "Being of foreign origin, Chinese characters are incapable of capturing uniquely Korean incapable of capturing uniquely Korean meanings. Therefore, many common people have meanings. Therefore, many common people have no way to express their thoughts and feelings. no way to express their thoughts and feelings. Out of my sympathy for their difficulties, I have Out of my sympathy for their difficulties, I have created a set of 28 letters. The letters are very created a set of 28 letters. The letters are very easy to learn, and it is my fervent hope that they easy to learn, and it is my fervent hope that they improve the quality of life of all people”-from improve the quality of life of all people”-from King Sejong (not Ms. LeBourg) King Sejong (not Ms. LeBourg)

HangulHangul

아 기 서 대아 기 서 대 요 르 부 휴요 르 부 휴 쉬 와 화 웨쉬 와 화 웨 김 박 산 찹김 박 산 찹 금 즌 복 을금 즌 복 을 확 원 관 완확 원 관 완

1600s1600s The Japanese tried to The Japanese tried to

invade and take over invade and take over Korea. Korea.

The Koreans, led by The Koreans, led by Admiral Yi (a different Admiral Yi (a different person from General Yi, person from General Yi, who lived earlier) , who lived earlier) , repelled their invasion repelled their invasion with “turtle boats”, with “turtle boats”, which had very thick, which had very thick, wooden sides and a wooden sides and a metal top, the world’s metal top, the world’s first metal-clad ships. first metal-clad ships.

What happened next?What happened next? The Yi (also called Choson) dynasty continued until The Yi (also called Choson) dynasty continued until

1910. 1910. Then there was a period when Korea was ruled by Then there was a period when Korea was ruled by

Japan. Japan was very mean to Korea!!!!Japan. Japan was very mean to Korea!!!! After World War II, Korea regained its independence After World War II, Korea regained its independence

from Japan. from Japan. However, Korea became divided at the end of World However, Korea became divided at the end of World

War II. North Korea became communist. South War II. North Korea became communist. South Korea developed a very dynamic free enterprise Korea developed a very dynamic free enterprise economy and became the leader in video games! The economy and became the leader in video games! The two remain divided. two remain divided.

SOUTHEAST ASIASOUTHEAST ASIA Mainland Southeast Mainland Southeast

Asia:Asia: Myanmar Myanmar Thailand (Siam)Thailand (Siam) LaosLaos CambodiaCambodia VietnamVietnam The people & The people &

kingdoms of this area kingdoms of this area werwere influenced by e influenced by both China & India, both China & India, but also had their but also had their own identityown identity

SOUTHEAST ASIA-VietnamSOUTHEAST ASIA-Vietnam

Forms an “S” along Forms an “S” along the eastern coast of the eastern coast of S.E. Asia. S.E. Asia.

It has mountains, It has mountains, deltas & forests. deltas & forests.

Two main rivers: Red Two main rivers: Red River in the North.River in the North.

Delta of the Mekong Delta of the Mekong River in the SouthRiver in the South

VIETNAMVIETNAM

Ancient land, inhabited since paleolithic times. Ancient land, inhabited since paleolithic times. Not much is known for sure about its early Not much is known for sure about its early

history, but there are legends that tell us the history, but there are legends that tell us the stories of its early kings.stories of its early kings.

Wet rice farming began in about 1200BCWet rice farming began in about 1200BC

VietnamVietnam

111BC-conquered by Emperor Wu-ti of Han 111BC-conquered by Emperor Wu-ti of Han Dynasty ChinaDynasty China

Ruled by China most of the time from 111BC-Ruled by China most of the time from 111BC-939AD, with several short periods when they 939AD, with several short periods when they cast off Chinese domination. During this time cast off Chinese domination. During this time it was known as Annamit was known as Annam

Vietnam-ChinaVietnam-China

Vietnam was heavily influenced by ChinaVietnam was heavily influenced by China Adopted Mahayana Buddhism (Mahayana is the Adopted Mahayana Buddhism (Mahayana is the

form of Buddhism practiced in China)form of Buddhism practiced in China) Also adopted the philosophy of ConfucianismAlso adopted the philosophy of Confucianism Used the Chinese writing system. Used the Chinese writing system.

VietnamVietnam

939AD-Ngo Quyen drove out the Chinese939AD-Ngo Quyen drove out the Chinese There was a period of disorderThere was a period of disorder 1009AD, a period of strong dynasties unified 1009AD, a period of strong dynasties unified

Vietnam again. Vietnam again.

Southeast Southeast Asia-Indo Asia-Indo

ChinaChina

Other parts of Southeast Asia (other than Other parts of Southeast Asia (other than Vietnam), were influenced more by India. Vietnam), were influenced more by India.

Early in the history of Southeast Asia, traders Early in the history of Southeast Asia, traders and missionaries (Hindu and later Buddhist) and missionaries (Hindu and later Buddhist) came from India came to Southeast Asia. came from India came to Southeast Asia.

Southeast Asia-Southeast Asia-Indo ChinaIndo China

These Hindu & Buddhist These Hindu & Buddhist Missionaries brought Missionaries brought Sanskrit writing Sanskrit writing

Sanskrit came to be used Sanskrit came to be used in Southeast Asia (other in Southeast Asia (other than Vietnam). Indian than Vietnam). Indian literature spread.literature spread.

Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism spread. spread.

Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire

Centered in modern day Centered in modern day Cambodia and Thailand, Cambodia and Thailand, the Khmer Empire the Khmer Empire grew to control much of grew to control much of Southeast Asia from Southeast Asia from 850AD-1250AD850AD-1250AD

Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire

Strongly influenced by Indian culture, adopted Strongly influenced by Indian culture, adopted a combination of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. a combination of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs.

Believed their ruler was a “god-king”. Believed their ruler was a “god-king”. The rulers built elaborate cities, government The rulers built elaborate cities, government

centers, and temple complexescenters, and temple complexes . Built the huge city of Angkor as their capital. Built the huge city of Angkor as their capital Built the huge temple complex called Angkor Built the huge temple complex called Angkor

Wat, as well as many other temples.Wat, as well as many other temples.

Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire

Angkor Wat is the largest religious site in the Angkor Wat is the largest religious site in the worldworld

It is a complex of temples that symbolize the It is a complex of temples that symbolize the Hindu view of the universe. Hindu view of the universe.

Angkor WatAngkor Wat

• built during the 1100s by Suryavaram II, built during the 1100s by Suryavaram II, • honors the Hindu god Vishnuhonors the Hindu god Vishnu• is a symbolic representation of Hindu is a symbolic representation of Hindu

cosmology. cosmology. • Consists of an enormous temple symbolizing Consists of an enormous temple symbolizing

the mythic Mt. Meru, with five inter-nested the mythic Mt. Meru, with five inter-nested rectangular walls and moats that represent rectangular walls and moats that represent chains of mountains and the cosmic ocean. chains of mountains and the cosmic ocean.

Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire

The rulers also undertook major construction The rulers also undertook major construction projects for the public good, such as hospitals, projects for the public good, such as hospitals, travelers rest-houses, canals, and huge water travelers rest-houses, canals, and huge water control systems designed to help rice farmingcontrol systems designed to help rice farming

Eventually the rulers of the Khmer Empire Eventually the rulers of the Khmer Empire became corrupt, and this led to social became corrupt, and this led to social discontent. discontent.

Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire In its early history, the main religion of the In its early history, the main religion of the

Khmer empire was Hinduism.Khmer empire was Hinduism. Later the ideas of Theravada Buddhism became Later the ideas of Theravada Buddhism became

increasingly widespreadincreasingly widespread More like Siddhartha Gautama originally taughtMore like Siddhartha Gautama originally taught Emphasizes non-violence Emphasizes non-violence

Theravada Buddhism is the purer, simpler Theravada Buddhism is the purer, simpler form of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism had form of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism had no place for splendid ceremonies, elaborate no place for splendid ceremonies, elaborate temples, or a god-king. temples, or a god-king.

Eventually, the Khmer empire was Eventually, the Khmer empire was overthrown, and Theravada Buddhism became overthrown, and Theravada Buddhism became the dominant religion in Southeast Asia. the dominant religion in Southeast Asia.