History of Lalitpur's Mahapatra Kings

onof dxfkfq h'h'lklg Oltxf; onof dxfkfq h'h'lklg Oltxf;

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Gx" lx;' k'rMtfkflxlt, ong];+ !!@*

lksfsM

Gx" lx;' k'rM on nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf tfkflxlt, j8f g+= !^ .

lkygf ltlyM

g]=;+= !!@* lj=;+= @)^$ O{=;+= @))*

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ISBN : 978-9937-8013-2-4

onof dxfkfq h'h'lklgOltxf;


k|sfzsLoonof ;Kts'6'Djh dxfkfqto\ Oltxf;

g]kfnd08nof Oltxf;o\ onof ;Kts'6'Djh dxfkfqto\ Ko;MTof+ cKkf]

bF -g];+ @^$ lg;]+ &!&_of yMu' x] ljz]iftf b' . y'u' Ono\ ono\ s'6'Djto\ ;fd"lxs

;fdGt zf;g GXoft y'lk+ dNn dv'lk+ j h'h'+ lgo'Qm ofMlk+ g+ dv'lk+ :yfgLo

;+o'Qm zf;s vM . Yj dxfkfq sfnoft g+ lgAjo\ yn]ax h" . j vM –

!= ;Kts'6'Djh dxfkfq lteo k|d'vto\ k|zf;g -g];+ @^$–^%^_

@= o+s'ln s'6'Dah dxfkfq h'h'lklg zf;g -g];+ ^%^–&!&_

efh' /lj zfSo+ cfMts ;du|?k+ AjFHof x] dh"lgu' g]kfnd08nof dNn

dv'lk+ h'h'lklg Oltxf; GXoygfM Rj5fo\axu' Hof ofMu' b' . yy] bf]nvfo\ g+ dNn

dv'lk+ h'h' h"u' vM . y'sL k/Dk/fut wf/0ffo\ ;'wf/ ofgfM onof dxfkfqto\

Oltxf;o\ 5'+ Gx"u' k|sfz ofMu' b', uy] Gxfkf d" lteoljxf/o\ blIf0f, pQ/ j

Ho]i7–ljxf/ gfnfRj+u', /ljh'+ Ho]i7ljxf/ blIf0fljxf/of srf h"u' j :j+u"u' ljxf/

lk+yljxf/ vM wsfM SogfbLu' b' . t/ jo\sn+ lteodxfkfq k|d'v Yj :j+u'ln+ 5Dx

5Dx h'O wsfM tfo\sfbLu' kfo\l5 dh" y]+ Rj+ . lteo k|d'v O{sy+ u'u'+ g+

;Kts'6'DjhdWo] h'Oy]+ Rj+ . /lj zfSoof y'u' cWoog+ lnkf cfM h'h' h'lk+ lteo

k|d'v+ dv' o+s'lns'6'Djh dxfkfq+ hs zf;g ofMu' ;Lbt .

y'u' onof dxfkfq h'h'lklg Oltxf;+ cfM ofsg+ x] onof ;Kts'6'Djh

dxfkfqto\ ;du|?k+ Oltxf; Rjo\ xyfo\ h"u' jfMrfMu' b' .

g];+ !!@* l;nfuf * – sfzLgfy tdf]6

Oltxf; GXofSj cWoog, cg';Gwfg ofM;f+ k"jgL dv' . 5'+ g 5'+ Xofls+

jgfM x] RjgL . pls+ P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t'oft sofM cWoog cg';Gwfg ofo\u'

u'an]+ lbs]dHo", v'l;of nM y]+ snsn dlbSs GXofsft'+ Rjg]dfM . Oltxf;+ x]

jt{dfgof nFk' or'sf aL pls+ GXofu'+ Oltxf; ;'+ JolQm, ju{, wd{, ;dfh, b]zofhs ;Lldt ;DklQ h'Odv' ;du| ljZj dfgjof ;femf h'O . sfld{s ;DjGwof

x'lg+ Oltxf; j jt{dfgof :jfk" Sjft'of RjgL . g]kfnof Oltxf; g+ yf}+of

ljZjoft ;'yfnfSs GXofs]u' j}1flgs nFk' ;fljt h'Okm' . pls;g+ g]kfMof yMu'df}lns ;+:s[lt s'laofRj+lk+ g]jfMto\u' Oltxf;of Von+ nf emg x] jt{dfg

GXofs]t dfu{lgb]{z ofOu' vFo\ ljZjf; ofo] l5+ . pls+ x] h'O ;lbof}+ GXof]lg;]+

g]jfMto\u' Oltxf; cWoog, cg';Gwfg ofo\t b]zLljb]zL cg';Gwftfto\;+ yMu'cd"No O{ ôfgfjofRj+u' b' .

g]jfMto\u' Oltxf; cWoog cg';Gwfgof Vono\ efh' /lj zfSo g+ 5Dx

cys kl/>dL, cWoogzLn AolQmTjof bl;sy+ onof dxfkfq h'h'lklg Oltxf;;km"oft sfo\l5+ . jo\sMof cWoog+ ;'nfRj+u' onof dxfkfqlklgu' Oltxf;oft

pnfAo"u' b' . g]kfnd08no\ dxfkfqof ?ko\ zf;g GXofs"lklgu' cWoog ckfo\;s+

h"u' vg]db' lg . ono\ afx]s o]F, bf]nvf j d]d]yfo\ g+ dxfkfqt b'u' vF Gog]b' t/;TotYo vF 5' vM w}u' k|dfl0fs b;'t emLu' GXof]g] :ki6 dh" lg . cfM /lj zfSoof

y'u' ;km'lt+ d]d]yfo\ Rj+lk+ dxfkfqto\u' Oltxf; g+ cWoog cg';Gwfg ofo\u' nFk'

SogfAo"u' b' .Pd=P= tlu+of lgu"u' bFof Rofu"u' kqof kf7\o kl/k"lt{ ofo\sy+ efh' /lj

zfSoh'+ g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe"jg ljZjljBfno; k|:t't ofgfbLu' y'u'

cg';Gwfg k|jGw x] yg ;km"of ?ko\ lkxfF jMu' vM . pls+ g+ y'u' ;km" onofdxfkfqlklgu'af/] cWoog cg';Gwfg ofo\d+b'lk+ cg';Gwftflklgu' lg+lt+ b'Uo+u' k|fl1s

Hjn+ h'Ok'm w}u' en;f sfo\l5+ . y'lndl5 d"j+u' ;k"m lkyg]t efh' /lj zfSoh'+

Gx" lx;' k'rMGx" lx;' k'rMGx" lx;' k'rMGx" lx;' k'rMGx" lx;' k'rMoft x] Nooflbn, Yj jo\sMof pbf/ dgof 5u" b;' vM . jo\sMk|ltk'rM GXofan]+ C0fL h'ofRjgL .

efh' /lj zfSoh'of y]+ hfMu' b'Uo+u' cg';GwfgfTds ;km"t k|sfzg ofo\u'

Xjtf r"nfsfbL wsfM ;sn cg';Gwftf Rjld efh'do\h'lkGt Ogfk of;]+ xfsg+ 5sM

Rjldefh' /lj zfSoh'oft ;km" k|sfzg ofo\t efnf laofbLu'ln+ ;'efo\ b]5fgfRjgf .

– /flhtjxfb'/ >]i7 gfoM, Gx" lx;' k'rM


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onof dWosfnLg Oltxf;o\ dxfkfqto\;+ dxTjk""0f{ e"ldsf lDxtfj+u'b' . :yfgLo k|zf;s h''ofM g+ s]Gb|oft ts+ xfYof aLk'mlk+ dxfkfqto\u' Oltxf;cWoog ofo\u' /fhg}lts hs dv', wfld{s j ;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0f+ g+ clts+cfjZos h''ofAo""u' b' . onof af}4 ljxf/, af}4 ;+:s[ltln;] y'ldu' cfj4tf yf}ts+sfod h''ofRj+u' blg . lnkf s]Gb|kfv]+ Aofun+ h''ofM h'h''ts+ h''ofj+lk+ dxfkfqto\u''af/] clts+ sd hs cWoog h""u' b' . Yj ljifo; bsn] Gxfkf+ knfM GXofsfbLlk+;+zf]wg d08nof Oltxf;sf/lk+ vM . jo\sMlk+;+ lj;+ @)!) ;fno\ Yj af/] bsn]Gxfkf+ RjofbLu' vM . lnkfof oSj Oltxf;sf/to\;+ Yj af/] RjofbLu' b';f+jo\sMlk+;+ ;+zf]wg d08n+ lktxMu' vFoft x] ln;f sofM RjofbLu' b', 5'+ Gx"u' vFlktxo\k'mu' vg]db' . g]kfMof k|zf;lgs Oltxf; af/] Rj;f GXofsfbLlk+ Rjldlk+;+g+ Yj Vono\ af+nfs Wofg laofbLu' db' . yf}+ jofM ;+zf]wg d08n+ bo\sftMu'huo\ d]u' 5kf cKkf tg]u' Hof h""u' b' . cy];f+ P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lt kof{Kt dfqfo\pknAw dh""u'ln+ oSj vFt c:ki6 x] ltlg . Yj ljifo\; xfsg+ b''Uo+s cWoogh''OdfMu' cfjZostf blg . eljioo\ d]d]lk+ cWo]tfto\;+ cWoog GXofsfM Yjljifooft k""0f{tf aLu'kfv] GXolrnfbL wsfM cfzf ofo\l5+ .

Yj ;k""m g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuof :gftsf]Q/ tlu+of Rou""u' kqofkf7\oqmd k""j+s]t Rjofu' zf]w k|aGwof kl/dflh{t ?k vM . Yj ljifoo\ cg';Gwfgofo\t :jLs[lt laofM cg's'n jftfj/0f bo\sfbLDx g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuoflgjt{dfg k|d'v k|f= 8f= ;'Gb/s[i0f hf]zLh' k|lt s[t1tf Kj+sfRjgf . zf]wlgb]{zs h'ofM dfMu' Ono\ dfMsy+ ;Nnfx ;'emfj laofM nF SogfbLDx u'?j/sfzLgfy tdf]6h' k|lt s[t1 h'ofRjgf . jo\sn+ lhu' nflu u'u' d]xgt ofgflbnplsof nflu jo\sMk|lt GXofan]+ C0fL h'ofRjgf . Ono\Jono\ xMkfM j ;'emfjlaofM pT;flxt ofgfbLlk+ u'?lk+ 8f= t'o'axfb'/ dxh{g, /f; hf]zL, cf]dsf/]Zj/>]i7, t'n;Lnfn l;+xh'lk+ nufot ;sn u'? u'?df+lk+t g+ cfkfn+ ;'efo\ b' . zf]wk|aGwof cGtjf{tf{ sofM cd""No ;''emfj laofbLDx 8f= eb|/Tg jh|frfo{h'oft g+;''efo\ laofRjgf . yMs] b'u' Yof;k"m SogfM NXoo\u' :jLs[lt laofbLDx cg';Gwfgstf{5qaxfb'/ sfo:yh'oft g+ ;'efo\ b]5fgfRjgf .

cGto\, cg';Gwfg k|aGw Rjo\u' Hofo\ k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿k+ UjfxflnofgfbLlk+ kf;flk+ /fh]Gb| zfSo, ls/0f zfSo, /flhtaxfb'/ >]i7, 1fgLd}ofF dxh{g,/lZd dfgGw/oft ;'efo\ b' . sDKo"6/ 6fOk ofgfM Ujfxfln ofgfbLu'ln+ /hdfOn8]:s6k, tfkflxltof do\h' ;'lhtf dfMh'oft g+ ;'efo\ b' . zf]w k|aGwoft ;k""mof?ko\ lksfo\t :jLs[lt laofbLDx g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuof k|d''v k|f= k|]dzflGtt''nfw/oft ;''efo\ laofRjgf . ;k""m lksfo\u' efnf sofbLu''ln+ Gx" lx;' k'rMoftg+ ;''efo\ b]5fgfRjgf .

– /lj zfSo, Ovf5]F, on .

w n Mw n Mw n Mw n Mw n M

cWofo != onof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"ldcWofo != onof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"ldcWofo != onof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"ldcWofo != onof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"ldcWofo != onof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"ld!=! onof Dx;Lsf (!=@ kfq÷dxfkfqof kl/ro !@!=# onof k|zf;lgs ljefhg !$!=#=! blIf0fljxf/ !%!=#=@ pQ/ljxf/ !^!=#=# lk+yljxf/ !&!=$ dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld !*!=% ;Kts'6'Djh !(!=^ onof dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts l:ylt @)!=& onof dxfkfqto\ ;fdflhs :t/ @$!=* onof dxfkfqto\;+ softMu' ljz]if0f @^

cWofo @=cWofo @=cWofo @=cWofo @=cWofo @= dxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfg@=! kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld j :jtGq zf;s sy+ lji0f'l;+xof pbo @(@=!=! lji0f'l;+xof k''vf{ #%@=!=!=! o+s'ln jdf{ #%@=!=!=@ hol;+x #^@=!=!=# sLlt{l;+x #&@=!=!=$ s';'dl;+x #*@=!=@ lji0f'l;+xof kl/jf/ #(@=@ snf ;+:s[lt j jfª\doof If]qo\ pknlAw $!@=@=! e+[uf/]Zj/ dlGb/of k'glg{df{0f $!@=@=@ piffx/0f gf6s $!@=@=# gf/b;+lxtf $@

cWofo #=cWofo #=cWofo #=cWofo #=cWofo #= g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof zf;g j of]ubfgg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof zf;g j of]ubfgg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof zf;g j of]ubfgg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof zf;g j of]ubfgg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof zf;g j of]ubfg#=! g/l;+xb]j $$#=!=! g/l;+xb]jof /fHosfnof pknlAw $%#=!=!=! uh]Gb|df]Ifof b]uM $%#=!=!=@ dxfef/t $^#=@ k'/Gb/l;+xb]j $&

#=@=! k'/Gb/l;+xb]jof /fHosfnof pknlAw $*#=@=!=! rt'Jo"{xfTds lji0f'of dlGb/ $*#=@=!=@ b'dfh'of :yfkgf %)#=@=!=# g/l;+x dlGb/ %@#=# p4jl;+xb]j %$#=#=! p4jl;+xb]jof /fHosfnof pknlAw %$#=$ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;g %%#=$=! ;+o'Qm zf;gof pknlAw %(#=$=!=! :joDe" ;DaGwL kf}efM %(#=$=!=@ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt ^)#=% lzjl;+x dNnof on ljho ^#

cWofo $ pk;+xf/cWofo $ pk;+xf/cWofo $ pk;+xf/cWofo $ pk;+xf/cWofo $ pk;+xf/ ^^

lnwF;f ^* lntF;f– dxfkfq h'h';DaGwL clen]v Hjn+ &&–(^

!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!=! lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v, g];+ ^%^!=@ lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v, g];+ ^^^!=# lji0f'l;+xof kfno\of on n'Fv'l;TjfMof clen]v, g];+ ^^&!=$ lji0f'l;+xof ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[Ëf/]Zj/of clen]v, g];+ ^&$!=% k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/of clen]v, g];+ ^*^!=^ vf]gfof u0f]z dlGb/of ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+u' O{of clen]v, g];+ ^*(!=& 5fpgL Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' p4jl;+xof clen]v, g];+ ^*(!=* t'+afxfno\ Rj+u' g/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v, g];+ ^(^!=( lsk" af3e}/j dlGb/yfo\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v, g];+ &)&!=!) e08f/vfno\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]v, g];+ &)(!=!! k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of vf]gfof clen]v, g];+ &!)!=!@ k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' g/l;+x dlGb/of clen]v, g];+ &!)@= u|Gy clen]v@= u|Gy clen]v@= u|Gy clen]v@= u|Gy clen]v@= u|Gy clen]v@=! lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' piffx/0f gf6sof cflbjfSo@=@ lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' gf/b;+lxtfof k'liksfjfSo, g];+ ^&@@=# g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+;+ u'ly tofAo"u' l6kf]6@=$ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt, g];+ ^(!–^($@=% g/l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' dxfef/tof k'liksfjfSo, g];+ ^(*

Dx''ofM :j . plsof gfk;+ zx/ bo\sfM nlntkQg wsfM gf+ lt .Æh'h''of GXon+ rfo\w'+sfM @),))) dg""""to\t cfjfb ofgfM zf:qLok|df0f cg';f/ nlntk'/ zx/ bo\sn . === zx/o\ dl0fr}To,dl0fwf/f, dl0flnË, dl0fu0f]z, dl0fs''df/, dl0fdxfsfn, dl0fd08k,dl0fune§f/s bo\sn === jL/b]j h'h' h""""""""an] slnut ;+jt\#$)) -O{= @((_ Yo+u'' vM . (Wright; 1103: 134-36)

onof :yfkgf ofMDx jL/b]joft j+zfjnLO c+z'jdf{ w'+sfM lnkfofDxwoftMu' b'' . /fO6 j+zfjnLO c+z'jdf{ > s[tjdf{ > eLdfh''{gb]j > gGbb]j >jL/b]j wsfM laoftMu' b' (1103: 133-34) . kßlu/L j+zfjnLO on :yfkgf ofMu'O{ slnut ;+jt\ #%)) -O{=#((_ j jL/b]joft a'+uBM xMDx g/]Gb|b]jof af} woftMu'b' (Hasrat; 1090: 43-44) . t/ j+zfjnLof y'lk+ vFt kfo\l5 dh" . yf}+ts 5'+ g+clen]vo\ jL/b]j w}Dx h'h''of gf+ n''ofjMu' db'lg . c+z'jdf{of zf;gsfn O{=^)%–^@! ts j g/]Gb|b]jof zf;gsfn O{=^$#–^&( ts wsfM P]ltxfl;s ?k+k|dfl0ft h''Ow'+s""u' b' . pls+ j+zfjnLO laoftMu' Yj afv+oft ljZjf; ofo\u'cfwf/ db' .

onof yLyL gf+onof yLyL gf+onof yLyL gf+onof yLyL gf+onof yLyL gf+

Oltxf;of ljleGg sfnv08o\ onoft yLyL gfd+ ;Daf]wg ofgfjofRj+u'b'' . yLyL clen]vo\ onoft y'OsLu' gf+ ysy+ b' –

s_ nl8tu|fdnl8tu|fdnl8tu|fdnl8tu|fdnl8tu|fd – cd]l/sfof Cleveland Museumo\ Rj+u' z;+ %!# -O{= %(!_of a'4of kfbkL7 clen]vo\ Yj gf+ jMu' b' (Slusser; 1125: 171) .

v_ o"ku|fdo"ku|fdo"ku|fdo"ku|fdo"ku|fd – wgjh| jh|frfo{of sy+ ;+:s[t vFUjM o""kkfv]+ on jMu' vM u'lsofcy{ df}nf] -onl;F÷sacrificial pillar) vM . Gxfkf+ d+unahf/ j jof hMvM Rj+u'yfo\oft hs o"ku|fd wfOu' vM;f lnkf d]d]u' u|fdt y'sL ;dflxt h'ofM If]qlj:tf/ h'ofj+u' vM . o"ku|fd vFUjM :j+u" lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vo\ jMu' b' . – z;+ $%% -O{= %##_of kz'klt e:d]Zj/ lzjlnË clen]v -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M!%%_ – df;+ ^& -O{= ^$#_of on eG;f/rf]sof g/]Gb|b]jof clen]v -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M $%*–%(_ – df;+ !$* -O{= &@$_of hob]jof h'OdfM wsfM cg'dfg ofgftMu' clen]v -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M %$#–$$_

onof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"""ldonof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"""ldonof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"""ldonof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"""ldonof dxfkfqto\u' k[i7e"""ld

!=!= onof Dx;Lsf!=!= onof Dx;Lsf!=!= onof Dx;Lsf!=!= onof Dx;Lsf!=!= onof Dx;Lsf

:jlguMof :j+u"" zx/ dWo] o]F j Vjk :jof+ P]ltxfl;s ?k+ on k''nf+ h"" .onof P]ltxfl;stf SogLu'''''''' yfo\t yf}+ts+ NogfRj+u' blg, dg""to\ Dx''t''O plsofafv+ 3fgfRj+u' blg . ls+jbGtL sy+ :jo\an] onof Oltxf; ls/ftsfnlg;]+ x]:jfgfjMu' v+s]kmO . Rof;MDx ls/ftto\t :ofMu'' Rof;MTjfM, ls/ft h'h'' k6'sofb/jf/ wsfM woftMu'' k6'sf]å+ y'lsof HjnGt b;' vM . j+zfjnLO klZrd+ jMlk+;f]dj+zL /fhk""tto\;+ cfqmd0f ofMu'ln+ uf]s0f{o\ Rj+u'' b/jf/ TjMtfM z+vd""nofblIf0fo\ d]u'' b/jf/ bo\sn (Wright; 1103: 112) wsfM woftMu'' yfo\ k6''Sjo\ Rj+u''b/jf/ x] vo\k'm . Tofuno\ Rj+u' l;l4nIdL b]uno\ yf}+ts+ ls/ftt jofM lbu''k""hfGofo\sMjMlg (Slusser; 1118: 96) . t/ onof :yfkgf af/] j+zfjnLO RjoftMu'vFoft GXoyg]u'' afx]s yf}+ts k|fdfl0fs ?k+ JofVof ofo\kmu'' l:ylt db''lg .j+zfjnLO onof :yfkgf ofo\u' >]o jL/b]joft laoftMu'' b'' .

jL/b]j h''h' h'ofRj+u' Ono\ 3fFo\ nofM hLljsf ofODx s''i7/f]uyfMDx dg" 5Dx b''u'' vM . j lGx+lGx+ nlntjg -s''De]Zj/_o\ jgfM3fFo\ nofM dWonv'' -/fhwfgL_O jgfM dLDx vM . 5Gx'' 3fFo\ nn+nM Tjg] KofMrfofM yMu' GjM 5yfo\ lbsfM nM dfMjg . 5yfo\ k''v""5u"" vgfM cgofu' nM TjgfM DjMNx't . pu' nMof k|efj+ ofgfMjof s''i7/f]u ngfM af+nfMu' ?k bt . lnxf+jMan] yMDx+ GxfkfTjtfys""u'' GjM lnsfo\ dhLs l;4 h''ofRjg . pls+ GjM cgx]TjMtfM 3fFo\ dLt dWonv''O j+an] h''h''+ jof ?k u''sy+ kl/jt{gh""u' wsfM Gog . pDx dg'''v+ h""u' km'Ss vF sg . h''h'+ pu' yfo\:jofM j dg""""oft nlntnlntnlntnlntnlnt wsfM gf+ laofM yM kf;f ofgftn .h'h'+ pu' tLy{oft 5' gf+ aLu'' wsfM dtL tofRjg . pu' rfGxo\h'h'+ Dxu;o\ tfn– æpu' tLy{of gf+ uf}/L s'08 tLy{ vM . plsof*s' blIf0f k"j{ s'go\ lh ;j]{Zj/ lnË NxfgfRjgfu' b', cg

(!)

!!!!!


7_ kf6gkf6gkf6gkf6gkf6g – onof bsn] Gx""u' gf+ Yjx] vM . pQ/dWosfnlg;]+ y''lsof k|of]uh''ofjofRj+u' b' . …nlntkQgÚ vFUjMof No""g]Rj+u' …kQgÚkfv]+ kf6g h"u' cfkfM;Defjgf b' . ls/ft h'h' zÎf]+ …k6ËL rf}/LÚ gf+of Gx""u' zx/ bo\s""u' j k6ËLkfv]+x] …k6ËÚ h'h'+ kf6g h""u' vM w}u' ls/ft Oltxf;sf/to\u' wfk" b' -k|wfgÙ !!!*M(&_ . t/ y'lsoft clen]vkfv]+ k''li6 ofo\km}u' cfwf/ n''ofjMu' db'lg . kf6gofclwklt wsfM pkflw sfMDx Gxfkf+Dx h'h' l;l4g/l;+x dNn vM . xl/s[i0f cfrfo{j >L/fd cfrfo{lk+;+ sfu]Zj/Lof hUuf 9sfnto\t b+s ldofM ono\ l;l4g/l;+xdNnof z/0fo\ jMu' vFof l6kf]6 ofgftMu'nL l;l4g/l;+x dNnoft kf6gflwk+kf6gflwk+kf6gflwk+kf6gflwk+kf6gflwk+woftMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !)*@M **–*(_ . g];+ *#%; jL/g/l;+x dNn -of]udtLofefMt <_ ;Lu' 36gfjnL l6kf]6o\ kftg -kf6g_ vFUjM jMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !)** sM!!#_ . h'h'' /fHok|sfz dNn+ sfn' kf08]oft 5\jMu' lj;+ !*)$ >fj0f z'lb !$zlgjf/of kqo\ …kf6gÚ 5\onftMu' b' -cfrfo{Ù !!@$M @)@_ . cy]x] lj;+ !*!#cflZj0f jlb !@v'Gx' hok|sfz dNn+ sfn' kf08]oft 5\jMu' kqo\ g+ …kf6gÚ5\onftMu' b' -cfrfo{Ù !!@$M @#*_ .

y'sy+ ls/ftsfnlg;]+ uf}/jdo k'/ftflTjs dxTj s'laofjofRj+u' onofyMu'x] ljlzi6 Dx;Lsf b'' . j+zfjnLO dWosfno\ g]kfnd08nof /fhwfgL onh""u' wsfM GXoygftMu' b';f+ P]ltxfl;s k|df0f+ y'lsoft k'li6 ofMu' db'lg . a?dWosfnof z'?lg;]+ ;fdGt dxfkfqto\;+ zf;g GXofsfjofRj+u' tYo k|dfl0fth''Ow'+s""""""""u' b' . cem g];+ ^%^–&!&ts s]Gb|kfv]+ Aofun+ h''ofM :jtGq /fHoofdfGotf sfo\t ;kmn h""u' vM .

!=@ kfq÷dxfkfqof kl/ro!=@ kfq÷dxfkfqof kl/ro!=@ kfq÷dxfkfqof kl/ro!=@ kfq÷dxfkfqof kl/ro!=@ kfq÷dxfkfqof kl/rog]kfno\ k|frLgsfn+lg;]+ x] ljs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yf nfu" h'ofjofRj+u'

vM . lnR5ljsfno\ g]kfnof k"j{ j klZrdkfv] ;fdGtto\;+ zf;g ofgfRj+u' vM . y'lk+;fdGtto\;+ s]Gb|oft s/ k'nfM s]Gb|of cfb]z cg';f/ zf;g GXofsLu' vM .;fdGtt Ono\Jono\ /fhb/jf/o\ xflh/ h"jOu' Ono\ u2Lg;Lg /fhf jf clwsf/o'Qm ;xfos zf;sof t'lt eflu ofOu' vM -jh|frfo{Ù !)*(M (_ . s]Gb|o\sdhf]/L vg]btls y'lk+ ;fdGtto\;+ :jtGq h'Ou' s'tM ofOu' vM . u2LO kmo\t'Oj+dfgb]j+ k"j{ j klZrdof ;fdGtto\u' ljb|f]xof ;fdgf ofo\dfMu' j dfgb]j+ pu'ljb|f]xoft SjToMu' 36gf Oltxf; k|l;4 h" . g]kfnd08n lkg] hs dv', b'g] g+:yfgLo ;fdGt zf;st lgo'Qm ofgftOu' vM . on DjMdb'uNnL -l5Ggd:tf_jg]yfo\ Rj+u' df;+ $* -O{= ^@$_of w|'jb]j j lhi0f'u'Ktof clen]vo\ c+z'jdf{+bo\sfAo"u' wM :o+u'ln+ ;fdGt rGb|jdf{+ ljlGt ofMsy+ hL0ff]{4f/ ofo\u' lhDdfrGb|jdf{oft x] Ao"u' vM -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M $)@_ . dWosfno\ jofM g+ s]Gb|+ tKo+s

u_ nlnta|'dnlnta|'dnlnta|'dnlnta|'dnlnta|'d – lnR5lj clen]vo\ pNn]v h"u' yfo\ ljz]ifoft SogLu' k|Too…lk|Ë ÷k[ªÚof kl/jlt{t ?k a|'d vM . g];+ $) efb| z'Sn k'lGxof z+s/b]jof/fHosfno\ RjoftMu' k|1fkf/ldtf ;k'mtL pNn]v jMu' b' (Petech; 1104: 31-32) .

3_ nlntfVok'/nlntfVok'/nlntfVok'/nlntfVok'/nlntfVok'/ – on u+rfglgof g];+ !#@of pdfdx]Zj/of kfbkL7 clen]vo\Yj gf+ jMu' b' (Regmi-III; 1086: 3) .ª_ nlntkQgnlntkQgnlntkQgnlntkQgnlntkQg – kQg w}u' ;d'b| l;yo\ nfMu' j}Zoto\u' cKjM a;f]af; b'u' Jofkfl/szx/ vM (Acharya; 1047: 333) . on ;d'b| l;yo\ dnfM;f+ …kQgÚ wsfMljz]if0f laoftMu' b' . u'Ot alxnL Rj+u' g];+ !$$of clen]vo\ nlntkQgofpNn]v jMu' b' (Regmi-III; 1086: 4) .

r_ nlntk'/nlntk'/nlntk'/nlntk'/nlntk'/ – vfO j u9kMvfn+ rfMx'OsfM lsNnfaGbL ofgftMu' zx/oft…k'/Ú wfO (Acharya; 1047: 354) . g];+ !(*of z+s/b]jof /fHosfno\ NXooftMu'…af]lwrof{jtf/Ú ;k'mtL nlntk'/of gf+ jMu' b' (Petech; 1104: 47) .

5_ nlntk''/gu/nlntk''/gu/nlntk''/gu/nlntk''/gu/nlntk''/gu/ – g];+ #^&of ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf u|Gyo\ nlntk''/gu/wsfM pNn]v jMu' b' (Petech; 1104: 84-85) .

h_ nlntk'/dxfgu/nlntk'/dxfgu/nlntk'/dxfgu/nlntk'/dxfgu/nlntk'/dxfgu/ – g];+ $)$of zt;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf u|Gyo\ Yj vFUjMjMu' b' (Petech; 1104: 91) .

em_ nlnte"ldnlnte"ldnlnte"ldnlnte"ldnlnte"ld – g];+ ^*)of hUuf Gofo\dLu''of tf8kqo\ …nlnte"ldÚ gf+5\ØnftMu' b' (Regmi-III; 1086: 131) .

`_ ononononon – ls/ft h'h' onDa/of gfd+ on gf+ Rj+u' wsfM ts{ aLlk+ b';f+ y'lsoftk'li6 ofOu' P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ n''ofjMu' db'lg . ;+:s[t vFUjM …o""ku|fdÚkfv]+ onjMu' ;+:s[t s]lGb|t cjwf/0ff 5v] b';f ltAatL Ao'TklQ aLlk+ ljåfg\t g+ b' .:g]nu|f]jof sy+ ltAatL vFUjM Ye-rangkfv]+ on h"u' vM . …onÚof pNn]v !$u""""u'ztfAbLlg;]+ jMu' b' . uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLO oSj yf;o\ …o¥xÚ RjoftMu'' b' . lnkfof

d]d]u' clen]vo\ Wjlg kl/jt{g h'h'+ `n, `nf, on h"jMu' b' .

6_ dfl0fundfl0fundfl0fundfl0fundfl0fun – dfl0fun w}u' onof nfo\s" If]q vM;f+ lnkf y'lsof If]q lj:tfh''ofjgfM on b]o\oft y''OsLu' kof{ojfrL vFUjM h"jg . dfl0funof bsn] k'nf+u' pNn]vg];+ !)&of s'De]Zj/ 3fFo\a'F clen]vo\ jMu' b' -t]jf/L j d]lk+–(Ù !)*#M@$_ .

!! !@


l8NnL/d0f /]UdL+ kfq÷ dxfkfq w}lk+ dGqL:t/o\ Yo+lk+ ljeflht k|zf;sLoO{sfOof k|d'v k|zf;s vM wofbLu' b' ( I; 1085: 498-99 ) .

ljqmdhLt xh/tof sy+ dxfkfq w}lk+ Sjo\of :t/of dGqL vM jfljeflht k|zf;sLo Onfsfof ueg{/ vM (1090: xliv) .

jg{xf8{ sf]Ne/ j x]d/fh zfSoof sy+ kfq w}lk+ e"s/ clws[t (Cadastral

officer) vM (110 : 91) . t/ k|frLg ef/tLo cy{ Joj:yfof cfwf/o\ jo\sMlk;+5\ofgfbLu' cy{ g]kfMof ;Gbe{o\ kfo\l5 dh" .

y'sy+ yLyL ljåfg\lk+;+ kfq÷dxfkfqof cy{ 5\ofgfbLu' b' . y'lk+ bSjvFof lgrf]8 sy+ kfq÷dxfkfq w}lk+ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/of cGtu{t RjgfM Hof ofOlk+dGqL ;/xof zlQm b'lk+ :yfgLo k|zf;s vM wsfM wfo\km' . t/ y'lku' lgo'lQmk|lqmofo\s]Gb|of 5'+ x] e"ldsf bOdv' . y'lk+ j+zfg'ut ?k+ zf;g;Qfo\ jOlk+ vM .

!=# onof k|zf;lgs ljefhg!=# onof k|zf;lgs ljefhg!=# onof k|zf;lgs ljefhg!=# onof k|zf;lgs ljefhg!=# onof k|zf;lgs ljefhgon zx/of lgdf{0f lnR5ljsfno\ x] h'Ow'+s"u' vg]b' . lnR5ljsfnof

yLyL u|fdto\u' k'rMkfv]+ x] on zx/ ljsf; h"u' vM . plk+ u|fdt x] lnkf jgfMTjfMof ?ko\ lxnfj+u' vM . yLyL u|fdt dWo] s]Gb|o\ nfMu' …o"ku|fdÚof ljsf; d]d]u'u|fdt :jofM cfkfM h'ofM …b|ËÚo\ kl/0ft h'n . d]d]u' u|fdt Yj b|Ë b'g] ;dflxth'n . lnR5ljsfno\ yg oSj af}4 ljxf/t lgdf{0f h'Ow'+s"u' vF Pltxfl;s tYo+k|dfl0ft ofo\w'+s"u' b' . dWosfno\ jofM ljxf/ lgdf{0fof Hof cem cKjofjg .ljåfg\to\;+ k"j{dWosfnof :jAjo\ lgAj cyf{t\ O{ZjLof !# u"u' ztfAbLof cGttsof O{oft af}4 k|jfxof cf/f]xsfn sy+ gfnfM pu' Ono\ lxGb"wd{ lzlyn h"u'vFoft :jLsf/ ofgftMu' b' - zdfÙ{ !!!&M %* _ . yf}+sGx] vg]b'u' k|d'v af}4 ljxf/tjx] sfnv08o\ lgdf{0f h"u' vM . plk+ ljxf/o\ u|Gyt Rjo\u', NXoo\u' Hof h'Ou' vM .z}lIfs, wfld{s j af}l4s s]Gb|of ?ko\ ljxf/to\u' ljsf; h'n . Yjx] vFoftWofgo\ tofM :g]nu|f]j+ onoft dWosfnLg o"/f]kof ttMw+u' ljZjljBfnoln;]t'ngf ofgfbLu' b' (1115: 102 ) . Yj Ono\ onof ljefhg x] af}4 ljxf/of cfwf/o\h'ofRj+u' vM . af}4 ljxf/of cfwf/o\ onof ljefhg h'OGXoM onof ljefhgu'sy+ h'ofRj+u' vM wsfM wfo\yfs' . g];+ !%^ >fj0f z'Sn !@of nIdLsfdb]jof/fHosfno\ RjoftMu' …lzjwd{Ú ;k'mtL …>LdflgUjns] klZrd/Yofd\Ú wsfM pNn]vofgftMu' b' (Regmi - I; 1085 : 118-19 ) . y'ls+ pan]ts d+uM nfo\s"oft s]Gb|ljGb'ofgfM lbzfjfrL zAb+ yfo\ Sog]u' k4lt b'u' wsfM So+ . …/YofÚ zAbof pNn]vlnR5ljsfnof clen]vo\ x] jo\w'+s"u' b' . b]pkf6g s;fOF6f]nof g/]Gb|b]jof df;+&! -O{= ^$&_of clen]vo\ …j[lhs/YofÚ zAb jMu' b' . …/YofÚ w}u' /y GXof+jg]t

zf;g ofOu' k|b]z j ;fdGtkfv]+ zf;g ofOu' k|b]z ofgfM lgu" sy+ g]kfnoftljefhg ofgftMu' vg]b' . k|zf;g GXofs] cMk's]t /fHooft cg]s ljifoo\ AjynfM…ljifoflwkltÚ lgo'Qm ofo\u' oft . dWosfnof clen]vo\ bsn] Gxfkf+ vg]b'u' ljifo…>LlhUnf]b\udÚ vM . cd]l/sfof Go"of]s{o\ Rj+Dx Hofs lhDd/Dofgof ;+sngo\Rj+u' lji0f'of d"lt{O Yj clen]v lsoftMu' vM . g];+ !@$ r}q s[i0f !@ a'wjf/of Yj clen]vo\ >Lpbob]jof /fHosfno\ >LlhUnf]b\ud ljifoo\ Rj+Dx >Ln[kg+u?8Wjh lji0f'oft sf]z -sjr_ b]5fMu' vF RjoftMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !)(*M !)(_ .Yj w'+sfM km0flkËljifo -g];+ !$)_, pbok'/ljifo -g];+ !*^_, u08Lu'Ndljifo -g];+@!#_, wjn;|f]tk'/ -g];+ @@)_, d+Uj/ljifo -g];+@@!_, kGguljifo -g];+ @&)_,k~rfjtb]zljifo -g];+ #@!_, Vjvgfljifo -g];+ $#%_ cflb ljifot vg]bt . y'lk+ljifoflwklt ;fdGtt g+ s]Gb|of cfb]zsy+ s/ k'nfM zf;g ofOlk+ vM . s]Gb|o\sdhf]/L vg]btls yMt x] :jtGq zf;ssy+ k|:t't ofOlk+ vM . g];+ @@)of…cfof]{i0fLifljho–gfd–wf/0fLÚ ;k'mtL wjn;|f]tk'/of dxf;fdGt /fdb]jof ljho/fHowoftMu' b', t/ pan] h'h' h'ofRj+Dx xif{b]jof gf+ pNn]v ofgftMu' db' (PetechÙ1104: 50) . y'lk+ ;fdGtto\u' Hof w}u' s]Gb|oft cfjZos h'Oan] ;}lgs ;xfotfaLu' j Ono\Jono\ lsl; pkxf/ HjgfM /fhwfgLO xflh/ h"jo\u' vM -j}B jjh|frfoÙ{ !!!*M &@_ . dWosfnof /fhgLltO k|efjzfnL h'ofM vg]bMjMlk+dxfkfqt g+ s]Gb|+ dfGotf laoftMlk+ :yfgLo ;fdGt clwsf/L vM . y'lk+ g+ 5u"sy+ ;fdGt x] vM . P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|LO y'ldt ys" h'h', j}Zo 7s'/L, tjtjdLwsfM g+ pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . kfqof kl/efiff 5Dx c1ft zf:qsf/+ y'sy+GXoygftMu' b' –

ljBf bbflt ljgo+, ljgofb\ ejlt kfqtf .kfqTjfb\ wgdfKgf]lt wgfb\ wd{ ttf] ;'vd\ ..

-ljBf+ ljgo laO, ljgo+ kfqtf bO . kfqtf+ wg k|flKt h'O . wg+ wd{cn] ;'v nfO ._

kfqof ;fdfGo cy{ bfg aL of]UoDx dg" vM (Apte; 1115 : 610) . t/kfqof /fhg}lts cy{ d]sy+ x] b' . kfqof /fhg}lts cy{ h'h'of dGqL (Apte;

1115 : 610) j dxfkfqof cy{ k|wfgdGqL g+ vM (Apte; 1115 : 750) .k]6]s+ kfq÷dxfkfqto\t ef/bf/L ;efof clws[t (Court official) sy+

JofVof ofgftMu' b' ( 1104: 190 ) .

!# !$


blIf0fljxf/ln;] cfj4 h"u' 5u" ljxf/ Ho]i7ljxf/ vM . yf}+sGxo\ Yjljxf/oft Ho]i7j0f{ dxfljxf/÷Hofyljxf/÷HofafxfMaxL wfo\u' ofM . y'u' ljxf/j OafxfMaxLof lgdf{0f 5u" x] Ono\ h"u' vM . 5fo\wfM;f y'u' ljxf/ j OafxfMaxLlgDx bfh' lshflklg vM, bfh'Dx]l;of ljxf/ HofafxfMaxL j lshfDx]l;of ljxf/OafxfMaxL vM w}u' :yfgLo dg"to\u' wfk" b' -jh|frfoÙ{ !!@!M !$!_ . HofafxfMalxnLWofgd'b|f HofgfM kb\df;go\ RjgfRj+Dx vtf+ cfh' -;'go>L ld>_of k'nf+u' d"lt{;'/lIft h'ofRj+u'ln+ olDk dxfljxf/ -O{axL_ bo\s"Dx ;'go>L ld>+ x] HofafxfMaxLbo\s"u' wsfM cg'dfg ofo\l5+ -jh|frfo{Ù !!@^M $–%_ . y'sy+ :jo\an] blIf0fljxf/-OafxfMaxL_ j Ho]i7ljxf/ -HofafxfMaxL_ !))) bF k'nf+u' ljxf/ vM wsfM wfo\km' .pls+ g];+ %$& ; GofDx k|wfgdxfkfqlk;+ OafxfMaxLof lgdf{0f ofMu' dv;]k'glg{df{0f hs ofMu' vM wsfM wfo\km' . y'u' ljxf/of gf+ …/fh>L dxfljxf/Ú h"u'sf/0f k'glg{df{0f ofMlk+ GofDx k|wfgdxfkfqlk+ dWo] /fhl;+xdNnb]j k|d'v h"u'ln+ jof x]gfd+ ljxf/of gf+ tMu' h'Okm' . :n;/+ y'u' ljxf/of gf+ l;+xj0f{ dxfljxf/ laoftMu'b' (Slusser-II; 1118: plate 156) . ;DejtM y'u' gf+ OafxfMaxLof k'nf+u' gf+h'Okm' .

!=#=@ pQ/ljxf/!=#=@ pQ/ljxf/!=#=@ pQ/ljxf/!=#=@ pQ/ljxf/!=#=@ pQ/ljxf/d+uM nfo\s"of pQ/kfv] nfMu' If]qoft pQ/ljxf/ wsfM AjynftMu' vM .

pQ/kfv] nfMu' If]qof k|d'v k|zf;lgs s]Gb| h'ofRj+u' pQ/ljxf/ yf}+sGxo\ofSjfMafxfM -lx/0oj0f{ dxfljxf/_ vM . y'lsof k'li6 ofOu' bsn] af+nfMu' k|df0f sy+y'u' ljxf/of ;+3oft yf}+ts+ o+afxfM;+3 o+afxfM;+3 o+afxfM;+3 o+afxfM;+3 o+afxfM;+3 wfOu' k/Dk/foft sfo\km' . g]kfnefiffo\…o+Ú w}u' pQ/ vM . pls++ o+afxfM;+3 wfMu' pQ/ljxf/of ;+3 wfMu' wsfM k|i6 h" .y'lsof cfwf/o\ u]Ng/+ g+ SjfafxfMof k'nf+u' gf+ o+afxfM -pQ/ljxf/_ h'Okm'u'cg'dfg ofgfbLu' b' (Gellner; 1116: 135) . SjfMafxfM x] pQ/ljxf/ vM wsfM k'li6ofOu' d]u' k|df0f cg x] ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' g];+ %@(of sFo\kf} vM . pu' sFo\ktL ljxf/ofk|d'v b]jtf of]ufDa/oft pQ/ljxf/flwkltpQ/ljxf/flwkltpQ/ljxf/flwkltpQ/ljxf/flwkltpQ/ljxf/flwklt wsfM ;Djf]wg ofgftMu' b' .

z'e >o:t' ;+jt\ %@( df3 s[i0f gjDofd|ltyf} x:tgIfqxif{gof]u] z'qmjf/;/]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] >LpQ/ljxf/flwklt >Lof]ufDa/ 3]l:y{dxfljxf/ u0f dWot >Llx/0oj0f{dxfljxf/ dWou0fl:yt >L>Lr}Toe§f/s:ofno tq}j jh|frfo{ >LbJohgokf:o >Ld]3/fhyj/kf;g efof{ wd{klTg honIdL el/ ;lxtg sgsnzWjhfj/f]xg ofªf lbg h'/f] .. z'ed:t' .. (Bajracharya; 1113: 119)

bo\sftMu' tManfMu' nF vM -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!^M $&& _ . cd/sf]zo\ /Yof w}u' zx/–uf+of by'O Rj+u' nFk' woftMu' b' -uf}tdÙ !)*(M &^_ . Yj :jof+ 5'+ O{ lnkf x] onoftaf}4 ljxf/of cfwf/o\ Ajyn]u' k|rng vg]bt . psy+ ljefhg ofo\an] d+uMnfo\s"oft s]Gb|ljGb' ofgftMu' b' . nfo\s"oft s]Gb|ljGb' ofgfM yfo\ ljz]ifof gf+to\u' rng lnR5ljsfno\ x] bo\w'+s"u' vM . c+z'jdf{of xfFl8ufpFof df;+ #) -O{=^)^_of clen]vo\ /fhb/jf/of blIf0f, klZrd, pQ/kfv] nfMu' ljefuoft5;Lsy+ blIf0fåf/, klZrdåf/ j pQ/åf/ wsfM gf+ laofM ljz]if jh]6of Joj:yfofgftMu' b' -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!^M #)@_ . :n;/of sy+ …dfl0funÚ vFUjMof cy{ x] s]Gb|o\nfMu' yfo\ vM (Slusser; 1118: 112) . Yjx] k4ltof cg'z/0f ofgfM dfl0funofblIf0fkfv] nfMu' yfo\oft blIf0fljxf/ j dfl0funof pQ/kfv] nfMu' yfo\oftpQ/ljxf/ wsfM Ajyn]u' Hof h'n . blIf0fljxf/ j pQ/ljxf/ cGtu{t g+ yLyLljxf/t cfj4 h'ofRj+u' vM . plk+ ljxf/to\u' gfd+ x] onof oSj TjfMof gf+ yf}+ts+sfod h'ofRj+u' blg .

!=#=! blIf0fljxf/!=#=! blIf0fljxf/!=#=! blIf0fljxf/!=#=! blIf0fljxf/!=#=! blIf0fljxf/dfl0funof blIf0fkfv] nfMu' If]qoft blIf0fljxf/ wsfM gfds/0f ofgftMu'

vM . Yj If]q b'g] d+uM nfo\s"of blIf0fkfv] nfMu' yfo\t b'YofgfRj+u' b' . Olk+ bSj+If]qof s]Gb| rflx+ yf}+sGxo\of OafxfMaxL -/fh>L dxfljxf/_ vM . blIf0fkfv] nfMu'ljxf/to\u' k|d'v k|zf;sLo sfof{no h"u'ln+ Yj ljxf/of gf+ x] blIf0fljxf/ h"j+u'vM . …blIf0fÚoft g]kfnefiff+ …o]Ú wfOu'ln+ …o]afxfMaxLÚ h'h'+ …OafxfMaxLÚ h"j+u' vM .…oÚ Wjlg kl/jt{g h'ofM …OÚ h'Ou' Wjlgkl/jt{gof ;fdfGo lgod vM . g];+ *@) kf}ifs[i0f !!of tf8kqo\ Yj ljxf/oft dfl0fun+ blIf0fkfv] nfMu'' oLafxf/oLafxf/oLafxf/oLafxf/oLafxf/ woftMu'b' -cfzf ;k"ms'lyof tf8kq NofM &(#_ . yhfMu' b;' d]d]u' g+ cfkfn+ b' . …Or+u'gf/fo0fÚj …O6frknLÚ y'lsof af+nfMu' b;' vM . pls+ OafxfMaxLof zflAbs cy{ g+blIf0fljxf/ x] vM . k+= x]d/fh zfSoof sy+ g+ OafxfMaxLof d]u' gf+ blIf0fljxf/vM -!!!#M #)_ .

OafxfMaxLof :yfkgf af/] 5tf vF :ki6 ofo\dfMu' cfjZostf vg]b' .OafxfMalxnL Rj+u' g];+ %$&of tfd|kqo\ pNn]v h'ofRj+sy+ k|wfgdxfkfqlk+/fhl;+xdNnb]j, pbol;+xdNn, howd{l;+xdNn, ?b|l;+x j hoeLddNn GofDx]l;ofkfno\ y'u' ljxf/of lgdf{0f h"u' vM (Regmi -III; 1086 : 56-57) . t/ OafxfMaxLyf}+:jof+ nueu ̂ )) bF GXoM hs lgdf{0f h"u' wsfM ljZjf; ofo\dl5+ . k|fdfl0fsclen]v sy+ blIf0fljxf/of bsn] k'nf+u' pNn]v g];+ @$)of tf8kqo\ jMu' b', u'sLblIf0fljxf/of >L/fd]b jDd{>L/fd]b jDd{>L/fd]b jDd{>L/fd]b jDd{>L/fd]b jDd{of gf+ GXoygftMu' b' -zfSoÙ !!))M (, tf8kqNofM !@_ .

!% !^


!=$ dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld!=$ dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld!=$ dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld!=$ dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld!=$ dxfkfqto\ /fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ldg]kfnd08nof k"j{dWosfnof Oltxf; dfnfjg]an] ;fdGtto\u' pkl:ylt

Jofks ?k+ vg]bMjO . ljs]lGb|t zf;g k4lt gfnfsoftMu'ln+ yfo\yf;o\ ;fdGttlgo'Qm ofgfM zf;g GXofsLu' vM . y'lk+ s]Gb|o\ zf;g sdhf]/ h'nls yM zlQmzfnLh'ofM lkxf+jOlk+ vM . s]Gb|o\ /fhg}lts k|zf;lgs l:ylt sdhf]/ h"u' df}sf nfsfMkmlk{Ë, g'jfsf]6, ag]kf cflb+ Ono\Aono\ yMt :jtGq /fHoof ?ko\ :yflkt ofo\u's'tM ofMu' pbfx/0ft uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL j d]d]u' x:tlnlvt u|Gyof k'liksfjfSo+ SogfRj+u' b' .

onof dxfkfqto\u' /fhg}lts k[i7e"ld dfnfjg]an] efiffj+zfjnLsf/to\;+g'jfsf]6of j}Zo 7s'/Lt ln;] ;DalGwt ofgfM GXoAjoftMu' vg]bMjO . efiffj+zfjnLcg';f/ onof h'h' h'ofRj+Dx hosfdb]jof ;'+ ;Gtfg db'u'ln+ j ;Lj+ g'jfs]f6+j}Zo 7s'/Lt jofM yMlk+ dWo] NoofM efis/b]joft h'h' oft (Wright; 1103: 157) .pls+ efis/b]jlg;]+ yg g'jfsf]6of j}Zo 7s'/Lto\ zf;g GXoft . n]eL+ k|:t't ofMu'j+zfjnL sy+ efis/b]j yMx] 5Dx kfq h'ofM zf;g ofgfRj+Dx j s]Gb|o\ h'h' ;Lj+zf;g;Qf yMu' Nxfto\ sfMu' vM (Levi; 1101-1103: 40) . j+zfjnLO onofTjfMTjfno\ h'h' b' wsfM RjoftMu' zfob dxfkfqto\t ;+s]t ofMu' h'Ok'm . y'lk+ef]6 j ef/tln;] Jofkf/ ofgfM ;d[4 h"lk vM . Jofkfl/s ;d[l4oft cem :ki6?k+ Sog]t j+zfjnLsf/to\;+ o]F j onof eLd;]gof :yfkgfof >]o y'ldt x]laoftMu' b' . t/ efis/b]j j jof+ lnkf h'h' h"lk+ g'jfsf]6of j}Zo 7s'/Ltdxfkfqt x] vM wsfM lglZrt ?k+ wfo\km'u' l:ylt db'lg .

g]kfnd08nof k|zf;lgs Joj:yf sy+ :jo\an] o]F j ono\ Rj+lk+;fdGtto\t hs kfq÷dxfkfq w}u' pkflw laoftMu' vg]b' . ckjfb sy+ bf]nvfofeLd]Zj/ dlGb/ lnSs Rj+u' e08f/3/o\ Rj+u' g];+ ^** kf}if z'Sn k'lGxof;'j0f{kqo\ cgof zf;sto\;+ …kfqflwkfqÚ k|zl:t softMu' b' -jh|frfo{ j >]i7Ù

!!@@M (& –(*_ .

o]Fo\ dxfkfqto\u' pNn]v h"u' Gxfk+fu' bl; g];+ #@& j}zfv z'Sn k'lGxofu+afxfMof bfgkq vM, u'sL …>L kfq a|Dx ys'/Ú pNn]v jMu' b' -ÅboÙ !)(!M #_ .t/ hubLzrGb| /]UdL+ g];+ @^#of gfd;+uLltof k'liksf jfSoo\ pNn]v h"Dx>Lsfi6d08k s]nfn5]Fof …dNngl;+xÚoft Gxfkf+Dx dxfkfq h'OdfM wsfM cg'dfgofgfbLu' b' -/]UdLÙ !!!$M @(_ .

j+zfjnLO GXofy] aofg ofgftM;f+ k|fdfl0fs ?k+ onof dxfkfqto\u'Oltxf; dfnfM:jn wfM;f dWosfnof z'?z'?O x] y'ldu' cl:tTj vg]bMjO . g];+!($of 5u" tf8kqo\ …k|wfg k'?if ?bfs/ jDd{Ú wsfM pNn]v jMu' b' -zfSoÙ

!!))M %, tf8kq NofM &_ . yg k|wfg k'?if wsfM 5'+ If]q ljz]ifof k|d'v

clen]vo\ pQ/ljxf/of bsn] k'nf+u' pNn]v g];+ @^@of tf8kqo\ jMu'b', u'sL pQ/ljxf/of >Lhokfn jd{g>Lhokfn jd{g>Lhokfn jd{g>Lhokfn jd{g>Lhokfn jd{gof gf+ GXoygftMu' b' -zfSoÙ !!))M !$,tf8kq NofM !(, Kolver and Shakya; 1105: 115-16, Doc. no. 9) .

SjfMafxfMof :jfk" pQ/ljxf/ln;] :jfOu' d]u' b;' SoflDa|h ljZjljBfnoofk':tsfno; ;+u|x ofgftMu' …jh|fjnLÚ ;km" vM . g];+ %$& efb| z'Sn % zlgjf/of pu' ;km'tL …dfl0funs]M pqljxf/] >Lx0f{j0f{dxfljxf/fjfl:yt leIf' >LlhjoLeb|]0f:jx:t]g lnlvt++Ú wsfM pNn]v h"u' b' (Bendall; 1112: 197) . yf}+ts g+ @% u"srfafxfMof k|d'v ljxf/ h'ofM onof af}4wd{ j ;+:s[ltof ultljlw GXofsLu'k|d'v s]Gb| sy+ y'u' ljxf/+ Hof ofgfRj+u' blg .

!=#=# lk+yljxf/!=#=# lk+yljxf/!=#=# lk+yljxf/!=#=# lk+yljxf/!=#=# lk+yljxf/onoft blIf0fljxf/ j pQ/ljxf/ wsfM lgu" If]qo\ Ajyn]u' ofM;f+

/fhg}lts kl/b[ioo\ d]u' 5u" zlQm Ajng – lk+yljxf/ -lk+afxfM_ . yf}sGxo\ y'u'ljxf/of cl:tTj dbo\w'+sn . y'u' ljxf/of dg"to;+ -zfob dxfkfqto\ ;Gtltto\;+_]ljxf/ b'u' If]q d]lk+t x] ldofj+u' j GofgfsfMlk+ plk+ dg"to\;+ ljxf/ :o+sfM Gx"u'sy+ 5]F bgfAo"u' vM (Locke; 1105: 232) . k"j{dWosfno\ Yj ljxf/ clts+zlQmzfnL k|zf;lgs s]Gb| sy+ Ajn+u' vM . ljxf/of lgdf{0f u'an] ;'gf+ oftwsfM wfo\dkm'lg . t/ ;d|f6 czf]s+ ono\ bo\sfj+u' GofuM y"/ dWo] by'O nfMu'y"/ lk+afxfM r}To vM wsfM bfjL ofOlk+ g+ b' . t/ y'lsoft k'li6 ofOu' k|df0fn'ofdjMlg . Yj ljxf/of pNn]v h"u' bsn]+ k'nf+u' clen]v cg x] Rj+u' r}Tooflznfkq vM . g]=;+ $&); ;dz'2Lg+ cfqmd0f ofgfM pu' r}To :o+sfAo"u'ln+ g]=;+$&& ; dxfkfq d]3kfn jdf{+ hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfM pu' clen]v tMu' vM . oIf dNnw'+sfM jof sfo\ /Tg dNnof kfno\ Yj ljxf/of zlQm rdf]{Tsif{o\ Yog . onoflk+afxfM If]q j lsk"of ;Dk"0f{ k|zf;lgs HofvF Yjx] ljxf/+ ofgfRj+u' vM . t/g]=;+ ^$*; hutkfnof lgd{d xTof h';]+ln y'u' ljxf/of /fhg}lts zlQm;dfKt h'n .

y'sy+ ono\ d"n?k+ :j+u" k|zf;lgs zlQms]Gb| Ajng– blIf0fljxf/,pQ/ljxf/ j lk+yljxf/ . y'lk+ :j+u'ln+ ljxf/of k|zf;goft ;+o'Qm ?k+ lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/wsfM wfo\u' k|rng h'n . y'lk+ :j+u'ln+ ljxf/of yMyMu' k|zf;lgs If]q b'u'ln+ yMu'If]qo\ yMDx+ zf;g GXofsLu' vM . t/ :j+u" ljxf/ by'O u'sy+ ;fd~h:o ofgfMzf;g GXofsLu' vM w}u' af/] pln :ki6 h'Okm'u' db'lg . b]ljrGb| >]i7+ g];+ $*$of5u" tf8kqof cfwf/o\ pu' Ono\ o]F j onof dxfkfqto\u' ;+o'Qm zf;gGXofgfRj+u' ts{ GXoAjofbLu' b' ->]i7Ù !!@$M #!–#@_ . t/ Yj af/] b'Uo+s cWoogh'O No+blg .

!& !*


y'u' clen]vo\ onof dxfkfqto\;+ hol:ylt dNnof zf;goft k"0f{?k+:jLsf/ ofgftMu' b' . t/ on b]o\oft yMlk+;+ k|ltkfng ofgftofu' b]o\ wsfM g+;uf}/j pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . cy]x] g];+ %^& Ho]i7 s[i0f k|ltkbf ;f]djf/of onafns'df/LO Rj+u' ;/:jtL :Yffkgf ofMu' clen]vo\ g+ h'h' oIf dNnof zf;gsfno\nlntk'/o\ ;Kts'6'Dah dWo] :jDx dxfkfqto\;+ zf;g GXofsfRj+u' wsfM pNn]vofgftMu' b' .

>L oIfdNnf] e"kf]̃ l:t g]kfn] t]g kflnt] .:yflktf ;f/bf b]jL nlntfk'/k|flUblz ..lqleM k|wfg}M kfq}Zr kflntf] nlntk'/ .>Ldfg\ dl0fs'df/f]̃ q eflt ;Kts'6'Das} M ..

(Regmi -III; 1086: 67-68)

-/fhf oIf dNn+ g]kfno\ /fHo ofgfRj+u' Ono\ nlntk'/of k"j{kfv] ;/:jtLb]jLof:yfkgf oft . y'u' Ono\ nlntk'/of zf;g ;Kts'6'Dah :jDx dxfkfqto\;+GXofsfRj+u' vM . Yj nlntk'/o\ >Ldl0fs'df/ -:jfldsflt{s_ NjofRj+u' b' ._

tMaxfno\ Rj+u' oIf dNnof /fHosfnof ;+jt\ ;Ldbo\w'+s"u' lznfkqo\g+ …;Kts'6'DahÚ vFUjM jMu' b' (Regmi-III; 1086: 76 -77) . t/ lznfkq clts+hL0f{ h'Ow'+s"u'ln+ d]u' j0f{g ;Ldbo\w'+sn .

g];+ ^@) ; RjoftMu' …;fBGtsf]z;f/Ú ;km'tL g+ kfqf]Qd]kfqf ]Qd]kfqf ]Qd]kfqf ]Qd]kfqf ]Qd];Kts'6'+ahdWo] k|wfgtM >L lqeoMk|d'Vo;Kts'6'+ahdWo] k|wfgtM >L lqeoMk|d'Vo;Kts'6'+ahdWo] k|wfgtM >L lqeoMk|d'Vo;Kts'6'+ahdWo] k|wfgtM >L lqeoMk|d'Vo;Kts'6'+ahdWo] k|wfgtM >L lqeoMk|d'VoM -pQd kfqs'nof ;Kts'6'DahdWo] :jDx dxfkfq k|d'v h'ofRj+u' b' _ wsfM GXoygftMu' b' -jh|frfoÙ{ !)*@M ^_ .

!=^ onof dxfkfqo\ /fhg}lts l:ylt!=^ onof dxfkfqo\ /fhg}lts l:ylt!=^ onof dxfkfqo\ /fhg}lts l:ylt!=^ onof dxfkfqo\ /fhg}lts l:ylt!=^ onof dxfkfqo\ /fhg}lts l:yltonof dxfkfqt s]Gb| cGtu{t RjgfM zf;g ofOlk+ vM;f+ clts+

zlQmzfnL h'ofRj+lk+ vM . kfq, dxfkfq, k|wfgkfq y]hfMu' bhf{ ;dfho\ dof{lbtj ;Ddflgt h'ofRj+u' vM . dxfkfqto\u' No"g] ;+kflnt], k|jt{dfg] cflb vFUjM3fgftOu'ln+ Oldu' zlQm j e"ldsfof ofpFs cg'dfg ofo\km' . t/ yMlklg zlQmcKjOan] s]Gb|o\ Rj+Dx h'h'oft ts+ jf:tf ofOdv'lk+ vM . g];+ %$%o\ RjoftMu'…dxfef/t k|:yfgkj{Ú ;k'mtL s]Gb|Lo /fhwfgLoft ;d]t a]jf:tf ofgfM kfqto\;+k|zf;g GXofsfRj+u' onoft g]kfMof /fhwfgL woftMu' b' .

g]kfnrfGt+ s[t /fhwfgL gfDgf k|l;4 nlntfk'/Llt .oyflx b]jf ljr/lGt :ju]{ . tyf guof{+ l:ylt ;Jj{ kfqM ..

(Regmi -I; 1085: 509)

k|zf;soft ;+s]t ofMu' h'Okm' . pls+ Yj kfq÷dxfkfq wfo\:jof+ GXoMofk|zf;lgs kb vo\km' . t/ kfq wsfM x] :ifi6 pNn]v jMu' rflx+ g];+ @^@oftf8kq vM u'sL gf]un gf]un gf]un gf]un gf]un lnljlotf s'6'Dah kfq lnljlotf s'6'Dah kfq lnljlotf s'6'Dah kfq lnljlotf s'6'Dah kfq lnljlotf s'6'Dah kfq >L/0fjd{g>L/0fjd{g>L/0fjd{g>L/0fjd{g>L/0fjd{g wsfM gf+ jMu' b'-zfSoÙ !!))M !$, tf8kq NofM !Ù Kolver and Shakya;1105: 115, Doc. no. 19) .Yj :jof+ 5'+ O{ lnkf g];+ @^&of …;j{k|s/0f ;+u|x Ú ;km'tL …k/dkfq >L j/w/ jd{gÚof gf+ jMu' b' (Shakya and Vaidya; 1090: 14, Colophon no. 7) .

!=% ;Kts'6'Dah!=% ;Kts'6'Dah!=% ;Kts'6'Dah!=% ;Kts'6'Dah!=% ;Kts'6'Dahdxfkfqto\u' zf;g GXofgfjFj+ Olk+ clts+ zlQmzfnL h'h'+ jg . Oldu'

kl/jf/of NofM g+ cKjofjg . Oldu' s'6'Da lj:tf/ h'h'+ Gxo\u" s'6'Da -;Kts'6'Dah_ts Yog . Old;+ yMlk+t ;Kts'6'Dah dxfkfq wsfM uf}/j tfo\sfM clen]vo\Rjs]u' ofgfxn . …;Kts'6'DahÚ wsfMM pNn]v h"u' cfMts n"u' bsn] Gxfkf+u' bl;g]kfn Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' g];+ @^$ sflt{s z'Sn qof]bzL ljlxjf/of ;Kt;tLr08L;Kt;tLr08L;Kt;tLr08L;Kt;tLr08L;Kt;tLr08L;km" vM .

;+jt\ @^$ sflQs z'Sn qof]bZof+ j[x:kltlbg] /fhlw/fhk/d]Zj/ k/de§f/s >L g/]Gb|b]j:o ljho/fHo] ;Kts'6'Dahs'nk'q >L>Lxif{rGb|:o k':tsd\ Obd\ zfSoleIf' jd{gflnlvtd\ . (Petech; 1104: 60)

ygyfo\ …s'6'DahÚ vFUjMof cy{ y'Os]u' ;fGble{s h'O . yf}+sGxo\ s'6'Daof;fdfGo cy{ yMlyltlk+ vM . t/ k"j{dWosfnof ;dfho\ y'lsof cy{ y'ln so\ds'+ .cd/sf]zof g]kfnefiffof 6Lsf -g];+ %)!_; ;+:s[t vFUjM …u[xÚ of g]kfnefiff+cy{ laoftMu'nL If]+ -5]F_ laofM plsof kof{o sy+ …s'6'DaÚ laoftMu' b' -tdf]6Ù !!)#M

&!_ . y'ls+ 5]F vFUjn+ 5u" kl/jf/of 5vf 5]Foft hs OlËt ofMu' dv', a? pu'kl/jf/of yMlyltlk+ RjgLu' 5u" Onfsf x] woftMu' y'OsL . yf}ts+ …5]FÚ k|Too:jfgftMu' oSj TjfMt emLyfo\ blg .

O{ GXofgfj+ln;] plk+ ;Kts'6'Dahlk+ dWo] g+ :j+u" ljxf/of :jDx dxfkfqlk+k|d'v h'ofM onof /fhgLltO zlQzfnL h'ofM vg]bMjn . g];+ %!@ a}zfv s[i0f^ cfOtaf/of s'De]Zj/of lznfkqo\ ;Kts'6'Dah dxfkfqlk+ dWo] d'Volk+ :jDxdxfkfqto\;+ kfng ofgftMu' nlntk'/ wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' b' .

===dxf/fhlw/fh >L >Ldt\ hofl:ylt/fhdNb]j]g ;+e'Hodfg-/fHo_ .. .. >LdT;Kts'6'Djh k|wfgd"To{+u dxfkfq >L lqeokfqk|d'vflbleM ;+kfNodfg] . (Bendall; 1094: 83 - 85, Regmi - III; 1086: 33- 35)

!( @)


…>L oIfdNn /fhf, ;+jt %** kmfNu'g z'qmjf/, YjDx /fhfg g'jfsf]6;j}Zo /fhf Dxf;o ofgf ydd\ /fHo rn]oft -jh|frfo{ j >]i7Ù !)(^M $%_ .

y'sy+ oIf dNn+ ;fdGtto\t pGd"ng ofo\u' cleofg GXofs";f+ onofdxfkfqto\t 5'+ ofMu' vg]db' . a? onof dxfkfqto\u' Ujfxfln sofRj+u' vg]b' .ygof dxfkfqto\;+ g+ oIf dNnoft ;Ddfg ofgfM clen]vo\ gf+ GXoygftMu' b' .g];+ %&# ; oIfdNnof sfo\ /fo dNn Dx+dkm'u'ln+ t'nfk'?if bfg ofMu' cj;/o\blIf0fljxf/ cGtu{tof o]yf]ljxf/+ $ c+sof efy{ -dxfef/t_ Kofv+ bo\sn, Hofyaxf/+@ c+sof kz'kltk'/f0f bo\sfM Sog -kGt j d]lkÙ+ !)(* M!^$, kl/lzi6_ .

oIf dNnof d[To' w'+sfM jof sfo\lklg ;+o'Qm zf;g GXoft . oIfdNnof dflxnfDx sfo\ /Tg dNn dxTjfsf+IfL h"u'ln+ ;+o'Qm zf;go\ hs n'dw+ .pls+ j+ o]Fof dxfkfqto\t pGd"ng ofgfM yMDx+ x] zf;g ofo\u'kfv] knfM GXofsn .o]Fo\ zf;g ofgfRj++lk *Dx dxfkfqto\t :ofgfM lxltr'so\ yMu' nfo\s" bo\sfM/fHo ofMu' vF u+afxfMof k'nf+u' l6kf]6o\ GXoygftMu' b'–

;+ %%% ifkg+ >L/TgdNn /fhfg+ ~fb]z Ton cf]cf] Dx+ * ys'/ h'h':ofªfcf] Sjfafxf/ ! cf]iffafxfn @ yy'/fos" # tf+b] $ ylxtL% d"/afxf ^ Os'afxf & tcf]of Sjfafxf/ * yf]t] /fhf a'tsfjlxltr's; /fos'/ xªfjRj+ .

-of]uL j d]lkÙ+ !)&#M *!_

t/ yg GXoygftMu' ;+jt\ kfo\l5 dh" . 5u" Yof;k'mtL Yjx] 36gfoftg];+ ^)$ wsfM :ki6 ¿k+ GXoygftMu' b' . P]ltxfl;s b[li6sf]0f+ Yj ;+jt\ x]kfo\l5 vg]b' .

;++ ^)$ a}zfv z'Sn .. PsfbzL .. >L /TgdNnb]jg Pb]z t]n .. (Regmi- III; 1086: 99,Thyasaphu E) .

/Tg dNn+ o]Foft yMu' lgoGq0fo\ sfo\w'+sfM xfsg+ g'jfsf]6o\ ldvf tn .Gxfkf g];+ %**; oIf dNn+ g'jfsf]6of ;fdGtto\t lgd"{n ofMu' vM;f+ Olk+xfsg+ bgfjMu'ln+ g];+ ^!!; /Tg dNn+ cfqmd0f ofgfM a'sflan . pu' ljhoofn;tfo\ g'jfsf]6+ xMu' kmnkm"n+ kz'kltgfyof k"hf cr{gf oft .

g];+ ^!! ;fndf j}Zo 7s'/Lx?n] x'g ug{ cfof / tL j}Zo7s'/Lx? dfly w}/} l;kfxL k7fO n8fO u/L lhtL g'jfsf]6sf

-g]kfMof /fhwfgL h'ofRj+u' nlntk'/ gf+of k|l;4u' zx/ b' . uy] :ju{o\BMto\;+ ljr/0f ofgfRjgL, cy]x] ygof kfqto\;+ a;f]af; ofgfjofRj+u' b' . _

onof k|d'v k|zf;g :jofRj+lk+ dxfkfqto\t g];+ $#! ; tMw+u' ljklQjn . g];+ $#! df3 s[i0f rt'b{zLv'Gx' 8f]oto\;+ ono\ cfqmd0f ofgfM a|fDx0fj kfqto\t s}b oft, lsNnft g+ Wj:t ofgflan . 8f]oto\;+ k|hfto\s] s/ DxofMo+sn (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: 50, kq $@ v_ .

s]Gb|oft dfnLan] onof dxfkfqto\;+ Ono\Aono\ Ujfxfln g+ ofMu'vg]b' . g];+ $#( cflZjg s[i0f ;KtdLv'Gx' h'h' ?b| dNn+ /fhjf; Sjf7 bo\s]lan .y'sL onof :jDx+ dxfkfqlklg Ujfxfln sfMu' vM (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: 52,

kq $$ s_ . cy]x] s]Gb|of h'h'ln;] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw to\u' s'tM g+ y'ld;+ ofMu' vg]b' .g];+ $() j}zfv z'Sn t[tLofv'Gx' hol:ylt dNn a'+uBMof hfqfo\ Ajlt sfo\tono\ j+an] nFo\ n'Fof tf]/0f tofM, a;fM nfofM n;s'; of;]+ tjtjdL-dxfkfq_to\;+ n'Fof c3{ Ao"u' vM (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: 64, kq %^ v_ .t/ lgbF lnkf x] kl/l:ylt lxnflan . hol:ylt dNn+ :jtGq h'ofRjg]t ;+lk+ onofdxfkfqto\t yMu' lgoGq0fo\ to\u' s'tM ofgfxn . Yj vFo\ lgYjMl;ofof by'Osrdr h'n . g];+ $(@ cfiff9 z'Sn gjldv'Gx' onof dxfkfqt j hgtf ;d]td'gfM Vjko\ cfqmd0f ofo\t jg . Vjkkfv]+ h'h' hol:ylt dNn yMDx]:of+ x] o'4ofg]t[Tj ofgfjn . lyldO Yo+sfM lgvns+ gfk nfgfM 3df;fg o'4 h'n . o'4o\ onof kfqj k|wfgt ofgfM d'Ss+ %# Dx l;t (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: 63, kq %% s_ .

hol:ylt dNn k"0f{ ?k+ zlQmzfnL h'ofM Psnf}6L zf;g GXofs]w'+sfMonof dxfkfqt 5'+ erf sdhf]/ h'n . t/ hol:ylt dNn+ plk+ dxfkfqto\tpGd"ng ofo\dkm't . hol:ylt dNn w'+sfM ;fdGtto\t pGd"ng ofo\u'kfv]knfM GXofs"Dx oIf dNn vM . yM u2LO Rjg]w'g]j+ /fHolj:tf/ ofo\u'kfv] knfMGXofsn . huHof]lt dNnofkfno\ RjoftMu' …g/klthorof{:j/f]bo6LsfÚ ;k'mtLoIfdNnof ljhoofqfaf/] j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . oIf dNn+ g];+ %&# ; yMu' /fHoaMnfs]t u9 kMvfM bg . Yjx] bFo\ nlntk'/, kmlk{Ë, ;fFv', rfFu'of zf;stln;] kz'kltof wd{zfnf yLsfM wd{kq ofs"u' vM . pu' wd{kqo\ rDkf/g,nf]xfj/, sf]sL /fHokfv]+ cfqmd0f h";f k|Tofqmd0f ofo\t ;sn]+ tof/ h'ofRjg]u'sa"n ofgftMu' b' . psL onof dxfkfqtkfv]+ o]yf]ljxf/of pbol;+x ef/f]+ Ajlt sfMu'vM (Regmi-III; 1086: 72-73) . ;fdGtto\t lgd"{n ofo\u' ‰jno\ kmlk+Ëof ;fdGtln;]oIf dNnof o'4 h"u' vM . g];+ %** kf}if z'Sn k~rdLO NXooftMu' …wg'zf:qÚ ;k'mtLkmlk{Ëof KoDx /fa'ttln;] oIf dNnof ;+u|fd h'ofRju' vF NXooftMu' b' -j}BÙ !!@)M!&_ . g'jfsf]6jf;L rGb|nfn >]i7ofs] Rj+u' 5u" j+zfjnLO oIf dNn g];+ %**;g'jfsf]6of j}Zo 7s'/Lto\t Dxf;]ofgfM yMDx+ /fHo oft wsfM RjoftMu' b' .

@! @@


dxfkfqt xfsg+ zlQmzfnL h'ofjn . plk+ dxfkfqt dWo] blIf0fljxf/ cGtu{tofHo]i7ljxf/of dxfkfq lji0f'l;+x+ onoft :jtGq /fHo bo\sfM yMt onofDxh'h' 3f]if0ff ofgflan .

!=& onof dxfkfqto\ ;fdflhs :t/!=& onof dxfkfqto\ ;fdflhs :t/!=& onof dxfkfqto\ ;fdflhs :t/!=& onof dxfkfqto\ ;fdflhs :t/!=& onof dxfkfqto\ ;fdflhs :t/onof dxfkfqto\u' ;fdflhs :t/ :jo\an] y'lk+ If]qLt vM . yMlklg

gf+of No"g] dNn, jdf{, kfn vFUjM 3fgftOu'ln+ y'lk+ If]qLt vM wsfM ;Ls]k'm .If]qLsy+ x] y'ld;+ onof k|zf;lgs HofvF GXofsfjofRj+u' vM . t/ y'lk+zlQmzfnL h"u' d" sf/0f cfly{s ;d[l4+ ofgfM vM . y'ldu' d'Vo cfly{s ;|f]tJofkf/ vM . Yjx] sf/0f+ efiffj+zfjnLO y'ldt …j}Zo 7s'/LÚ woftMu' vM .ljb]zln;], vf; ofgfM ef]6 j ef/tln;] Jofkf/ ofgfM tMld h"lk+ vM . P]ltxfl;stYokfv] Wofg aLan] ef]6ln;] Jofkf/ ofMjg]u' nFk'O nfMu' yfo\of j}Zo Jofkf/Ltcfly{s j /fhg}lts ?k+ clts+ zlQmzfnL h'ofRj+u' v+s]k'm . s]?ª jg]u' nFo\nfMu'ln+ g'jfsf]6of ;fdGt h'ofRj+lk+ j}Zo Jofkf/Lt yxf+jMu' vM;f s'tL jg]u'nFo\ nfMu' knf~rf]s g+ zlQmzfnL h'ofM lkb+u' vM . o]F j onof dxfkfqt g+Jofkf/ ofgfM x] zlQmzfnL h"lk+ vM . k]6]sof sy+ onof zx/L of]hgf x] Jofkfl/sdfu{oft Wofgo\ tofM bo\sftMu' vM (1104: 184) . k"j{dWosfno\ y'ldu' zlQm af/]1fgdl0f g]kfn+ y'sy+ RjoftMu' b' –

===hol:ylt dNn :jof+ GXoMof Oltxf; cjnf]sg ofo\an]g]kfnof s]Gb|of l;+xf;g ;sl;of+ ;DdfggLo, >4]o h";f+b08jn j cy{ano\ pln ;Ifd dh" . tKo+s /fhb/jf/+ zf;gGXofOu' If]q sd hs b' . ljifoklt, dxf;fdGtto\;+ x] ;}lgs;+u7g ofOu' j s/ c;"n ofOu' vM . s]Gb|oft SjMl5gftMu'Woaf k'nfM yM oTy] :jfoQ zf;g ofOu' vM . ===pldt jzo\tofto\t ;}lgs sf/jfxL ofgfRjg]dfnLu' vM . pls+ /fHosf]zo\oSj Woaf d'gLdv'u' vM . === No+b'u' etLrf Woaf g+ cfGtl/s;+3if{ j jfXo ljKnj+ ofgfM km'Ou' vM . kz'klt, :joDe"y]+hfMu' b]jdlGb/o\ d'gfRj+u' wfld{s sf]if j BMto\ lt;ftg+ lkg]+ cfqmd0f ofMjMlklg Nxfto\ nft . y'HjMu' l:yltOh'h'lk+;+ 5'+ wfld{s jf ;fdflhs HofvF ofo\dfnls 5]Fvfklt+ljz]if s/ DxOu' vM . === o]F j onof dxfkfqt j}Zoj[lQcyf{t\ cfGtl/s j jfXo Jofkf/+ x] yxf+jMu' vM . /fhf pk/fhoftg+ y'ld;+ Ujfxfln ofo\km', pls+ clts+ zlQmzfnL h'ofRj+lk+ vM .

kmnkm'n cflb NofO{ >L kz'kltgfysg r9fof .

-n+;fnÙ !)*^M %@_

y'sy+ /Tg dNn+ g'jfsf]6 j o]Foft yMu' lgoGq0fo\ sfo\j+ onof dxfkfqt;ts{ h'n . t/ /Tg dNn+ g+ onof dxfkfqto\ pGd"ng ofo\dk'm, a? onoftVjkof cwLg+ d'Qm ofgfM o]Fof cwLgo\ to\t ;kmn h'n . onof dxfkfqto\;+/Tg dNn, cl/ dNn, /0f dNn j eLd dNn ;d]t ofgfM KoDx]l;of cwLgtf:jLsf/ ofgfM g];+ ̂ !% h]7 dlxgfo\ 5u" ;lGw oft . pu' ;lGwof :j0f{kqof 5u"k|lt kz'kltO j d]u' k|lt rf+u'gf/fo0fof e08f/o\ toftMu' b' . 5u" x] ;lGwof lgu"k|lt g]kfMof lgu" k|l;4 b]j:yno\ toftMu'ln+ Yj ;lGwkq u'ln dxTjk"0f{ wsfMSo+ . h]7fDx /fo dNnoft Vjko\ hs ;Lldt ofgfM g]kfnd08nof /fhwfgLh"jMu' o]Fof cwLgo\ on Rj+u' 3f]if0ff Yj ;lGwkqo\ ofgftMu' b' . ;lGwkqo\onkfv]+ Ajlt sfMlk+ dxfkfqt k|tfkl;+x, cd[tl;+x, s';'dl;+x, /f3jl;+x, xif{kfnj hutkfn vM -vgfnÙ !!)#M !(%–(*, clen]v NofM $(Ù 608gÙ !!!(M !#&–$), kl/lzi6 &Ù Regmi- IIIÙ 1086: 90-92, no. LXXIX) . k|tfkl;+x j cd[tl;+xblIf0fljxf/ ln;]+ ;DalGwtlk+ vM;f s';'dl;+x j /f3jl;+xlk+ Ho]i7ljxf/ ln;]+;DalGwtlk+ dxfkfqt vM . cy]x] xif{kfn j hutkfn lk+yljxf/ ln;] ;DalGwtlk+vM . s';'dl;+x w}Dx lji0f'l;+xof ca' vM . s';'dl;+xof af/] No"g] xfsg+ rrf{h'Oltlg . Gxfkf pQ/ljxf/, blIf0fljxf/ j lk+yljxf/ wsfM :j+u" k|zf;lgszlQmt b'u' vM;f y'an]ts Yo+an] zlQm ;Gt'ngo\ lxpkfM jo\w'+s"u' vg]b' . Yj;lGwO pQ/ljxf/of pkl:ylt vg]db' . zfob pQ/ljxf/of zlQm IfL0f h'Ow'+snh'OdfM . a? blIf0fljxf/ cGtu{tof Ho]i7 ljxf/ Gx"u' zlQm sy+ Ajn+u' vg]b' ./Tg dNn+ o]Fof dxfkfqto\u' pGd"ng ofo\t onof dxfkfqto\u' Ujfxfln sfMu'vo\km', 5fo\ls y'u' ;lGwkq++ onof dxfkfqto\u' l:ylt ;flas adf]lhd x] sfodofgftMu' b' ->]i7Ù !!@@M %#_ .

t/ y'u' ;lGwkq w'+sfM g+ ono\ /Tg dNnof k"0f{ cflwkTo h"u' vg]db' .g];+ ^@); ono\ RjoftMu' …;fBGtsf]z;f/Ú ;k'mtL /fo dNnof g+ pNn]v jMu'b' . ln;ln;]+ dxfkfqto\u' ;Ddfghgs pkl:ylt g+ vg]x]blg . t/ g];+ ^#%cfiff9 s[i0f !$ d+unaf/of u'OtM axLof clen]vo\ ono\ /Tg dNn Psnzf;sof ?ko\ vg]bMjMu' b' -jh|frfo{ !!!(M !–@_ . Yj clen]vo\ ;'+ g+ dxfkfqto\u'gf+ GXoygftMu' db' . ono\ /Tg dNnof zf;g SogLu' bsn] lnkf+u' clen]v g];+^#(of ufMafxfMof clen]v vM -jh|frfo{Ù !!!(M #_ . t/ clen]v oSj :og]w'+s"u'ln+pan]of /fhg}lts cj:yf af/] ;Ls]dk'm . g];+ ^$); /Tg dNnof d[To'h'Ow'+sfMlg;]+ lji0f'l;+xof pbo dh"tn] ono\ s]Gb|Lo zf;gof pkl:ylt SogLu'5'+ x] clen]v n'ofjMu' db'lg . s]Gb| sdhf]/ h"u' Yjx] df}sf nfsfM onof

@# @$


/fh]Gb|kfnof DXofo\ woftMu' b' . (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: 221, Petech;

1104: 228) . y'ls+ /fhf hofgGbb]j+ /fh]Gb|kfnof DXofo\ln;] Olxkf ofMu' j/fhkl/jf/ln;] j}jflxs :jfk" to\u' :t/o\ ts onof dxfkfqt Yo+u' So+ .

!=* onof dxfkfqto\;+ softMu' ljz]if0f!=* onof dxfkfqto\;+ softMu' ljz]if0f!=* onof dxfkfqto\;+ softMu' ljz]if0f!=* onof dxfkfqto\;+ softMu' ljz]if0f!=* onof dxfkfqto\;+ softMu' ljz]if0fj}ejzfnL Oltxf; b'lk+ onof dxfkfqto\;+ Ono\Jono\ yLyL ljz]if0f

sofM yMlklg uf}/j Ajo\u' ofgfjofRj+u' vM . psy+ k|;l:t softMu' dWo] bsn]GXoyg ]axMu ' ljz ] i f0 f– eUg/fh:yfkgfrfo { , n ' Aw/fhuhfÍ 'z eUg/fh:yfkgfrfo { , n ' Aw/fhuhfÍ 'z eUg/fh:yfkgfrfo { , n ' Aw/fhuhfÍ 'z eUg/fh:yfkgfrfo { , n ' Aw/fhuhfÍ 'z eUg/fh:yfkgfrfo { , n ' Aw/fhuhfÍ 'z jz/0ffutjh|lk~h/z/0ffutjh|lk~h/z/0ffutjh|lk~h/z/0ffutjh|lk~h/z/0ffutjh|lk~h/ -;QfRo"t h"Dx÷la:o+'jMDx /fhfoft :yfkgf ofODx, nf]eL/fhfoft c+s'z tODx, z/0f jMDx]l;t jh| y]+hfMu' k~hM h'ofaLDx_ vM . Yjljz]if0f bsn] Gxfkf+ sfMDx pQ/ljxf/ cGtu{tof Gxf]nljxf/ -Gx"afxfM_of k|wfgfËdxfkfq hol;+x dNn vM . onof wnforf Tjfno\ Rj+u' Yj ljxf/ SjfMafxfM:jof+ GXoM x] lgdf{0f h'Ow'+s"u' wsfM j+zfjnLO RjoftMu' b' . yg dxfkfqto\u'pkl:ylt SogLu' g];+ $*!of clen]v g+ b' . (Shakya and Vaidya; 1090: 64) .yf}+ts+ dxfkfqto\ ;Gtfg sy+ …dNnÚ kl/jf/ RjgfRj+u' blg .cl/ dNnof kfno\g];+ $%& >fj0f s[i0f åfbzLv'Gx' NXoMu' …dxL/fj0fjwÚ gf6sof k'liksf jfSoo\NXold hol;+x dNn+ pu' pkflw softMu' vM .

eUg/fh:yfkgfrf/, z/0ffutjh|lk~h/ dQs'~h/bdgfª\s'zf]Q/ ljxf/s'6'Dah >LGxf]nljxf/ k|wfgfË dxfkfq >L hozLxdNnjd{0ffd\s't"xnk"/0ffo sljsdnef:s/ kl08t >Lhotlj/lrt+ dxL/fj0fjw+gfd gf6s+ kl/;dfKtd\ .. ;Ktk~rfzblwsrt'Mzttd] g]kfn;+jT;/].. -g]kfnÙ !!)# M!)&_

-/fHo e|i6 h"Dx h'h'oft xfsg+ l;+xf;go\ to\u' ;fdYo{ b'Dx, z/0fjMDx]l;t jh| y]+hfMu' k~hM h'ofM /Iff ofgfaLDx, dQfDx lsl;oft bdg ofo\tc+s'z y]+ h'ofaLDx pQ/ljxf/ s'6'Djof >LGxf]nljxf/of k|wfgfË dxfkfq>Lhol;+xdNnjdf{of sf}t'xn k"/f ofo\t slj?kL kn]:jf+ Jxo\s]t ;"o{ y]+ hfMDxkl08t hot+ bo\s"u' dxL/fj0fjw gf+of gf6s g]kfn ;+jt\ $%&; ;dfKt h'n ._

hol;+x+ y'sy+of ljz]if0f sfMu'of No"g] /fhg}lts sf/0f b' . g];+ $$^;?b| dNnof d[To' h'n . jof sfo\drf db'u'ln+ DXofo\ gfosb]jL u2Lof xsbf/h'n . gfosb]jLof nflu sfzL+ 8f]nf xofM Olxkf ofgflan . gfosb]jLofxl/ZrGb|ln;] j sfdfIffb]jLof uf]kfnrGb|ln;] Olxkf h'n . t/ b/jf/o\ zlQmofnflu ;+3if{ h'ofRj+u'ln+ g];+ $%%; xl/ZrGb|oft ljif gsfM :ofgflan . yM bfh'ofd[To' lnkf efph'Dx gfosb]jLoft Nxfto\ sofM uf]kfnrGb|+ zf;g oft .t/ lt/x't+ jMlk+ hut\l;+x j b]jnb]jLlk;+ ef/bf/t d'+sfM uf]kfnrGb|oft rLs]u'

===Yj Ono\ a|DxzlQm, Iflqoan sdhf]/ h'ofM j}ZoancKjofjMu' v M .

-g]kfnÙ !!@%M @#@–##_

g];+ $&); ;dz'2Lg+ yg cfqmd0f ofgfM ljWj+z ofgfAo"an] Wj:t h"u'k|d'v wfld{s :ynto\u' k'glg{df{0f s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/++ ofo\dkmofM y'lk+ x] ;fdGtdxfkfqto\;+ ofgfAo"u' vM . /fhf hofh'{gb]j, /fgL zÍ/b]jL, pk/fh hol:yltdNn, dxf/fgL /fhNnb]jL y'u' wfld{s HofvFo\ ;DdfggLo cltlyof ?ko\ hspkl:ylt h"u' vM . kz'kltof hL0ff]{4f/ knf~rf]sof zf;s hol;+x/fdj4{g+ g];+$*); j :joDe"of hL0ff]{4f/ o]Fof dxfkfq /fhxif{ eNnf]s+ g];+ $(@; ofMu' vM .cy]x] lk+afxfM r}Toof hL0ff]{4f/ cgof x] dxfkfq d]3kfn jdf{+ g];+ $&&;ofgfAo"u' vM . hL0ff]{4f/ ofMu' clen]vo\ d]3kfn jdf{+ yMt lqeo s'nf]b\ejlqeo s'nf]b\ejlqeo s'nf]b\ejlqeo s'nf]b\ejlqeo s'nf]b\ejdxfkfqdxfkfqdxfkfqdxfkfqdxfkfq woftMu' b' (Regmi- III; 1086: 19-21, no. XXVIII) .

If]qL h";f+ yMu' gf+of GXoMg] …j}ZoÚ :jfgftMu' af+nfMu' b;' g];+ #&# dfu{z'Sn låtLof z'qmjf/v'Gx' RjoftMu' …lqmof;+u|xkl~hsfÚ ;k"m vM u'sL …j}Zo>Llbjfs/ jDdf{ dxfljxf/Ú wsfM pNn]v h"u' b' (Petech; 1104: 85) . yg lbjfs/jdf{of GXoMg] …j}ZoÚ :jfgftMu'ln+ pDx dg" j0f{ Joj:yf cg';f/ If]qL h";f+ Hofcg';f/ j}Zo vM wsfM :ki6 ;Lb' . …rt'/Ídxfef/t… gf+of ;k'mtL onof kfqto\tlåhj/låhj/låhj/låhj/låhj/ woftMu' b' .

k "Jj { oGd'lggf ;'kflntdxL g]gfdw]o ]g ;fg]kfn]lt r ;+l1tf d'lghg}:tqflk /Dof k'/L .gfDg]o+ nlntfk'/L låhj/}M kfqf ]Qd} kflntft:of+ >Ldl0fgfu/fh Olt oM ;f]o˜d'g] /fht] ..

-jh|frfoÙ{ !)*@M %–^_-x] d'lg, pan] g]d'lg+ kfng ofMu' b]z h'ofM …g]kfnÚ wsfM d'lgto\;+ gf+

toftMu' Yj b]zo\ af+nfMu' …nlntk'/Ú wfMu' zx/ b' . tfufwf/L dxfkfqto\;+plsof kfng ofgfRj+u' b' . cg dl0fgfu/fh b' ._

;fdfGotof låhj/ -lgsM hGd h'Olk+_ wfo\an] a|fDx0foft y'OsL . t/låhj/ w}u' zAb+ a|fDx0f, If]qL j j}Zo :j+u'ln+ j0f{of dg"to\t sM3fM (Apte; 1115

: 518) .pan] onof dxfkfqto\u' ;fdflhs :t/ clts+ Rjo\ Yo+u' vM . Oldu'

j}jflxs :jfk" /fhkl/jf/ln;] ts+ h"u' pbfx/0f b' . s]z/ j+zfjnLof kq !$; /fhf /fhb]j -g];+ $^&–$*!_of df+Dx]l;t nlntu|fd pQ/ljxf/of kfq

@% @^


cy]x] g];+ ^@)of …;fBGtsf]z;f/Ú ;km'tL g+ …>LdGdl0fs'df/:o kbfDef]h}sif6\kbM->Ldl0fs'df/ofkfp?kL sdnof eDjM_ woftMu' b' . efiffj+zfjnLO /fhf u'0fsfdb]j+dl0fu0f]zdfl0fUne§ cflbof gfkgfk+ dl0fs'df/ g+ :yfkgf ofMu' wsfM RjoftMu'b' -n+;fnÙ !)* M̂ @@_. t/ yf}+sGxo\ dl0fs'df/of cl:tTj dbo\w'+sn . d+unahf/ofle+BMof b]uM j d+sf]u'kmfof by'O dl0fu0f]z :yfkgf ofgftMu' vM w}u'hgwf/0ff b' .

lxGb"wd{ln;] ;DalGwt ljz]if0f gfkgfk+ y'ld;+ af}4 wd{ln;] ;DalGwtljz]if0f g+ softMu' vg]b ' . OafxfMaxLof g]; + %$&of tfdkqo\…>L>Ldbfof{jnf]lst]Zj/r/0fk+shz]ljtÚ ->L>Lcfof{jnf]lst]Zj/of r/0fsdnof;]jf ofOlk+_ wsfM ljz]if0f softMu' ljz]if pNn]vgLo h" . y'ls+ onof dxfkfqtlgu'ln+ wd{k|lt ;dfg cf:yf tOlk+ wsfM :ki6 ofM . y'ld;+ af}4 wd{o\ clts+;Ddflgt ;Dos\ dxfbfg g+ Gofo\sfj+u' b' . g];+ %((; blIf0fljxf/of k|wfgdxfkfq/fhl;+xdNnh'of 5o\, 1fgl;+xdNnh'of sfo\ >4fn' bfgklt cd[tl;+xh'+ ;4d{lrQpTklQ h'ofM ;Dos\ Gofo\s"u' vM -zfSoÙ !!)) sM !(_ . yg pNn]v h"Dx/fhl;+x dNn g];+ %$&of OafxfMaxLof tfd|kqo\ pNn]v h"Dx pu' ljxf/k'glg{df{0f ofMDx /fhl;+x dNn x] vM . cy]x] ;Dos\ Gofo\s"Dx cd[tl;+x g];+^!%of ;lGwkqo\ onof blIf0fljxf/kfv]+ k|ltlglwTj ofgfj+lk+ dWo] 5Dx vM .

yf}+sGxo\ ts+ af}4 ;+:s[ltln;] y'ldu' cfa4tf sfod x] h'ofRj+u' blg .ono\ GofbFo\ 5sM Gofo\sLu' OltNxg] ;Doso\ ys" h'h'of k|ltlglwTj ofgfMGxf]nljxf/ -Gx"afxfM_of dNnt pkl:yt h'OdfMu' k/Dk/f blg . SjfMafxfno\ a/]5'Ou' Ono\ g+ pkl:yt h'OdfMlk+ y'ld;+ yMt efis/b]jof ;Gtfg wsfM bfjLofgfRj+u' blg (Locke; 1105: 42). o]F]o\ g+ u'lnv] ljxf/o\ a/] 5'Ou' Ono\ /fhsLok|ltlglwTj ofgfM dxfkfqto\ ;Gtfg -ys" h'h'lk+_ pkl:yt h'ofRj+u' ->]i7Ù !!@@M#^_ tYo :d/0fLo h" .

y'sy+ k"j{dWosfn+lg;]+ uf}/jdo Oltxf; bo\sfjMlk+ dxfkfqto\u' zf;go]Fo\ g];+ ̂ )$; /Tg dNn+ o]F sAhf ofo\j+ ;dfKt h'n . ono\ lzjl;+x g];+ &!&–!*kfv] on Tofs]j+ dxfkfqto\u' zf;gof cGTo h'n . cy];f+ Old;+ yMu' gf+ofNo"g] kfqj+zkfqj+zkfqj+zkfqj+zkfqj+z :jfgfM uf}/j AjofRj+u' x] blg . /fhgLlt j k|zf;go\ ;zQme"ldsf lDxtfM yMlklg /fHo;Qf dbo\w'+s";f+ ;dfho\ 5u" pRr ju{of ?ko\k|lti7flkt h'ofRj+u' blg .

Uj;fM UjofRjg . uf]kfnrGb| Vjko\ Rjg]dkmofM g];+ $%& h]7 s[i0f cdfOv'Gx'ono\ z/0f sfMjn . pan] ono\ pQ/ljxf/ cGtu{tof Gxf]nljxf/o\ dxfkfq hol;+xdNn+ k|zf;g GXofsfRj+u' vM . hol;+x dNn+ d]lk+ dxfkfqtln;] ;xnx ofgfMuf]kfnrGb|oft z/0f lan . pu' Ono\ ono\ a'+uBMof hfqf GXofgfRj+u'ln+uf]kfnrGb|+ g+ hfqfo\ Ajlt sfn . onof dxfkfqto\u' Ujfxfln+ uf]kfnrGb| onofo+lkljxf/, O{alxnL Rjg]u' oft . onof Ujfxfln+ ofgfM x] KobFts zf;g g+ GXofsn .lnkf g];+ $^); hut\l;+xof dg"to\;+ uf]kfnrGb|oft 6f]vfo\ n'OsfM 5\o+ WogfM:ofgfAo"u' vM . y'sy+ Vjk+ la:o'+ jofM z/0f sfMjMDx uf]kfnrGb|oft z/0f Ao"u'ln+…z/0ffutjh|lk~h/Ú w}u' hol;+x dNnof ljz]if0f ;fy{s h"jM . hol;+x dNnofUjfxfln+ x] uf]kfnrGb| KobFts Djfo\v+u' j zf;g g+ ofo\v+u'ln+ …eUg/fhf:yfkgfrfo{+ÚwsfM g+ ljz]if0f softMu' vM . onof ;d[l4O nf]e ofgfM yMu' k|efj km}n]ofo\u'df}sf :jofRjgLlk+ h'h'lk+t c+s'z tofM lgoGq0f ofgfM yMlklg zlQm dha"tofgfto\km'u'ln+ …n'Aw/fhuhf+s'zÚ ljz]if0f softMu' plrt x] vg]b' .lnkf jgfM Yj ljz]if0f d]d]lk+ dxfkfqto\;+ g+ sfo\u' oft . pQ/ljxf/ h'Odf jfblIf0fljxf/, zlQmzfnL dxfkfqto\;+ Yj lj?bfjnL wf/0f ofMu' vg]b' . lji0f'l;+xofsfo\lk+ k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+; g+ Yj ljz]if0f sfMu' vg]b' . Yj af/] No"g]of cWofo;rrf{ h'Oltlg .

g];+ %$&of OafxfMaxLof tfd|kqo\ blIf0fljxf/of dxfkfqto\;+ Rjo\pNn]v h"u' ljz]if0f afx]s gf/fo0fln;] ;DjlGwt d]d]u' g+ ljz]if0ft softMu'b' . k|wfgdxfkfq >L/fhl;+xdNnjdf{+ b}Togf/fo0f, k|wfgdxfkfq >Lpbol;+xdNnjdf{+rqmgf/fo0f, k |wfgdxfkfq >Lhowd{ l; +xdNnjdf { + cr'sgf/fo0f,k|wfgdxfkfq >L?b|l;+xjdf{+ c;'/gf/fo0f, k|wfgdxfkfq >L hoeLddNnjdf{+jL/gf/fo0f pkflw softMu' b' (Regmi-III; 1086: 56-57, no. LIV) . y'sy+ gf/fo0fln;] ;DjlGwt ljz]if0f wf/0f ofo\u' k|rng hol:yltdNnof kfn+lg;]+ x] GXofMu'vg]b' . g];+ %!@of s'De]Zj/of clen]vo\ hol:yltdNnoft …c;'/gf/fo0fÚ wsfM;Djf]wg ofgftMu' b' (Bendall; 1094: 83-85, no. IX) . cy]x] oIf dNnof sfo\Hof]ltd{Nnoft …b}Togf/fo0fÚ wfo\u' ofM . g];+ %#% sflt{s z'Sn k|ltkbfcfOtjf/of …p2Lz;f/;+u|xÚ ;k'mtL j g];+ %#( df3 z'Sn låtLof cfOtjf/of…g]q1fgf0f{jdxftGqÚ ;k'mtL Hof]ltd{Nnoft …b}Togf/fo0fÚ ljz]if0f laoftMu' b' (Petech;

1104: 163, 164) . cy]x] g];++ %@! j}zfv z'Sn k~rdL cfOtjf/of …b'uf{;Kt;tLÚ;k'mtL wd{ dNnoft …jL/gf/fo0fÚ pkflw laoftMu' b' (Petech; 1104: 148) .

onof dxfkfqto\;+ sfOu' d]u' ljz]if0f dl0fs'df/ln;] ;DjlGwt h" . Rjo\pNn]v h"u' g];+ %$&of OafxfMaxLof clen]vo\ …>L>LdGdl0fs'df/kfbf+a'hf/fwgtTk/Ú->L>Ldl0fs'df/of r/0fsdnof c/fwgf ofo\u'nL tTk/ h"lk+_ woftMu' b' .

@& @*


dxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+xof zf;g j of]ubfg

@=! kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld@=! kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld@=! kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld@=! kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld@=! kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld jjjjj :jtGq zf;s sy+ lji0f'l;+xof pbo:jtGq zf;s sy+ lji0f'l;+xof pbo:jtGq zf;s sy+ lji0f'l;+xof pbo:jtGq zf;s sy+ lji0f'l;+xof pbo:jtGq zf;s sy+ lji0f'l;+xof pbooIf dNnof d[To' w'+sfMof onof cj:yfaf/] j+zfjnLto\;+ tMw+u' e|d

Ajn+sftMu' vg]b' . j+zfjnLO RjoftMsy+ oIf dNnof d[To' w'+sfM DXofo\Dxwd{jtL+ ono\ zf;g oft . t/ ld;fto\;+ l:y/ zf;g GXofs]dkm}u' tfo\sfMc+zj08fo\ efu sfo\dv+lk+ cl/ dNn, k"0f{ dNn j /fd dNnlk+ hfgfM 5'+ O{tsono\ ;+o'Qm zf;g oft . g]kfMof gf+b+lk+ oSj Oltxf;sf/to\;+ Yjx] vFoft ln;fsofM RjMu' vg]b' . t/ jf:tljstf cy] dv' . oIf dNnof d[To' w'+sfM /Tg dNn+o]Fof dxfkfqto\t Gx+sfM onoft g+ yMu' clwsf/ If]q b'g] b'Yofsn . onofdxfkfqto\;+ g+ /Tg dNnof cwLgtf :jLsf/ ofgfM ;'Ds Rj+u' vg]b' . pls+onof clen]vo\ /Tg dNnof gf+ ;Ddfgk"j{s pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . t/ bf]nvfoftyMu' lgoGq0fo\ to\u' ;Gbe{o\ /Tg dNn c;kmn h"u' vg]b' . g];+ ̂ !!; bf]nvfof;fdGt zf;s p4jb]j+ yMt …bf]nvflwkltÚ 3f]if0ff ofgfM s]Gb|kfv]+ :jtGqh'ofjg -jh|frfo{ j >]i7Ù !!@@M @$_ . o]F j Vjk by'O h"u' kf/:kl/s ;+3if{ofbsn] Gxfkf+ kmfObf sfMDx bf]nvf x] h'n . g];+ ^#); /fo dNn ;Lj+ Vjko\/fhg}lts cl:y/tf Ajng . /fo dNnof sfo\ e'jg dNn h'h' h'n . g];+ ^#(o\e'jg dNn g+ l;t . e'jg dNnof sfo\ k|f0f dNn drf x] ltlgu'ln+ /0f dNn, eLddNn, jL/ dNn j hLt dNnlk+ hfgfM zf;g GXofsn . k|f0f dNn tMlwsM h';]+lnjL/ dNn j hLt dNnlk+ln;] ;Qfof nflu ;+3if{ GXofgfjg . pv] o]Fo\ g];+ ̂ $);/Tg dNn ;Lw'+sfM jof sfo\ ;"o{ dNn u2LO Rjg . t/ af}Dx y]+ ;lqmo dh"u'ln+af}of /fhg}lts pknlAwoft sM3fgfto\ dkm't . ;"o{ dNn+ ono\ yMu' k|efj Go+s]dk'mt . pls+ /Tg dNn w'+sfM lji0f'l;+xof clen]v n'ofdjMtn] ono\ s]Gb|ofpkl:ylt SogLu' 5'+ x] k|df0f n'ofjMu' db'lg .

y'sy+of /fhg}lts t/ntfof kmfObf sfMDx rt'/ JolQm lji0f'l;+x vM .clen]v+ k|dfl0ft h"sy+ onof bsn] Gxfkf+Dx :jtGq zf;s lji0f'l;+x vM .j+zk/Dk/f sy+ GXofOu' dxfkfqto\u' k/Dk/f cg';f/ x] Gxfkf+ dxfkfqof ?ko\lji0f'l;+x onof /fhg}ltsj[Qo\ vg]b'u' vM . onof ;Kts'6'Dahlk+ dWo] lji0f'l;+xof;DaGw Ho]i7ljxf/ s'6'Dahln;] :jfgfRj+u' vg]b' . ono\ Ho]i7ljxf/ gf+of lgu"

ljxf/ b' – t+uMafxfM j HofafxfMaxL . t+uMafxfMoft ;+:s[t+ Ho]i7j0f{ dxfljxf/wfo\u' ofM;f+ hg:t/+ t+uMafxfM x] wfo\u' ofM, HofafxfM jf Hofyljxf/ wfo\u' dofM .l;l4g/l;+x dNn+ ono\ Rj+u' bSj ljxf/of jl/otfqmd lgwf{/0f ofgfM lgod bo\sfAo"u'Ono\ t+uMafxfMoft Gxfkf+u' yf;o\ tofAo"u' vM (Wright; 1103: 235) .y'an]lg;]+ hs t+uMafxfMoft Ho]i7j0f{ dxfljxf/ wfo\u' rng jMu' vg]b' .Ho]i7j0f{ dxfljxf/ gf+of d]u' ljxf/ rfafxfM Tjfno\ Rj+u' HofafxfMaxL vM .cgRj+u' clen]vo\ Ho]i7ljxf/, Hofljxf/, HofaxfM, HofafxfaxL gf+ k|of]u h'ofRj+u'b' . pls+ onof dxfkfqto\u' lgjf;:yfg h'ofRj+u' Ho]i7ljxf/ yf}+sGxo\ofHofafxfMaxL x] vM wsfM k|i6 h" . l;l4g/l;+x dNnof kfno\ ts+ Yj ljxf/+dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lDxtfRj+u' vg]b' . l;l4g/l;+x dNn+ onof @% u" axLoftlgAjo\ AjynfM nfo\s"of pQ/kfv] nfMu' !%u" axLof nflu gMaxLof u'h'{lk+ jblIf0fkfv] nfMu' !)u" axLof nflu HofafxfMaxLof u'h'{lk+ k'/f]lxt sy+ lgo'QmofgfM lgod bo\sfAo"u' vM (Gellner; 1116: 147) . yf}+sGxo\ axLof wnvo\toftMu' b';f+ HofafxfMaxL wsfM afxfM j axL lgu'ln+of ljz]iftf Njfs5\ofgfM;Daf]wg ofgfRj+u' b' .

lji0f'l;+xof bsn] Gxfkf+u' pNn]v g];+ ̂ #( gi6 Ho]i7 s[i0f %of a'F Do"u'tf8kqo\ jMu' b' . pu' tf8kqo\ Hofyaxf/ s'6'Dah k|wfg dxfkfq >Ldfwjl;+xjd{g j k|wfgdxfkfq >Lgf/fo0fl;+x jd{gln;]+ lji0f'l;+x jd{g wsfM GXoygftMu'b' -cfzf ;k"ms'lyof tf8kq NofM &#!_ . t/ psL lji0f'l;+xoft kfq÷dxfkfqcflb 5'+ x] pkflw laoftMu' db' . y'an]ts lji0f'l;+xof 5'+ x] /fhg}lts x}l;otdb'lgu' :ki6 h" . Yj w'+sfM lji0f'l;+xof pNn]v 5sn+ g];+ ^$^ ; k|wfgdxfkfqsy+ vg]bMjO . g];+ ^$^ df3 z'Sn &of tf8kqo\ hUufof If]q;Ldfgf pNn]vofo\u' l;nl;nfo\ lji0f'l;+xof If]q;Ldfof blIf0fo\ wsfM pNn]v jMu' b' -kGtÙ !!@)vM #(_ . pu' tf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xln;] blIf0fljxf/of k|wfgdxfkfq >Lhos];jd{gof gf+ g+ jMu' b' . g];+ ̂ $^ df3 z'Sn !#of hUuf Do"u' tf8kqo\ Do"lk+ :jDxdWo] 5Dx k|wfgdxfkfq lji0f'l;+x vM, d]lk+ lgDx Ho]i7ljxf/of x] k|wfgdxfkfqdfwjl;+x j gf/fo0fl;+x vM -kGtÙ !!@) uM $)_ . y'lk+ lgDx+ g];+ ^#(oftf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xln;] pNn]v h"lk+ dg"t x] vM .

lji0f'l;+x dxfkfq h'ofRj+u' x] Ono\ g];+ ^$%–$^; kfNkfof h'h'd's'Gb;]g+ tMSjMdl5 cfqmd0f ofMu' vM . pu' cfqmd0fof df/ ono\ g+ nfMu'vM;f+ pu' cfqmd0fof k|ltsf/ dxfkfq h'ofRj+lk+ lji0f'l;+x j d]lk+;+ u'sy+ oftwsfM ;Ls]km'u' db'lg . d's'Gb;]gof cfqmd0f+ etfe'+u h'ofM /fHoJoj:yf sdhf]/h"u' df}sf nfsfM lji0f'l;+x+ yM ;dsIfL dxfkfqto\t rLs]u' Uj;fM Ujn .lji0f'l;+xof Yj Hofof af/] hM XjnLu' g];+ ^$* kf}if s[i0f gjdL k/ bzdL ljlxjf/of

@( #)

@ @ @ @ @


lsk"of kflnkmM u0f]z:yfgof clen]v clts+ dxTjk"0f{ vg]b' . pu' clen]vo\lk+yljxf/of dxfkfq h'ofM lsk'nL g+ k|zf;g GXofsfRj+Dx hut\kfnoft jfb]o\-rfkfufpF_of dg"to\;+ xdnf ofgfM lsNnf+ lkg] xofM nFo\ tofM lgd{d xTof ofMu'vF pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . pu' Njfk'O n'+t] gf+of lsk"of 5Dx dg" g+ ;Lu' vM . n'+t]ofdf+ ca'+ db'Dx sfo\of gfdo\ pu' u0f]BMof b]uM bo\sfAo"u' vM -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!( M$*!–*@_ . z'qm;fu/ >]i7of sy+ Yj sf08 h"u' lb+ s'z] cf}+;L -u'+nfufM cdfO_vM, Yj lbgo\ cg b]uno\ rfGxo\ hfu|fd RjgfM k"hf ofo\u' k/Dk/f yf}+ts+ blg->]i7Ù !!@)M *–(_ . hut\kfn jdf{ /Tg dNnof ;dy{s vM . hut\kfnofclen]vo\ /Tg dNnoft ;Ddfgk"j{s ;Djf]wg ofgftMu' b' . /Tg dNnof d[To'w'+sfM hut\kfn g+ sdhf]/ h'ofjg . xfsg+ d's'Gb;]gof k6s k6sof cfqmd0f+lsk" clts+ sdhf]/ h'Ow'+s"u' vM . Yjx] df}sf nfsfM hut\kfnof xTof h"u' vg]b' .clen]vo\ hut\kfnoft :ofs"Dx ;' vM wsfM GXoygftMu' db' . t/ y'u' xTofsf08w'+sfM lji0f'l;+x zlQmzfnL h'ofjMu'ln+ 36gfqmdof cfwf/o\ lji0f'l;+x+ x] :ofs"u'vo\dfM wsfM Oltxf;sf/to\;+ cg'dfg ofgftMu' b' .

lji0f'l;+xof :jtGq zf;g :yfkgf ofo\u' cleofgo\ ltaM aLu' d]u'36gf bf]nvfof zf;s phf]tb]jof on e|d0f vM . g];+ ^%#; phf]tb]j+ onofe|d0f ofgfM lx/0oj0f{ dxfljxf/o\ lguM u+ 5fMu' vM (Shakya and Vaidya; 1090

: 83-84, inscr. no. 14) . Yj e|d0f wfld{s :jof+ /fhg}lts sf/0f+ h"u' vg]b' .lji0f'l;+x+ yM :jtGq zf;s h'Ot bf]nvfoft Nxfto\ sofM ;dy{g d'+s"u' ;Lb' .d]v] bf]nvfoft yMu' kIfo\ xofM ef]6ln;] Jofkfl/s :jfk" to\kmOu'ln+ Yj e|d0flji0f'l;+xof nflu kmfObfhgs h'n . phf]tb]joft g+ o]Fkfv]+ :jtGq h'ofM zf;gGXofsfRjg]t ;dy{st dfMu' h'n . pls+ Yj e|d0f lgu'ln+ kIfoft kmfObfhgsh"u' vg]b' . lji0f'l;+xof lgdGq0ffo\ x] phf]tb]jof Yj e|d0f h"u' vo\dfM . ;Dejty'u' Ono\ x] lji0f'l;+x :jtGq zf;s h'Ow'+s"u' h'Okm' .

t/ k|fdfl0fs ?k+ lji0f'l;+xoft :jtGq zf;s sy+ pNn]v ofgftMu'clen]v g];+ ^%^ j}zfv z'Sn k'lGx z'qmjf/of on ;'afxfMof lznfkq vM-lntF;f clen]v !M!_ . >LOGb|b]j ;+:sfl/t hodgf]x/ dxfljxf/of >LrGb|l;+xzfSoleIf'+ pu' ljxf/o\ Rj+u' r}To hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfM ;'j0f{5q, Onf+, lbuLktfM5fgfM u'lyof Joj:yf ofgfAo"u' pknIoo\ y'u' clen]v tMu' vM . clen]vo\lji0f'l;+xoft dfl0fUnflwklt wsfM wofdtM;f+ v8\ul;l4/:t' -v8\ul;l4 nfo\df_ jk|tfkj[l4/:t' -k|tfk j[l4 h'Odf_ wsfM z'esfdgf Kj+sftMu' b' . y'HjMu' z'esfdgf:jtGq zf;soft aLu' rng b'u'ln+ y'an]lg;]+ x] lji0f'l;+x :jtGq zf;sh'Ow'+sn wsfM k|dfl0ft ofM . t/ clen]vo\ lji0f'l;+xoft k|wfgdxfkfq wsfM x];Daf]wg ofgftMu' blg . cy];f+ lji0f'l;+xof GXoMg] …hoÚ vFUjM :jfgftMu'ln+

/fhsLo ;Ddfg laoftMu' So+ .lji0f'l;+xof d]u' dxTjk"0f{ clen]v ;'afxfMof x] g];+ ^^^ cfiff9 z'Sn

;KtdL k| ci6dL cfO{tjf/of tfd|kq vM -lntF;f clen]v !M@_ . clen]vo\;'afxfMof x] rGb|l;+x zfSoleIf'+ ljxf/of SjfMkfMBMofyfo\ Rj+u' r}Too\ n'Fuh"5fgfM ggL Rj+u' lguM r}Too\ ;'j0f{ rqmfjnL j ;'j0f{ ltlg5q 5fgfM u'lytofAo"u' vF RjoftMu' b' . y'sL lji0f'l;+xoft …dxfkfqÚ wsfM woftMu' db', a?>Lholji0f'l;+xh'of kHofo;>Lholji0f'l;+xh'of kHofo;>Lholji0f'l;+xh'of kHofo;>Lholji0f'l;+xh'of kHofo;>Lholji0f'l;+xh'of kHofo; wsfM lji0f'l;+xoft onof zf;sof ?ko\GXoygftMu' b' . g];+ ^%^–^^^ b'g]of !)bFof cjlwO lji0f'l;+x cem zlQmzfnLh"u' vg]b' . g];+ ^^&of n'Fv';L Rj+u' hL0f{ h'Ow'+s"u' lznfkqo\ g+ lji0f'l;+xof gf+pNn]v ofgftMu' b' -lntF;f clen]v !M#_ . pu' clen]vo\ ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/ofzfSoleIf' wd{l;+xh'+ k'v" j lxlt bo\s"u' wsfM RjoftMu' b' . t/ oSj yf;o\ cfvMdbo\w'+s"u'ln+ lji0f'l;+xof af/] yk vF ;Ls]t Ujfxfln dh" .

g];+ ^^*of kz'klt uf]Zjf/fo\ Rj+u' tfd|kq lji0f'l;+xof /fhg}ltshLjgo\ clts+ dxTjk"0f{ h'ofAo"u' b' . Yj tfd|kq 5u" ;lGwkq vM . lji0f'l;+xof:jtGq zf;s h'Ou' dxTjfsf+Iff+ y'an]ltlg ;fsf/ ?k sfn . Yj :jof+ GXoM yMtyMDx+ hs onof zf;s wsfM bfjL ofgfRj+u' vM;f g];+ ^^*of Yj ;lGw+lji0f'l;+xoft cf}krfl/s ¿k+ :jtGq zf;sof dfGotf bt . s]Gb|of dNn h'h'lk+;+ts+ lji0f'l;+xoft :jtGq zf;sof dfGotf k|bfg ofMu' x] Yj ;lGwkqof k|d'vljz]iftf vM . Yj ;lGw h"u'of No"g] Vjko\ ;Qfof nflu h'ofRj+u' ;+3if{ k|d'vh'ofAo"u' b' . e'jg dNnof d[To' w'+sfM Vjko\ k|f0f dNn u2LO Rjg . t/ k|f0fdNn drf x] ltlgu'ln+ /0f dNn, eLd dNn, jL/ dNn j lht dNnlk+;+ zf;gGXofsfRjg . k|f0f dNn aflnu h';]+ln yMu' /fhsLo clwsf/ sfo\u' s'tM oft .k|f0f dNn+ yMu' cj:yf ;'b[9 ofgfxMu'ln+ jL/ dNn j lht dNnlk+ 5wL h'ofM k|f0fdNnof lj?4 ;+ul7t h'n . o]Fof h'h' g/]Gb| dNn -cd/ dNn_ g+ lj/f]wL bnof;dy{go\ GXof+jg . Yj ;lGw k|f0f dNnof lj?4o\ h"u' vM . Vjkkfv]+ jL/ dNnj lht dNn+ Ajlt sfMu' vM;f onkfv]+ lji0f'l;+x,kmlk{Ëkfv]+ ª\ofs' /fj'Qlk+;+ AjltsfMu' vM . cy]x] bf]nvfkfv]+ OGb|l;+x, gf/fo0fl;+xlk+;+ Ajlt sfMu' vM .Yj ;lGwkq+ on, bf]nvf cflb k|b]zoft :jtGq /fHo sy+ cf}krfl/s dfGotflaoftMu' b' . Yj ;lGwkq nfu" h'Ou' cjlw ( bF wsfM SjMl5gftMu' b . ;lGwofc+z y'sy+ b' –

===>L>LhojL/dNnb]j7fs"/;g, >L>Lhog/]Gb|dNnb]j7fs";g,>L>LholhtdNnb]j7fs"/;g, >L>Lhos[i0fdNnb]j7fs";g .>L>LhosNof0fdNnb]j7fs"/;g,>L>Lhok|e'dNnb]j7fs"/:o

#! #@


>L>Lhouf]ljGbdNnb]j7fs"/;g, lji0f'l;+x ef/f];g, ª\ofs'/fj"Q;g, ljqmd /fj"Q;g, k"/g /fa"Q;g, === Yjt] k"rfPsfg zq' Psfg ldq ofª\g ===ltk'/ b"+jgf laHofsg>L>Lk|f0fdNnb]j6f]+ k"q;x ;]i6nf]s k"q;x, dt':o+ dpZjf;/k+ === >L>LhojL/dNnb]j7fs"/:o+ >L>Lhog/]b|dNnb]j7fs"/:o+ lji0f'l;+xef/f];g t[eo /fa'Q:o+ tfªt:o laHofSj lbSj /fHokfly; y]Yo:o+ b"+Yo jfn:o+ e]bfe]8gd;f]:o+ yj @ a"l4g+ ;]i6 Gxn"j === yj @ /fHog ;+tf]if h':o+k|;Gg j]v h'odfNj === ltk'/0f e]bfe]8 d;f]:o+ yj @ a"l4g+n"os+ x/ªf; Yj v+; uf9 dof:o b"Nxf/k+ o+g] dfn===Yjt]k"rf >L>L7fs"/nf]s:o+ ef/f]:o+ t[eo /fj'Q:o+ Yj ;f;g;rf]:o+ tSj dlg:t/k+ laHoft;f lb/;f dlg:t/k+ laHofs6f]+lbs6f]+Dx Yjt] b]j; uf] a|fDx0f ;Gofl; cflbgof xTofglnKt/k" k+rdxfkfqfs nfSj >L>Lkz'klt6f]+ kmf]8/k' ===>]of]:t' ;+jt\ ^^* efb|kb s[i0f gjdL Yj zfzgof cjlwu' ( z'ed:t' .. (Regmi -III; 1086 : 11, no. LXLVII;

608gÙ !!!(M !$!–$%_-===>L>LhojL/dNnb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhog/]Gb|dNnb]j 7fs'/,

>L>LholhtdNnb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhos[i0fdNnb]j 7fs'/, >L>LhosNof0fdNnb]j7fs'/, >L>Lhok|e'dNnb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhouf]ljGbdNnb]j 7fs'/, lji0f'l;+x ef/f],ª\ofs' /fj'Q, ljqmd /fj'Q, k"/0f /fj'Q === y'lnof k'rn+ Psfg zq' Psfg ldqofgfM Yj ;lGw ofMu' vM . === lqk'/ b'g] Rj+Dx >L>Lk|f0f dNn, jof sfo\, ef/bf/lk+j Old sfo\lk+t ts+ ;fyaLdHo", ljZjf; ofo\dHo"= .=== >L>LhojL/dNnb]j, >L>Lhog–/]Gb|dNnb]j, lji0f'l;+x ef/f], :jDx /fj'Qlk+;+ e]befj dofM;] yMyMu' a'l4+ Hofofo\dfn . === yMyMu' /fHoo\ ;Gtf]if h'ofM v'zL;fy Rjg]dfM .===lqk'/++ hfnem]nofgfM if8oGq ofM;f yMlklg b'g]b'g] ;xnx Aofs]dfn .===>L>L7fs'/to\;+, ef/f]to\;+,:jDx /fj'Qto\;+ Yj kqo\ RjoftMy] doftwfM;f BM, ;f, a|fDx0f, ;Gof;L cflbxTof ofMu' k~rdxfkfk nfo\df, kz'klt t5\ofMu'of kfk nfo\df .=== g];+ ^^*efb| s[i0f gjdL . Yj zf;gof cjlw ( bF . sNof0f h'Odf ._

Yj ;lGw+ Gxfkf+v'l; onoft :jtGq /fHoof dfGotf Ao"u' b' . pan] b'u'yLyL /fHoof k|zf;go\ 5'+ sy+of x:tIf]k ofo\u' h'Odv' wsfM k|Tofe"lt g+laoftMu' b' . yMyMu' /fHoo\ ;Gtf]if h'ofRjg]dfM wsfM 5Dx]:of+ d]Dx]:of /fHoo\cfqmd0f ofo\dv' wsfM k|lta4tf Kj+sftMu' b' . t/ Yj ;lGwkqo\ lji0f'l;+xoft

ef/f] woftMu' ljrf/0fLo h" . ef/f]of ;fdfGo cy{ …ef/bf/Ú vM . lji0f'l;+xlk+ g+dxfkfqof ?ko\ s]Gb|of cGtu{t RjgfM :yfgLo k|zf;g GXofsLlk+ ef/bf/t x] vM .lji0f'l;+x+ Yj :jof+ GXoM x] :jtGq zf;s+ sfOu' kbjLt sfo\w'+s"u' vM . t/s]Gb|of dNn zf;slklg ldvfo\ lji0f'l;+x …ef/f]Ú hs h'oflan . lji0f'l;+x g+ yMtef/f] wfo\s]dfM;f+ :jtGq zf;s h'Ou' nf]e+ plsoft :jLsf/ ofMu' vg]b' . y'ls+lji0f'l;+xof /fhg}lts rft'o{ :ki6 ofM .

g];+ ^^*of Yj ;lGw h'O:jof+ GXoMof tf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xoft Ho]i7ljxf/ofdxfkfq wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . g];+ ̂ %& r}q s[i0f ̂ of tf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xofto+s'ln s'6'Dah k|wfgdxfkfq woftMu' b' -kGtÙ !!@) uM $)–$!_ . y'sL lji0f'l;+xofto+s'ln s'6'Dah woftMu' cy{k"0f{ h" . lji0f'l;+xof tfkfMafHof o++s'ln jdf{of gfd+yMt o+s'ln s'6'Dah wfo\s]u''nL uj{ ofgftMu' vg]b' . lji0f'l;+xof sfo\lk+;+ ts+Yj k/Dk/foft GXofsfj+u' vg]b' . d]u' tf8kq g];+ ^^% cflZjg z'Sn @ of vM .y'sL lji0f'l;+xoft Ho]i7ljxf/ s'6'Dah k|wfgdxfkfq hs woftMu' b' -kGtÙ !!@)3M $!–$@_ .

kz'kltof ;lGw w'+sfM lji0f'l;+xof d]u' dxTjk"0f{ clen]v ;'gfu'lyORj+u' g];+ ^&$ df3 z'Sn % ;f]daf/of lznfkq vM -lntF;f clen]v !M$_ .;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[+uf]/Zj/of dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfM lji0f'l;+x+ pu' clen]v tMu'vM . uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLO j0f{g ofgftMsy+ e[+uf/]Zj/of pTklQ kz'klt :jof+GXoM x] h"u' vM .

>Ldb\o'l4li7/:oflb/fHo] .. lxdjGtz]NodWojQ{0fL, dxf/Goe"t] e"d08n] ..k|wfg>Le[ª\uf/]Zj/] e6fl/s k|fb'e"{tM ..

(Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: kq !& s_-o'lwli7/of cflb/fHoo\, lxdfn kxf8of d'no\ Rj+u' 3gf h+un b'u'

e"d08no\ -g]kfn pkTosfo\_ k|wfg >Le[ª\uf/]Zj/ e§f/sof k|fb'ef{j h'n ._uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLO j0f{g ofgftMu' e[ª\uf/]Zj/ j ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u'

e[+uf/]Zj/ jx] vM dv' ;Ldb' . t/ ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[+uf/]Zj/ x] h'Okm'u' oSj;Defjgf b' . cgof e[+uf/]Zj/ b]uMyfo\ lnR5ljsfnof lgu" clen]v n'ofjMu' b' .Gxfkf+u' clen]v+ df;+ ^% -O{= ^$!_of eLdfh'{gb]j j lji0f'u'Ktof kfno\of vM,u'sL …e[+uf/u|fdkf~rfnLÚof pNn]v g+ ofgftMu' b' -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!^M $$*–%!_ .d]u' clen]v df;+ !@! -O{= ^(&_of lzjb]j låtLoof clen]v vM . y'sL g+…e[+uf/]Zj/ kf+rfnLÚof pNn]v ofgftMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M %!(–@@_ . t/lnR5ljsfno\ e[+uf/]Zj/oft /fhsLo ;Ddfg laoftMu' vg]db' . c+z'jdf{ofxfF8LufpFof clen]vo\ yLyL BMlk+t /fHokfv]+ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ofgftMu'nLe[+uf/]Zj/oft 5'+ sy+of jh]6 ôfgftMu' db'u'ln+ Yj vF :ki6 h" . lnR5ljsfno\

## #$


gf+hfo\w+s";f+ lnkf jgfM dg"to\;+ cg 5' BM b'u' wsfM ts+ NjMd+s]w'+s"u' vM .lji0f'l;+xof clen]vo\ GXoygftMsy+ cg Rj+u' a'+ufMrfo\ dfnf:jMan] cfvMlsoftMu' l;hMof 3Mt n'ofjn . pu' 3no\ …>Le[+uf/]Zj/ dxfb]jÚ wsfM RjoftMu'vgfM /fhf no\tfofM dlGb/ bo\sfAo"u' vM . t/ lji0f'l;+x+ cgx] Rj+u' lnR5ljsfnLgclen]vt Ajgf:jMu' vg]db' . clen]v sy+ lji0f'l;+x+ eJo h'Os tMhfM ofgfMb]uM bo\sfJo"u' vg]b' . wgjh| jh|frfo{+ clen]vof j0f{gof cfwf/o\ b]uMof klnn'+ l;oftMu' vo\dfM wsfM cg'dfg ofgfbLu' b' -!!!(M !(_ .

Yj clen]vof bsn] dxTjk"0f{ kIf x] lji0f'l;+x+ yM k'vf{lklg j+zj0f{gofgftMu' vM . lji0f'l;+x+ yM:jof+ Rjo\of :j+u" k':tfof j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . Yj j0f{g:jo\an] ef/tof ;d'b|u'Kt j g]kfMof lnR5lj h'h' dfgb]jof clen]voftn'd+sfaL . ;d'b|u'Kt+ yMu' k|ofu k|zl:tO >Lu'Kt, 36f]Tsru'Kt j rGb|u'Kt ofgfM:j+u" k':tfof gf+ laoftMu' b' . cy]x] dfgb]jof rf+u'gf/fo0fof clen]vo\ dfgb]j+yM k'vf{lk+ j[ifb]j, z+s/b]j j wd{b]jof ljz]if k|z+;f ofgftMu' b' . ljåfg\to\wfk"sy+ k|efjzfnL Oltxf; db'u' /fhj+z+ ha 5'+ tMw+u' Hof ofgfM zlQm k|fKtofO, pan] yMu' :j+u" k':tfof j0f{g ofO (Gopal and Verma; 1097: 42) . Yjx] vFofcfwf/o\ dfgb]joft Gxfkf+Dx lnR5lj :jtGq zf;s wsfM bfjL ofOlk+ g+ b' . Yjts{ lji0f'l;+xof ;Gbe{o\ g+ kfo\l5 h"jM . lji0f'l;+x j+zk/Dk/fsy+ h'h' h"Dx dg"dv' . jnf s]Gb|of cwLgo\ RjgfM :yfgLo k|zf;g GXofsLDx 5Dx dxfkfq hsvM . cy];f+ yMu' rt'/tf+ d]lk+ dxfkfqto\t SjTonfM s]Gb|kfv]+ x] :jtGq zf;sofdfGotf sofM h'h' h"Dx vM .

lji0f'l;+x+ Yj clen]vo\ yM:jof+ :j+u" k':tf Rjo\of ts j0f{g ofgftMu'b' . clen]v sy+ lji0f'l;+xof af} s';'dl;+x, afHof sLlt{l;+x, tfkfMafHof hol;+xvM . t/ on e08f/vfno\ Rj+u' g];+ %#%of o+s'ln jdf{of clen]vo\ o+s'lnjdf{of sfo\ wsfM hol;+xof gf+ GXoygftMu' b' . y'ls+ lji0f'l;+xof Ko+u" k':tfRjo\tsof gf+ n'ofjMu' b' . clen]vo\ n'ofjMsy+ lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{to\u' j0f{gofo\u' ;fGble{s h'O .

@=!=! lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ @=!=! lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ @=!=! lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ @=!=! lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ @=!=! lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{@=!=!=! o+s'ln jdf{@=!=!=! o+s'ln jdf{@=!=!=! o+s'ln jdf{@=!=!=! o+s'ln jdf{@=!=!=! o+s'ln jdf{o+s'ln jdf{ w}Dx lji0f'l;+xof Ko+u" k':tf Rjo\of k"j{h vM . o+s'ln

jdf{of pNn]v g];+ %@@ lg;]+ jMu' vg]b' . g];+ %@@ df3 z'Sn (of 5u" tf8kqo\;fIfL Rj+Dx wsfM o+s'ln jdf{of gf+ GXoygftMu' b' -Oltxf;sf s'/fÙ !!@$M #@,tf8kq NofM @_ . o+s'ln jdf{ yMDx]:of+ x] g+ clen]v :yfkgf ofgfj+u' b' . g];+%#% kf}if z'Sn k"l0f {df a'wjf/of on e08f/vfno\ Rj+u' clen]vo\

o+s'ln jdf{+ …/fhflw/fhk/d]Zj/k/de§f–/s>L>Ldt\hohf]ltdNnb]j:o ljho/fHo]ÚwsfM h'h' Hof]ltd{Nnof gf+ ;Ddfgk"j{s GXoygftMu' b' -t]jf/L j d]lk+–!)Ù !)*#M#_ . o+s'ln jdf{+ yM snfM dwgnIdL -dbgnIdL_ j sfo\ hol;+x ;d]t hfgfMlzj/fqLof j|tof nflu bFo\bF;+ GXofgfjg]df w}u' p2]Zo+ u'ly Joj:yf ofgfAo"u'vM . Yj clen]vo\ o+s'ln jdf{ + yMu' lgjf; >LdfgLun>Lj+y'lgDx+>LdfgLun>Lj+y'lgDx+>LdfgLun>Lj+y'lgDx+>LdfgLun>Lj+y'lgDx+>LdfgLun>Lj+y'lgDx+u [xf +u0fflwli7tk/d]Zj/ >L;bflzj >L>Ldl0fs]Zj/e§f/s:ou[xf +u0fflwli7tk/d]Zj/ >L;bflzj >L>Ldl0fs]Zj/e§f/s:ou[xf +u0fflwli7tk/d]Zj/ >L;bflzj >L>Ldl0fs]Zj/e§f/s:ou[xf +u0fflwli7tk/d]Zj/ >L;bflzj >L>Ldl0fs]Zj/e§f/s:ou[xf +u0fflwli7tk/d]Zj/ >L;bflzj >L>Ldl0fs]Zj/e§f/s:o wsfMGXoygftMu' b' . y'ls+ dfl0fun /fhb/jf/of k"j{kfv] dl0fs]Zj/e§f/s b'yfo\o+s'ln jdf{of lgjf; wsfM :ki6 h'n . :n;/of sy+ e08f/vfno\ jf:tf dofM;]jf+5\joftMu' lzjlnË x] dl0fs]Zj/ vM ( 1118 : 111) . pls+ o+s'ln jdf{of lgjf;yf}+sGx]of e08f/vfnSoa b'yfo\ x] vM wsfM :ki6 h" . o+s'ln jdf{of pNn]v h"u'd]u' clen]v e08f/vfno\ x] Rj+u' g];+ %$& sflt{s z'Sn k"l0f{df a'wjf/of rGb|dfofd"lt{of kfbkL7 clen]v vM -t]jf/L j d]lk–!)Ù !)*#M $_ . h'h' Hof]ltd{Nnofljho/fHoo\\ o+s'ln jdf{of snfM dbgnIdL+ k"l0f{dfj|t bgfM pu' clen]v tMu'vM . t/ Yj clen]vo\ dbgnIdLoft o+s'ln jdf{of snfM hs woftMu' b', o+s'lnjdf{ yMx] cg pkl:yt h"u' sy+ RjoftMu' db' . pls+ y'an] o+s'ln jdf{ ;Lw'+s"u'h'OdfM . clen]vo\ o+s'ln jdf{oft …kfqÚ hs woftMu'ln+ j pln zlQmzfnLdv'Dx wsfM ;Lb' .

@=!=!=@ hol;+x @=!=!=@ hol;+x @=!=!=@ hol;+x @=!=!=@ hol;+x @=!=!=@ hol;+xRjo\ pNn]v h"u' g];+ %#%of clen]vkfv]+ o+s'ln jdf{of sfo\ hol;+x

wsfM ;Lb'u' vM . hol;+xof pNn]v jMu' bsn] Gxfkf+u' clen]v Yjx] vM .lji0f'l;+xof e[+uf/]Zj/ clen]vo\ j+zj0f{g ofgftMu'nL hol;+xlg;]+ hs z'?ofgftMu' b' . clen]vo\ hol;+xoft …u'?k|sfzf] hubDa'/fzf} je"j ljåfg\hol;+xe"kMÚ -;+;f/?kL ;d'b|o\ tMw+u' hM h'ofjDx ljåfg\ /fhf hol;+x_ wsfMj0f{g ofgftMu' b' . lji0f'l;+x+ yM afHof hol;+xoft x] /fhf sy+ j0f{g ofgfMyMlklg k'vf{t Gxfkf+lg;]+ h'h'vnM kfv]+ jMlk+ vM wsfM Sog]t :jMu' b' . lji0f'l;+xofYj j0f{g cltzof]lQmk"0f{ vg]b' . e08f/vfnof g];+ %#%of o+s'ln jdf{ofclen]v w'+sfM hol;+xof pNn]v jMu' d]u' clen]v g];+ %^^ cflZj0f s[i0f !$oftf8kq vM -kGtÙ !!!#M ^!–^@_ . psL hol;+xoft kfq hs woftMu' b' .

hol;+xof af/] Oltxf;sf/to\ by'O tMw+u' e|d GogfRj+u' b' . hol;+xgf+of d]lk+ g+ dxfkfqt b'u'ln+ psy+ e|d Ajn+u' vM . psLdWo] 5Dx pQ/ljxf/cGtu{tof Gxf]nljxf/of k|wfgdxfkfq hol;+xdNn jdf{ vM . Yjo\sn+dxL/fj0fjw nufot d]d]u' g+ cfkfn+ ;km"t NXoMu' b' . y'Dx hol;+x pQ/ljxf/ofDxh"u'ln+ lji0f'l;+xof tfkfM afHof hol;+x h'OkmOdv' . d]Dx hol;+x w}Dx

#% #^


blIf0fljxf/of dxfkfq hol;+x dNn vM . pTsL0f{ clen]vo\ g+ y'Dx hol;+xof gf+jMu' b' . lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ wsfM Oltxf;sf/to\t e|d h"Dx y'Dx x] hol;+x dNnvM . on nfo\s"of s]zjgf/fo0fr'so\ g];+ **! df3 z'Sn !%of tfd|kqtfgftMu' b' . Yj tfd|kqo\ h'h' hok|sfz dNn+ >L>Lhol;+x dNnof kfno\a'Nx'b]zof hgtfto\u' nflu bo\sftMu' lgod af/] slr+un lkxf+jMu'ln+ plsoft;dfwfg ofgfM Jojl:yt ofgfAo"u' vF RjoftMu' b' . -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!(M $%^–%&_psL hol;+x dNn+ Gxfkf lgod bo\sfAo"u' ;+jt\ wsfM g];+ %$( j}zfv z'Sn!) laoftMu' b' . Yjx] a]xf]/fof d]u' tfd|kq kz'kltuf]Zjf/fof e08f/o\ b' -608gÙ!!!(M @^%–^^_ . /fli6«o clen]vfnoo\ Rj+u' …/fdfÍgfl6sfÚo\ g+ y'Dx hol;+xdNnof pNn]v jMu' b' . g];+ %)!; RjoftMu' pu' gf6so\ …>LblIf0fljxf/k|wfgdxfdxdxfkfq >Lhol;+x dNnÚ woftMu' b' (Regmi -I; 1085: 448) . /]UdL+y'Dx x] hol;+xoft lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ woftMu' b' (I; 1085: 449) . lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{…hol;+xÚ j y'Dx …hol;+xÚ lgDx cnu–cnu x] dg" vM . sf/0f–

-!_ lji0f'l;+xlk+ blIf0fljxf/ cGtu{tof Ho]i7ljxf/ ln;] ;DalGwtlk+ vM .hol;+x dNn blIf0fljxf/ofDx vM . -@_ lji0f'l;+xlk+;+ yMu' gf+of No"g] …dNnÚ u'an]+ RjMu' db' . -#_ lji0f'l;+xof k'vf{ hol;+x g];+ %^^; kfq hs ltlg, hals hol;+x dNn g];+ %)!o\ x] …k|wfgdxfdxdxfkfqÚ h'Ow'+sn . -$_ lji0'l;+xof k'vf{ hol;+x g];+ %#%; drf x] ltlg, t/ hol;+x dNn g];+ %)!; x] dxfkfq h'ofM k|zf;lgs HofvF GXofsfRj+Dx vM . pls+ y'lk+ lgDx dg" cnu–cnu x] vM wsfM k|dfl0ft h" .

@=!=!=# sLlt{l;+x @=!=!=# sLlt{l;+x @=!=!=# sLlt{l;+x @=!=!=# sLlt{l;+x @=!=!=# sLlt{l;+xlji0f'l;+xof afHof sLlt{l;+x vM . lji0f'l;+xof e[+uf/]Zj/ clen]vo\

sLlt{l;+xoft zq' /fhfto\t vQd ofODx, Oldu' >Lk]rof dl0f+ t'lt emMemM wfMDxy]+hfMu' sfJofTds j0f{g ofgftMu' b', t/ y'lsof 5'+ P]ltxfl;s dxTj db' .sLlt{l;+xof Gxfkf+u' k|fdfl0fs pNn]v g];+ %(* j}zfv s[i0f ! of ;'j0f{ hGt/o\jMu' b' -vgfnÙ !!)#M !*$_ . y'u' hGt/ rfFu'gf/fo0f+ xofM xg'dfg9f]sf b/jf/o\ toftMu' b' . Yj hGt/ sLlt{l;+x+ >L>L>Lu?8gf/fo0foft 5fMu' vM .

sLlt{l;+xof d]u' pNn]v g];+ ^)) r}q z'Sn #of lnvtkqo\ jMu' b' .-kGtÙ !!@$ vM !&_ . sLlt{l;+xof d]u' clen]v rfFu'gf/fo0fof lt;fo\ x] n'ofjMu'b' . g];+ ^)! kmfu'0f z'Sn åfbzLv'Gx' sLlt{l;+x+ yM dflxnfDx sfo\ s';'dl;+xDx+dkm'u'ln+ ofsg+ Njo\ nfo\df wsfM sfdgf of;]+ gf/fo0fBMoft k"hf ofgfMWjfFo\ 5fMu' j s07L bo\sfM b]5fgfAo"u' vM -vgfnÙ !!)#M !*^_ . Yj clen]vo\

h'h' oIf dNnof gf+ ;Ddfgk"j{s GXoygftMu' b' . g];+ ^)! lå/fiff9 s[i0f $oflnvtkq+ sLlt{l;+xof /fhg}lts dxTj :ki6 ofM . h'h' oIf dNn+ vf]gfo\ Rj+u'yMu' xsef]uof ! /f]kgL hUuf cg x] Rj+lk+ $Dx]l;t Do"u' pu' lnvtkqo\ ;fIfLsy+ sLlt{l;+xoft toftMu' b' -kGtÙ !!)^M $$_ . vf]gfb]o\ sLlt{l;+xof k|zf;lgsIf]q cGtu{t nfMu'ln+ psy+ sLlt{l;+xoft dxTj laofM ;fIfLsy+ sLlt{l;+xofttoftMu' vM . sLlt{l;+xof pNn]v d]u' 5u" lnvtkqo\ g+ jMu'' b' . sLlt{l;+x+ yMu'xsef]uof hUuf o]Fof n'd8L kL7oft nMNxfMu' wsfM RjoftMu' Yj lnvtkqo\;j+t\of by'O Rj+u' b;:yfgL cfvM dbo\w'+sn, ;+jt\of GXoMg]Rj+u' c+s ^ jNo"g]Rj+u' c+s $ hs No+blg -kGtÙ !!@$ 3M ##+_ . g];+ ̂ !%; onoft Vjkkfv]+Aofun+ tofM o]Fof cwLgo\ to\u' wsfM ;lGw h"u'nL onkfv]+ Ajlt sfMDx wsfMsLlt{l;+xof sfo\ s';'dl;+xof pNn]v jo\w'+sn . pls+ Yj lnvtkqof by'O Rj+u'cfvM …)Ú -z"Go_ jf ! h'OdfM, j :jof+ lnkfof h'Okm}dv' . Yj cg';f/+ ljrfM ofo\an]y'u' lnvtkqof ;+jt\ ^)$ jf ^!$ h'OdfM wsfM cg'dfg ofo\l5+ .

@=!=!=$ s';'dl;+x @=!=!=$ s';'dl;+x @=!=!=$ s';'dl;+x @=!=!=$ s';'dl;+x @=!=!=$ s';'dl;+xs';'dl;+x lji0f'l;+xof af} v M . g];+ ^)!of clen]vo\ s';'dl;+xoft

sLlt{l;+xof dflxnfDx sfo\ wsfM GXoygftMu' b' . sLlt{l;+x w'+sfM s';'dl;+x+af}Dx]:of lhDd]jf/L s'lan . s';'dl;+xof pNn]v g];+ ^!$ j}zfv z'Sn @oftf8kqo\ jMu' b' -kGtÙ !!@) sM #*_ . Yj tf8kqo\ hUufof ;Ldfgf SjM5Lu'‰jno\ s';'dl;+xof gf+ jMu' vM . t/ psL s';'dl;+xoft kfq, dxfkfq cflb 5'+x] ljz]if0f laoftMu' db'lg . g];+ ^!%of ;lGwO onkfv]+ Ajlt sfMlk+ dxfkfqtdWo] 5Dx s';'dl;+x g+ vM . Yj ;lGwkqo\ s]Gb|of dNn h'h'lk+;+ onkfv]+ Ajlt sfMlk+dxfkfqto\t …ef/f]Ú hs woftMu' b', dxfkfq wsfM ;Daf]wg ofgftMu' db' .

g];+ ̂ !* >fj0f s[i0f $of tf8kqo\ ;fIfLsy+ s';'dl;+xof gf+ GXoygftMu'b', u'sL s';'dl;+xoft …>LHofyljxf/ s'6'Dah k|wfgdxfkqÚ woftMu' b'-/fhj+zLÙ !!)%M %%–%^_ . s';'dl;+xof pNn]v jMu' d]u' clen]v g];+ ^!( r}qz'Sn !#of tf8kq vM . Yj clen]v s';'dl;+x j /f3jl;+x lgDx hfgfM hUuf a¥xMto\sfM Woaf Tofo\Ao"u' lnvtkq vM -/fhj+zLÙ !!)%M %^_ . /f3jl;+x w}Dx g];+^!%of ;lGwO s';'dl;+xln;] Ajlt sfMDx dxfkfq vM . clen]vkfv]+ /f3jl;+xg+ Ho]i7ljxf/ofDx x] vM wsfM ;Lb' t/ s';'dl;+x j /f3jl;+xof 5' gftf b' wsfM;Ls]dkm'lg . g];+ ^@)of …;fBGtsf]z;f/Ú ;km'tL onof %Dx dxfkfqto\u' gf+GXoygftMu'nL s';'dl;+xoft >Ldl0fs'df/:o kbfDef]h}s if6\kbM hLofTs';'d>Ldl0fs'df/:o kbfDef]h}s if6\kbM hLofTs';'d>Ldl0fs'df/:o kbfDef]h}s if6\kbM hLofTs';'d>Ldl0fs'df/:o kbfDef]h}s if6\kbM hLofTs';'d>Ldl0fs'df/:o kbfDef]h}s if6\kbM hLofTs';'dl;+xf]o sLlt{l;+x ;'tMl;+xf]o sLlt{l;+x ;'tMl;+xf]o sLlt{l;+x ;'tMl;+xf]o sLlt{l;+x ;'tMl;+xf]o sLlt{l;+x ;'tM ->Ldl0fs'df/of t'lt ?kL kn]:jf+of eDjM sLlt{l;+xofsfo\ s';'dl;+x_ wsfM woftMu' b' .

#& #*


s';'dl;+xof snfMof gf+ honIdL vM . e[+uf/]Zj/of clen]vo\ lji0f'l;+x+yM df+ honIdLof k|z+;f ofgftMu' b' . yM df+oft j}Zof+ jª\z] e"iffj}Zof+ jª\z] e"iffj}Zof+ jª\z] e"iffj}Zof+ jª\z] e"iffj}Zof+ jª\z] e"iff -j}Zos'nof lt;f_ wsfM uj{ ofgftMu' b' . y'ls+ If]qL j j}Zoof by'O h'Ou' Olxkfoftpu' O{of ;dfh+ :jLsf/ ofgftMu' wsfM So+ . lji0f'l;+xof df+Dx onofDx x] vMw}u' vF df+Dx]l;t …nlntk'/ kf/fjf/;+hf/fhnIdLÚ woftMu'ln+ :ki6 ofM . df+Dx]l;ty'sy+ dxTj laofM j0f{g ofgftMu'nL /fhg}lts sf/0f bo\k'm . lji0f'l;+x zlQmzfnLh'ofM lkbg] k'mu'of No"g] df+Dx]l;of g+ Ujfxfln b'u' cg'dfg ofo\l5+ .

@=!=@ lji0f'l;+xof kl/jf/ @=!=@ lji0f'l;+xof kl/jf/ @=!=@ lji0f'l;+xof kl/jf/ @=!=@ lji0f'l;+xof kl/jf/ @=!=@ lji0f'l;+xof kl/jf/e[+uf/]Zj/of clen]vo\ lji0f'l;+x+ k'vf{lklg hs j0f{g dofM;] snfM j

sfo\lklg g+ j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . lji0f'l;+xof :jDx snfMlk+ b' – Å[bonIdL, kb\dfjtLj sdnfnIdL . t/ e[+uf/]Zj/of Yj clen]vo\ ÅbonIdLof gf pNn]v ofgftMu'db', kb\dfjtL j sdnfnIdLof gf+ hs pNn]v ofgftMu' b' .

ÅbonIdL lji0f'l;+xof Gxfkf+Dx snfM vM . y'lsof k'li6 /fli6«oclen]vfno; ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' d}lynL gf6s piffx/0fpiffx/0fpiffx/0fpiffx/0fpiffx/0fof cflbjfSo+ ofgfRj+u'b' . pu' ;k'mtL lji0f'l;+xof :jDx+ snfMlklg gf+ laoftMu'nL ÅbonIdLof gf+ bsn]Gxfkf+ laoftMu' b' . ÅbonIdL lji0f'l;+xof dYofMDx snfM g+ dv' . g];+ ^*(ofsfo\Dx p4jl;+xof clen]vo\ ÅbonIdLoft lji0f'l;+xof ljjflxtf snfM wsfM:ki6 ?k+ GXoygftMu' b' . ÅbonIdL Gxfkf+Dx snfM vM;f+ jkfv]+ bsn] lnkf ltlgdrf b'u' vg]b' . lji0f'l;+xof :jDx sfo\lk+ dWo] bsn] SjsflnDx p4jl;+xÅbonIdLof sfo\ vM . lji0f'l;+x+ e[+uf/]Zj/of clen]vo\ ÅbonIdLof gf+ 5fo\pNn]v dofsn wsfM ;Ldb'lg .

lji0f'l;+xof :jDx sfo\lk+ b' – g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+x . lji0f'l;+xj kb\dfjtLkfv]+ g/l;+x j k'/Gb/l;+xof hGd h"u' vM . sdnfnIdLkfv]+ drf b'u'vg]db' . lji0f'l;+x j ÅbonIdLkfv]+ p4jl;+xof hGd h"u' vM . e[+uf/]Zj/ofclen]vo\ pNn]v h"sy+ lji0f'l;+xof j+z y'sy+ b' –

hol;+x

sLlt{l;+x

s';'dl;+x + hoNnIdL

lji0f'l;+x + kb\dfjtL, sdnfnIdL

g/l;+x k'/Gb/l;+x p4jl;+x

y'sy+ e[+uf/]Zj/of clen]v tMu' O{ g];+ ^&$ lg;]+ lji0f'l;+x+ yMt k"0f{:jtGq h'h'sy+ GXoAjMu' vg]b' . 5'+ O{ lnkf g];+ ̂ &&; lji0f'l;+x+ yMt …dfl0fUnflwkltÚwsfM ;Daf]wg ofMu' vM . g];+ ^&& dfu{ s[i0f !@of tf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xoft…dfl0fUnflwkltÚ woftMu' b' . gfk+ dNn h'h'lk+;+ tOu' …>L>LÚ j …7fs'/ g+ toftMu'b' . Yj tf8kq P]Zjo{w/ zdf{ofs] ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' b' .

;Djt\ ̂ && dfu{lz/ s[i0f åfbZoflGtyf}+ >Lnlnte"Dof+ >LdlgunblIf0f:o>L Ho]i7ljxf/ o+sln dxfkfq >Ldlgunflwklt >L>Llji0f'l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fb/kf efiff ===-jh|frfoÙ{ !)*@M !@_ .

yf}+ts n"u' P]ltxfl;s k|df0f sy+ onof h'h'lk+ dWo] yMt …dflgUnflwkltÚwsfM 3f]if0ff ofMDx Gxfkf+Dx h'h' lji0f'l;+x x] vM . kz'kltof g];+ ̂ ^*of ;lGwofcjlw (bF Sjrfo\j+ lji0f'l;+x+ yMt dfl0fUnflwklt 3f]if0ff ofMu' vM . t/ Yjtf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+x+ yMt dxfkfq wfo\u' dTjMt"lg . ltlyldlt db'u' d]u' 5u"tf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xoft …dfl0fUnflwkltÚ j …7fs'/Ú woftMu' b';f+ dxfkfq wfo\u'TjMt"u' vg]b' -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $@–$#_ . pls+ Yj tf8kq Rjo\of g];+ ^&&oftf8kq :jof+ lnkfofu' vo\k'm . t/ ltlyldlt pNn]v h"u' lji0f'l;+xof bsn]lnkfofu' clen]v g];+ ^&& of tf8kq x] h'ofAo"u' b' .

Yj :jof+ lnkfof g];+ ̂ &* of tf8kqo\ lji0f'l;+xof sfo\ g/l;+xb]joft…dl0fUnflwkltÚ wsfM pNn]v jMu'ln+ y'an] lji0f'l;+xof d[To' h'Ow'+s"u' h'OdfM .lji0f'l;+x ;Lu' ltlyldlt n'ofjMu' db'lg . t/ g];+ ̂ &* r}q z'Sn @ of tf8kqo\d]lk+ dxfkfqto\u' pNn]v jMu' 36gf ljrf/0fLo h" .

;Djt\ ^&* r}q z'Sn .. låtLof+ ltyf} .. >Lnlnta'|dfof+>LdfgLUns] blIf0fljxf/] Ho]i7ljxf/ j+s'ln s't'Dahk |wfgdxfkfq >LÅbol; +xjDd {g; k |wfgdxfkfq>LUofgl;+xjDd{g;, k|wfgdxfkfq >Ls]zjl;+xjDd{g; Pt];xfg'dt]g k|e]tg === -/fhj+zLÙ !)*#M !*–!(_ .

lji0f'l;+xof bsn] lnkfof ldlt g];+ ^&& dfu{ s[i0f !@ j y'u' tf8kqg];+ ^&* r}q z'Sn @of cjlw b'g] x] lji0f'l;+xof d[To' h"u' vo\dfM . lji0f'l;+x+onof d]lk+ dxfkfq bSjl;t SjTonfM yMt onof h'h' 3f]if0ff ofMu' vM . t/lji0f'l;+x ;Lj+ SjTonftMlk+ plk+ dxfkfqto\;+ xfsg+ 5\o+ NXjgfxMu' vM . cy];f+lji0f'l;+x w'sfM onof zf;g Aoj:yf Gxfkfy]+ dxfkfqto\u' Nxfto\ dj+;] jofsfo\lklg Nxfto\ x] j+u' vg]b' .

#( $)


@=@ snf, ;+:s[lt j jfª\doof If]qo\ pknlAw@=@ snf, ;+:s[lt j jfª\doof If]qo\ pknlAw@=@ snf, ;+:s[lt j jfª\doof If]qo\ pknlAw@=@ snf, ;+:s[lt j jfª\doof If]qo\ pknlAw@=@ snf, ;+:s[lt j jfª\doof If]qo\ pknlAw

@=@=! e[ +uf/]Zj/ dlGb/of k'glg{df{0f@=@=! e[ +uf/]Zj/ dlGb/of k'glg{df{0f@=@=! e[ +uf/]Zj/ dlGb/of k'glg{df{0f@=@=! e[ +uf/]Zj/ dlGb/of k'glg{df{0f@=@=! e[ +uf/]Zj/ dlGb/of k'glg{df{0flji0f'l;+xof kfno\of oSj clen]vt n'ofjMu' db' . d'Ss+ Ko+u" hs

pTsL0f{ clen]v k|fKt h"u' b' . psL dWo] g+ :j+u" ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf+ tMu' vM;f5u" hs lji0f'l;+x yMDx]:of+ hf/L ofMu' vM . lji0f'l;+x yMDx]:of+ x] hf/L ofMu' pu'clen]v g];+ o'u d'lg /; -^&$_ df3 z'Sn k~rdL ;f]djf/of on ;'gfu'lyoflznfkq vM . Yj lznfkq lji0f'l;+x+ ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[+uf/]Zj/ dxfBMof b]uMk'glg{df{0f ofMu' pknIoo\ tMu' vM .

Yj b]uM k|fdfl0fs ?k+ lnR5ljsfno\ x] cl:tTjo\ jo\w'+s"u' vM .Oltxf;of u'u'+ sfnv08o\ Yj b]uM b'gfjg h'O . xfsg+ bo\s]u' Hof dh"u'ln+ O{lagfj+ln;] dg"to\ pu' b]uMof af/] NjMdgfjg . lji0f'l;+x+of Ono\ Yo+an] pu'yf;o\ Gxfkf b]uM b'u' vM wsfM ts+ ;'gf+ x] d;Lw'+sn . pu' yf;o\ Rj+u' a'+ufMrfofclen]v ;lxtof jxMof 3Mt n'ofjMu' vM . pu' 3no\ …>L e[+uf/]Zj/ dxfb]jÚwsfM RjoftMu'ln+ lji0f'l;+x+ pu' yf;o\ xfsg+ b]uM bo\sfAo"u' vM . lji0f'l;+x+ pu'b]u bo\sfof k'0o yM af} s';'dl;+xoft nfo\df wsfM sfdgf ofgftMu' b' . yMDx+ofgfu' k'0oof kmn d]lk+t nfo\df wsfM sfdgf ofo\u' rng Gxfkf+lg;]+ GXofgfjofRj+u'vM . Yj k|;Ëo\ kz'kltO Rj+u' hob]j -O{ &!# –&##_of df;+ !%& -O{=&##_ofclen]vof pNn]v ofo\u' ;fGble{s h'O . hob]j+ kz'kltgfyoft RofxM b'u' jxMofkn]:jf+ b]5fMu' j df+Dx jT;b]jL+ kz'kltgfyof 5\ogo\ jxMof kn]:Jf+f b]5fMu'cj;/o\ pu' clen]v tMu' vM . hob]j+ Yj Hof ofgfu'of k'0o yMdf+ jT;b]jLoftnfo\df wsfM sfdgf ofgftMu' b';f df+Dx]:of+ g+ pu' k'0o yM db'Dx efMt h'h'lzjb]j låtLooft nfo\df wsfM sfdgf ofgftMu' b' . -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!^M %$*–^@_ .

lji0f'l;+x+ k'glg{df{0f ofMan] Yj b]uMof :j?k uy] Rj+ wsfM ;Ldb' . t/clen]vo\ b]uMoft ;'d]? kj{tln;] t'ngf ofgftMu'ln+ tMhfM h'Os bo\sfAo"u'vo\dfM . yf}+sGx] Yj b]uM u'Dah z}nL+ bo\sftMu' b' . dlGb/of cfsf/k|sf/c:jfefljs vg]b' . Ono\Aono\ hL0f]{f4f/ h'ofRj+u'ln+ yy] vg]b'u' h'OdfM . lj;+!(() ;fnof tMe'vfo\ w'+sfM Yj b]uMof hL0ff]{4f/ h"u' vM;f y'Dx BMof hfqf r}qk'lGxv'Gx' h'Ou' vM (Pruscha -II; 1095: 254) .

@=@=@ piffx/0f gf6s @=@=@ piffx/0f gf6s @=@=@ piffx/0f gf6s @=@=@ piffx/0f gf6s @=@=@ piffx/0f gf6sjfª\doof Vono\ :jo\u' vM;f lji0f'l;+xof /fHosfno\ piffx/0f gf6s

NXoMu' b' . Yj gf6s /fli6«o clen]vfno; ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' b' . y'lsof /Ln g+

B 276 / 16b vM . Yof;k'mtL RjoftMu' Yj gf6s k"0f{ dh", d'Ss+ !^ kq hs No+blg .

oSj yf;o\ :og]w'+s"u' y'u' ;km"of ;fOh @) x (=^ ;]dL= b' . g]kfnlnlk+ RjoftMu'Yj ;km"of efo\ d}lynL vM;f+ lgb]{zg jfSo sy+ g]kfnefiffoft 5\onftMu' b' .Yj piffx/0f gf6s s[i0frl/qof s'rf hs vM . ;km" NXoMu' ltlyldlt jNXoMldof gf+ pNn]v ofgftMu' db' . t/ lji0f'l;+xof gf+ pNn]v ofgftMyfo\>Llji0f'l;+xb]j, >Lholji0f'l;+xb]j hs woftMu' b' . y'ls+ lji0f'l;+x k"0f{ :jtGqh'h'of ?ko\ zlQmzfnL dh"lgan] Yj ;km" NXoMu' vo\dfM wsfM cg'dfg ofo\l5+ .Yj Nofv+ :jo\an] ;'afxfMof clen]v tMu' O{ g];+ ̂ %^ – ̂ ^^ kfv] Yj ;km" NXoMu'vo\dfM .

gf6sof cflbjfSoo\ lji0f'l;+xof :jDx+ /fgLlk+ ÅbonIdL, kßnIdL jsdnfnIdLof gf+ GXoygftMu' b' . 5u" x] yf;o\ lji0f'l;+xof :jDx+ /fgLlklgu'gf+ pNn]v h"u' cfMts n"u' 5u"of+ 5u" hs bl; Yjx] vM . y'ls+ lji0f'l;+xoftMlwsMDx snfM ÅbonIdL vM wsfM ;Lbt . Yj :jof+ GXoM ÅbonIdLoftlji0f'l;+xof sfG5LDx snfM wsfM Oltxf;sf/to\;+ tfo\sfRj+u' vM . lji0f'l;+xof:jDx+ sfo\lk+ g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof gf+ g+ k|z+;f ;lxtpNn]v ofgftMu' b' . d}lyln ;flxToof ljsf;qmdof cWoog ofo\t Yj gf6s+cfkfn+ Ujfxfln ofOu' vg]b' .

@=@=# gf/b;+lxtf @=@=# gf/b;+lxtf @=@=# gf/b;+lxtf @=@=# gf/b;+lxtf @=@=# gf/b;+lxtfO{zf k"j{o\ d"n wd{u|Gysy+ dg':d[lt b'u' vM . dg':d[ltof x] wfFrfo\ gf/b

w}Dx]:of+ d]u' :d[lt -wd{zf:q_ bo\sn . Yj t:;s+ nf]s+Jxft . ;fs{ b]zo\ cfo{to\by'O sfg"g Nofv+ gfnLu' wd{u|Gy h"jg . lem+5u"u' zbL g];+ @!& ; s0ff{6j+zLgfGob]j+ lt/x't /fHo gL:j+;+]ln cg+ Yj wd{u|Gy g]kfnd08no\ b'xf+jn .

gf/b;+lxtf d'n'sL P]g y]+hfMu' sfg"gL u|Gy vM . zf;g Joj:yfGXofs]t dlHhdufMu' tfo\sfM hol:ylt dNnof kfno\ dGqL hot+ can]of/fhkl08t dgs' ef/f] -dfl0fSoj4{g_oft Yj u|Gy g]kfnefiff+ xLs]lan . hol:yltdNn+ dWosfno\ ;fdflhs ;'wf/ ofMu' vF Oltxf;o\ k|l;4 h" . Yjx] wd{:d[ltofaMsofM hol:ylt dNn+ zf;g Joj:yf GXofs"u' vM . kl08t dfl0fs+ Yj Rjo\w'+sfMdNn sfnel/ NXoofM Ajg]u' oft . g];+ %)) lrNnfYj t[tLof ljlxjf/o\sLlt{k'0o dxfljxf/, nu+afxfM o]Fof n'Gteb| ah|frfo{+ NXoMu' k|lt /fli6«o clen]vno;n"u' b' . y'lsoft zfGtxif{ jh|frfo+{ ;Dkfbg ofgfM g];+ !!)&; lksofbLu' b' .s];/ k':tsfnoo\ nut NofM #^(; *! kq b'u' 5u" clen]v u|Gy b' . ;km"ofefiff sy+ :jo\an] Yj ;km" g+ hol:ylt dNnof kfno\ x] RjMu' vo\dfM . y'u' u|Gyo\d's'Gb;]g /fhfg t]nfof j[QfGt, gf/b;+lxtf j g]kfnGofokfnljlw ofgfM :j+u"cnu–cnu ljifoof vFt 3fgftMu' b' . psL dWo] kq &%ln–($ ts b'u'

$! $@


Zo]gd'lg w}Dx:of+ RjMu' …g]kfnGofokfnljlwÚ Ajoft sfzLgfy tdf]6+g]kfnGofokfnljlw g]kfnGofokfnljlw g]kfnGofokfnljlw g]kfnGofokfnljlw g]kfnGofokfnljlw gf+ + + + + 5'gfM g];+ !!@&; ;Dkfbg ofgfM lksofbLu' b' . d]u'k|lt o]Fof h'h' /Tg dNnof kfno\ g];+ ^#! ; NXoMu' vM . Yjof+ lnkfof k|ltlji0f'l;+xof kfno\ g];+ ^&@ ; NXoMu' vM . Yj w'+sfM g+ Vjkof /fgL u+ufb]jL jsfo\lklg kfno\ g];+ &!$ j &@! ; NXoMu' nofjMu' b' .

lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ NXoMu' gf/b;+lxtfof gf+ j ;+jt\ af/] GxfkfofcWo]tfto\;+ å+sftMu' b' . ;+zf]wg d08nof Oltxf;sfoto\;+ Yj ;k"mof gf+…;jf{y{lrGtfdl0fÚ wsfM pNn]v ofgfbLu' vM -;+zf]wg d08n !)**M ##^_ . t/Yj ;km" gf/b;+lxtf x] vM, ;jf{y{lrGtfdl0f dv' w}u' vF ;k"m b'g]of ljifoj:t'ofcWoog ofo\an] ;Lb' . ;km" NXoMu' ;+jt\of af/] g+ e|d h'ofRj+u' vg]b'u' . hgsnfnj}B+ y'lsof j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq bo\s"an] Yj ;km"of ;+jt\ g];+ ^&) wsfMlaofbLu' b' -!!@!M &%_ . ;k"m NXoMu'of ;+jt\ zAbfÍo\ laoftMu'ln+ psy+ e|dh"j+u' vM . ;km"of k'liksf jfSoo\ ;km" NXoMu'of ;+jt\ wsfM b> z}n /;] jif]{b> z}n /;] jif]{b> z}n /;] jif]{b> z}n /;] jif]{b> z}n /;] jif]{sflQ{s] lzt ;KtdLsflQ{s] lzt ;KtdLsflQ{s] lzt ;KtdLsflQ{s] lzt ;KtdLsflQ{s] lzt ;KtdL laoftMu' b' . yg b> = clZjgLs'df/ = @, z}n = kj{t=&, /;= ^ vM . y'lsoft cMvt+ NofMvfo\an] g];+ ^&@ h"jO . y'u' u|GyNXooftMu' /fli6«o clen]vfnoof nut %–&#$%÷dfOqmf]lkmNd aL $!%÷@)k|lt; b>of yf;o\ b; RjoftMu'ln+ g+ Yj e|d Ajn+u' vM .

Yj ;km" s];/ k':tsfno; ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' b' . y'lsof /Ln g+ C 5 / 2

vM . tf8kqo\ g]kfnlnlk+ ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff Njfs5\ofgfM RjoftMu' Yj ;km"k"j+ . d'Ss+ ($ kq b'u' Yj ;km"of ;fOh ##=% x ̂ =) ;]dL= vM . Yj ;km" NXoMDxdg" on y+a' Tjfno\ Rj+Dx b}j1 hLjz+v vM . k'liksfo\ lji0f'l;+xoft yMu' k|tfk+bSj zq'to\t gi6 ofMDx, gLltof ;d'b|o /Tg y]+ Rj+Dx onof h'h' wsfM tf/LkmofgftMu' b' .

lji0f'l;+x onof bsn] Gxfkf+Dx :jtGq h'h' vM . yMt bsn] Gxfkf+…dflgUnflwkltÚ 3f]if0ff ofMDx g+ lji0f'l;+x x] vM . lnkfof dNn h'h'lk+;+ ts+lji0f'l;+x+ y]+ …dfl0fUnflwkltÚ ljz]if0f sfo\u'nL uj{ ofMu' vg]b' . 5Dx dxfkfq h'ofMg+ yMu' dxTjfsf+Iff+ onof h'h' h'ofjg . yM w'+sfM sfo\lk+t x] j+zk/Dk/f sy+ h'h'h'Ou' Joj:yf ofgfjg . Yj ;Gbe{o\ k]6]sof wfk" dggLo h" – (Vishnusimha)

turned the aristocratic republic into a monarchy of the

traditional type (1104 : 192) . t/ lji0f'l;+x w'+sfM jof :jDx sfo\lklg by'O;+o'Qm zf;g GXoft . yj+yjo\ d]n db'u'ln+ /fHo Joj:yf ;'yf+nfSs GXofs]km'u'vg]db' .

g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jofg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jofg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jofg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jofg/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jofzf;g j of]ubfgzf;g j of]ubfgzf;g j of]ubfgzf;g j of]ubfgzf;g j of]ubfg

lji0f'l;+xof clGtd pNn]v g];+ ^&& dfu{ s[i0f !@of tf8kqo\ jMu' vM .lji0f'l;+x w'+sfM bsn] Gxfkf+ tMlwsMDx sfo\ g/l;+xof tf8kq vg]bt . Yjof+ lnkfx] :jDx]:of+ ;+o'Qm zf;g h'ofRj+u' tf8kq g++ vg]bt . lji0f'l;+x+ ;'oft g+ u2LofpQ/flwsf/L wsfM 3f]if0ff ofgfj+u' vg]db' . pls+ Gxfkf+ tMlwsMDx sfo\ofx}l;ot+ g/l;+x ofsMrf+ zf;g ofMu' j lnkf bfh'lshflklg by'O dgd'6fj h'ofM:jDx]:of ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofMu' vo\km' .

#=! g/l;+xb]j#=! g/l;+xb]j#=! g/l;+xb]j#=! g/l;+xb]j#=! g/l;+xb]jlji0f'l;+xof tMlwsMDx sfo\ g/l;+x vM . lji0f'l;+x+ yMu' e[+uf/]Zj/

clen]vo\ g/l;+xoft rGb|dfof y]+ VjfM b'Dx, u0f]z+ dxfBMoft y]+ af}oft no\tfo\sLDxwsfM j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . :jtGq ?k+ g/l;+xof pNn]v jMu' bsn] Gxfkf+u' clen]vg];+ ^&* >fj0f s[i0f %of tf8kq vM u'sL g/l;+xoft …>Ldlgun blIfg:y>LHo]i6ljxf/ >Lo+s'ln dxfkfq >Ldlgunflwklt >L>Lhog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/Ú wsfM;Daf]wg ofgftMu' b' -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $%–$^_ . lji0f'l;+x+ clGtd Ono\ jofM yMtdfl0fUnflwklt, …>L>LÚ, …7fs'/Ú wsfM k"0f{¿k+ h'h'of dfGotf sfo\w'+sfM …dxfkfqÚwfo\u' TjMt]w'+s"u' vM . t/ g/l;+xoft Yj tf8kqto\u' xfsg+ …>L o+s'ln dxfkfqÚwoftMu' ljrf/0fLo h" . lji0f'l;+x dbo\j+ ono\ d]lk+ dxfkfqt bgfjMu' vM . g];+^&* r}q z'Sn @of tf8kqo\ plk+ dxfkfqto\u' pkl:ylt+ Yj vFof k'li6 ofgfRj+u'b' . plk+ dxfkfqto\u' bjfj+ ofgfM x] g/l;+x+ yMt xfsg+ …dxfkfqÚ wsfM Rjs]tjfWo ofMu' vo\km' . g];+ ̂ &( gi6 cflZjg z'Sn #of a'F Do"u'of tf8kqo\ g+ pQ/ljxf/ Gxf]nljxf/of k|wfgfË kfq >L d]?h' jd{g, k|wfgfË kfq >L hLjh' jd{g,k|wfgfË kfq >Lb]jl;+x jd{g j k|wfgfË kfq >Ls[i0f dNn jd{gof gf+ jMu' b'-cfzf ;km"s'lyof tf8kq NofM %!!_ . Yj tf8kq+ g/l;+xof zf;gsfno\ d]lk+kfqt zlQmzfnL h'h'+ jMu' So+ . d]d]u' tf8kqo\ g+ g/l;+xoft …dxfkfqÚ woftMu'b' . g/l;+xof d]d]u' tf8kqt y'sy+ b' –s_ g];+ ^*% -dxLgf, kIf, ltly db' _

$# $$

#####


>L>Lhog -/_ l;+xb]j 7fs'/ -/fli6«o clen]vfno /Ln g+ E 466/9)

v_ g];+ ^*% r}q s[i0f ( >L>L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >Lb'kft6f]n -kGtÙ !!@) 3M$%_ .u_ g];+ ^*^ kf}if s[i0f !! >Ldflguns] blIf0fljxf/M >Lh}i7ljxf/ o+s'ln s'6'Dah >Ldlgunflwklt >L>Lhog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/; gfDg]g k|;fbfy]{g === u'nif' -jh|frfo{Ù !!!@M (!, /fhj+zLÙ !)*&M !(_ .3_ g];+ ^() gi6 efb|s[i0f===== >L >L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/ -Oltxf;sf s'/fÙ !!)$M ## . tf8kq NofM %_ .ª_ g];+ ^(! kmfu'0f z'Sn !@ >Lh]i6ljxf/ o+s'ln s't'Dah >L dflgunflwklt >L >L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/ -kGtÙ !!@@ sM$^_r_ g];+ ^(# gi6 cfiff9 s[i0f & >L >L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >Lb'kft6f]n -kGtÙ !!@) 3M$^_ .5_ g];+ ^(^ kf}if=== >Lh]i6ljxf/ o+s'ln s't'Dah k|wfgdxfkfq >L hog/l;+xb]j jd{g; b[i6 -kGtÙ !!@@ vM $&_

y'sy+ g/l;+xoft 5v] …dfl0fUnflwkltÚ, …7fs'/Ú woftMu' b';f d]v]o+s'ln s'6'Dah k|wfgdxfkfq g+ woftMu' b' . t/ jof lshflk+ k'/Gb/l;+x jp4jl;+xlk+;+ u'an]+ x] yMl+t …dxfkfqÚ wsfM wfMu' b;' nofjMu' db'lg .

#=!=! g/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=!=! g/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=!=! g/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=!=! g/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=!=! g/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAwg/l;+xof /fHosfno\ jf:t'snf j jfª\doof Vono\ 5'+5'+ Hof h"u' vg]b' .

g];+ ^(^; bo\s"u' uh]Gb|df]If gf/fo0fof b]uM j g];+ ^(* ; RjMu' …dxfef/tÚu|Gy emLu' GXoMg] blg .

#=!=!=!=uh]Gb|df]If b]uM#=!=!=!=uh]Gb|df]If b]uM#=!=!=!=uh]Gb|df]If b]uM#=!=!=!=uh]Gb|df]If b]uM#=!=!=!=uh]Gb|df]If b]uMonof :jFy gf/fo0f b]uMof No"g] t'+afMxf gf+of TjfM b' . pu' Tjfno\

uh]Gb|df]Ifof b]uM cjl:yt b' . :jtF kln b'u' Yj b]uM g/l;+xof kfno\ g];+ ^(^j}zfv z'Sn -qof]bzL_ a'waf/v'Gx' bo\s"u' vM . b]uMof blIf0fkfv]of c+uno\y'lsof lznfkq toftMu' b' -lntF;f clen]v !M *_ . lznfkq sy+ t'+afxfMof n'+u'ef/f]+ yM 5o\ b]j ef/f] Njr+ sofM ;Lu'ln+ g];+ ^(^ kf}if s[i0f (v'Gx' jf/f0f;Lofl;4]Zj/L dlGb/ gfk Kok'+s pdfdx]Zj/ d"lt{ bo\sfAo"u' vM . jf/f0f;L+ lnxf+jofMj}zfv z'Sn !#v'Gx' y'u' b]uM bgfM uh" 5fMu' vM . b]uM bg]t Dx'of:jMan] t'+

n'ofjMu' vM . Yj t'+ yf}++ts+ b]uMof lnSs bx]blg . b]uM bg]Hofof hhdfg h"Dxcgx] Rj+Dx kfqj+z /fj't bf]o ef/f] vM . y'ls+ t'+afxfM If]qo\ g+ kfqto\u' a;f]jf;h'ofRj+u' wsfM So+ . Yj clen]vof d]u' ljz]iftf w}u' b]uM bg]u' Hof ofMDx lzNksf/ofgf+ pNn]v ofgftMu'M vM . b]uM b+Dx dg" wsfM …n'u'8' ef/f]Úof gf+ GXoygftMu'b' . lzNksf/to\u' gf+ y'sy+ clen]vo\ pNn]v ofgftMu' t:;s+ sd hs vg]b' .

Yj clen]vo\ g/l;+xoft …>L Ho]i7ljxf/ o+s'lnÚ woftMu' b' . clen]vo\g/l;+x ofsMlrof hs gf+ pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' . Old by'O Onfsf ljefhg ofgfM/fHo ofOu' vM jf dv' wsfM ;Ldb'lg . b]uM bo\s"Dx n'+u' ef/f] g/l;+xof ljz]iflgufx k|fKtDx dg" h"u'ln+ d]lk+ lgDx]:of gf+ pNn]v dofMu' g+ vo\km' .

uh]Gb|df]If gf/fo0fof k"hf oftls b'M:jKg djo\sfM af+nfs Dxu;DxgL w}u' hgwf/0ff b' . uh]Gb|df]If af/] efujt k'/f0fo\ 5k' afv+ b' . 5Dxlsl;of KofMrfofM k'v'nL nM Tj+j+an] uf]xL jof t'lt HjgfM ;fnfsfMu'ln+ lsl;+Ujfxflnof nflu lji0f' eujfg\of k|fy{gf ofMu' j lji0f'+ u?8 uofjofM uf]xLoftyMu' rqm+ so\sfM :ofgfAo"u' afv+ psL b' . Yj x] vFof kl/sNkgf ofgfMuh]Gb|df]Ifof d"lt{ bo\sftOu' vM . t/ t'+axfno\ Rj+u' b]uno\ Rj+u' d"lt{ 5'+ bF GXoMv'ofo+s"u'ln+ cfMts+ d]u' tMu' db'lg . Yj b]uM 5'+ bF GXoM b'gfjofM hL0f{ h'Ow'+s"u'vM;f ljb]zLto\u' Ujfxfln+ k'glg{df{0f ofgfM Gx"sy+ bo\sftMu' b' .

#=!=!=@= dxfef/t#=!=!=@= dxfef/t#=!=!=@= dxfef/t#=!=!=@= dxfef/t#=!=!=@= dxfef/t;+o'Qm Zff;sof ?ko\ g/l;+xof bsn] lnkf+u' pNn]v g];+

^(&of g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;gsfnof tf8kqo\ jMu' b' .Yj w'+sfM dxfef/t u|Gyo\ bsn] lnkf+u'v'l;O zf;sof ?ko\ g/l;+xof pNn]vjO . g/l;+xof kfno\ g];+ ^(* ; lji0f'bf; w}Dx dg'v+ !* kj{of dxfef/t ;km"NXoMu' vM . /fli6«o clen]vfno; ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' Yj ;km"of NofM k| !!%* vM .g]kfnL EjFto\ k|frLg b]jgfu/Llnlk+ RjoftMu' @$% kq b'u' Yj ;km" k"0f{ cj:yfo\b' . ;km"of k'liksfo\ g/l;+xoft /fhflk+ dWo] >]i7Dx, nlntk'/oft kfng ofgfRj+DxwoftMu' b' -zdf{Ù !)**M @!*_ .

Yj w'+sfM g/l;+xof pNn]v jMu' vg]db' . g/l;+x Dx+dkmofM /fhg}ltsultljlwO ;nUg dh"u' vM jf k'/Gbl;+x+ /fHo;Qf+ rLs"u' vM w}u' vF ;Ldb'lg .t/ jof d[To' g];+ &)( kfv] h"u' vg]b' . k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM bfh' g/l;+x ;Lu'ln+ jof:d[ltO g];+ &!) sflt{s z'Sn @ z'qmjf/v'Gx' d+uM nfo\s" If]qo\ lzv/z}nLofg/l;+x dlGb/ bo\sfAo"u' vM .

#=@ k'/Gb/l;+xb]j#=@ k'/Gb/l;+xb]j#=@ k'/Gb/l;+xb]j#=@ k'/Gb/l;+xb]j#=@ k'/Gb/l;+xb]j

$% $^


>L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >La'Nx'u|fd -kGtÙ !!@) 3M$*_ .7_ g];+ &)( r}q z"Sn ^ >L>Lhok'/Gbl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fb/kf >Lgalx/L 6f]n -kGtÙ !!@) 3M$(_ .8_ g];+ &!# efb| z'Sn ! >L dflgu/flwk-lt_ >L>Lhok'/+b/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf gsafxf/ -kGtÙ !!@) 3M$(–%)_ .9_ ldlt db'u' >L>L hok'/Gbl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L gsaxf/ -kGtÙ !!!* sM !(_ .0f_ ldlt db'u' >L>L hok'/Gb/l;+x b]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L gsalx/L 6f]n -kGtÙ !!@) 3M %)_ .

:jDx bfh'lshflk+ dWo] k'/Gb/l;+x dxTjfsf+IfL j rnfv h"u'ln+ d]lk+lgDx]l;t+ rLsfM yM ofsMrf+ zf;g ofo\t ;kmn h"u' vM . g];+ &)!lg;]+ k'/Gb/l;+xofPsnf}6L zf;g GXofMu' vM . j+ yM sfo\ k'?iff]Qdoft o'j/fh ts+ 3f]if0ff ofMu'vM . t/ g];+ &!* kfv] o]Fof h'h' lzjl;+x dNn+ ono\ cfqmd0f ofgfM zf;g ofo\j+k'/Gb/l;+x ln;]+ onof dxfkfq h'h'lklg Oltxf; ;dfKt h'n .

#=@=!=k'/Gb/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=@=!=k'/Gb/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=@=!=k'/Gb/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=@=!=k'/Gb/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=@=!=k'/Gb/l;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAwk'/Gb/l;+xof zf;gsfno\ ono\ snf ;+:s[ltof Vono\ 5'+5'+ Hof h"u' b' .

k'/Gb/l;+x yMDx]:of+ x] :j+u" s[lt tofj+u' b' . jof /fHosfno\ hgtfkfv]+ lgu" s[ltlgdf{0f h"u' b';f jfªdoof Vono\ g+ lgu" ;km" n'ofMjMu' b' .

#=@=!=! rt'Jo" {xfTds lji0f '÷rf/gf/fo0f dlGb/#=@=!=! rt'Jo" {xfTds lji0f '÷rf/gf/fo0f dlGb/#=@=!=! rt'Jo" {xfTds lji0f '÷rf/gf/fo0f dlGb/#=@=!=! rt'Jo" {xfTds lji0f '÷rf/gf/fo0f dlGb/#=@=!=! rt'Jo" {xfTds lji0f '÷rf/gf/fo0f dlGb/d+unahf/of sflQba"of No"g];+ Rj+u' b]uM x] rf/gf/fo0f dlGb/ vM .

d+uM nfo\s" If]qo\ Rj+u' b]uMt dWo] bsn] k'nf+u' b]uM Yjx] vM . Yj b]uM k'/Gbl;+x+g];+ ^*^ df3 s[i0f !# cfOtjf/v'Gx' bo\s"u' vM . Yj b]uM bo\s"u'of af/] /fO6j+zfjnLO g+ pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . t/ psL o]Fof h'h' dx]Gb| dNnof /fHosfno\lji0f'l;+xof sfo\ k'/Gb/ /fhj+zLk'/Gb/ /fhj+zLk'/Gb/ /fhj+zLk'/Gb/ /fhj+zLk'/Gb/ /fhj+zL+ g];+ ^*^; bo\s"u' wsfM RjoftMu' b',k'/Gb/l;+xlk+t h'h'of dfGotf ts+ laoftMu' db' (Wright; 1103: 207) .

k"jf{led'v y'u' b]uno\ lgtF kln b' . b]uno\ yxf+jg]t lgtF TjfyMbo\sftMu' b' . Gxfkf+u' Tjfyno\ l;+x toftMu' b' . Rjo\of Tjfyno\ hj+vj+ lgDx/Ifsto\u' d"lt{ toftMu' b' . y'lk+ gf/fo0fBMofyfo\ kfMRjgLlk+ chochochochocho j ljholjholjholjholjho vM(Bernier; 1098: 66) . b]uMof 5]ln tNnfo\ Kov]+ :j+u"– :j+u" n'vf toftMu' b' .:j+u" n'vf dWo] by'O Rj+u' n'vfof km';o\ snfTds tf]/0f toftMu' b' . k"j{kfv]of

k'/Gb/l;+x lji0f'l;+xof dflxnfDx sfo\ vM . lji0f'l;+xof e+[uf/]Zj/clen]vo\ k'/Gb/l;+xoft o'4o\ lgk'0fDx sy+ j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . k'/Gbl;+xoftzf;s sy+ GXoAjoftMu' Gxfkf+u' clen]v g];+ ^*) cfiff9 k'lGxof tf8kq vM .y'sL bfh' g/l;+x j lshf p4jl;+xln;] ;+o'Qm zf;s sy+ pNn]v ofgftMu'b' . k'/Gb/l;+xof gf+ pNn]v h"u' d]u' tf8kqt y'sy+ b' – s_ g];+ ^*& r}q s[i0f % >L >Lhok'/Gbl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >Luf8afx/ 6f]n a'axf/ glg -jh|frfoÙ{ !!@@M(@, /fhj+zLÙ !)*&M !(–@)_ . v_ g];+ ^(# sflt{s s[i0f !% dflgunflwklt >L>Lhok'/+b/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >LSjf7n+v' btnflR5 tf]n -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!!M !@%–@^_ .u_ g];+ ^(% dfu{ z'Sn !@ >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+x 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >LSjf7n+if' 6f]n -Oltxf;sf s'/fÙ !!)#M @!_ .3_ g];+ &)) sflt{s s[i0f & hok'/Gb|l;+xb]j 7fs'/ -/fhj+zLÙ !!)#M &_ .ª_ g];+ &)) df3 z'Sn !@ >Lhok'/Gbl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fb/kf >L uf8axf/ >L a'axf/ -jh|frfo{Ù !!!!M !@^ _ .r_ g]; &)@ >fj0f s[i0f !# >L>Lhok'/Gbl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fb/kf >Lj+nf6f]n j+nflgDx+ lgjf;L l4hj/ >L Åbob]jh'; gfDgf k|;fbLs[t+ (Regmi- III; 1086: 133) .5_ g];+ &)@ >fj0f s[i0f !) >L aGb]u|fd=== >L>Lhok'/Gb|l;+xb]j 7fs'/z -kGtÙ !!@) ªM %!_ .h_ g];+ &)# cfiff9 s[i0f ( >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L j+a'alx/ lnla5]+ -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $&–$*_ .em_ g];+ &)$ dfu{ z'Sn @ >L>Lh'ok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >Lj+s'alxnL -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $*_ .`_ g];+ &)% df4 s[i0f % >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L sLlt{k'/Li7fg] Uj/vk'/L 6f]n ->]i7Ù !!@)M !*%–*^_ .6_ g];+ &)& r}q s[i0f !#

$& $*


n'vfof by'O Rj+u' n'vf b]uMof ue{u[xo\ b'xf+jg]u' d"n'vf vM . b]uMof t'gfMl;FOlji0f'of cjtf/t lsoftMu' clts+ cfsif{s h" . ue{u[xo\ lguM c+uM bgftMu' b' .lkg]of c+uMw'+sfM b'g] xfsg+ d]u' c+uM bgftMu' b' . y'u' c+uM b'g] ltlg b]uMof d"nDxB toftMu' b' . eQmto\;+ lkg] hs BM rflxn]kmOu' Joj:yf ofgftMu' b' .

Yj b]uM ;fdfGo j}i0fj dlGb/ dv;] k~rtTjfTds gf/fo0f dlGb/ vM .b]uMof ue{u[x b'g] rt'Jo"{x lji0f' :yfkgf ofgftMu' b' . rt'Jo"{x w}u' jf;'b]j;+sif{g, k|B'Dg j clg?4of VjfMkfM Ko+u" lbzfo\ b'u' d"lt{ vM . y'lk+ Ko+u'ln+ Jo"xofs]Gb|o\ k/a|Dx :j?k gf/fo0f b'u' sNkgf ofgfM bSjl;of ;dli6 ?k x] k~rtTjfTdsjf ljZj?k vM wsfM ljZjf; ofgftMu' b' . lji0f'Jo"xof cjwf/0ff O{k"= lgu"u'ztfAbLO x] jo\w'+s"u' vM;f lnkf u'Ktsfno\ kf~r/fq l;4fGtof cg'ofoLto\;+y'lsoft cKjo\sfM @$u" bo\sfM rt'lj+{zlt d"lt{of kl/sNkgf ofMu' vM (Pal; 1090

: 62) . rt'Jo"{xof lbzf y'sy+ b' –

jf;'b]j – k"j{;+sif{0f – blIf0fk|B'Dg – klZrdclg?4 – pQ/

k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]vo\ g+ Yjx] cg';f/ lji0f'of rt'Jo"{x d"lt{ :yfkgfofgftMu' b' . rt'Jo"{xof KokfM VjfMkft+ cnu cnu x] rLhof k|ltlglwTj ofO .jf;'b]j+ dg", k|B'Dg+ h+unL kmfF, clg?4+ eofgs VjfM, ;+sif{0f+ l;+xof k|ltlglwTjofO;f bfz{lgs b[li6+ 5;Lsy+ an, P]Zjo{, zlQm j 1fgof k|ltlglwTj ofO (Pal;

1090 : 109) .k'/Gb/l;+x+ Yj b]uM bo\sf tMu' lznfn]vo\ -lntF;f clen]v ! M %_ yMu'

j+zj0f{g g+ ofgftMu' b' . lji0f'l;+x+ ;'gfu'lyof clen]vo\ yM :jof+ :j+u" k':tfRj+lg;]+ j+zj0f{g ofgftMu' vM;f y'sL g+ k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM :jof+ :j+u" k':tf Rj+lg;]x] j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . Yj clen]vo\ tfkfMafHof sLlt{l;xlg;]+ j+zj0f{g ofgftMu'b' . t/ y'sL k'/Gb/l;+x+ sLlt{l;+xoft g+ /fhf wsfM yMlk+ k':t}gL /fhf vM wsfMSog]t :jMu' b' . afHof s';'dl;+x, af} lji0f'l;+x w'+sfM df+ kßnIdLof j0f{g ofgftMu'b' . lji0f'l;+xof e[+uf/]Zj/ clen]vo\ kßfjtL woftMu' vM;f k'/Gb/l;+xof Yjclen]vo\ kßnIdL woftMu' b' . cy];f+ y'lk+ lgDx+ 5Dx x] vo\dfM . Yj clen]vo\k'/Gb/l;+xof sfo\ k'?iff]Qdof gf+ g+ GXoygftMu' b' . clen]vo\ GXoygftMsy+ofj+zj0f{g y'sy+ b' –

sLlt{l;+x

s';'dl;+x

lji0f'l;+x ± kb\dnIdL

k'/Gb/l;+x

k'?iff]Qd

Yj b]uM k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM af} lji0f'l;+xoft ;dk{0f ofgftMu' b' . k'/Gb/l;+x+y'sL Gxfkfof dxfkfqto\;+ sfOu' y]hfMu' ljz]if0f softMu' b' . yMt …cx+s[tj;'Gw–/flwkdx]ed"wf{s'zf]dxfs'ln;k~h/ z/0f;+utM Idfe[tf+ kbRo"tdxLklt:jkb/If0f]ÚwsfM uf}/j SogftMu' b' . clen]vo\ k'/Gb/l;+x+ bfh' g/l;+x j lshf p4jl;+xofgf+ x] pNn]v ofgftMu' db' . yM ofsMlrt hs onof h'h' sy+ k|:t't ofgftMu'b' . clen]vo\ b]uMof k"hfcfhfof nflu 5'+ sy+of u'lyof Joj:yf ofgftMu' wsfMRjoftMu' db' .

clen]vo\ Yj b]uM bo\s"u' ldlt …Ct' j;' /; lrGx] jT;/]Ú wsfMlaoftMu' b', u'lsoft NofMUjno\ lxn]an] g];+ ̂ *^ h'O . t/ /]UdL+ y'lsoft g];+ ̂ *$wsfM laofbLu' b' (IV; 1086: 21-23),u'u' kfo\l5 dh" . a|fDx0f k'hf/L h'Ou' Yjb]uMof hL0ff{]4f/ ;g\ !(^* -g];+ !)**_; h"u' vM;f y'Dx BMof hfqf sflt{sz'Sno\ h'Ou' vM (Pruscha-II; 1095: 164) .

#=@=!=@ b'dfh'of :yfkgf#=@=!=@ b'dfh'of :yfkgf#=@=!=@ b'dfh'of :yfkgf#=@=!=@ b'dfh'of :yfkgf#=@=!=@ b'dfh'of :yfkgfdWosfnof /fhb/jf/o\ b'dfh'oft ljz]if :yfg laoftMu' b' . pu' O{of

clen]vo\ tn]h'dfh', b]u'tn]h'dfh' wfo\y]+ b'dfh'of g+ pNn]v jMu' b' . o]F, on,Vjk :j+u'ln+ nfo\s'nL b'dfh'of :yfkgf ofgftMu' b' . Vjko\ ((u" r's dWo] 5u"b'dfh' r's wsfM x] bo\sftMu' b' . o]Fo\ rflx+ d"r'sof k"j{kfv]of 5]Fof lgu"u' tNnfob'dfh'of lgjf;:yfg bo\sftMu' b' . t/ ono\ wfM;f e08f/vfnSoao\ b'dfh':yfkgf ofgftMu' b' . o]Fof b'dfh' ;j{;fwf/0f dg"to\t bz{g ofsLdv' . t/ Vjkj ono\ wfM;f v'Nnf ¿k+ x] b'dfh' :yfkgf ofgftMu'ln+ GXofDx]:of+ g+ bz{g ofo\km' .

b'dfh' af/] oSj:of unt wf/0ff b' . b'dfh' w}Dx lt/x't+ xMDx BM vM,lt/x't]to\ot 8f]o wfOu'ln+ cg+ xMDx BM h'ofM … 8f]odfh'Ú wfwf+ b'dfh' h"u' vM w}u'cfkfMl;of ljrfM b' . lj;+ @)@! df3 ;+qmflGtof …k"l0f{dfÚ klqsfof c+s $;wgjh| jh|frfo{of …8f]ox? sf] x'g\ <Ú Rj;' lkb+;+]ln hgdfg;o\ 8f]o w}u' x]

$( %)


lt/x't]to\u' kof{ojfrL vFUjM vM w}u' e|d Ajn+u' vM . t/ 8f]o w}u' vFUjM ;+:s[tof…b]jÚkfv]+ ljsf; h"u' vM . b]j = b\ + P + j\ + c 8\ + o + cf] + c - P>o, j>cf]_ 8\ + cf] + o + c -÷o÷ j ÷cf]÷ of lxnfa'nf_ = 8f]o

uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnLO …8f]oÚ vFUjM …lt/x'tof jfl;GbfÚ j …b]jÚ lgu'ln+cy{o\ 5\onftMu' b' . ;+:s[t+ RjoftMu' e}/jfgGb Kofv+of efo\oft uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLO…8f]ef;Ú woftMu'ln+ Yj ts{oft cem an Ao" (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105: kq ̂ @s_ . g]jfMto\ ljz]if ;Ddflgt ld;flk+ BMlklg No"g] …dfh'Ú to\u' k/Dk/f b' . …b]jLÚvFUjMof No"g] ;Ddfgaf]ws …dfh'Ú :JffgfM b]jLdfh' >b'Odfh'> b'dfh' h"jMu' vM .b'dfh'of k'nf+u' pNn]v g];+ #!* ; x] jMu' b' –

…-g];+ #!*_ j]zfif s[i0f t[tLof cfbLtjf/ /flq; o'y'lgdd\ 8f]lolgdfdgfd b]jL;s] :ofªf t]ndfn /fj't:od\Ú (Vajracarya and Malla; 1105 : kq #^ s_

onof b'dfh'of d"lt{ db', kLu+BM y]+hfMu' Njx+ hs toftMu' b' . b'dfh'of :Yffkgfk'/Gb/l;+x g];+ &)( dfu{ s[i0f gjdLv'Gx' ofMu' vM -lntF;f clen]v !M !)_ .clen]vo\ b'dfh' woftMDx y'Dx b]jL jf:tjo\ nIdL vM . clen]vof z'?O x] …çgdM l>o}Ú wsfM nIdLoft gd:sf/ ofgftMu' b' . nIdLoft tflGqs ljlw cg'?kk'Hofo\w'+sfM emLyfo\ b'dfh' wsfM k|l;4 h"u' vM -jh|frfoÙ{ !)(^M !%#_ . nIdLoft/fhb/jf/o\ :yfkgf ofo\u' k|rng lnR5ljsfnlg;]+ x] vg]b' . c+z'jdf{of df;+ #)-O{ ^)^_of xfF8LufpFof clen]vo\ b/jf/o\ Rj+lk+ BMto\t Woafof Joj:yf ofo\u'‰jno\ nIdLoft # k'/f0f ! k0f 5'6]ofgftMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M #)!_ .k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM ef} nlntnIdLof d[To' h"u'ln+ b'dfh' :yfkgf ofgfAo"u' vM . /]UdL+nlntnIdLoft k'/Gb/l;+xof snfM woftMu' (II; 1086: 266) kfo\l5 dh" .

clen]vo\ k'/Gb/l;+x+ yMt …jL/gf/fo0fÚ wsfM ;Daf]wg ofgftMu' b' .Gxfkfof h'h' j dxfkfqto\;+ sfOu' y]hfMu' gf/fo0fBM ln;] ;DalGwt Yj pkflwsofM k'/Gb/l;+x+ yMt zlQmzfnL wsfM Sog]t :jMu' ;Lb' . sfo\ k'?iff]Qdl;+xofto'j/fh 3f]if0ff ofgftMu' Yj clen]vof dxTjk"0f{ /fhg}lts kIf vM . g];+ ^*ôfrf/gf/fo0f dlGb/of clen]vo\ sfo\ k'?iff]Qdl;+xof gf+ GXoygftMu' b';f+bfh'lshflk+ln;] ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+u'ln+ yM sfo\oft o'j/fh 3f]if0ff ofo\d5fMu'vM . t/ k'?iff]Qdl;+x lnkf h'h' wfM;f h'Odvg . o]Fof h'h' lzjl;+x dNn+ onTofsfsfMu'ln+ o'j/fh k'?iff]Qdl;+x h'h' h'Odv+u' vM .

5u" Yof;km'tL g];+ &() Ho]i7o\ >Llgjf;dNn+ e08f/vfno\ b'dfh'of

:yfkgf ofMu' wsfM l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' (Slusser; 1118: 202) . t/ Yj k'/Gb/l;+x+:yfkgf ofMu' b'dfh'oft >Llgjf;dNn d]sy+ bo\sfAo"u' hs vM wsfM wfokm' .

b'dfh'BM :yfkgf ofgfM k'/Gbl;+x+ u'ly g+ tofAo"u' b' . u'lyof cfo:tf+a'+uBMof hfqf j OGb|hfqfof Ono\ dt Rofs]u' j bfg aLdfMu' Joj:yf g+ofgftMu' b' . ygyfo\nfs a'+uBMof dlgun hfqfdlgun hfqfdlgun hfqfdlgun hfqfdlgun hfqf woftMu' clts+ dxTjk"0f{ h" .yf}sGx] ufafxfMof, g'uMofM, nu+ofM hs b'u' vM;f pu' Ono\ d+uMof w}u' g+ b' wsfM:ki6 ;Lbt . a'+uBMof hfqfof cWoog ofo\an] y'u' kIfo\ g+ cWoog ofo\dfMu'cfjZostf b' .

b'dfh'of BM b'yfo\ x] d]u' 5kfM lznfkq g+ b' . g];+ *)*of of]ug/]Gb|dNnof kfno\of pu' lznfkqo\ z'?O x] >L j;'nIdL b]Jo} gdM >L j;'nIdL b]Jo} gdM >L j;'nIdL b]Jo} gdM >L j;'nIdL b]Jo} gdM >L j;'nIdL b]Jo} gdM wsfMnIdLoft gd:sf/ ofgftMu' b' (Regmi-IV; 1086: 216) . y'ls+ g+ b'dfh' w}Dx nIdLx] vM wsfM wfo\t cMk'sfAo"u' b' .

#=@=!=# g/l;+x dlGb/ -g];+ &!)_#=@=!=# g/l;+x dlGb/ -g];+ &!)_#=@=!=# g/l;+x dlGb/ -g];+ &!)_#=@=!=# g/l;+x dlGb/ -g];+ &!)_#=@=!=# g/l;+x dlGb/ -g];+ &!)_d+uMnfo\s"of b]utn]h' GXoMg] Rj+u' lzv/ z}nLof dlGb/ x] g/l;+x

dlGb/ vM . Yj dlGb/ k'/Gb/l;+x+ g];+ &!) sflt{s z'Sn @ z'qmjf/v''Gx' bo\s"u'vM . bfh' g/l;+x ;Lu'ln+ jof n'dGtL Yj b]uM bo\sfAo"u' vM .

g]kfno\ g/l;+xof k"hf ofo\u' k/Dk/f k|frLgsfn+lg;]+ GXofgfjofRj+u'vM . a"9fgLns07of lzjb]j j c+z'[jdf{of zs;+jt\ %!& -O{ %(%of clen]vo\…g/l;+x kf~rfnLÚ of pNn]v jMu' b' -jh|frfoÙ{ !!!^M @^)–^@_ . cy]x] xfF8LufpFofdf;+ #@ -O{ ^)*_of c+z'jdf{of clen]vo\ tTsfnLg k|d'v ljxf/, BMt, a|fDx0f,kf~rfnL, uf]i7L cflboft aLu' cfly{s cg'bfgof ljj/0f laoftMu' b' . psL dWo]g/l;+xb]joft # k'/f0f ! k0f aLu' Joj:yf ofgftMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !!!^M #@)–#%_ . dWosfno\ jofM g+ g/l;+xof d"lt{t lgdf{0f ofo\u' k|rng GXofgft'+Rjg .lji0f'of !) cjtf/ dWo] dT:o, s'd{, j/fx w'+sfM Ko+u"u' cjtf/ sy+ g/l;+xoftsfo\u' ofM . lx/0osZok'oft lji0f'+ g/l;+x cjtf/ sofM :ofMu' afvgo\ cfwfl/tofgfM g/l;+xof d"lt{ bo\sLu' vM . ;fdfGotof g/l;+xof d"lt{ :yfkgf ofOan]z/L/ dg"ofu' t/ VjfMkfM l;+xofu' b'Dx g/l;+x+ lx/0osZok'oft KjfM kmfofM:ofgfRj+u' d"lt{ bo\sLu' k|rng b' . k|ltdfzf:qof u|Gyo\ g/l;+xof yLyL sy+ofe]b laoftMu' b' . g/l;+xoft d'Vo ofgfM lgu" ?ko\ SogL – lul/hf g/l;+x j:yf}0f g/l;+x . d]u' lgu" ?k s]jn g/l;+x÷of]ug/l;+x j ofgs g/l;+x tgfM Ko+u"?k Sog]u' rng g+ b' . t/ zf:qLo k/Dk/f j ljwfgln;] x'ax' HjMnfMu' d"lt{ n'Os]tyfs' . 5u" ;|f]t j d]u' ;|f]t+ laoftOu' ljj/0fo\ cf;g, d'b|f, cfo'w kfgfRjg]km' .k'/Gb/l;+x+ bo\s"u' b]uno\ b'g] toftMDx g/l;+xoft u'Dx g/l;+x cGtu{t to\u' w}u'

%! %@


vFo\ ljz]if cWoog x] h'OdfMu' vg]b' . y'Dx g/l;+xof Rofsf NxfM b' . hjo\ Rj+u'Nxfto\ Rj+ Sjo\ 5;Lsy+ v8\u, rqm, jh| j c+s'z HjgftMu' b';f vjo\ Rj+u'Nxfto\ z+v, kfz, rqm j ubf HjgftMu' b' . y'Dx Bj+ ;fdfGotM d]d]u' d"lt{ObOy]+ lx/0osZok'of KjfM kmfofRj+u' db' . kn]:jf+ BMg] bgfRj+u' :yfgs d'b|fo\Rj+Dx BMof 5rfMln+ k|efd08n b' . d"lt{of 5v]kfv] c~h'nL d'b|fo\ u?8 jd]v]kfv] jof zlQm toftMu' b' .

k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM bfh' g/l;+x ;Lu'ln+ jof :d[ltO Yj b]uM bo\sfAo"u'ln+ Olk+lgDx]l;of by'O k/:k/ d]n b'u' ;Lb' . Olk+ lgDx+ 5Dx x] df+kfv]+ b'lk+ vo\dfM wsfMwfo\t Yj clen]v+ an Ao" . clen]vo\ j0f{g ofgftMsy+ k'/Gb/l;+x+ bfh'ofk|lts[lt n'Os] sy+ g/l;+xof d"lt{ bo\s]Ao"u' vg]b' . y'u' b]uMoft k'/Gb/l;+x+ lzv/s"6b]uM dwfM;] uGws"6 b]uM woftMu' b' . dWosfno\ lzv/s"6 b]uMoft uGws"6woftMu' d]d]u' g+ b;' b' . clen]vo\ b]uMof jif{jGwg ofo\t j BMof lgTok"hfofo\t u'ly tofM u'lyof/to\u' Joj:yf g+ ofgftMu' b' . g];+ &)(of b'dfh'ofclen]vo\ y]+ y'sL g+ k'/Gb/l;+x+ yMt jL/gf/fo0fjL/gf/fo0fjL/gf/fo0fjL/gf/fo0fjL/gf/fo0f woftMu' b' . y'ls+ k'/Gb/l;+xof/fhg}lts j cfly{s cj:yf cem ;'b[9 h"u' So+ .

k'/Gb/l;+xof /fHosfno\ hgtfkfv]+ g+ jf:t'snfof Vono\ 5'+5'+ Hof h"u'b' . g];+ &)& sflt{s z'Sn !@ k| !# z'qmjf/v'Gx' lsk"of af3e}/j dlGb/o\Sjf7gfos hs]/fh+ n'Fof uh" j Wjhf 5fMu' vM -lntF;f clen]v !M (_ .clen]vo\ lsk"oft k'/Gb/l;+x+ kfng ofgftMu' b]o\ woftMu' b' . k'/Gb/l;+xoft;d:t;'k|z:Tonª\s[t;d:t;'k|z:Tonª\s[t;d:t;'k|z:Tonª\s[t;d:t;'k|z:Tonª\s[t;d:t;'k|z:Tonª\s[t -bSj le+u' k|zl:t+ emMemMwfMDx_ wsfM ljz]if0f laoftMu'b' . af3e}/joft clen]vo\ …>L>LeLd;]ge§f/sÚ woftMu' b' . clen]vkfv]+ lsk"ofk'nf+u' gf+ …u'Fb]Ú j lsk"of b]jtf af3e}/joft …u'+b]:yfgflwkltÚ woftMu' wsfM;Lb' .

Yj clen]vo\ hhdfg h"Dx wsfM Sjf7gfos hs]/fhof gf+ GXoygftMu'b' . dWosfno\ k|d'v a:tLO k|df0ft lgo'Qm ofgfM zf;g GXofsLu' vM . k|dfgto\ts]Gb|+ ku/L g+ laoftOu' vM;f y'ldt hfuL/] k|dfg wfO -j}B j jh|frfoÙ{ !!!*M&^_ . t/ clen]v sy+ lsk'nL k|dfg lgo'Qm ofgftMu' db', Sjf7gfos+ x] k|dfgofHof sofRj+u' vg]b' . /fhwfgL ;lQs nfMu' yfo\ h"u'ln+ psy+ cnUu k|dfglgo'Qm dofMu' vo\km' .

Yj cjlwO vf]gfof hgtfkfv]+ cg tMw+u' b]uM bo\s"u' b' . g];+ &!) cflZjg@ cfOtjf/of vf]gfof clen]vo\ y'lsof pNn]v b' -lntF;f clen]v !M !!_ .cg Rj+lk+ u'0f efjf], u'0fL efjf] j d]lk+ hfgfM pu' b]uM bo\s"u' vM .

jfª\doof Vono\ :jo\u' vM;f k'/Gb/l;+x+of zf;gsfno\ lgu" ;km" RjoftMu'n"u' b' . Gxfkf+u' ;km" t'nfk'?ifdxfbfgu|xdvd08nk4lt6Lsft'nfk'?ifdxfbfgu|xdvd08nk4lt6Lsft'nfk'?ifdxfbfgu|xdvd08nk4lt6Lsft'nfk'?ifdxfbfgu|xdvd08nk4lt6Lsft'nfk'?ifdxfbfgu|xdvd08nk4lt6Lsf vM . afa'/fd

cfrfo{of ;+sngo\ b'u' y'u' ;km"of ;+jt\ g];+ &!) vM –;+jt &!) >fj0f df;] z'Sn] kIf] t[tLof+ z'qmaf;/] >Ldgdxf/fh

;d:t/fh u'0ffno >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j e"kfn]g e'Hodfg nlntkQg] === (Regmi-IV; 1086: 267)

k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\ RjoftMu' d]u' ;km" P]Zjo{w/ zdf{of ;+sngo\ b'u'g];+ &!&of ;Kt;tL;Kt;tL;Kt;tL;Kt;tL;Kt;tL vM –

===/fhfl4/fh >Lk'/08nl;+xb]j:o ljho/fHo] .. >]of]:t' .. ;Djt &!&Ho]i7df-;_:o z'SnkIf] .. bzDofof+ ltyf} x:tgIfq] ;'l4of]u] Zjdjf;/] ..

-jh|frfoÙ{ !)*@M !$_k'/Gb/l;+xof pNn]v h"u' bsn] lnkf+u' clen]v Yjx] vM . Yjof+ v'nf

lnkfof onof clen]vo\ lzjl;+x dNnof pNn]v jo\w'+s"u'ln+ y'u' ;km" RjMu' 5'+O{ lnkf x] lzjl;+x dNn+ on b]o\ Tofs"u' vg]b' .

#=# p4jl;+xb]j#=# p4jl;+xb]j#=# p4jl;+xb]j#=# p4jl;+xb]j#=# p4jl;+xb]jp4jl;+x lji0f'l;+xof rLlwsMDx sfo\ vM . bfh'lk+ g/l;+x j k'/Gb/l;+xof

t'ngfo\ p4jl;+xof sd hs clen]v n'ofjMu' b' . zf;sof ?ko\ p4jl;+x g];+^*)of tf8kqo\ bfh'lk+ g/l;+x j k'/Gb/l;+xln;] ;+o'Qm ?k+ vg]b'u' vM . :jtGqzf;s sy+ p4jl;+xof pNn]v jMu' tf8kq y'sy+ b' –s_ g];+ ^*) df3 s[i0f ! >L dlgun blIf0f:y=== >L>L hop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L jnlgDx låhj/ >L Åbob]j zDd{; gfDg] k|;fbLs[td\ (Regmi-III; 1086: 131)

v_ g];+ ^*$ Ho]i7 z'Sn @ >L>L hop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L y+a'6f]nUj5]+ u|fxss]/fh hol;+x d]n' gfDg] k|;fbLs[td\ (Regmi-III; 1086: 132) .u_ g];+ ^($ dfu{ z'Sn ( >L>L hop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >L rgls6f]n -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $&_ .

#=#=! p4jl;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=#=! p4jl;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=#=! p4jl;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=#=! p4jl;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAw#=#=! p4jl;+xof /fHosfnof pknlAwp4jl;+xof kfno\ jf:t'snfof Vono\ 5u" hs s[lt lgdf{0f h"u' b' .

p4jl;+x+ g];+ ̂ *(; cflbgf/fo0fof dlGb/ :yfkgf ofMu' vM . Yj dlGb/ lgdf{0f;DaGwL lznfkq yf}+sGxo\ g]kfn /fli6«o ;+u|xfno, 5fpgLO toftMu' b' -lntF;fclen]v !M &_ . t/ b'ef{Uoof vF, Yj b]uM yf}sGxo\ ug b' wsfM d;Lw'+sn .

clen]v sy+ p4jl;x+ yLyL Njx+ j n'F ;d]t tofM b]uM bo\sfM nIdLj ;/:jtL ;lxtof u?8f;g ofgftMDx cflbgf/fo0fof :yfkgf ofMu' vM . g];+

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^*( Ho]i7 z'Sn * ;f]daf/ nIffx'ltof nflu clUg:yfkgf oft . KoGx' lnkfPsfbzL ljlxjf/ uh" j Wjhf 5fn . u'Gx' lnkf nIffx'lt k"0f{ oft . Yjof+ !@Gx'lnkf b]uM bg]Hofof ;stf+ HofvF Sjrfn .

Yj clen]vo\ p4jl;+x+ g+ yM k'vf{lklg j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . k'/Gb/l;+xofg];+ ̂ *ôf clen]vo\ y]+ x] y'sL g+ p4jl;+x+ tfkfMafHof sLlt{l;+xlg;]+ j+zj0f{gofgftMu' b' . clen]vof ;+:s[t v08o\ sLlt{l;+xoft h'h' sy+ j0f{g ofgftMu' b' .t/ g]kfnefiff v08o\ lji0f'l;+xlg;]+ hs h'h' SogftMu' b' . lji0f'l;+xoft>Ldflgunflb/fHo PsftkTq ofªljHofs>Ldflgunflb/fHo PsftkTq ofªljHofs>Ldflgunflb/fHo PsftkTq ofªljHofs>Ldflgunflb/fHo PsftkTq ofªljHofs>Ldflgunflb/fHo PsftkTq ofªljHofs wsfM ono\ Ps5q /fHo ofMDxh'h' sy+ j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . y'sL p4jl;+x+ yM df+ ÅbonIdLof gf+ pNn]vofgftMu' b' . yy] pNn]v ofgftMu'ln+ p4jl;+x 5Dx d]Dx x] df+kfv]+ b'Dx wsfM :ki6h"u' b' . yMt zf:q1, ljåfg\of ?ko\ GXoAjoftMu' b' . yMt lj1fg, tGqzf:q,wd{zf:qo\ l;kfn', cg]s k'/f0f AjgftMDx, ;+uLt ;MDx, sfd;"q j sljtfofcn+sf/ y"Dx, xltof/ rn]ofo\;MDx wsfM Rj5foftMu' b' . lji0f'l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+xlk+;+ yMt psy+ k|:t't ofgftMu' db' . p4jl;+x+ Gxfkfof dxfkfqto\;+ tOu'…b'i6 /fhf?kL lsl;to\\t c+s'z tODx, /fHoRo"t h"Dx /fhfoft u2LO tODx, z/0fjMlk+t /Iff ofODxÚ y]+hfMu' efj lkHjOu' ljz]if0f g+ softMu' b' . p4jl;+x+clen]vo\ yM sfo\ lqljqmdl;+xlqljqmdl;+xlqljqmdl;+xlqljqmdl;+xlqljqmdl;+xof gf+ g+ GXoygftMu' b' .

y'u' Ono\ :jDx+ bfh'lshflklg ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+u' vM;f+ p4jl;+x+g+ yM bfh'lk+ g/l;+x j k'/Gb/l;+xof gf+ pNn]v ofgfdtM . yM ofsMlrt hs h'h'wsfM RjoftMu' b' . p4jl;+xof bsn] lnkf+u' pNn]v g];+ ̂ (&of :jDx+ bfh'lshflklg;+o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+an]of tf8kq vM . Yjof+ lnkf p4jl;+xof ug+ rrf{ h"u'n'ofdjM . k'/Gb/l;+x+ joft zf;g;Qf+ u'an]+ u'sy+ rLsn wsfM ;Ls]dkm'lg .

#=$ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;g#=$ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;g#=$ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;g#=$ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;g#=$ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xof ;+o'Qm zf;glnR5ljsfno\ g]kfno\ ;+o'Qm zf;g k4lt GXofMu' vg]db' . k|fdfl0fs

Oltxf; n'ofj;]+lg;]+ x] ca' w'+sfM sfo\ u2LO RjgLu' …Ps/fh k4ltÚ GXofMu'vg]b' . t/ dWosfnof z'?lg;]+ x] yg ;+o'Qm ?k+ zf;g ofo\u' k4lt GXofMu' vg]b' .Ps/fh k4ltO u2Lof xsbf/ 5Dx hs h'O, zf;gflwsf/ 5Dx]:of Nxfto\ hsh'O . t/ ;+o'Qm zf;g k4ltO af} sfo\of ;+o'Qm zf;g g+ GXofo\km', bfh'lshflklg;+o'Qm zf;g g+ GXofo\km' .

g];+ !!(; RjoftMu' …ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtfÚ u|Gykfv]+ pu' Ono\/fhf g/]Gb|b]j j pbob]jof ;+o'Qm zf;g cyf{t\ …å}/fHoÚ GXofgfRj+u' wsfM ;Lb' .g/]Gb|b]j pbob]j by'O 5' ;DaGw b' wsfM ;Ls]dkm'lg . zfob Olk+ bfh'lshfh'OdfM . pu' ;km"of k'liksf jfSoo\ lgDx]:of ;+o'Qm zf;goft …peo/fHoÚ

woftMu' b' .;Djt !!( dfu{lz/ z'Sn lbjf k"0f{df:of+ ===dxf/fhflw/fh k/d]Zj/>Lg/]Gb|b]j e§f/s:o >Lpbob]jof] e§f/sof] peo/fHo] lnlvtd\ ..

(Petech; 1104: 34) .yg 5\onftMu' …peo/fHoÚ vFUjn+ å}/fHooft OlËt ofgftMu' wsfM

:ki6 h" . dWosfnof pQ/fw{o\ ts+ lgDx]:of ;+o'Qm zf;goft …peo/fHoÚwoftMu' b' .

g];+ !#%of ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf u|Gyo\ ef]hb]j, ?b|b]j jnIdLsfdb]j :jDx]:of ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+u' pNn]v jMu' b' .

k~rlq+;flws]Ãb ] zttdk|zt] r}qdf;] lxdfef .ljVoft]˜l:dg\ bzDofGblg+hl/k'u'/f }jf;/] ;+k|z:t] ./f l1 >Lef ]hb ]j ] ˜ Koldtu '0fu0ffnAw ] >L?b |b ]j ] .>LnIdLsfdb ]j }/ l/hu-t_s' ln;}/4 {/fHo ]˜ke 'Qm ] . .

(Bendall; 1112: 151)

dWosfnof zf;g Joj:yfo\ dNnj+zof k|j]z h';]+ln …b]jÚ j …dNnÚj+z by'O Gx"u' k4lt GXoft –PsfGt/ zf;g Joj:yf . Yj Joj:yf cg';f/ 5u"/fhj+zof dg" u2LO RjgfRj+;f d]u' /fhj+zof dg" o'j/fh h'Ou' vM . /fhfcgGt dNn u2LO Rj+an] jof sfo\ cl/ dNn o'j/fh dofM, a? hoeLdb]jofsfo\ hoflbTob]j o'j/fh 3f]lift h'n . lgu" /fhj+z u2LO RjgLu' Yj PsfGt/k4lt+ s]Gb|o\ ;Qf;+3if{ cKjn . lkg]oflk+ v; j lt/x't]to\;+ cfqmd0f ofgfMs]Gb|of zf;g clts+ sdhf]/ h'n . hol:ylt dNnof pbo h';]+ln lgu" /fhj+zofNjfk' cGTo h'n . t/ ;+o'Qm zf;g k4lt xfsg+ vg]bt . hol:ylt dNn w'+sfMjof sfo\lk+ wd{ dNn, Hof]ltd{Nn j sLlt{dNnof ;+o'Qm zf;g GXoft .Hof]ltd{Nn rt'/Dx h"u'ln+ j+ ofsMlrof zf;g GXofsn . Hof]ltd{Nn w'+sfM jofsfo\lk+ oIf dNn j hLj dNnof ;+o'Qm zf;g GXoft . lnkf oIf dNn+ osMltzf;g oft . oIf dNn w'+sfM jof sfo\lklg by'O ;+o'Qm zf;g GXoft . cemy'sL oIf dNnof DXofo\of sfo\ eLd dNn ts+ b'YofgfM Gx"u' ?k sfn . /TgdNnoft ;+o'Qm zf;g+ n'dwgfM :jtGq /fHo bo\s]u' s'tM ofMu'of kl/0ffd :j?kx] o]F, on, Vjk :j+u" :jtGq /fHo h'ofM s'rfbnfj+u' vM .

t/ Yj vFkfv]+ lji0f'l;+x+ lzIff sfMu' vg]db' . lji0f'l;+x w'+sfM jof :jDxsfo\lklg ;+o'Qm zf;g GXoft . lgDx]:of ;+o'Qm zf;goft peo zf;g wfOu'ln+plsof x] cg's/0f ofgfM :jDx]:of zf;goft …lqeo zf;gÚ wfo\u' rng jn . Yjx]sy+ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+t lteo h'hlteo h'hlteo h'hlteo h'hlteo h'h' wfo\u' rng jMu' vM .

%% %^


x] gf+ jMu' Yjx] 5u" hs clen]v vM .Rjo\ pNn]v h"u' clen]vtkfv]+ 5tf vF ;Lsfsfo\km' . :jDx+ bfh'lshfof

gf+ pNn]v h"u' clen]vt km'Ss+ on gu/+ lkg]of vM . y'ls+ on gu/+ lkg]of If]qo\:jDx]:of ;o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+u' wsfM k|i6 h" . t/ gu/ b'g] Oldu' cnu cnux] clen]v k|fKt h"u' b' . y'ls+ Old by'O If]qljefhg ofgftMu' bo\dfM wsfMcg'dfg ofo\km' . If]qljefhg ofo\u' wsfM ;Demf}tf ofgftMu' k|df0f rflx+n'ofjMu' db'lg . dWosfno\ ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofs]t yMyMu' Onfsf 5'6]ofgfMzf;g ofo\u' wsfM ;Demf}tf ofgftMu' b;' g+ b' . g];+ ^$& kmfu'g s[i0f *v'Gx'Vjkof jL/ dNn, k|f0f dNn j u';fO{ dNn by'O yMyMu' Onfsfo\ yMyMDx]:of+ x] k|zf;gGXofs]u', yMyMu' Tjfno\ yMyMDx+ :jo\u' wsfM Onfsf ljefhg ofgfM ;+o'Qm zf;gGXofs]u' sy+of ;Demf}tf h"u'of ;'j0f{kq rfFu'O toftMu' b' -vgfnÙ !!)#M @@)–@!_ . onof lteo h'h'lklg psy+ lnlvt ;Demf}tf dh";f+ yMyMu' gf+t k|efj If]qwsfM gu/ b'g] If]q ljefhg ofgtMu' ;+s]t Ao" . tf8kqo\ Old k|To]sof …k|;fbf/kf If]qÚ wsfM yfo\of gf+t jMu' b' . 5Dx]:of+ lgufx ofgfAo"u' yf;o\ d]Dx]l;ofgf+ pNn]v jMu' db' . clen]vo\ pNn]v h"sy+ :jDx]:of k|efj If]q y'sy+ b' –

g/l;+x – b'kf6, u'nif', j+s'afxfM , t'+afxfMk'/Gb/l;+x – ufMafxfM , a'afxfM , Sjfnv' , ps'axL, gMafxfM, gMaxLp4jl;+x – jnlgDx, y+a' , rgls

:jDx]:of x] gf+ jMu' d]u' clen]v 5qjxfb'/ sfo:yof ;+u|xo\Rj+u' 36gfjnLof l6kf]6 vM . lsn+ gofM KjfM ug]w'+s"u' y'u' l6kf]6o\ ltlyldltdbo\w'+sn . y'sL g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jlk+;+ 5'+ Hofof nflu hUuftofM u'ly :yfkgf ofgfAo"u'of ljj/0f b' . u'ly tMlk+ wsfM lteo h'h'lk+ afx]s d]lk+lgDx ld;flk+ x]/gfdlo j n's'gLdloof gf+ jMu' b' . y'ldu' kl/ro aLu' d]u' 5'+clen]v n'ofjMu' db'lg -lntF;f clen]v @M #_ .

:jDx+ bfh'lshflklg ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofgfRj+u'of clGtd pNn]v g];+^(& ts jMu' b' . jof+ lnkfof clen]vo\ k'/Gb/l;+x ofsMlrof hs gf+ jMu' b' .:jDx dWo] dflxnfDx k'/Gb/l;+x rt'/ j dxTjfsf+IfL h"u'ln+ bfh' g/l;+x j lshfp4jl;+xoft rLsfM yM ofsMrf+ zf;g oft . k'/Gb/l;+x+ u'an] zf;g;Qf Nxfto\sfn wsfM ls6fg ofgfM wfo\dkm'lg . Yj ;Gbe{o\ Rjo\ pNn]v h"u' g];+ &)!ofk'/Gb/l;+xof tf8kq -tf8kq NofM rrrrr_of af/] larfM ofo\axMh" . psL k'/Gb/l;+x+lgufx ofgfAo"Dx dg" wsfM j+nflgDx TjfMof …Åbob]jÚ of gf+ jMu' b' . g];+ ^*)df3 s[i0f !of p4jl;+xof tf8kq -tf8kq NofM sssss_o\ pNn]v ofgftMsy+ y'Dxdg" p4jl;+xof lgufx k|fKtDx vM . g];+ p4jl;+x kfv] w]r"Dx dg" g];+ &)!Yo+an] k'/Gb/l;+xkfv] w]r"u' vg]b'u'ln+ g];+ &)!; x] p4jl;+xoft ;Qf+

KoDx]:of ;+o'Qm zf;goft …rjeoÚ j GofDx]l;of ;+o'Qm zf;goft …k+rf]eoÚwoftMu' b;'t b' . g];+ ^!%of ;lGwkqo\ /Tg dNn, /0f dNn, cl/ dNn j eLddNnlk+t+ …rjeo 7fs'/Ú woftMu' b' -608gÙ !!!(M !#&–$)_ . bf]nvfof 5u"clen]vo\ OGb|l;+xb]j ;d]tof GofDx]:of zf;s k'rMoft …k+rf]eo 7fs'/Ú woftMu'b' -jh|frfo{ j >]i7Ù !!@@M *(_ .

lji0f'l;+xof d[To' w'+sfM jof :jDx+ sfo\lklg ;+o'Qm zf;g GXofMan]oftf8kqt y'sy+ b' –-s_ g];+ ^*) cfiff9 k'lGx >Ldfl0funflwklt >L>Lhog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhok'/Gb|l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/ k|;fbf/kf >La+b]u|fd -/fhj+zLÙ !)*&M !(_ .-v_ g];+ ^*$ kmfu'0f s[i0f ( >L>Lhog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhok'/Gb|l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/ k|;fbf/kf >Ltjvf]sgf -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $#_ .-u_ g];+ ^*^ h]i7 s[i0f==== >Lh}i7ljxf/ >L>Lhog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/z >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/z >L>Lhop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/z Yj; lqeo; === k|;fb/kf efiff -jh|frfoÙ{ !)*@M !#_ .-3_ g];+ ^*^ efb| z'Sn * >L>Lhog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/ >L>Lhop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >Lr+kfk'l/ :yfg] -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $$_ .ª_ g];+ ^(@ j}zfv z'Sn @ >L>L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>L hok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>L hop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fbf/kf >Lr+kfk'/L :yfg] -/fhj+zLÙ !)*&M @), jh|frfoÙ{ !!@@M (#_ .r_ g];+ ^(^ kmfu'0f z'Sn==== >L>L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>L hop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g >Lkf+uu|fd ->]i7Ù !!@)M !*%_ .5_ g];+ ^(& kmfu'0f s[i0f # >L>L hog/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j 7fs'/, >L>L hop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g k|;fb/kf >L a'Nx'b]z -kGtÙ !!@) 3M $$_ .

:jDx+ bfh'lshflklg gf+ ;+o'Qm zf;sof ?ko\ pNn]v h"u' d]u' clen]vg];+ ^*( df3 z'Sn ^ cfOtaf/of vf]gfof lznfkq vM . Yj lznfkq vf]gfoftj‰ofno\ Rj+Dx hozª\v ef/f] j d]lk+ hfgfM u0f]BM :yfkgf ofMu' cj;/o\ tMu'vM . clen]vo\ …g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jof ljho/fHoo\Ú wsfM:jDx]:of x] gf+ GXoygftMu' b' -lntF;f clen]v !M ̂ _ . pTsL0f{ clen]vo\ :jDx]:of

%& %*


rLsf5\jo\w'+sn h'O wsfM cg'dfg ofo\u' cfwf/ k|fKt h"u' b' . gu/+ lkg]ofclen]vo\ :jDx]:of x] gf+ ;+o'Qm ?k+ pNn]v h'Ou' k/Dk/f TjfMbnfM g];+ &)@ >fj0fs[i0f !)of a/]uf+of tf8kqo\ k'/Gb/l;+x ofsMlrof hs gf+ jMu' b' . Yj tf8kq+g];+ &)@ ; k'/Gb/l;+x ofsMlrof zf;g GXofo\w'+sn wsfM k|dfl0ft ofM . Ol08ofclkm; nfOa]|/LO Rj+u' j+zfjnLof 5s" s'rfo\ g];+ &)# j &)&; k'/Gb/l;+xoftonof h'h' wsfM GXoygftMu' b' (Regmi-II; 1086: 266) .

y'sy++ g];+ &)! lg;]+ x] k'/Gbl;+x ofsMrf zf;g h"u' vg]bt . p4jl;+x;Lu' vM jf 5' h"u' vM wsfM wfo\dkm'lg . t/ g/l;+x g];+ &!)o\ ltlg ;Lu' wsfMclen]vo\ jMu' b' . y'ls+ g/l;+xoft g+ SjTonfM d;Ltn] zf;g;Qf+ tfkfSs x]to\t k'/Gb/l;+x ;kmn h"u' wsfM :ki6 h" . plk+ lgDx]l;t g+ rLs]w'+sfM yM sfo\k'?iff]Qdl;+x+oft o'j/fh 3f]if0ff oft . t/ o]Fof lzjl;+x dNn+ on TofsfsfMu'ln+k'?iff]Qdl;+x h'h' wfM;f h'Odvg .

#=$=! ;+o'Qm zf;gof pknlAw#=$=! ;+o'Qm zf;gof pknlAw#=$=! ;+o'Qm zf;gof pknlAw#=$=! ;+o'Qm zf;gof pknlAw#=$=! ;+o'Qm zf;gof pknlAw#=$=!=!= :joDe" ;DaGwL kf}efM#=$=!=!= :joDe" ;DaGwL kf}efM#=$=!=!= :joDe" ;DaGwL kf}efM#=$=!=!= :joDe" ;DaGwL kf}efM#=$=!=!= :joDe" ;DaGwL kf}efMYj kf}efM 5u" sy+ wfld{s gS;f vM . y'sL :joDe"oft s]Gb|ljGb' ofgfM

:jlguMof k|d'v a:tL j b]j:ynof lrq0f ofgftMu' b' . Yj kf}efMof af/] bsn]Gxfkf+ RjofbLDx lyof]8f]/ l/sf8L{ vM . jo\sofM sy+ @ kmL6 (=$ O~r Aof j# kmL6 $=$% O~r xfsM b'u' y'u' kf}efM yf}sGxo\ cd]l/sfo\ b' (1093: 337) . y'u'kf}efM onof olDk dxfljxf/, O{axLof vM . l/sf8L+{ y'sL Rj+u' clen]v AjgfbLu'nLg];+ &!% wsfM AjgfbLu' b' (1093: 338) . t/ kf}efMof clen]vo\ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+xj p4jl;+x :jDx]of x] gf+ jMu'ln+ Yj ;+jt\ kfol5 dh" wsfM :jtM ;Lb' . :n;/+y'lsoft ;'wf/ ofgfM lksofbLu' b' . clen]v y'sy+ b' –

!_ >]of]:t' .. ;Djt ^*% cf=== lbl; cflbTojf/ Yj lbg s'Gx' >Ldt >L>L:joDe" === k|lt:yf ;Dk"0f{ ofªg Yj lbg s'Gx' === >L>L hog/l;+–@_ xb]j >L>L hok'nGbn l;+xb]j ->L>L_ hop4jl;+xb]j lqeo yfs'n; k|Hofo; dlgUn k"j]f{Q/=== >L olDkljxf/ ===ejGt' .. (1125: 293)

Yj kf}efno\ :joDe" hL0ff]{4f/ ;DaGwL 36gf l6kf]6 ofgftMu' dxTjk"0f{h" . kf}efM bo\s"an] :joDe" hL0ff]{4f/of Hof h'ofRj+u'ln+ clen]vo\ pu' 36gfl6kf]6 ofo\sy+ pNn]v ofgftMu' vM . g]kfMof d]u' 5'+ g+ ;|f]to\ pu' Ono\ :joDe"ofhL0ff]{4f/ h"u' wsfM pNn]v jofRj+u' db' . :joDe" hL0ff]{4f/ ;DaGwL uxg

cWoog ofgfbLDx /f]:kf6+ ltAatL ;|f]tof cfwf/o\ y'u' hL0ff]{4f/of af/] RjofbLu'b' –

=== O{= !%@(; d's'Gb;]g+ cfqmd0f ofgfM :joDe" r}Toof n+' l;oftMu'rSsf -qof]bze'jg_ j 5q n'6]ofgfo+sn, ldF to\u' s'tM oft .r}To :o+u'ln j ckljq h"u'ln+ hL0ff]{4f/ ofo\dfMu' cfjZos h'n .5Gx' lha-btsun Rin-chen rNam- rgyal -O{= !$&#–!%%&_ of Dxu;o\u'? gTsang-smyon Heruka jofM :joDe" hL0ff]{4f/ ofo\t OgfkofMjn . yM u'? wfMy]+ O{ !%#)o\ hL0ff]{4f/ Hof GXofsn . Gx"u' oMl;+ygfM qof]bze'jg, 5q j uh" bo\s]u' z'?oft . t/ Woaf db'u'ln+O{= !%#(÷$)o\ ltlg Hof l;wn . Yj cjlwO j+ o]Fof h'h' cd/ dNn-zf;gsfn O{= !%@(–!%^)_oft gfknft . Woaf dufMu'ln+ xld{sfof 5'+Aj hs kftf+ e'g]kmt . t/ qof]bz e'jgoft n'+ l;oftMu' kftf+e'g]u' Hof ofo\dkm't . No+blgu' klZrd j pQ/ lbzfof xld{sf jqof]bze'jgo\ n'+ l;oftMu' kftf+ e'g]u' Hof jof lzio sKyid-

grong-gnas Rab-'byams-pa Byams-pa phun-tshongs -O{= !%)#–!%*!_ kfv]+ :jLbF lnkf ;g\ !%&); ltlg Sjrfo\sn . (Rospatt; 1121: 206-7)

ltAatL ;|f]to\ pNn]v h"sy+ O{= !%&) -g];+ ^*)_; ltlg :joDe"ofhL0ff]{4f/ l;wMu' vg]b' . t/ kf}efno\ …k|lt:yf ;Dk"0f{ ofªgÚ wsfM pNn]v h"u'b' . y'ls+ r}Toof k"j+s hL0ff]{4f/ ofo\u' Hof SjrfMu' dv;] 5'+ 5u" Ajof hL0ff]{4f/hs SjrfMu' wsfM wfo\To+u' h'OdfM . clen]vo\ y'u' kf}efM g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]jj p4jl;+xb]jof kof{o; onof k"jf]{Q/o\ Rj+u' olDk dxfljxf/o\ bo\s"u' wsfMpNn]v b', t/ ;'gf+ bo\s"u' wsfM ;Ldbo\w'+sn .

#=$=!=@ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt#=$=!=@ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt#=$=!=@ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt#=$=!=@ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt#=$=!=@ OGb|ljhohfqf uLtonof lteo h'h'lklg /fHosfno\ g]kfnefiff sfJo Vono\ clts+ dxTjk"0f{

Hof h"u' b' . Yj Ono\ g]kfnefiffof :jk' Do]of /rgf h'n . y'lk+ Do]t ;flxTosf/dbgdf]xg ld>of ;f}hGo+ k|fKt h"u' vM . g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlk u|Gy ;+/If0fkl/of]hgf+ E 295/27 sy+ y'lsof dfOqmf]lkmNd sfMu' b' . y'lk+ Do]of dxTj y'OsfM7fs'/nfn dfgGw/+ bsn] Gxfkf+ …emLÚ klqsfo\ -bF @)÷&, Yo+NofM !&), g];+ !)(&sf}nf, k[= !–@_ …lsn+dgM kf}Ú :tDe cGtu{t Ko;MbF dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLtÚKo;MbF dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLtÚKo;MbF dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLtÚKo;MbF dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLtÚKo;MbF dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLtÚzLif{s tofM lksoflbn . Yjof+ lnkf g]kfnefiffo\ y'lk+ Do]of Jofks rrf{ h'n .d]d]lk+;+ g+ y'lk+ Do]of af/] Rjo\u' ofo+fjg . y'lk+ Do]oft Gxfkf …onof lteoh'h'lklg kfno\of Do]Ú wsfM Dx;LsfjofRj+u' vM . t/ :jk'lt+ Do]o\ …OGb|ljhohfqfÚ

%( ^)


vFUjM b'u' j sljtfof s]Gb|Lo efj g+ jx] h"u'ln+ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt OGb|ljhohfqf uLt OGb|ljhohfqf uLt OGb|ljhohfqf uLt OGb|ljhohfqf uLt wsfM gf+5'Ou' pko'Qm h" -tdf]6Ù !!@!M $_ .

y'lk+ :jk' Do] g]kfnefiffof ltlyldlt pNn]v h"u' bsn] Gxfkf+u' Do] vM .t/ Do]of /rgfsf/+ yMu' gf+ GXoygf+j+u' db' . cy];f+ onofDx slj+ x] y'lk+ Do]RjMu' vM wsfM SjMl5gfM wfo\km' . plk+ :jk' Do] y'sy+ b' –

s_ lh Kof;g j ho h/flh Kof;g j ho h/flh Kof;g j ho h/flh Kof;g j ho h/flh Kof;g j ho h/f -g];+ ^(!_ – Yj Do]of GXoMg]of !–!@ l;nM tsdbo\w'+sn, l;nM !#–!& ts hs No+blg . ;dflKt jfSoo\ ;+ ^(!of pNn]vofgfM pan] :j+u" gu/ -o]F, on, Vjk_of nF rfn wsfM tTsfnLg /fhg}lts 36gfl6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' . Yj Do] ck"0f{ h"u'ln+ 5' k|;+uo\ :jlguMof nF rfMu' vM wsfM;Ls]dkm'lg . Do]of cGto\ …lteoÚ wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x jp4jl;+xoft x] wfMu' vM wsfM k|i6 h" .

v_ k|gdlt >Lhu'klt -g];+ ^(@_ v_ k|gdlt >Lhu'klt -g];+ ^(@_ v_ k|gdlt >Lhu'klt -g];+ ^(@_ v_ k|gdlt >Lhu'klt -g];+ ^(@_ v_ k|gdlt >Lhu'klt -g];+ ^(@_ – Yj Do]o\ !–!! l;nM ts b' . slj+yM ;dsfnLg dg"to\ rl/q Jojxf/o\ vg]bofjMu' ljs[ltoft s'+lvgfM Jojxf/le+s]t Ogfk ofgftMu' b' . yj+yjo\of O{iof{+ slr+uM AjngL, slr+un+ k|hf, h'h'j b]zoft x] sdhf]/ ofO . pHjMu' kl/l:yltO zq' kIf+ cfqmd0f ofMjOu'ln+ Olk+gfk ;+3if{ ofo\t dfMu' ;fx; j dgf]an ygfaLu' sy+ Do] lrgftMu' b' . Do]of;dflKtO wDdL:t -wdf{Tdf_ /fhf wsfM g/l;+xb]j ;d]tof :jDx+ h'h'lk+t v8\ul;l4nfo\dfM, zq'to\t gfz ofo\kmo\df wsfM sfdgf ofgftMu' b' . pls+ Yj Do] Wofr"j jL//;+ hfM . Do]of by'O b'h{glklg r'SnL GogfM df+ j sfo\ by'O afo\e" jMu'j cg]s pkfo ofgfM gfk+ Jx+u' /fhg}lts 36gfof emns laoftMu' b' . t/ df+sfo\ wsfM ;'oft wfo\To+u' vM k|i6 dh" . p4jl;+xof df+ ÅbonIdLgfkk'/Gb/l;+xlklg srdr h"u' vMnf < eljioo\ n'ofjOu' P]ltxfl;s k|df0f+ y'lsofk'li6 ofO .

u_ cdn ;x;|gfd -g];+ ^($_ u_ cdn ;x;|gfd -g];+ ^($_ u_ cdn ;x;|gfd -g];+ ^($_ u_ cdn ;x;|gfd -g];+ ^($_ u_ cdn ;x;|gfd -g];+ ^($_ – :jk' Do] dWo] /fhg}lts b[li6+ bsn]dxTjk"0f{u' Do] Yjx] vM . Do]of z'?O onof :jDx h'h'lk+;+ zq'lk+t SjTon]kmo\df, v8\ul;l4 nfo\df wsfM a'+uBMofs] ˆjgftMu' b' . g]kfnefiffof Do] dWo]a'+uBMofs] v8\ul;l4 j/bfg ̂ jgftMu' bsn] Gxfkf+u' j 5k'of+ 5k' hsu' Do] Yjx]ltlg -j}BÙ !!@@M !#$_ . Vjk+ ono\ cfqmd0f ofMjofRj+u' ;+s6of Ono\ :jDx+h'h'lk+ x] ;+nUg h'ofM rf]ufdo\ :jrf j KoGx'+ lsNnf bo\sfM kln+ Ro"u' cj;/o\Yj Do] /rgf h"u' vM . rf]ufd w}u' yf}+sGxo\ ugyfo\ nfM wsfM ;Ls]dk'mlg .

Yj Do] pu' O{of o'4 ljj/0f vM . Do]of j0f{g cg';f/ Vjk+ o]Fo\ cfqmd0f

ofof+ onkfv] GXof+jofRj+u' vg]b' . o]Fof ls08f]n :joDe"of Sjo\ ts 3]/]ofMjMu'ln+ yMg] j SjMg]of k|hft UofsfRjg . lgGx'+ x] dflnufpF j xf]Nrf] lgu" uf+Tofsfsfn . on Tofs]u' p2]Zo+ GXof+jofRj+lk+ Vjkldto\t Gxfkf cfktan] on+Vjkoft Ujfxfln ofMu' u'0f NjMd+sn wsfM b'Mv Kj+sftMu' b' . tGqfVofg jlxtf]kb]zof afv+of pbfx/0f laofM Vjkoft xf]lzof/ ofgftMu' b' . Vjk cGtu{tofk|d'v a:tLto\;+ ljb|f]x ofgfM s]Gb|kfv]+ k[ys h'ofj+an] on+ Ujfxfln ofgfM /fHolntsoflaofu' wsfM slj+ uj{ ofgftMu' b' .

5u" 36gfjnL l6kf]6o\ rfFu' EjFt, kgf}lt+ ljb|f]x ofgfxMu'ln+ Vjk+ pu'yfo\ TjMtfAo"u' vF RjoftMu' b' .

;Djt ̂ *( dfUu{l;/ jl2 !@ ljzfv cg'/f9 u'+afxf/rf] GXofªjof lbg .. cdfjfZof o'4, df3 jl2 @ k"j{ kmfNu'lg k| pQ/kmfNu'gL j[x:kltaf/, /flq; ;+sf] t]nf lbg gjdL a'waf/ sf]Gx'r+u' tf]/tf lbg .. ef]t+, gfn+, kgflt cflbk+ tf]/tf lbg .. -jh|frfo{Ù !!)&M %–^_Yj 36gfjnLO ljb|f]x ofMlk+ dWo] ;Sjoft Vjk+ SjToMu' vg]b', t/

d]yfo\ Rj+lk+t SjTon] dkmofM plk+ yfo\ x] TjMtfAo"u' vF RjoftMu' b' . Do]o\GXoygftMsy+ /fHot dbofM srf TjfMNxfgftMu' l;df y]+ h'ofRj+u' Vjkoft on+cg]s a'l4 pkfo 5\onfM plk+ nfuft lntsofAo"u' vM . 36gfjnLO pNn]vofgfdtMu' dxTjk"0f{ /fhg}lts 36gf Yj Do]o\ RjoftMu' b' . y'sy+of Ujfxflnon+ Gxfkf g+ ofMu' b' . g];+ $@%o\ kmlk{Ëof ;fdGtto\;+ ljb|f]x ofgfM :jtGq h'Ou's'tM ofMan] plsoft SjTon]t on+ g+ Ujfxfln ofMu' vM (Vajracarya and Malla;

1105: kq $! v_ . y'sy+of pksf/ ofgftM;f+ Vjk+ onof ;fj{ef}d;Qfo\cfqmd0f ofMjMu'ln+ Vjkoft ;}Go zlQmO 3d08 ofo\dt], dv';f ljgfz h'OwsfM ;r]t ofsftMu' b' .

y'lk+ :jk'+ Do]of d]u' pNn]vgLo kIf OGb|hfqfof j0f{g vM . pan]of;dfho\ OGb|hfqf u'sy+ xgL wsfM Yj Do]o\ emns laoftMu' b' . hfqfof nflukmNrfof Ko+u' lbzfo\ g+ lsl;of k|ltdf bo\sfM cg]s /+u+ 5fo\lkofM ememM wfo\sAjoftO . y'an] AjoftOu' lsl;of k|ltdf b}Tot a'sf5\jMDx :ju{of k|tfkL h'h'OGb|of oMDx jfxg P]/fjt lsl;of k|tLs vM . onof lteo h'h'lk+t g+ OGb|efMlkofM zq' kIfoft SjTonfM /fHo ;'/Iff j ;d[l4 ofo\u' Hofo\k/fqmd SogfM ljhoL h"lk+ wsfM jL/k"hf ofo\sy+ OGb|hfqfof k|;+u GXoAjoftMu'vM -j}BÙ !!@@M !#%_ .

y'lk+ Do]of :t/ nf]sDo] l;a]+ oSj Rjo\ nfM . y'lk+ Do]of /rgfsf/ sfJozf:q,cn+sf/zf:q, b]zof Oltxf; ;+:s[lt, /fhgLlt j gLltafv+t ts+ ;M:o"Dx slj

^! ^@


vM . y'ln :t/Lo Do] lrg]km'Dx sljof cl:tTj g];+ ̂ () bzso\ x] vg]bo\w'+s"u'ln+g]kfnefiffof sfJo k/Dk/f y'lk+ Do]t :jof+ GXoM x] Ajng]w'+s"u' vM wsfM ts{ofo\l5+ .

#=% lzjl;+x dNnof on ljho#=% lzjl;+x dNnof on ljho#=% lzjl;+x dNnof on ljho#=% lzjl;+x dNnof on ljho#=% lzjl;+x dNnof on ljhok'/Gb/l;+xof clGtd pNn]v g];+ &!& Ho]i7 z'Sn !)v'Gx' Rjo\l;wo\s"u'

;Kt;tL;Kt;tL;Kt;tL;Kt;tL;Kt;tL u|Gyofof k'liksfo\ jMu' b' . jof+ lnkfof clen]vo\ onof h'h'sy+lzjl;+x dNnof gf+ jMu' b' . lzjl;+x dNn+ u'an] on Tofsn wsfM SjMl5gfMwfo\dkm'lg .

lzjl;+x dNn+ yMu' /fHo lj:tf/ ofo\u' cleofgof ‰jno\ Vjk cGtu{tnfMu' ;Sjoft TofsfsfMu' vM . ;Sj jh|of]lugLofyfo\ Rj+u' g];+ &!% r}qofclen]vo\ >L>Llzjl;+xb]jz ljho/fHo wsfM RjoftMu' b' -/fhj+zLÙ !)*#M !#_ .5u" Yof;km'tL g];+ &!%lg;]+ x] lzjl;+x dNn+ /fHolj:tf/ ofgfxMu' l6kf]6h'ofRj+u' b' . psL lzjl;+x+ bf]nvf, lnl:t, s]?ª sAhf ofMu', k"j{kfv] dsjfgk'/,l;Gw'nLts Tofs"u' j klZrdkfv] u08sL kf/Lts /fHo lj:tf/ ofMu' rrf{ b' .

;Djt\ &!% a}zfv z'Sn ci6dL Yj j]/; /fhf >L @ hol;jl;+xdNn;k|Hofj; h'/f] . Yj j]/; /fHo ofª bf]vfTj+ jjg]g, o xf:o+,ln;lt ls/f]Tj+ of}xf:o+ u08 kf/g h'/f] . lkxf:o+ of]j, dsfgk'/lz+w'l/Tj+ /fHo ofs h'/f] . -jh|frfo{ j >]i7Ù !!@@M #*_

:joDe"of g];+ &@% of clen]v cg';f/ g];+ &!% r}q s[i0f %, z'qmjf/v'Gx' lzjl;+x dNn+ af}4 k'/f]lxtkfv]+ :joDe" r}Too\ nIfxf]d ofgfM 5q b]5fgfMk|lti7f ofMu'of k|;fb :j?k on b]o\ Tofs]t ;kmn h"u' vM .

g]kfnfÍ] ltlyd'lgo't] dfwj] s[i0fkIf] k~rDof+ efu{j;'lbj;]d"ne] l;l4of]u] . nIofx'Tof jx'd'lgu0f} @ 5qdf/f]x k"Jj{ :t'k]k"00ff{ds[t g[kltM >L lzjM ;Jj{zSTof .. t:o k|tfkjlntMlzjl;+x /fhf /fHo] hoL nlntMkQg gfd w]o] ljk|foj]bljb'if ]jx'ljBsfo bfg+ JowQ jx'n+ dg;f]T;'v]g

(Regmi-IV; 1086: 46-51)

Yj clen]vo\ g];+ &!% lnkf j &@% GXoM on Tofs"u' wsfM woftM;f+u'an] Tofsn wsfM laofdtM . z+s/dfg /fhj+zLh'+ g];+ &!( efb| s[i0f !!of

tf8kq k|sflzt ofgfbLu' b', u'sL lzjl;+x dNnoft …dfl0fUnflwkltÚ wsfM;Daf]wg ofgftMu' b' -/fhj+zLÙ !)*&M @)_ . Yj tf8kqof k|sfzg+ lzjl;+xofon ljhoof ldltoft cem ;QLsflan . Yj w'+sfMax/fOgof Oltxf;sf/ lk6/a'n]{+ lzjl;+xoft dfl0fUnflwklt woftMu' g];+ &!* sflt{s z'Sn % of tf8kqofaf/]] Gx"u' vF k|sfzgo\ xoflbn (Burleigh; 1090: 2) . t/ Yj tf8kqof d"nkf7lksfMan] k"0f{/Tg jh|frfo{+ y'lsof ;+jt\ &!$ wsfM lksoflbn -jh|frfo{Ù !!!@M(%–(^_ . y'ls+ ofgfM 5'+ O{ts Oltxf;of Vono\ e|d Ajn+u' vM . t/ dx]z/fhkGt+ y'lsof ;+jt\ &!* x] vM wsfM 7f]s'jf ofgfM k"0f{/Tg jh|frfo+{ lksfMu' kf7o\;+zf]wg ;d]t ofgfM xfsg+ lksoflbn -kGtÙ !!!* vM ^)–^!_ . dx]z/fh kGt+x] y'u' tf8kq :jof+ 5Gx' GXoM g];+ &!* sflt{s z'Sn $of tf8kq g+ lksofbLu'b' -!!@!M $^–$&_ . lzjl;+x dNnoft onof h'h' wsfM SogLu' cfMtsof bsn];QLu' k|df0f Yjx] vM .

nLnfeQm d'g+sdL{h'+ onof h'h' k'/Gb/l;+x lgM;Gtfg h'ofM ;Lu' df}sfnfsfM lzjl;+x dNn+ ono\ xdnf ofgfM TofsfsfMu' wsfM RjofbLu' b' -!)**M!!)_ . t/ k'/Gb/l;+x lgM;GtfgDx dv' . jof k'?iff]Qdl;+x gf+of sfo\ b' . yMsfo\ k'?iff]Qdl;+xoft g];+ &)(of e08f/vfn clen]vo\ o'j/fh x] 3f]if0ffofgftMu' b' . pls+ d'g+sdL{h'of wfk" kfo\l5 dh" .

efiff j+zfjnLO nDas0f{ e§of dGqof k|efj+ lzjl;+x dNn+ on b]o\Tofs]t ;kmn h"u' wsfM RjoftMu' b' .

oL /fhf -lzjl;+x dNn_ a8f] 1fgL x'gfn] blIf0f dxf/fi6« b]zb]lvnIdLgf/fo0f gfd nDas0f{ e§ a|fDx0f g]kfnk'/Ldf cfO{s'n]Zj/df a;L /fhfk|hf ;asg x]/L b];sf nIf0f ljrf/ u/L;x/leq k|j]z u/L /fhf;+u e]6 u¥of . ToxfFkl5 /fhfn]tL nDas0f{ e§sg u'? j/L dGqbfg lnof . log}sf dGqsfk|efjn] nlnkQgsf j}Zo /fhfsg lhtL b'j} ;x/ ef]u u¥of .

-n+;fnÙ!)*^M %(_

j+zfjnLof Yj syg u'lnts ;To vM wsfM eljioo\ n'ofjOu' k|df0f+k'li6 ofOltlg . t/ gf/fo0f zdf{ -nDas0f{ e§_ yg jofM lzjl;+xof u'? h"u' vF;To vM . ;'gfu'lyof e+[uf/]Zj/ dlGb/o\ g];+ &#%of lznfkq 5kfM b' . Yjlznfkq nDas0f{ e§of sfo\ dxfb]j+ e[+uf/]Zj/ dlGb/ lnSs s'df/ u0f]zof:yfkgf ofMan] tMu' vM . Yj lznfkqo\ yM ca' a|fDx0f e§ gf/fo0f zdf{ g]kfno\jofM /fhf lzjl;+xof u'? h"u' j g];+ &#$; cg x] b]uno\ lqz"n b]5fMu' vFRjoftMu' b' -jh|frfo{Ù !!!(M %@– %$_ .

^# ^$


lzjl;+x+ on Tofs"u' 36gf jof ;Gtltto\;+ ts+ n'd+sftMu' vg]b' .o]Fof lqz'nrf]sof g];+ *)@of clen]vo\ kfly{j]Gb| dNn+ yM k'vf{lklg j+zfjnLsLsftMu' b' . psL lzjl;+x dNn+ on Tofs"u' 36gfof pNn]v ofgftMu' b' .

tT;"g ' M lzjl;+x e"klt/e"låVoftgfdfjgf } df ]/Ëfrnz[Ë–/f]lktho:tDef]ltbDef]GgtM lgå{Gb+ nlntfJxo+ k'/d/]e{ | ";+1ofof]u|xLTk|Toly{lIfltkfnnAwjlnlee"{b]j;]jfk/M -jh|frfo{Ù !)(^M @#%–#(_

-jo\sMkfv]+ -dx]Gb| dNnkfv]+_ gf+ rn]h"DxM df]/Ëof kj{to\ ljho:tDew:jfs"Dx, zq' /fhfkfv]+ k|fKt h"u' s/+ a|fDx0fto\t ;]jf ofODx /fhf lzjl;+xofhGd h'n . u'Dx]:of+ nlntk'/oft ofpFs x] Tofsn . _

y'sy+ dWosfnof z'?+lg;]+ GXofgfjofRj+u' dxfkfqto\u' uf}/jzfnLOltxf;of cGTo h'n . lzjl;+x+ /fHo sfo\w'+sfM k'/Gb/l;+x, jof sfo\k'?iff]Qdl;+xlklg 5' cj:yf h'n ;Ls]dkm'lg . t/ y'ld ;Gtfgto\;+ Gxfkfof uf}/joft n'd+sfM yMlklg gf+ No"g] …kfqj+zÚ tofM ;dfho\ k|ltli7t h'ofM DjfgfRj+u'blg . ;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0f+ y'u' kIfo\ la:s+ cWoog ofo\axh" .

pk;+xf/pk;+xf/pk;+xf/pk;+xf/pk;+xf/

g]kfMof dWosfnLg Oltxf;o\ dxfkfqto\u' dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf b' . y'lk+s]Gb|kfv]+ dfGotf laoftMlk+ :yfgLo k|zf;st vM . s]Gb|of cfb]z cg';f/ s]Gb|ofh'h'of cwLgo\ RjgfM yMyMu' Onfsfo\ :JffoQ zf;g GXofsfRj+lk+ :yfgLo ;fdGttx] dxfkfq vM . pan] Vjk /fhwfgL h'ofRj+u'ln+ lnSs nfMu' o]F j ono\ dxfkfqtlgo'Qm ofgfM zf;g GXofsfRj+u' vM . clen]vo\ dxfkfqto\t …tjtjdLÚ wsfMg+ ;Daf]wg ofgftMu' b' .

pan] onof k|zf;lgs ljefhg af}4 ljxf/to\u' cffwf/o\ h'ofRj+u'vg]b' . dfl0fun /fhb/jf/oft s]Gb|ljGb' gfnfM onoft d"n¿k+ pQ/ljxf/ jblIf0fljxf/ wsfM lgAjo\ AjynftMu' vM . lnkf lk+yljxf/ g+ zlQms]Gb| h'ofMAjng]w'+sfM pQ/ljxf/, blIf0fljxf/ j lk+yljxf/oft ;+o'Qm¿k+ lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/lqeoljxf/wsfM wfo\u' rng h'n . pQ/ljxf/ w}u' yf}+sGxo\of lx/0oj0f{ dxfljxf/,SjfMafxfM vM;f blIf0fljxf/ w}u' /fh>L dxfljxf/, OafxfMaxL vM .

ono\ dxfkfqto\u' cl:tTj dWosfnof z'?+lg;]+ x] bo\w'+s"u' h'OdfM .t/ k|fdfl0fs ¿ko\ g];+ @^@ lg;]+ y'ldu' pNn]v jMu' b' . y'ldu' NofM cKjofMjFj+Gxo\u" s'6'Da ts Yog . pls+ y'ldt …;Kts'6'Dah dxfkfqÚ wsfM wfo\u' rngh'n . g];+ @^$ lg;]+ y'ldt ;Kts'6'Dah wfo\u' rng jo\w'+s"u' vg]b' . ltAat jef/tln;] Jofkf/ ofOlk+ h"u'ln+ y'ldu' cfly{s l:ylt clts+ af+nfMu' vg]b' . g];+$&); h"u' ;d;'2Lgof cfqmd0f+ Wj:t h"u' ;Dkbfto\u' k'glg{df{0f s]Gb|+ ofo\dkmofMy'ld;+ x] ofgfAo"u' vM . hol:ylt dNn j oIf dNn y]+hfMlk+ zlQmzfnL h'h'lk+;+ts+ y'ldt pGd"ng ofo\dk'mt . oIf dNn w'+sfM jof dflxnfDx sfo\/Tg dNn+ o]Fof dxfkfqto\t Gx+sfM o]Foft /fhwfgL bo\sfM yMDx+ zf;g GXofsn .t/ /Tg dNn+ g+ onof dxfkfqto\t Gx+s]dk'mt, a? g];+ ^!%; 5u" ;lGw h'ofMonof dxfkfqt /Tg dNnof cGtu{t Rj+jg . g];+ ^#); /Tg dNnof d[To'h';]+ln s]Gb| sdhf]/ h"u' df}sf nfsfM onof dxfkfqt ;lqmo h'ofjn . plk+dWo] Ho]i7ljxf/of lji0f'l;+x+ d]lk+ dxfkfqto\t SjTonfM yMt onof h'h' 3f]if0ffoft . g];+ ^%ôf ;'afxfMof clen]v+lg;]+ lji0f'l;+x :jtGq zf;sof ?ko\ vg]bt .g];+ ^^*of kz'klt ;lGw+lg;]+ lji0f'l;+xoft cf}krfl/s ¿k+ :jtGq zf;sof

^% ^^

$$$$$


dfGotf bt . yMt dfl0fUnflwklt wsfM 3f]if0ff ofMDx Gxfkf+Dx zf;s g+ lji0f'l;+xx] vM . lji0f'l;+xof clGtd pNn]v g];+ ^&& dfu{ s[i0f !@ ts jMu' b' . Yjw'+sfMg];+ ^&* >fj0f s[i0f % of tf8kqo\ tMlwsMDx sfo\ g/l;+xof pNn]v jMu' b' .pls+ y'u' cjlw b'g] x] lji0f'l;+xof d[To' h"u' vo\dfM . g];+ ^*) cfiff9 k'lGxoftf8kqlg;]+ :jDx+ sfo\lk+ g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlklg ;+o'Qm zf;gGXofMu' vg]b' . Olk+ :jDx bfh'lshflklg by'O yj+yjo\ d]n db'u' vg]b' . yMDx+tofu' clen]vo\ yM ofsMlrt hs h''h'sy+ SogfM d]lklgu' gf+ x] pNn]v dofo\u'k|j[lQ y'lds] vg]b' . plk+ dWo] k'/Gb/l;+x rt'/Dx h"u'ln+ bfh' g/l;+x j lshfp4jl;+xoft ;Qf+ rLsfM g];+ &)!lg;]+ osMlt zf;g ofo\t ;kmn h"u' vM .p4jl;+xof cj:yf 5' h'n ;Ldb' t/ g];+ &)(; g/l;+xof d[To' h"u' vg]b' .k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM sfo\ k'?iff]Qdl;+xoft o'j/fh ts+ 3f]if0ff ofMu' vM . k'/Gb/l;+xofbsn] lnkf+u' pNn]v g];+ &!& Ho]i7 z'Sn !)of …;Kt;tLÚ ;k'mtL jMu' b' . Yj:jof+ 5'+ O{ lnkf o]Fof h'h' lzjl;+x dNn+ ono\ cfqmd0f ofgfM Tofsfsfn .lzjl;+x+ u'an], u'sy+ on Tofsn wsfM ;Ldb'lg, t/ lzjl;+xoft onof h'h'sy+GXoAjoftMu' bsn] ;QLu' clen]v g];+ &!* sflt{s z'Sn $of tf8kq vM .Yj On+lg;]+ onof dxfkfqto\u' uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;of cGt h'n .

lji0f'l;+xlg;]+ z'? h"u' dxfkfq h'h'lklg zf;gsfno\ onof ;LdfgfrfkfufpF, ;'gfu'ly, a'n', a/]uf+, vf]gf ts lj:tf/ h"u' vg]b' . y'ldu' kfno\jf:t'snf j jfª\doof Vono\ g+ dxTjk"0f{ Hoft h"u' b' . lji0'l;+x+ ;'gfu'yL Rj+u'e[+uf/]Zj/ b]uMof k'glg{df{0f ofMu' vM . lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ gf/b:d[ltof g]kfnefiff+cg'jfb g+ h'n . k'/Gb/l;+x+ d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' rt'Jo{"xfTds lji0f'of dlGb/,b'dfh'of dlGb/ j g/l;+xof dlGb/ lgdf{0f ofgfj+u' b' . p4jl;+x+ cflbgf/fo0fofdlGb/ bo\s"u' vM;f+ yf}+sGxo\ pu' dlGb/ ugyfo\ nfM wsfM d;Lw'+sn . g]kfnefiffofl;h{gfTds jfª\doof Vono\ y'u' ;dofjlw clts+ dxTjk"0f{ h'ofAo"u' b' .g]kfnefiffof ltlyldlt b'u' Gxfkf+u' k|fdfl0fs :jk' Do] Yjx] sfnv08-g];+ ^(!–^($_o\ /rgf h'n .

y'sy+ dxfkfq h'ofRjFRj+ x] yMt onof h'h' 3f]if0ff ofMDx lji0f'l;+x+ GXofsfj+u'k/Dk/f lzjl;+xof on ljho w'+sfM ;dfKt hn . t/ g+ Gxfkfof uf}/joftn'd+sfM yMt kfqj+z wsfM kl/ro laofjofRj+lk+ dg"t yf}+ts+ blg .

l n w F ; fl n w F ; fl n w F ; fl n w F ; fl n w F ; f

k|fylds Hjn+k|fylds Hjn+k|fylds Hjn+k|fylds Hjn+k|fylds Hjn+

cfzf ;k"ms'lyof tf8kq NofM %((, g];+ ^)) .

cfzf ;k"ms'lyof tf8kq NofM &#!, g];+ ^#( .

cfzf ;k"ms'lyof tf8kq NofM %!!, g];+ ^&( .

cfzf ;k"ms'lyof tf8kq NofM &(#, g];+ *@) .

g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlvt u|Gy ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf, /Ln g+= ;L %÷@, gf/b;+lxtgf/b;+lxtgf/b;+lxtgf/b;+lxtgf/b;+lxtf,

wd{zf:q, g]kfnlnlk, !)$ kq, tf8kq, g];+ ^&@ . -k|ltlnlk aL @!%÷@)_

g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlvt u|Gy ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf, /Ln g+= aL @&^÷!^ aL, piffx/0fpiffx/0fpiffx/0fpiffx/0fpiffx/0f,

gf6s, g]kfnlnlk, !^ kq, Yof;k"m, ldlt db' .

g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlvt u|Gy ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf, /Ln g+= O{ $^^÷(, tf8kqtf8kqtf8kqtf8kqtf8kq, g];+ ̂ *% .

g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlvtu|Gy ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf, /Ln g+ O{ @(%÷@& tGqfVofg,tGqfVofg,tGqfVofg,tGqfVofg,tGqfVofg,

OGb|ljhohLt, OGb|ljhohLt, OGb|ljhohLt, OGb|ljhohLt, OGb|ljhohLt, wd{nIdL;+jfbwd{nIdL;+jfbwd{nIdL;+jfbwd{nIdL;+jfbwd{nIdL;+jfb, g]kfnlnlk @% kq, Yof;km", ldlt g];+ ^(!–

^($ .

k|sflzt Hjn+k|sflzt Hjn+k|sflzt Hjn+k|sflzt Hjn+k|sflzt Hjn+

g]kfnL j g]kfnefiffg]kfnL j g]kfnefiffg]kfnL j g]kfnefiffg]kfnL j g]kfnefiffg]kfnL j g]kfnefiff

cfrfo{, afa''/fd, g];+ !!@$

>L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL>L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL>L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL>L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL>L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL .

bf];|f] ;+:s/0f .sf7df8f}+ M >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf ;+jfb ;lrjfno,

/fhb/jf/ -lj;+ @)^!_ .

Oltxf;sf s'/f, g];+ !!)#

/f]nDa/f]nDa/f]nDa/f]nDa/f]nDa . # M # -;]K6]Da/ !(*#_, k[= @! .

Oltxf;sf s'/f, g];+ !!)$

/f]nDa/f]nDa/f]nDa/f]nDa/f]nDa . $ M ! -hgj/L–dfr{ !(*$_, k[= #@–#$ .

vgfn, df]xgk|;fb, g];+ !!)#

rfFu'gf/fo0fsf P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|LrfFu'gf/fo0fsf P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|LrfFu'gf/fo0fsf P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|LrfFu'gf/fo0fsf P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|LrfFu'gf/fo0fsf P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|L . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /

PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -lj;+ @)$) cflZjg_ .

uf}td, s'nrGb| zdf{, -6Lsfsf/_ g];+ !)*(

cd/sf]zMcd/sf]zMcd/sf]zMcd/sf]zMcd/sf]zM . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg -lj;+ @)@^_ .

^& ^*


608g, uf]ljGb, g];+ !!!(

kz'kltIf]qsf] ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu–@kz'kltIf]qsf] ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu–@kz'kltIf]qsf] ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu–@kz'kltIf]qsf] ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu–@kz'kltIf]qsf] ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu–@ -clen]v v08_ .

sf7df8f}+ M em/]Gb| zDz]/ tyf d~h' /f0ff -lj;+ @)%^_ .

tdf]6, sfzLgfy,-;+_, g];+ !!)#

k'qkf}qflbaf]lwgL -cd/sf]zof g]kfnefiffof 6Lsf, g]=;+= %)!_k'qkf}qflbaf]lwgL -cd/sf]zof g]kfnefiffof 6Lsf, g]=;+= %)!_k'qkf}qflbaf]lwgL -cd/sf]zof g]kfnefiffof 6Lsf, g]=;+= %)!_k'qkf}qflbaf]lwgL -cd/sf]zof g]kfnefiffof 6Lsf, g]=;+= %)!_k'qkf}qflbaf]lwgL -cd/sf]zof g]kfnefiffof 6Lsf, g]=;+= %)!_

o]F M kf;fd'gf .

tdf]6, sfzLgfy, g];+ !!@!

æOGb|ljhohfqf uLtÆ . b]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofM, *M!( -t5nfYj ! ljxLjf/_, kf} $ .

t]jf/L, /fdhL j d]lk+, -;+_ g];+ !)*@

clen]v ;+u|x, efuclen]v ;+u|x, efuclen]v ;+u|x, efuclen]v ;+u|x, efuclen]v ;+u|x, efu––––– ^̂̂̂̂ . sf7df8f}+ M ;+zf]wg d08n -lj;+

@)!( >fj0f_ .

t]jf/L, /fdhL j d]lk+, -;+_ g];+ !)*#

clen]v ;+u|x, efu clen]v ;+u|x, efu clen]v ;+u|x, efu clen]v ;+u|x, efu clen]v ;+u|x, efu ((((( j !) j !) j !) j !) j !) . . . . . sf7df8f}+ M ;+zf]wg d08n -lj;+

@)@) j}zfv j >fj0f_ .

g]kfn, 1fgdl0f, g];+ !!@%

g]kfnsf] dfWolds sfnsf] Oltxf;g]kfnsf] dfWolds sfnsf] Oltxf;g]kfnsf] dfWolds sfnsf] Oltxf;g]kfnsf] dfWolds sfnsf] Oltxf;g]kfnsf] dfWolds sfnsf] Oltxf; . sf7df8f}+ M dsfn' a'S;

P08 :6]zg;{ -lj;+ @)^@_ .

g]kfn, 1fgdl0f, -;+_ g];+ !!)#

hot/lrt dxL/fj0fjw gf6s M ljj]rgfTds cWooghot/lrt dxL/fj0fjw gf6s M ljj]rgfTds cWooghot/lrt dxL/fj0fjw gf6s M ljj]rgfTds cWooghot/lrt dxL/fj0fjw gf6s M ljj]rgfTds cWooghot/lrt dxL/fj0fjw gf6s M ljj]rgfTds cWoog .

sLlt{k'/ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -lj;+ @)$)_ .

kGt, go/fh, b]jLk|;fb e08f/L j lbg]z/fh kGt, g];+ !)(*

;'dlttGqd\ -k|ydf] efuM_;'dlttGqd\ -k|ydf] efuM_;'dlttGqd\ -k|ydf] efuM_;'dlttGqd\ -k|ydf] efuM_;'dlttGqd\ -k|ydf] efuM_ . sf7df8f}+ M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -lj;+ @)#%_ .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!)^

æoIf dNnn] ul/lbPsf b'Oj6f tf8kqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, ^& -lj;+

@)$@ r}q_ , k[= $@–$^ .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!!#

æg]jf//fHo / a|fDx0fÆ . k"l0f{dk"l0f{dk"l0f{dk"l0f{dk"l0f{df, *$ -lj;+ @)%) j}zfv_,

k[= $(–^@ .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!!* s

ætf8kqdf n]lvPsf, ljqmdsf] kGw|f}+b]lv c7f/f}+ ztfJbLleqsf,

clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf &% j6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, ($

-lj;+ @)%% cfiff9_,k[= !–^) .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!!* v

ækf6gsf /fhfsf ?kdf lzjl;+xsf] kfOP;Dddf klxnf] lnvtÆ .

k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, ($ -lj;+ @)%% cfiff9_, k[= ^)–^! .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@) s

æs';'dl;+xsf] rrf{ k/]sf], tf8kqdf n]lvPsf], clxn];Dd k|sfzdf

gcfPsf], Pp6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)) -lj;+ @)%& cflZjg_, k[= #* .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@) v

ælji0f'l;+xsf] rrf{ k/]sf], tf8kqdf n]lvPsf], clxn];Dd k|sfzdf

gcfPsf], Pp6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)) -lj;+ @)%& cflZjg_,k[= #( .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@) u

ælji0f'l;+xsf, dfl0fUnflwklt x'g'eGbf cufl8sf, tf8kqdf n]lvPsf,

clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf, @ j6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !))

-lj;+ @)%& cflZjg_, k[= #(–$! .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@) 3

ælji0f'l;+x / pgsf 5f]/fx?sf, tf8kqdf n]lvPsf,clxn];Dd

k|sfzdf gcfPsf, !% j6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dk"l0f{dk"l0f{dk"l0f{dk"l0f{df, !)) -lj;+

@)%& cflZjg_, k[= $!–%) .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@) ª

æk'/Gb/l;+xsf] rrf{ k/]sf], tf8kqdf n]lvPsf], clxn];Dd k|sfzdf

gcfPsf], Pp6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)) -lj;+ @)%& cflZjg_, k[= %! .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@!

dfl0fUnflwklt lzjl;+xsf, tf8kqdf n]lvPsf, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf

gcfPsf !# j6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)! -lj;+ @)%& sflt{s_,

k[= $^–%% .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@@ s

ædfl0fUnflwklt g/l;+x klg ;fIfL a;]sf], tf8kqdf n]lvPsf],

clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf], Pp6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df,!)# -

lj;+ @)%*kf}if_,k[=$^ .

kGt,dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@@ v

æk|wfgdxfkfq g/l;+x b[i6;fIfL a;]sf], tf8kqdf n]lvPsf],

clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf], Pp6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)#

-lj;+ @)%* kf}if_, k[= $& .

^( &)


kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@$ s

ælj;+ !%#^ b]lv !%%^ ;Ddsf, tf8kqdf n]lvPsf, clxn];Dd

k|sfzdf gcfPsf, !$ j6f lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)* -lj;+

@)^) kf}if_, k[= !–!% .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@$ v

ælji0f'l;+xeGbf cufl8sf, kf6gsf zf;s;+u ;Da4, tf8kqdf

n]lvPsf, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf !& j6f lnvtkqÆ .

k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !)* -lj;+ @)^) kf}if_, k[= !^–#% .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@$ u

ælji0f'l;+x / pgsf 5f]/fx? dfl0fUnflwklt eO;s]kl5sf, kf6gsf

kfqsf, tf8kqdf n]lvPsf, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf @ j6f

lnvtkqÆ . k"l0f{df k"l0f{df k"l0f{df k"l0f{df k"l0f{df, !)* -lj;+ @)^) kf}if_, k[= #*–#( .

kGt, dx]z/fh, g];+ !!@$ 3

ætf8kqsf lnvtkqdf clwsdf;Æ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !!$ -lj;+ @)^! >fj0f_,

k[= !–%( .

k|wfg, e''jgnfn, g];+ !!!*

g]kfnsf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltsf s]xL kIf . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn

/fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg -lj;+ @)%%_ .

d'g+sdL{, nLnfeQm, g];+ !)**

dNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfn . sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/ -lj;+ @)@%_ .

of]uL g/xl/gfy, afa'/fd cfrfo{ j cdf]3jh| jh|frfo{, g];+ !)&#

æsfnqmdÆ . ;+:s[t ;Gb]z;+:s[t ;Gb]z;+:s[t ;Gb]z;+:s[t ;Gb]z;+:s[t ;Gb]z, !M !),!!,!@ ;+o'QmfÍ -lj;+ @)!)_ k[=*! .

/fhj+zL, zÍ/dfg -;+_, g];+ !)*#

eQmk'/–lznfn]v–;"rL . sf7df8f}+ M jL/ k':tsfno -lj;+ @)@)

h]7 @*_

/fhj+zL, zÍ/dfg, g];+ !)*&

æl;l4g/l;+x dNneGbf cufl8sf kf6gsf zf;sx?sf s]xL tf8kqÆ .

k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !@ -@)@# df3_, k[= !&–@@ .

/fhj+zL, zÍ/dfg, g];+ !!)#

ædNnsfnLg e"ld;DaGwL–td;'s tf8kqÆ . k|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfn, &%

-lj;+ @)$) j}zfv–h]7_, k[= ^–!) .

/fhj+zL, zÍ/dfg, g];+ !!)%

e"ld;DaGwL td;'d–tf8kq, efu @ e"ld;DaGwL td;'d–tf8kq, efu @ e"ld;DaGwL td;'d–tf8kq, efu @ e"ld;DaGwL td;'d–tf8kq, efu @ e"ld;DaGwL td;'d–tf8kq, efu @ . sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o

clen]vfno -lj;+ @)$! kf}if_ .

/]UdL, hubLzrGb|, g];+ !!!$

sf7df08" zx/ M ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu !sf7df08" zx/ M ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu !sf7df08" zx/ M ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu !sf7df08" zx/ M ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu !sf7df08" zx/ M ;f+:s[lts cWoog, efu ! . sf7df8f}+ M

clkm; ckm g]kfn P06LSj]/L -lj;+ @)%!_ .

n+;fn, b]jLk|;fb, -;+_ g];+ !)*^

efiff j+zfjnL, efu–@efiff j+zfjnL, efu–@efiff j+zfjnL, efu–@efiff j+zfjnL, efu–@efiff j+zfjnL, efu–@ . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno

-lj;+ @)@#_ .

jh|frfo{, uf}tdjh|, g];+ !)(^

xg'dfg9f]sf /fhb/jf/xg'dfg9f]sf /fhb/jf/xg'dfg9f]sf /fhb/jf/xg'dfg9f]sf /fhb/jf/xg'dfg9f]sf /fhb/jf/ . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnLcWoog ;+:yfg,

-lj;+ @)##_ .

jh|frfo{, uf}tdjh|, g];+ !)** s

æP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLÆ . k""l0f{dfk""l0f{dfk""l0f{dfk""l0f{dfk""l0f{df, !* -lj;+ @)@% ;fpg–ebf}–

c;f]h_ k[= !)(–!!$ .

jh|frfo{, r'Gbf, g];+ !!)&

dWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoog . o]F M ;k"mw's" .

jh|frfo{, wgjh|,-k|=;+=_ g];+ !)*@

Oltxf; ;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f–k|d]o -klxnf] efu_Oltxf; ;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f–k|d]o -klxnf] efu_Oltxf; ;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f–k|d]o -klxnf] efu_Oltxf; ;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f–k|d]o -klxnf] efu_Oltxf; ;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f–k|d]o -klxnf] efu_ . nlntk'/ M

hubDaf k|sfzg -lj;+ @)!(_ .

jh|frfo{, wgjh|, g]]]]]]];+ !)** v

ælnR5ljsflns a:tLÆ . k""l0f{dfk""l0f{dfk""l0f{dfk""l0f{dfk""l0f{df, !* -lj;+ @)@% ;fpg–ebf}–

c;f]h_ k[= !)(–!!$ .

jh|frfo{, wgjh|, g]]]]]]];+ !)*(

ælnR5ljsfnsf] zf;g k4ltÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, @! -lj;+ @)@^ j}zfv–h]7_

k[= !–!! .

jh|frfo{, wgjh|, g];+ !)(*

ædWosfnsf z'?sf s]xL clen]vÆ . slG6«Ao'zG; 6' . slG6«Ao'zG; 6' . slG6«Ao'zG; 6' . slG6«Ao'zG; 6' . slG6«Ao'zG; 6' g]kfnLhg]kfnLhg]kfnLhg]kfnLhg]kfnLh

:6l8h, :6l8h, :6l8h, :6l8h, :6l8h, %M ! (l8;]Da/ !(&&), k[= (#–!@( .jh|frfo{, wgjh|, g];+ !!!^

lnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]v . bf];|f] ;+:s/0f . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /

PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -lj;+ @)%# cfiff9_ .

jh|frfo{, wgjh|, g];+ !!!(

dWosfnsf clen]v -cg'jfb, P]ltxfl;s JofVof;lxt_dWosfnsf clen]v -cg'jfb, P]ltxfl;s JofVof;lxt_dWosfnsf clen]v -cg'jfb, P]ltxfl;s JofVof;lxt_dWosfnsf clen]v -cg'jfb, P]ltxfl;s JofVof;lxt_dWosfnsf clen]v -cg'jfb, P]ltxfl;s JofVof;lxt_ .

sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -lj;+ @)%^_ .

jh|frfo{, wgjh| j 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, g];+ !)(^

g'jfsf]6sf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfg'jfsf]6sf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfg'jfsf]6sf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfg'jfsf]6sf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfg'jfsf]6sf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /

PlzofnL cWoog ;+:yfg -lj;+ @)#@ r}q_ .

&! &@


jh|frfo{, wgjh| j 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, g];+ !!@@

bf]nvfsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfbf]nvfsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfbf]nvfsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfbf]nvfsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vfbf]nvfsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf . bf];|f] ;+:s/0f . bf]nvf M

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, bf]nvf -lj;+ @)%( c;f/_ .

jh|frfo{, k"0f{/Tg, g];+ !!!!

æe"ld;DalGw tf8kqx?Æ . clen]vclen]vclen]vclen]vclen]v, (M ( -lj;+ @)$*_ k[= !@%–#^ .

jh|frfo{, k"0f{/Tg, g];+ !!!@

æe"ld;DalGw s]xL tf8kq–td;"sÆ . clen]vclen]vclen]vclen]vclen]v, !)M !) -lj;+

@)$(_, k[= *&–!@@ .

jh|frfo{, x]/fsfhL, g];+ !!@!

onof af}4 ljxf/ M;+lIfKt kl/roonof af}4 ljxf/ M;+lIfKt kl/roonof af}4 ljxf/ M;+lIfKt kl/roonof af}4 ljxf/ M;+lIfKt kl/roonof af}4 ljxf/ M;+lIfKt kl/ro . on M af}4 ljxf/ ;+3,

nlntk'/ .

jh|frfo{, x]/fsfhL, g];+ !!@^

æh]i7j0f{ dxfljxf/, Hofafxf axL M 5u" cWoogÆ . Gos" hfqf Gos" hfqf Gos" hfqf Gos" hfqf Gos" hfqf

dtofM ;+rfng ;ldlt :dfl/sf, @)^#,dtofM ;+rfng ;ldlt :dfl/sf, @)^#,dtofM ;+rfng ;ldlt :dfl/sf, @)^#,dtofM ;+rfng ;ldlt :dfl/sf, @)^#,dtofM ;+rfng ;ldlt :dfl/sf, @)^#, k[= !–!) .

j}B, hgsnfn, g];+ !!@)

Æ/fli6«o clen]vfnosf clen]vsf clen]v u|Gyx?df

5l/P/ /x]sf 36gfjnL–l6Kk0fL clen]vf+zx?æ . clen]vclen]vclen]vclen]vclen]v, !* M!*,

-lj;+ @)%&_ k[= !%–@& .

j}B, hgsnfn, g];+ !!@!

g]kfn efiffdf n]lvPsf x:tlnlvt clen]v u|Gyx?sf]g]kfn efiffdf n]lvPsf x:tlnlvt clen]v u|Gyx?sf]g]kfn efiffdf n]lvPsf x:tlnlvt clen]v u|Gyx?sf]g]kfn efiffdf n]lvPsf x:tlnlvt clen]v u|Gyx?sf]g]kfn efiffdf n]lvPsf x:tlnlvt clen]v u|Gyx?sf]

j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq . sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o clen]vfno -lj;+ @)%*_ .

j}B, hgsnfn, g];+ !!@@

ggggg]kfnefiffof k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf]kfnefiffof k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf]kfnefiffof k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf]kfnefiffof k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf]kfnefiffof k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf . o]F M g]kfn /fhsLo

k|1f k|lti7fg .

j}B, t'n;L/fd j eb|/Tg jh|frfo{, g];+ !!!*

dWosflns g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; -*&(–!&@^dWosflns g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; -*&(–!&@^dWosflns g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; -*&(–!&@^dWosflns g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; -*&(–!&@^dWosflns g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; -*&(–!&@^ O{=_ O{=_ O{=_ O{=_ O{=_ .

sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -lj;+ @)%%_ .

zdf{, k|ofu/fh, g];+ !!!&

s'n, e"ld / /fHo M g]kfn pkTosfsf] k"j{–dWosflnss'n, e"ld / /fHo M g]kfn pkTosfsf] k"j{–dWosflnss'n, e"ld / /fHo M g]kfn pkTosfsf] k"j{–dWosflnss'n, e"ld / /fHo M g]kfn pkTosfsf] k"j{–dWosflnss'n, e"ld / /fHo M g]kfn pkTosfsf] k"j{–dWosflns

;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs cWoog . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg

s]Gb| -lj;+ @)%$j}zfv_ .

zdf{, afa's[i0f, -;+=_, g];+ !)**

j[xtT;"rLkqd\, efu *j[xtT;"rLkqd\, efu *j[xtT;"rLkqd\, efu *j[xtT;"rLkqd\, efu *j[xtT;"rLkqd\, efu * . sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o clen]vfno,

-lj;+ @)@% Ho]i7_ .

zfSo, x]d/fh, g];+ !!))

lzjb]j ;+:sfl/t >L ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/ l:yt tfnkq– clen]vlzjb]j ;+:sfl/t >L ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/ l:yt tfnkq– clen]vlzjb]j ;+:sfl/t >L ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/ l:yt tfnkq– clen]vlzjb]j ;+:sfl/t >L ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/ l:yt tfnkq– clen]vlzjb]j ;+:sfl/t >L ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/ l:yt tfnkq– clen]v .

on M a'4hoGtL ;ldlt, ps'axf .

zfSo, x]d/fh, g];+ !!)) s

;Dos\ dxfbfg u'ly;Dos\ dxfbfg u'ly;Dos\ dxfbfg u'ly;Dos\ dxfbfg u'ly;Dos\ dxfbfg u'ly . o]F M hut\w/ t'nfw/ .

zfSo, x]d/fh, g];+ !!!#

æ/fh>L dxfljxf/ O{afxfaxLof 5Tjfrf vFÆ . le+t'gfle+t'gfle+t'gfle+t'gfle+t'gf, $, k[= #)–#! .

>]i7, b]ljrGb|, g];+ !)@@

/Tg dNn / pgsf] ;dsflns g]kfn d08n/Tg dNn / pgsf] ;dsflns g]kfn d08n/Tg dNn / pgsf] ;dsflns g]kfn d08n/Tg dNn / pgsf] ;dsflns g]kfn d08n/Tg dNn / pgsf] ;dsflns g]kfn d08n . sf7df8f}+ M

cfly{s g]kfn -lj;+ @)%(_ .

>]i7, b]ljrGb|, g];+ !!@$

ædxfkfqto\u' ;fdGt zf;gÆ . kf}efkf}efkf}efkf}efkf}efM, @%M %%, k[= #)–#@ .

>]i7, z'qm;fu/, g];+ !!@)

sLlt{k'/sf] ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs Oltxf;sLlt{k'/sf] ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs Oltxf;sLlt{k'/sf] ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs Oltxf;sLlt{k'/sf] ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs Oltxf;sLlt{k'/sf] ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs Oltxf; . sf7df8f}+ M

g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -lj;+ @)%&_ .

;+zf]wg d08n, g];+ !)**

æxfd|f] jStJoÆ . k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, !% -lj;+ @)@$ sflt{s–k'if_, k[= ###–$$ .

Åbo, lrQw/, g];+ !)(!

g]kfnefiff ;flxToof hftMg]kfnefiff ;flxToof hftMg]kfnefiff ;flxToof hftMg]kfnefiff ;flxToof hftMg]kfnefiff ;flxToof hftM . o]F M g]kfnefiff kl/ifb\ .

c+u|]hL c+u|]hL c+u|]hL c+u|]hL c+u|]hLAcharya, Prasanna Kumar, NS. 1047

A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture. London: Oxford

University Press (1927 August).

Apte, Vaman Shivram, NS 1115

The Practical Sanskrit English Dictionary. Reprint.

Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (1995).

Bajracharya, Ranjana Dhakhwa, NS 1113

Role of Hiranyavarna Mahavihara in Socio Cultural

Life of Buddhist Newars of Patan. Unpublished Ph.D.

dissertation presented at T.U., (1993).Bendall, Cecil, NS 1094

A Journey of Literary and ArchaeologicalResearch in Nepal and Northern India During theWinter 1884-85. Reprint. Katmandu : Ratna PustakBhandar (1974).

&# &$


Bendall, Cecil, NS 1112

Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit

Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge.

Reprint. Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag (1992).

Bernier, Ronald M., NS 1098

The Temples of Nepal. Second Edition. New Delhi : S.

Chand & Company (1978).

Burleigh, Peter A., NS 1090

“A Plea For Talapatras”. The Rising Nepal. (March 20,

1970), p. 2.

Gellner, David N., NS 1116

“ A Sketch of the History of Lalitpur ( Patan ) With

Special Reference to Buddhism”. Contributions to

Nepalese Studies, 23 : 1,(January, 1996), pp. 125-57.

Gopal, Lallanji and Thakur Prasad Verma, NS 1097

Studies in the History and Culture of Nepal . Varanasi :

Bharati Prakashan (1977).

Hasrat, Bikram Jit, (ed.) NS 1090

History of Nepal As Told By Its Own and Contemporary

Chroniclers. Hoshiarpur : V. V. Research Institute (1970) .

Kolver, Bernhard and Hemraj Shakya , NS 1105

Documents From the Rudravarna- Mahavihara, Patan .

Sankt Augustin : VGH Wissenschaftsverlag (1985) .

Levi, Sylvain, NS 1101-1103

“Nepal”. (contd.) Ancient Nepal, No. 65-74,( August

1981 - March 1983) , pp 35-53 .

Locke, John k., NS 1105

Buddhist Monasteries of Nepal : A Survey of the Bahas

and Bahis of the Katmandu Valley . Katmandu : Sahayogi

Press Pvt. Ltd. (1985) .Pal, Pratapaditya, NS 1090

Vaisnava Iconography in Nepal : A Study in Art andReligion. Calcutta : The Asiatic Society (1970) .

Petech, Luciano, NS 1104Madiaeval History of Nepal (c.750-1482). SecondRevised Edition. Rome : ISMEO (1984).

Pruscha, Carl, (ed.) NS 1095Kathmandu Valley Vol. 2, The Preservation of Physical

Environment and Cultural Heritage : A Protective

Inventory . Viena : Anton Schroll (1975) .

Regmi, D. R., NS 1085-86

Medieval Nepal, Part I-III . Calcutta : Firma K. L.

Mukhopadhyay (1965-66) .

Regmi, D. R., NS 1086

Medieval Nepal, Part IV . Patna : The Author (1966) .

Riccardi, Theodore, NS 1093

"Some Preliminary Remarks on a Newari Painting of

Svayambhunath" . Journal of the American Oriental

Society, 93: 3 (1993 July), pp. 335-40.

Rospatt, Alexander von, NS 1112

" A Historical Overview of the Renovations of the

Svayambhucaitya". Journal of the Nepal Research

Centre, XII (2001), pp. 195-241.

Shakya, Hemraj and T. R. Vaidya (eds.), NS 1090

Medieval Nepal (Colophons and Inscriptions).

Kathmandu : T. R. Vaidya (1970).

Slusser, Mary Shepherd, NS 1118

Nepal Mandala : A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu

Valley . 2 vols. Reprint . Kathmandu : Mandala Book Point

(1998) .Slusser, Mary Shepherd, NS 1125

Art and Culture of Nepal : Selected Papers .Kathmandu: Mandala Publications (2005) .

Snellgrove, David, NS 1115Buddhist Himalaya . Second Edition, Kathmandu :HImalayan Book Sellers (1995) .

Vajracarya, Dhanavajra and Kamal Prakash Malla (eds.) NS 1105The Gopalrajavamsavali . Wiesbaden : GMBH FranzSteiner Verlag (1985) .

Wright, Daniel (ed.), NS 1103

Nepal : History of the Country and People, translated

from the Parbatiya by Munshi Shew shunker Singh,

Pandit Shri Gunanand . Reprint. New Delhi : Cosmo

Publications (1983) .

&% &^


dxfkfq h'h ';DaGwL clen]v Hjn+dxfkfq h'h ';DaGwL clen]v Hjn+dxfkfq h'h ';DaGwL clen]v Hjn+dxfkfq h'h ';DaGwL clen]v Hjn+dxfkfq h'h ';DaGwL clen]v Hjn+

!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v!= pTsL0f{ clen]v

!=! lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=! lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=! lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=! lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=! lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v

j:t' – lznfkqlnlk – g]kfnlnlkefiff – ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff;+jt\ – g];+ ^%^ j}zfv z'Sn k'lGx z'qmjf/;|f]t – jh|frfo{Ù !!!( M &–(, Regmi-IV; 1086 : 3-4

ljj/0f – >Ldfl0fUfn blIf0fljxf/ >LHo]i7ljxf/ s'6'Dah k|wfgdxfkfq>Lholji0f'l;+x jdf{of kfno\ >LOGb|b]j ;+:sfl/t hodgf]x/ dxfljxf/, ;'afxfMofrGb|l;+x zfSoleIf'+ cgof r}To hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfM uh", Onf+, ktfM, rfsMdt tofMu'ly Joj:yf ofgfAo"u' .

!= cB afnfxsNk] j}j:jtdGjGt/] slno'u] et{if+8] xLdjTkfbg =====@= kz'klt;+lgwfg] jf;'lsIf]q] jfUdTof+ blIf0fs"n] >Lcfo]jQ{b]z] nlntkQg]#= ç gdf] wd{wft' jfuLZj/fo . :jl:t . >]of]++̃ :t' . ;Djt\ ^%^ j}zfv z'SnkIf]$= k"0f{dfZoflGtyf} ljzfifgIfq] kl/3of]u] z'qmjf;/] j[if/flzut]%= ;ljtl/ t'nnflzut] rGb|dl; .. >Ldfl0fUn blIf0fljxf/] >Lho]i6lj^= xf/ s'6'Dah k|wfgdxfkfqM >Lholji0f'l;+x jDd{0f:o if8\ulzlw/:t'&= k|tfkj[l4/:t' .. bfgklt o1dfg >LOGb|b]j ;+:sfl/t hodgf]x/*= dfxfljxf/M >Lz:jSjafxf/ zfSoleIf' >L rGb|l;+xh'zg ;o]j ljxf/f(= l:ytf >Ldt\ >L>L r}qe§f/sf hL0ff]{wf/ ofªg ;'j0f{5q :jt+ l;+l/!)= /ª uh'l8 Yj d+bn lonfg lbuL k|tfk rfsdt+ Kjfy *$ :j+t+g!!== s Yj ===== j8]bwt dw'l/ yYj zn'8'jf Yjt] a'em]; sfr!@= s+ th' ====== n km+ # wl/kf6 $ ;+ijfn jf/] xf]d hu] hf]xf]ldl/ufl5 3]!#= /jf ===== laooft k+rfd[t cflbg k"hf lal4 /hlt h'sf] u'?bIf0ff hf!$= s] km+ ===== s'8 !, dxfci6ldof gjldk"hfg s'Gx' k+rf]kxf hf]g lazqm!%= df k"hf ===== dt5f]os];, Yjuf]8 :j+ef uf]8f ! s8u'ln kmf]of s'8 @ kmns]

!^= s'8 @=== Yjt]oft lb yl; a' /f]j # X e"o l;tf]ijft a' /f]j $ e"o Dxf];Kof a' /f]!&= j @==== g]jf] tfgfa' /f]j @ lå o;]y Hofofsf oft+ jo Hofnfoft u'8] a' /f]j

!*= @X= = =iffoft+ s+lys'08n== / kft dt+Kjfy l5 ! Sjfrkfn; 5f]os] /+!(= ==== t Sjfrkfnoft . 5q cflbg a' cflbg==== ;o]j hhdfg >L rGb|l;+x@)= h'; gfDg ====== :jx:t]g lgif]; ofªg b'Gtfof uf]li7 ;o]j u'? >L 8f]oh'Tj+ k|d'@!= ifg u'l7;d"xg jif{k|lt sltlgk'l0fzLs'Gx' Yjt] rf]:o+ tsf]g lg:qk+ c@@= ljl5g ofª lg:qk+ o+hdfNj t If]q hfjt rGb|fSs{d]blg pkl:yt] tfj e"kfnf]@#= ====== ne]t], ly/f] ejt' == s]gflk Ptt kJj{l0fIf]kfl0f bQ nf]ks[t kf@$= =====uf]xTof afnfoftZr a|DxxTof kmn+ ej]t\ .. efiff Yjt]tf lgIf]k ofªg@% /flqgf] t[sfn b]u'l/ ofªg k|d]Zj/;s] ;]jf hf]u/kfof k'g]g@^ ====>L rGb|fl;+xh'z efof{ s]tlsdlo e|ftf ===== k'q >L wd{l;+h'@&= wgnIdL ;+tlt ;Ktj[l4/:t' .. Yjt] lgIf]k ofª==== ;flIf ===@*= z'ed:t' ;j{bf .. hutf+ ejt' ..

!=@ lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=@ lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=@ lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=@ lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v!=@ lji0f'l;+xof on ;'afxfMof clen]v

tfd|kq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff . g];+ ^^^ cfiff9 z'Sn & k| *cfOtjf/ . jh|frfoÙ{ !!!(M (–!!, Regmi-IV; 1086: 6-7 .

>Lholji0f'l;+xof kof{o; ;'afxfMof rGb|l;+x zfSoleIf'+ yMu' ljxf/ofSjfMkfMBMofyfo\ Rj+u' r}Too\ n'Fuh" 5fgfM ggL Rj+u' lguM r}Too\ ;'j0f{ rqmfjnLj ;'j0f{ ltlg5q 5fgfM u'lyof Joj:yf ofgfAo"u' .!= >]of]:t' ..;Dat\ ^^^ cfiff9 z'Sn ifKtld k| ci6Dofof+ltyf} cflbTojf;/] bfgklt >LOGb|b] –@= j ;+:sfl/t >Lznsf] ljxf/u[x .. zfSoleIf' >L rGb|l;+xh':t+ :jx:tg >L holji0f'l;+xh'of k–#= Hof{o; lGxg :j+kf]n rfg :j+kf]n ltisfn b]u'l/ lhdg] b+ yj Sjfrkft; r}t]ebfb n'+uh'l8

&& &*


$= 5f:o+ u"stebfbtf] b]u'l/el85] h]fjf] >L bf]oh' u'?ebfbh'Tj+ ¥xkf h'/f] .. lgolkb+ @$ yj glg–%= ; rf]+Uj r}t]ebfb peo;s] cxf]/fq ªf:o+ z'j0f{ rqmfjlngf] z'j0f{ ltl0f5q gf] åos+ b'+tf .. lg–^= If]k ofª a' b'tf lvl/kf a' /f]j Gx; & yl;+Vjft a' /f]j :jTof # X Dxf];Kofrf] /f]j gl;+Tof @ X u'B] a'&= /f]j gl; @ h'/f] .. efiff Yjt] a'of a|v+k|lt j/;fgg ;oj r]tebfb peo;s] j+l;+w'l/ nªkftg bo–*= s+ ;]yd+8n 5f:o+ rfsndt+, :j+t+g, Kjfy *) 3]/ d'sg 3]/lbjf k]k' $ Yjt] wf/] dt b+zb+z 5f]o–(= s+ z'gfcf]/ j/;gf], jlt 5f]d dfNj lhGx+h' tf]nof u'lyt kf/g ofrs] dfNj .. h1oft+ 3]/jf n+–!)= g cfx'lt lao dTon+g, h1kfq; yªfj h1; xfos] dfNj, Yjof lr+tf ofSj u''ly ;oj lzoh'Tj k|df]–!!= ig u'ly ;d"x:o+ lg:tk+ og]dfNj, dlg:qk+ nf]k oft;f k~rdxfkfts kmn h'/f] hf]hdfg k'q wdl;+xh'gj+!@= peTj+ h'/f] z'e ..

!=# n'Fv'l; onof lji0f'l;+xof kfno\of clen]v!=# n'Fv'l; onof lji0f'l;+xof kfno\of clen]v!=# n'Fv'l; onof lji0f'l;+xof kfno\of clen]v!=# n'Fv'l; onof lji0f'l;+xof kfno\of clen]v!=# n'Fv'l; onof lji0f'l;+xof kfno\of clen]v

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff . g];+ ^^& . Shakya and

Vaidya; 109 0 : 85-87 . ?b|j0f{ dxfljxf/of zfSoleIf' wd{l;+xh'+ k'v" j lxlt bo\s"u' .

!= -ç :jl:t .. cB Zj]tj/fx_ sNk] -j}j:jtdGjGt/]_@= ======================== -slno'u]_ ef/yv08] ef-/tjif_]{#= ======================================>L:joDe"r}-To:yfg]_$= =============================kz'klt;lGgwfg] >LjfUdTof%= =========================================== =>LcfHof{jQ{b]z]^= =================================== >]of]˜:t' .. ;Dat\ ^^&&= =========z'Sn=============== ============ ltyf} pq-eb|g_*= ==============-l;_l4of]u] oyfs00f{ d"x'Q]{ =============(= ========== -/flz_ut] ;ljtl/ sGo/flz -ut]_ rGb|

!)= ====================== = lbj;] >Lnlntk§g] dfl0fUnf!!= ================================== >Llji0f'l;+xb]j:o!@= ============================= ?b|j0f{dxfljxf/] bfgklt!#= ============================= k'q >LwDd{l;+xh' peo!$= ================================ lj£g]Zj/ sf}df/L t–!%= ======================= b]z] gjs[t k'is/0fL hnof! =̂ ========================== ofªf h'/f], cg]g k'0f]g oyf!&= zf:qf]Qm kmn k|fKtd:t' .. .. jfkLs"k t–!*= -8fu_ ================== k|0fflnsf . k|kflb k'isl/!(= ======================== s]g ljBt] . oyfoyfr kfgL@)= ======================= l/ efz . tyftyf Ifo+ -kmn_@!= =================== yfDj/ .. ) .. zed:t' ;Jj{bf ..

!=$!=$!=$!=$!=$ lji0f' 'l;+xof ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[Ëf/]Zj/of clen]vlji0f' 'l;+xof ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[Ëf/]Zj/of clen]vlji0f' 'l;+xof ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[Ëf/]Zj/of clen]vlji0f' 'l;+xof ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[Ëf/]Zj/of clen]vlji0f' 'l;+xof ;'gfu'lyO Rj+u' e[Ëf/]Zj/of clen]v

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t . g];+ ^&$ -o'u d'lg /;_ df3 z'Sn % ;f]djf/ .jh|frfoÙ{ !!!( M !!–@), Regmi-IV; 1086 : 13 -16 .

lji0f'''l;+x+ e[Ëf/]Zj/of dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfAo"u' .!= ç gdf] e[Ëf/]Zj/fo .. u+uf o:of]QdfË] ljw'/lk ltnsDefnefu] x'tfzM s07] xfnfxnf}3f] j;gdy lbzf] e"if0f+ e:d/]0f'M .@= s]o"/ªks~r z]ifM sdnhsdnfsfGtjGwfªkl3|kß:t:d} >Llji0f'l;+x k|0fdlt ax'zf] e"ldkfnM lzjfo .. >Lk~rfggk~r–#= ;fosdxfdftªuj~rfggj|x\df]Q+;d/LKklrdf+;nkbfDef]hfo t'EoGgdM . t'EoGgfy gdf] gdM kz'kt] zLtf+z'r"8fd0f] sNof0f s'? lji0f'–$ l;+xg[kt]M k[YjLGb|r"8fd0f]M .. u'?k|sfzf] hubDj'/fzf} je"j ljåfg\ hol;+xe"kM . kl/:km'/g\ oM lIfltd08nfgfdGt:td:tLj|dkfrs/ ..%= .. Pt:dfbjgLGb|df}lnd's'6fn+sf/r"8fd0f]M k|Toly{lIfltkfnUu{bn >LsLlQ{l;+xf]hlg . elQmk|x\gg/]Gb|z]v/dl0f–^= k|f]b\3[i6kfbfDa'hM ;+u|fdfª\u0fbl/tfl/jlgtfj}wJobLIffu'?M .. t:ofTdhf] alndxLkb– rLrt'Nof] hftf]Da'w]l/j zzL s';'–&= dlIftLzM . cfs00f{s[i6z/d]gdj]Io j]wfM ;[li6De6:o ;'t/fDk|zz+; e"o . oGgfd– >j0flDeglQ x[bo+ k|Toly{k[YjLe'hf+

&( *)


*= o2fg>j0fflbjfodudTkftfnd"nDalnM . b'MvfDdf]lwlgdUgofrshgqf0f]sgf/fo0fM kfbDef]hgtfl/e"kd'–(= s'6fnÍf/zf]eGgvM . ljzf+ jªz] e"iff lht;snbf]jiff glx d[ief s[tfefjiffz]iff˜g'kdu'0fsf]iff s[td–!)= vf . oyfyf{ JofVoftf g[ks';'dl;+x:o dlxifL hoNnIdLNn{IdLk|lts[ltl/ o+ d:o hgGfL .. holt!!= hotnIdLof{rsfeLi6nIdLn{nlntgu/kf/fjf/;~hftnIdLM . s';'dhg[kltnIdLlj{– ZjljVoftnIdLHh{ge'–!@= jgnIdL lji0f'l;+xZj/:o .. >Ln] zLts/f] dv] ztdvM ;b\jflr jfr:kltM ;f}Gbo{] dbgf] /0f] r ljhof] bfg]g sNk–!#= b|'d . /fdM k+lQm/yflbj k|lte6>]0fLktª\ufgnM k|fb'Ge"{o ttf] ljelQ{ j;'wf +>Llji0f'– l;+xf]g[kM .. r~rb\uL–!$= ltljlrq/Lltjxn:kmLlQSs0fTsª\s0ff+ g[ToGtL+ /;gfª\u0f] eujtLefnf]lst'Def/tLM . gfef] kß;d'b\ejf] x[lb xl/–!%= ef{n] ejfgLkltZrqm] o:o lr/fo blz{t;d'Nnf;f] ljnf;f]T;jd\ . kTof/fwg kfj{tL u'0fjtL lhXjfn;b\ef/tL ;f}–!^= Gbo\o}{s/ltM IfdfeujtL k'0of]bof?GwtL . nHhflznjtL ;tLlhtjtL kßfjtL wLdtL o:o k|f0f;df lj–!&= eflt sdnfnIdLZr nIdL;df .. k'qf] o:o g[l;+x ;+ljhot] k"0f{Gb|' d'Uwfggf] o:tft:o d'bGtgf]lt lu–!*= l/h]z:o]j nDaf]b/M . lsDa|'df] k'?x"tdHh'{gldjf/ft] /0f] eLid0f+ ;s:o]j hoGt Pif tgof] o:of]b\ejf]!(= /fht] t]gfsfl/ d7:;d'b|kl//jfe"d08nfv08n]gfj|Xdf08jgLosflvnh– gf]b\uLt:k'm/TsLlt{gf . k–@)= b\dfsfGtj[ifWjhfDa'h ejk|ToRr{gfglGbtf zDef]M zDe'jg:o e"l/ bwtf] eJofo r . ;fkmNo–@!= ~hgoGgeZj/WzfdfzfM ;d'Bf]toGgflnª\ug ljw'ljDadDa/dl0f+ e"d08nDd8og\ . b]jfgfDehgL–@@= otfdlk ehGgLzfo lj>L0ftM k|f;fbM vn' lji0f'l;+xg[kt]M :j00ff{rn+ :k4t] . >Llji0f'l;+xg[k/–@#= Tglgof]ul;4] k|f;fb/Tgldx /fhlt zÍ/:o . x]dfrn}ss'r;~hlgtf k[lyJofM zflgª\utf lsn@$= lgtfGtdsflGt/]j .. uËf dfNolt /f}Kos'Delt zzL efg'M ls/L6fot] s:t'/LltnsToo~hnw/:tf/ft–

@%= ltxf{/lt . >fGtf oq lbjfs/:o t'/uf lj>flGtdftTjt] k|Tos\k|fªdnof]Q/rnjw"k"– hfk|;"gfj[t] .. lsGgf–@^= d]zf]oldTofs'nt/dg;f lji0f'l;+x]g /f1f˜s:dfbftlSs{ s"kM lsd ejlbx tt\d[Uotf+ /] dg'iofM@&= tt\kZrfQfd|s'DefM lsn jlx/ejG;fIf/fM s"kt:tR5Le[Ëf/]Zj/f]o+ lzj Olt lnlvtGt]if' b[i6jfXo@*= xlif{ .. k|;fbd]gdlteQmfdtf ljtLo{ >LzÍ/fo ehtfdeoÍ/fo >Llji0f'l;+xk[lyjLGb|–k'/Gb/]–@(= 0f bQ] kmnªs';'dl;+xg[kfo lkq] .. zlzlbglzjof]ufeflh k~rDo'k]t] ds/ utljj:jGdfl; kIf] jn–#)= If] . o'ud'lg/;lrGx] jT;/] zDe'x]tf]Dd{7ldddgjB+ lji0f'l;+xf] JowQ .. .. z'ed:t' ;Jj{hutfd\ .. ) ..

!=%!=%!=%!=%!=% k'/Gb/l;+xof on d+unahf/of clen]vk'/Gb/l;+xof on d+unahf/of clen]vk'/Gb/l;+xof on d+unahf/of clen]vk'/Gb/l;+xof on d+unahf/of clen]vk'/Gb/l;+xof on d+unahf/of clen]v

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t . g];+ ^*^ -Ct' j;' /;_ df3 s[i0f !#cfOtjf/ . jh|frfo{, !!!(M @@–@*, Regmi- IV; 1086: 21-23 .

k~rtTjfTds -rf/gf/fo0f_ dlGb/ :yfkgf ofMu' .

!= ç gdM >Lk+rtTjfTdg] gf/fo0fo . o+ j|n]Gb|dgLGb|rGb|ljjwf WofolGt xTkÍ@= h] ;Jjf{TdfgduDoldlGb|ou0f}M ;Jj1dfB+ lje'+ . lgTofglGbdo+ k/fTk/ t/+ ;+;f/–#= lbJof}iifw+, b]j+ gf}ld xl/+ lqnf]s;'vb+ k+rfTds+ s]zj+ .. kXnfbk|0ft, k|;Ggjbg–$= >LdlTqnf]sLkt], a|Xdf]Q+;d/Llrdf+;nkbfDef]hfo t'EoGgdM . t'Eo+ gfy gdf] gd–%= ;'/kt] n+s]t\zbKkf{lGts If]d+ ;+tg'tf+ k'/Gb/dxLkfn:o lgTo+ ejfg\ .. ot\sLTof{ ljdnLs[t+ lqe'jg+ nf]sf]^= Q/+ /fht] , ot\kfbftkbk|xf/jztf] e"ldDd'{x'M sDkt] . oQ]h:tkgf]bo]:tdudg\ e"kfnj[Gb]GbjM ;f] e"b\e"–&= tne"if0ff] ljhojfg\ >LsLlt{l;+xf] g[kM .. chlg s';'dl;+xM zq'dQ]dl;+xM dd/e'lj s/fnf] dlbgL*= rqmzqmM . cd/t?;dfgf] ljZjljVoftsLlt{M ;sn j[whgfgfdf>of]

*! *@


e"ldkfnM .. Pt:df4f/0fL–(= Gb|df}lnd's'6ft\;Jjf{y{lrGtfd0f] ;fIofR5LhubLZj/f] g[kjk'M >Llji0f'l;xf]̃ hlg . b[i6fGb08lot'+ låiff]!)= bdlot+ qft'+ ;'ÅT;Hhgfg\ e"ld+ e"iflot'+ tdM ;dlot'+ st'{+ Joj:yf+ ;tL+ . ljåf+;f+ gdolGt e"kltuhfg\–!!= ot\sLlt{sfJof+s'z}o{ bLgfM slns00f{d]To g bw'M s00f{:o s00f{ syf . o+ gfy+ k|ltkB ls+ r w/0fL >L/f–!@= dzf]s+ hxf}, ;f]e"b\e"kltdf}lnk"lhtkbM >Llji0f'l;+xM k|e'M .. k\/Gb/:o hggL, dlxifL lji0f'e"–!#= kt]M . kßnIdL dxf/fgL ;bf et[{k/fo0ff .. /fhf ;+k|lt lji0f'l;+xg[klt >L/f]bw]?Xotf]!$= nIdLnlIfte"ldd+8nw/M sfGTof hut\sfGtog\ . j}l/ Idfkltnf]ssf]sÅbo] zf]s lgtfGt+ lbzg\!%= >LdR5Lnk'/Gb/f] ljhot] nf]sf]Q/ZrGb|jt\ .. cx+s[tj;'Gw/flwkdx]ed"wf{s'zf]– dxfs'ln;k+~h/M!^= z/0f;+utM Idfe[tf+ kbRo"tdxLklt:jkb/If0f] kl08tM k'/Gb/g]Zj/f] holt ljk|sNkb|'dM!&= k'qf]o+ k'?iff]Qdf] ljhot] k"00f]{Gb'd'Uwfggf] o:tft:o d'b+ tgf]lt lul/h]z:o]j n+af]b/M .. ls+a|'df] dw'–!*= ;'bgf]h'{gldjf/ft]/0f] eLif0fM . zqm:o]j hoGt Pif tgof] of] jL/eb|fs[ltM .. t]gfsfl/ d7f] d–!(= xf]Rrlzv/f] dfnfot] hfGxjL . k"0f]{b'M snzfot] lbdl0fZjqmfot] ;Jj{bf . oqfo+ gjgLn–@)= ;fGb|hnbf] gLnLlgrf]nfot] gIfq+ s;'dfot] ;'vw'k|lIfKtk'ikf+hnf} . jf;'b]j~rk"j]{ifof–@!= Do] ;Íif{0f+ k|e'+ . k|B'Dg+ klZrdåfl/ sf}j]o\of{dlg?4+s .. dWo] gf/fo0f ?k+, k/++j|Xd:j?–@@= lk0f+ . k+rtTjfTds+ b]j+ k|f;fb] :yflktf] g[k .. k|f;fbd]gdltelQmdtf ljto\o{, gf/fo0ffo@#= ehtfdeo+s/fo >Ldt\k'/Gb/dxLGb|k'/Gb/]0f bQ+ kmn+ hgslji0f'dxLZjfo@$= rt'Jo"{xfTdsf] lji0f'M, k|f;fb] :yflktM :jod\ . k'/Gb/g/]z]g lkt'M ;'s[tx]tj] ..@%= /ljlbg>j0fIf]{ s'De;+:y]z'dfnf} dgl;hltlydf3] s[i0ffkIf]lt/Do] Ct'j;'/;–@^= lrGx] jT;/] lji0f'x]tf]M sgs/lrts'De+ d]lbgLzf] JowGt .. z'ed:t' ;Jj{hutf+ lzj+ ..

!=^!=^!=^!=^!=^ nlntk'/ vf ]sgfof u0f ]znlntk'/ vf ]sgfof u0f ]znlntk'/ vf ]sgfof u0f ]znlntk'/ vf ]sgfof u0f ]znlntk'/ vf ]sgfof u0f ]z dlGb/ofdlGb/ofdlGb/ofdlGb/ofdlGb/of ;+o 'Qm zf;g;+o'Qm zf;g;+o'Qm zf;g;+o'Qm zf;g;+o'Qm zf;gGXofgfRj+u' O{of clen]vGXofgfRj+u' O{of clen]vGXofgfRj+u' O{of clen]vGXofgfRj+u' O{of clen]vGXofgfRj+u' O{of clen]v

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . g]kfnefiff . g];+ ^*( df3 z'Sn ^ cfOtjf/ .jh|frfoÙ{ !!!(M @* .

g/l;+xb]j, k'/Gb/l;+xb]j j p4jl;+xb]jlklg ljho/fHoo\ tj‰ofnofhozÎ ef/f] j d]lk+ hfgfM u0f]BM :yfkgf ofMu' .

!= >]of]̃ :t' .. ;+jt\ ^*( df3 z'l4 if–@= i6Dof+ ltyf} cflZjlg gIfq z'eof]u#= cflbTojf;/] ds//fl;ut]$= ;ljtl/ d]if/flzut] rGb|dl;%= .. Yjs'Gx' >Ldt\ >L>Lg/l;+x b]–^= j >L>Lk'/Gb|b]j >L>Lpwjl;–&= xb]j tj‰of/ hoz+v ef/f] y'tj+–*= t5]+ kb+ ef/f] tj/ Gx] === === === cd[tl;+x ef–(= /f] u'? >Lw|dh' s|ld? u'? ef/f] h–!)= s] k|d'ifg gfy ho/le5b]; ;–!!= d'rog rf]/jfs' gfd/ /f5]; >L–!@= >L>L ljgfos yfkg ofªf lbg!#= h'/f] .. z'ed:t' .. Nx]vf]h' hLj/fh–!$= g[lt/fh ?b|/fd n'u'l;+x d=== === ===

!=& 5fpgL Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' p4jl;+xof clen]v!=& 5fpgL Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' p4jl;+xof clen]v!=& 5fpgL Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' p4jl;+xof clen]v!=& 5fpgL Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' p4jl;+xof clen]v!=& 5fpgL Do"lhodo\ Rj+u' p4jl;+xof clen]v

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff . g];+ ^*( Ho]i7 z'Sn * ;f]djf/ .t]jf/L j d]lk+– !)Ù !)*#M $–^, jh|frfoÙ{ !!!(M @(–#%, Regmi- IV; 1086: 23-27 .

p4jl;+x+ cflbgf/fo0fof dlGb/ :yfkgf ofMu' .

!= ç gdf] gf/fo0ffo .. :sGwf?9;'k00f{ qfl0ftzL00f[ ejflAweotL00f{, .dl0fdos'08ns00{f, k/dfgGb+ eh] tdfnj00f{d\ ..

@= a|Dxf08 ;sn+ r/frnldb+ o:dfT;d'Hhfot], ol:dlGti7lt ;+x/lGt r :jo+sNkfjzfg] k'gM . o+ jfrf dg;fKouf]r/k/ a|–

#= Xd]lt ;+ufot], If]d ;+tg'tf+ ;bf]4jdxLkfn:o lgTo+ ejfg\ .. ) ..

*# *$


oGgfd>j0f]g e+u'/Åbf] b"/+ låiff] ljb|tf], ob\j[i6}M s–$= gsfDa'leM k|zldtf] bfl/b\ØbfjM ;tfd, . e"loi7+ e'jg+ k'gflt lgot

oTsLlQ{efuL/yL ;f]e"b\e"tne"if0ff] ljhojfg\ >L–%= sLlQ{l;+xf] g[k .. chlg s';'dl;+xf] ljZjljVoftsLlQ{Aa{lnblwlr;dfgf] bfgzLnf]

jbfGoM . ;d/e'lj s[tfGtM z–^= q'dQ]el;+xf], g[kltds'6/Tg}/lRr{tM kfbkßM .. >LnIdLkltkfbkßdw'kf]

j}bUWolj>fde"M, /Tg e"jno:o e"klgjxk|To–&= Ifb]jqoL, . ljå]liflåkv08v08gljwf} k|f]208l;+xqmdM k'qf]:o lghnLnof

;dhlg >Llji0f'l;+xf] g[k .. df}nf} o:o r k'08nLs*= ;tt+ nIdL ;bf nf]rg] uf]ljGbf] ÅbofDa'h] s/tn] sNkb|'df] jt{t] .

kfbfAh] ax'/fhnIf0fo'tM >L/fdeQmM ;bf, g]kfn}slz/f]–(= dl0fM ;dhlg >Llji0f'l;+xf] g[kM .. p4j:o}j hggL, dlxifL lji0f'e"kt]M, .

of >LÅbonIdL ;f , ;fIffNnIdLj /fht] .. Pt]–!)= :df4/0fLGb|z]v/d0f]M ;Jjf{y{lrGtfd0f], ?b\e"tf] hubLZj/f]

g[kjk'e'{kfnr"8fdl0fM . ljå]liflIflnkfnjf/jlgtfj}bUWo–!!= bLIofu'?M, >Ldb'4jl;+xb]jg[kltHhL{ofT;x;|+ ;df .. ;fIffTs00ff]{jtL00ff]{

u'l0fhgÅbo] sfn?kL l/k'0ff+ sfdf] jfdf]?lr–!@= Q] xl/vlge'hfjd]j /fdf] g/fgf+ . b[iob\b'i6lIfltiflåks'nbng] k|f]9l;+xf]

g[l;+xf], e"ldefUo}se"ldh{ult ljhot]!#= ;f]4jf] e"ldkfnM .. lj1fgfudwDd{zf:qlgk'0ff] gfgfk'/f0ff:kb

;+uLtf]QdsfdtGqsljtfn+sf/ ;f/flGjtM . gfgfz:q–!$= ljlwk|of]urt'/f] ;GgLltlj>fde"M >LdfGg'4jl;+xb]jg[kltM ;+/fht] e"tn] ..

b'i6g[kuhf+s'zf]o+ eUgg[k:yfkgf–!%= rfo\o{M . p4jl;+xdxLkltM z/0ffutjh|k~h/f] holt .. ;"g':t:o

lqljqmdf]ltu'0fjfg\ ¿k]0f sfdf]kdf], ljVoftf] o–!^= z;f ;d:te'j0f] bfg]g s00ff]{kd zf}o\o{ w}o{u'0fflt/]sdlxdf

;Jjfy{lrGtfdl0fo{:tft:od'b+ tgf]lt ; t+ hLof–!&= Ts'df/M ;bf .. t]gfsfl/ d7f] ;'j00f[lzv/f] x]dflb|jb|fht], oqf]Rr} snz]if'

gfstl6gLdfnfot] ;Jj{bf ..!*= dfQ{08f] e|dt] ob]slz/l; gIfqgfy]g r ;Ktlif{w|'jd08nflg ljn;Gd]?M

;bf :k4t] . ;fkmNo+ hgog\ ;'/–!(= l:qob[zf+ lbUd08n+ Bf]toÌfr'Dag\ zlzljDadDa/dl0f+ Bfd08n+ d08og\ .

;j]{iff+ ehgLotfdlk ehg\ s[i0ffo k|–@)= TolKk{tM k|f;fbf]4jl;+xb]jg[kt]x]{dfrn+ :k4{t] .. Iff]0fL;f]4jl;+xb]jg[kt]M

;fd|fHod]3fud] ;Gt'i6f u'0fzf–@!= lnzfln/t'n>Lzflntfdfutf . p8\8Lgf l/k'/fhx+;kl/ifQTsLlQ{rGb|f+zjf]

gi6f b'h{gkf+zjM lIflte[tfGt]hM;x;|f+–@@= zjM .. pQ'Ëf]4fl;+xb]jg[kt]M k|f/DejT;Jj{tM l;4:tTkmnjTkm0fLGb|w/0fLd]?M

l:y/sLlt{jt\ . bf]MsNkb|'d–@#= jT;d:tlja'wfgGbfo sGbflotM k|f;fbM k[lyjLe'hf dw'l/0f]?Tyflktf]

/fht] .. k|f;fb/Tgljljwf]knsf~rg]g, lg–@$= Ddf{o tq k|ltdf~r lgwfo lji0ff]M . nIdL;/:jlto'tf+ u?8f;g:yf+

gf/fo0f:o k/dfTdsdflbd"lt{d\ .. d'l0fu0f–@%= ljlgo'St}lJj{i0f'wDdf]{Q/f]St}, lJj{lxt>'ltljwfg}ålbzfx+ lggfo . låhu0f>'ltkf7}

n{Ifxf]d r s[Tjf, g[k–@^= lts[tk|lt:7fdflbgf/fo0f:o .. e"v08of]ufËu'0ffAboft], z'qm] z'rf} lji0f'ltyf}

.. u'/f} r . lx/0os'+e+@&= r ktfsof o't+, td'4jf] elQmk/Zrsf/ .. .. ctMk/+ b]zefiff eljiolt

>Ldl0funflb/fHo@*= PsftkTq ofªlaHofs >L>Lholji0l ';+xb]j 7fs'/h', yf]; Px]of

ys'l/lgh' >L>LÅbonIdLh' yf] p–@(= eo; k'q, >L>Lhop4jl;+xb]j 7fs'/;g lji0f'elQmk"Jj{g yf] b]jn bosfy],

>L>L>Lcflb–#)= gf/fo0f6f]+ nIdL;/:jtL+:o sfrs+, u?8fzg ofªg yfkgf ofª laHofrsf

yf]; k|lti7f oftªf–#!= :o+ nIffx'lt o1 ofªg ;'j00f{sn;f/f]xg ofª .. ;Djt\ ^*( Ho]i7df;],

z'SnkIf], ci6Dofof–#@= lGtyf}, k"Jj{kmfNu'0fL gIfq], jh|of]u], ;f]djf;/], j]nf pk| 3l6 *, lj3l6 @)

km]:o 3l6 !! lj3l6 #%##= Yjt]g Gxf nIffx'ltof clUg:yfkg h'/f]d\ .. Yjg KoGx'lnj PsfbZof+ ltyf},

lrqgIfq], jl/ofgof]–#$= u], a[x:kltjf;/], yf]s'Gx' j]nf pk| 3l6 & Yjt]g Gxf uh'ln 5f Wjhf/f]xg

h'/f]d\ .. Yjg u'–#%= Gx'lnj, s[i0fkIf, rt'yL{ k/ k~rDof+ ltyf} >j0f k/ wg]i7gIfq], j}w[lt k/

lj:s+eof]u],#^= z'qmjf;/], j]nf pk| 3l6 @! lj3l6 @$ km]:o+ 3l6 @& Yjt]gGxf nIffx'ltof

k"00ff{ ofªf lb–#&= g h'/f]d\ .. yf] lhdg]Gx'6f] lji0f'wDdf]{Q/ cflbg j}i0fjzf:q; Nxfsf] kl/

*% *^


dfgg ;d:t+#*= lksf:o+ laj, sfoi7 lji0f'l;+x afa' .. elQmk"Jj{g k|TofNxfbg yf] cflb–#(= gf/fo0f k|lti7f ofªlaHofªf h'/f]d\ .. z'e ..

!=* !=* !=* !=* !=* on t+'afxfno\ Rj+u' g/l;+xb]jof kfno\of clen]v .on t+'afxfno\ Rj+u' g/l;+xb]jof kfno\of clen]v .on t+'afxfno\ Rj+u' g/l;+xb]jof kfno\of clen]v .on t+'afxfno\ Rj+u' g/l;+xb]jof kfno\of clen]v .on t+'afxfno\ Rj+u' g/l;+xb]jof kfno\of clen]v .

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff . g];+ ^(^ j}zfv z'Sn -qof]bzL_ a'wjf/ .jh|frfoÙ{ !!!(M #%–#&, Regmi- IV; 1086: 32-33 .

t'+afxfMof n'+u' ef/f]+ yM 5o\ b]j ef/f] Njr+ sofM ;Lu'ln+ jof n'dlGtO lji0f'of b]uM :yfkgf ofgfAo"u' .

!= ç gdf] eujt] jf;'b]jfo .. gf/fo0f gd:t]:t' g/–@= sf0f{jtf/0f . q}nf]SoJoflktf === qflx df+ dw';"bg ..#= :jfbgGb/;jif]{ j}zfif] ====== .. z'SnkIf] r x–$= :ToIf]{ :yfkg+ a'wjf;/] .. .. >]of]̃ :t' .. ;Djt\ ^(^%= kf}ifs[i0f .. gjlds'Gx', jf/f0f;L;, l;4]Zj/Lof, c+ª–^= ; lnwgs+ pdfdx]Zj/ k|ltdf y+ªfj, o1 ofrs+s Tj+–&= afxf/ n'+u' ef/f]g+ sfo b]jef/f] rn+g ==== g s+ofj*= df]soft+ gfdg+ yfkgf ofª tfy/tf] .. lnxf j"ofj j}–(= zfif z'Sn .. qof]bzL .. x:tgIfq .. xif{gof]u .. a'wjf–!)= / Yjs'Gx'+ Tj+jnf5];, ;Pj b]j ef/f]oft gfdg+!!= :jt kf]nf]g b]jn bos+, n'+ uh'l8 5f:o+, lji0f' :yf–!@= kg ofªf lbg h'/f] .. Yj b]j+ tof lGxXg'n, t'ly n'of–!#= j, t'+ly bos+ j 5ofªg b]jn b+ªf h'/f] .. Yj b]jn –!$= oft+ b]jk"hf, lg>f+j, dtoft cflbj' cfo b'+tof!%= h'/f] .. k'/f]lxt dl85] låhj/ >Lôfsb]jh', pk–!^= b]:tf avlgDx >Lb]jl;+xh' . b}j1 of]o sf === lh!&= j ;+v ef/f], cfrfHo{ 5'sn xfs' ef/f] .. ohdfg!*= Tj+jfxf/ kfqj+z /fj't bf]o ef/f], k'q n'+u' ef/f]!(= xfs' ef/f] .. cg]g k'Go]g kf}q b]jef/f]– j}s'07@)= k|flKt/:t' .. b]jHofofs s|ld ! n'u'8' ef/f] ..@!= Yjt] sDd{ ofªf >LHo]i7ljxfn o+s'ln >Lh–@@= og/l;+xb]j 7fs'/; k|Hofo h'/f] .. z'ed\ ..

!=( !=( !=( !=( !=( lsk" af3e}/j dlGb/yfo\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v .lsk" af3e}/j dlGb/yfo\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v .lsk" af3e}/j dlGb/yfo\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v .lsk" af3e}/j dlGb/yfo\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v .lsk" af3e}/j dlGb/yfo\ Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of clen]v .

tfd|kq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t . g];+ &)& sflt{s z'Sn !@ k| !# z'qmjf/ .jh|frfoÙ{ !!!(M $*^–*&, Regmi -IV; 1086: 35, >]i7Ù !!@)M (# .

>L>Lhok'\/Gb/l;+x+ kfng ofgftMu' sLlt{k'/o\ >Lu'+b]:yfgof clwklt>L>LeLd;]gBMof dlGb/ Rjo\ ohdfg Sjf7gfos hs]/fh+ n'Fof uh" j Wjhf 5fMu' .

!= ç :jl:t .. ;Djt\ &)& sflt{s z'Sn åfbzL k| r qof]bZof+@= ltyf} pQ/eb|gIfq] Jof3f6of]u] z'qmjf;/] tl:dg\ lb–#= j;] ;d:t;"k|;:Ton+ª\s[t;lå/fhdfg >L>Lhok'/Gb–$= /l;+xb]j]g /fzf kflntfof+ >LsLlt{k'of{+ >Lu'b|]:yfgf–%= lwklt >L>LeLd;]ge§f/sk|f;fbf]kl/ :j00f{snz–^= Wjhf/f]xg+ ejlt .. ohdfg hs]/fh Sjf7gfos]g s[tldlt ..

!=!) !=!) !=!) !=!) !=!) e08f/vfne08f/vfne08f/vfne08f/vfne08f/vfno\o\o\o\o\ Rj+u'Rj+u'Rj+u'Rj+u'Rj+u' k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]v . k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]v . k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]v . k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]v . k'/Gb/l;+xof clen]v .lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff . g];+ &)( dfu] s[i0f ( . jh|frfoÙ{!!!( M #*–$)Ù t]jf/L j d]lk+–^Ù !)*@ M & .

k'/Gb/l;+xof ef} nlntnIdLof d[To' h"u'ln+ b'dfh'of :yfkgf ofgfAo"u' .

!= ç gdM >Lo} .. e[uf .. VofTof ;d'TkGgf, >Lb]jL lji0f'jNnef . b|'trfdLs–@= /M sfGTof ;Jjf{e/0fe"liftf .. k|0fDo b]jb]j]zLd\, nIdL+ e'jgk"lhtf+ ..#= ce"R5Llji0f'l;+xf];f}, /fhf lji0f'k/fo0fM . ;j{/fhu'0f}o'{Qmf] /fh/fhf]–$= kdM l>oM .. t:ofTdhf] dxf/fh ====== e'lj /fht] . jL/gf/fo0ff] jL–%= /f], ljkIfbngIfdM .. >Lk'/Gb/l;+x]lt o'lwli7/ Ojfk/M . t:o^= k'qf]ltt]h:jL o'j/fhu'0ffs/M . k'?iff]Qdl;+x]lt, wg+ho Ojfk–&= /M . t:o kf0fLu[xLtf of kTgL et[{k/fo0ffM . nlntfnlIdljVoftf ;f*= t' sfnjz+ utf .. t:ofM :jnf]{s;+:yfofM k|f;fb] lbJo;'Gb/] . k|ltdf+

sdnfb]–(= Jof:tq ;+:yfKo e"kltM . nIdLk"hflbs+ ;Jj{d, === ko{sNkot\ .. ..!)= ctM k/+ b]zefiff .. yf] ;qoft b'+tf === === a'/f] ===!!= e]?rn/f]j === :tlk !$ ;+Vjjf]zg] jf], o+ Yjt] rng rn h'/f] ..!@= Yjt] a'of jl/;fgg k|ltlbg cljlR5Ìg hfs] s'8l5 ! kmns]!#= s'8l5 ! wl/kf6 l5 ! dt+ laooft r]sg —c:tf wf/] yf]

*& **


!$= ;q; rf]ª a|fDx0fL:t lGxy+ lao h'/f] . ljz]ifg a'u+oft O{Gb|oft –!%= g /ªgoft, dlgUnoftg dt 3 lyª Kjf7 %) wf/] 5f]os] dfn!^= /ªgoft s'Gx' bfg lao, l;ofkmns] km+ $ lhj Yj+ km $ nf bg $!&= wl/kf6 !@ Yjt] rfl5 kmns], kf — rlo e'lt======!*= snu'l8 kmf]of, Yjt] bfg laodfn .. Yjt]of lrGtf ofªf uf]i7L!(= dflgUn sf]lj5]+ s]zjef/f] Tjafxf/ ?ks]z ef/f] tlgDx@)= xg'dGt5]+ xfSjgfos xtvflgDx dfwj ef/f] Yj k]Dx@!= njNxfof h'/f], Yjt] rf]:o+ tsf] xLg oft;f k+r dxfkfts@@= h'/f] .. ;Djt\ &)( dfUu{lz/s[i0f ( h'/f]+ . z'ed:t' .. ..

!=!! !=!! !=!! !=!! !=!! k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of vf]gf b]nf6f]nof r}Toof clen]v .k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of vf]gf b]nf6f]nof r}Toof clen]v .k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of vf]gf b]nf6f]nof r}Toof clen]v .k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of vf]gf b]nf6f]nof r}Toof clen]v .k'/Gb/l;+xof kfno\of vf]gf b]nf6f]nof r}Toof clen]v .

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . g]kfnefiff . g];+ &!) cflZjg z'Sn @ cfOtjf/ .jh|frfo{Ù !!!(M$@–$# .

>L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+x 7fs'/of ljho/fHoo\ vf]gfo\ tMUjMu' b]uM bo\s"u' .

!= ç :jl:t .. ;Djt\ &!) cflZjg z'Sn låtLof ltyf} .. –@= qgIfq] .. cflbTojf;/] .. === lbg; >L>Lhok'–#= /Gb|l;+xb]j 7fs'/; ljho/fHo ====== tjb]j/$= – / ===== df ===== ====== /; lsQ{%= bs ========================= u'0f efjf]^= u'l0f efjf] gfy' efjf] bf]o ====== ef/f] Yj&= g]:o+ Yj kmn] bf]osf lbg h'/f] z'ed:t' ;j{bf

!=!@ k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' g/l;+x dlGb/of clen]v!=!@ k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' g/l;+x dlGb/of clen]v!=!@ k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' g/l;+x dlGb/of clen]v!=!@ k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' g/l;+x dlGb/of clen]v!=!@ k'/Gb/l;+xof d+unahf/o\ Rj+u' g/l;+x dlGb/of clen]v

lznfkq . g]kfnlnlk . ;+:s[t j g]kfnefiff . g];+ &!) sflt{s z'Sn @z'qmjf/ . t]jf/L j d]lk–^Ù !)*@M*, Regmi- IV; 1086: 36-37, jh||frfoÙ{ !!!(M$)–$@ .

k'/Gb/l;+x+ yM bfh' g/l;+xb]j ;Lu'ln+ jof gfd+ b]uM bo\sfM u'ly tofAo"u' .

!= ç gdf] g/l;+xfo .. .. qmf]wfbfnf]nlhXj+ ljj[tlghd'v+ ;f]d;"o\of{lUgg]

@= === === === lglzt+ leGgb}To]Gb|ufq+ . rqm zv+ ;kfzf+ s'lnzubf+#= === === === dl0fdoljljwfsNkdL8] g[l;+x+ .. g[l;+x kft[ b}Tof/]$ ==== === === sf]6Lgf+ lgkft}/s[tj|0fM .. ce"ke"ldMk|ltkIfeLltM%= ;bf ;df;flbte"l/sLlQ{M . lr/+ s[tfyL{s[te"ld-M_:k'm/Tk|tfkf] g[klji0f'l;+xM ..^= t:dfb\e"klz/f]d0f]M ;dhlg >LjL/gf/fo0ff] wDd{1fgljj]slgDd{nlwoM ;–&= === === === lwsbf] bfGtM ;bf wDd{jfs\ >Ldfg\ wL/k'/–*= Gb/f] lghu'0f} === === ;Jj{bf . t:ofu|hf];f} g/l;+xb]j:ToSTjf wl/;|L+ j//f–(= HonIdLd\ .. === === === t:o}j x]tf]Zr d7+ rsf/ . g[l;+xb]jfy{–!)= g[l;+x¿k+, gf/fo0f:o k|ltdf+ rsf/ . g[l;+x¿k r ljwfo e|ft'M k'/Gb/f] e"kM–!!= === === .. .. ctMk/+ b]zefiff >L>Lhok'/Gb/l;+xb]j7fs'/;g+,!@= bbf g/l;+xh' k/nf]s laHofªf, yf];t] lgldQg+ b]jn u+7s"6 bos!#= g/l;+xd"lt{ k|ltdf :yfkg ofª === s]j+ w'l/ sf] vn+a' /f]j ªf % ddLvf!$= a' /f]j ªf % a]nvUj a' /f]j $ Yjt] a'of jiff{gg lgTok"hfhf]l5 wl/!%= s] km+ ! kmns] s'8 ! === Ujn === === :yfg dt lGxy+ laodfn ..!^= === === === === s'Gx' === === ng ofodfn .!&= === === === wgk"hf, wl/kf6 $ b'b'kf6 $ 3]/ === === b+d ! === ===!*= b+Dd ! blIf0ff bDd ! .. a'– oft $ === oft gdtf]5] k'gKjf7 !!(= Yjt]of uf]i7L sf]lgDx === s'zn afa' cf]6f afa' === uf] kf/ blt@)= ;fifxgof Yjt] ;]NxftSj === === === dlg:t/k+ sf–@! n] k+rkfts h'/f] .. ;Djt\ &!) sflQ{-s_z'Sn @ Ho]i7fgIf]q z'qm–@@= dfgof]u z'qmjf/ ljR5;+qmflGt s'Gx' tof h'/f] .. z'e ..

@= u|Gy clen]v @= u|Gy clen]v @= u|Gy clen]v @= u|Gy clen]v @= u|Gy clen]v

@=! lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' piffx/0f gf6sof cflbjfSo @=! lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' piffx/0f gf6sof cflbjfSo @=! lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' piffx/0f gf6sof cflbjfSo @=! lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' piffx/0f gf6sof cflbjfSo @=! lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' piffx/0f gf6sof cflbjfSo

y'u' ;k"m /fli6«o clen]vfnoo\ ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' b' . y'lsof /Ln g+aL@&^÷!âL vM . g]kfnlnlk+ d}lynL j g]kfnefiff Njfs5\ofgfM Yof;k'mtLRjoftMu' b' . d'Ss+ !^ kq hs blgu' Yj ;k"m k"dj+ . ;k"mof ;fOh @) x (=^;]dL= b' . ;k"m NXoMu' ;+jt\ j NXoDx]l;of gf+ db' .

*( ()


ztdvk"/L ;d clt cg'kg]ljlrq nlntfk'l/ ljlbt pQd] @lgjfl;t dl0fgfu >Ldl0fs]zj],ljbfl/t b'Mzf;g >LeLdb]j .. w|' ..>Llji0f'l;+xb]j kflnt P:yfg] .. ..x] efloj[lGb Pdt h] nlntkQgpiffx/0f g[To xflo5] O{xf/z'wfz'w Ifdf s/fojf lgldQ]u'?hg]/ yflo cXd] ljglt sl/5] .. Znf] ..

;sn u'0flgwfgf j}l/ b}t]o+ bfg],k|ljlbt ob'gfyf] lji0f'l;+xf] dxLGb|M .holt ÅbonIDof, kßnIDof, z'efª\Uofljdn sdnnIDof ;+o't sfdsfGtMb]zjnfln .. cy tfn ..

gLt bofnl;Gw' k|tfk] ;/f]hj+w'hutd'lbt z'e sLlQ{ gfo], @ j}/L bfgjs'n,ht dxf dxfjn, tt jw s}n s[i0f d"lQ{ gfo] .. w|' ..ho k|jndfwj h], >Lho lji0f'l;+xb]j gfo],d'v ;'wfs/;d, Åbonvld gfd,kb'dnvdL ?kjtL gfo], @;snhg cfwf/ sdnnvdL j/],t'lnt sdnfno B'tL gfo] ..kxfl8of .. kl8dfg ..sf~rg sl;k' ?k] dfl//],;] ;d s'df/ j/]'>Lg/l;+xb]j gfd ljVoft,clt b'n{e ;'Gb/] @h] b]j]g lw/] jh|]g k|xf/] j[Qf;'/ gfd jL/],tfxf/ ;b[z ?k u'0f >Lk'/Gb/l;+xb]j wL/] .. w|' ..s[i0f/f] k/d;vf, j+z]/f] ltns>Lp4jl;+xb]j rt'/ lgbf]{vf .. ..

@=@ @=@ @=@ @=@ @=@ lji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' gf/b;+lxtf -g];+ ^&@_oflji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' gf/b;+lxtf -g];+ ^&@_oflji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' gf/b;+lxtf -g];+ ^&@_oflji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' gf/b;+lxtf -g];+ ^&@_oflji0f'l;+xof kfno\ RjMu' gf/b;+lxtf -g];+ ^&@_of k'liksfjfSok'liksfjfSok'liksfjfSok'liksfjfSok'liksfjfSo

s];/ k':tsfnoo\ Rj+u' Yj ;k"mof /Ln g+ ;L %÷@ vM . g];+ ^&@o\ ony+a'O Rj+Dx hLjz+v+ NXoMu' y'u' ;k"m g]kfnlnlk 5\onfM g]kfnefiff j ;+:s[tNjfs5\ofgfM RjoftMu' b' . tf8kqo\ RjoftMu' ($ kq b'u' Yj ;k"m k"j+ . ;k"mof;fOh ##=% x ^ ;]dL= b' . >Ldfg\dfl0fun]z Pif e'jg] ;Jjf{y{lrGtfdl0fM ;Jjf{g\ j}l/u0ffg\ k|tfkbxg}M ;+bfXot] ;Jj{bf . wGof];f} nlntfk'/] g[kj/M l;+x ; Psf] g[0ff hLofR5«Lholji0f'l;+x Olt oM ;GgLlt/Tgfs/M .. tb\ ljho .. gfd] y+a' k|l;4 låhu[x z'/dfIfktM k'Jj{efu], tt\yfg] ljk| VofDtf] ljk'nu'0fjtf+ zLjl;+xf] k|l;4M . t:ofy{+ Gofozf:q+ u'0fljwo'tf tTj g]kfnefiff+ b]j1 hLjz+v] lnlvt Ojlddf+ of]osf]5]+u[x]if' .. b>z}n/z] jif]{ sflQ{s] lzt ;KtdL .. j[l4of]u] x/LCIf] ;Dk"0f{+ a'wjf;/] .. ) .. ) .. ofb[;+ k'i6s+ b[i6f tfb[;+ lnlvt+ dof .. olb z'4d\ cz'4+ jf ;f]wlgo+ dxb\a'w} .. eUgk[i7 sl6u|Ljf], tKtb[i6L/ cwf]d'v] . si6]g lnlvt+ ;f:q+ k'qjt\ k|ltkfnot\ .. pbsfgnrf}/]Eof], d'lvsz r ty}j r . /IftJo+ k|oTg]g, dof s:t]g lnlvt+ .. .. z'ed\ c:t' ;Jj{bf .. z'e .. -kq (@ v !–&_

@=# g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+;+ u'ly tofAo"u' l6kf]6@=# g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+;+ u'ly tofAo"u' l6kf]6@=# g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+;+ u'ly tofAo"u' l6kf]6@=# g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+;+ u'ly tofAo"u' l6kf]6@=# g/l;+x, k'/Gb/l;+x j p4jl;+xlk+;+ u'ly tofAo"u' l6kf]6

!= === >f4oft+ Djfr k' () wf8Uj8 !^ t' ;]ªg ;]gSj .. o1oft+ tfo o+6jf;gy+ xf]tf clUgoft+ n'+ blIf0ffsf] bfgkq;ª .. >L>Lg/l;+xb]jyfs'n;g b'+tf .. u'l7 j+nflgDx+ >LÅbob]j k|leltg :jDx+ .. wf;]g] tsf]dx/ªfj ôfo b' h'/f] ..@= /f]j ^ z'gfif' a]n] .. gfy ===== eldrfof !@) b ;'+if' .. 6+sf ^ cNof3]n ;fv/Tj+ if' 6+sfof a|;fgg cNof Uj8 !@) wfn] bo]s] .. x]/gfdlo; bQ ..

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#= qmif @ hj ! Vjftalxln Sjf7sf]jn .. Yjof a|;fgg 3]n ;fif/gd"un8 afUj8 !@) oj5]+ u'ly otsf] Åbol;+x egzfln, hvl;+x dxftjf]dlhªª laHofo b' .. >L>Lp4jl;+x yfs'n; bQ ..$= /f]j % r"dbf]+j a'+ Sokm+ !)) qm # rfWjfvfrn .. vn'lt k" !@) kfn nfsDx a|fDx0fh':t+ og] .. >L>Lk'/Gb/l;+xb]j yfs'/; bQ ..%= n's'gLdloof bQ dfyn8 afUj8 !@) u'ly aslgDx >Lh'h'b]j ..

-;f}hGo – 5qaxfb'/ sfo:y_

@=$ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt@=$ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt@=$ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt@=$ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt@=$ OGb|ljhohfqf uLt

gLlh ;+u|xof Yj ;k"mof /Ln g+ O{ @(%÷@& vM . Yof;k'mtL g]kfnlnlk+g]kfnefiff+ RjoftMu' b' . d'Ss+ @% kq b'u' Yj ;k'mtL tGqfVofg j wd{nIdL;+jfbg+ b'YofgfRj+u' b' .

psL dWo] g];+ ^(!–^($ b'g] RjoftMu' g]kfnefiffof :jk' Do] bsn] Gxfkf+7fs'/nfn dfgGw/+ …emLÚ klqsfof bF @)÷&, Yo+NofM !&) -g];+ !)(& sf}nf_;Ko;M b+ dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLto;M b+ dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLto;M b+ dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLto;M b+ dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLto;M b+ dofs k'nf+u' nf]suLt gfd+ lksofbLu' vM . j w'+sfM 8f= sdnk|sfzdNn+ …l;t'Ú klqsfof bF !^, NofM ^& -g];+ !!)% s5nf–ly+nf_ j bF !^, NofM^* -g];+ !!)% kf]x]nf–l;Nnf_of c+so\ lksofbLu' b' .

Do] k' !Do] k' !Do] k' !Do] k' !Do] k' !

=== lh Kof;g j ho h/f >L === g s'08; dbj @zd:t df]o tª /fv/-k_ -w_Dd{ ofttf] .. !# ..h't jj em+u/ t' If] dfof df]xf] Olniof dt] /] @=== dbf]/g] laGw/k+ lbs] df/g] .. !$ ..

g]kfn /fh kflnt :jfld ->L_=== 7fs'/ @lteo;+ ho+ k|tfkg Zj] vg If//k+ hf]u'g] .. !% ..>L-yf_g; rt'/ j00f{ xl:t af]of @dog ;' kf]:o cf/+sf/ PGb|lj-ho_=== -g]_ .. !^ ..u'l0fhg /f]s ;d:s]:s] hg bf]xf] ljdlt h'/f]of] @=== of pkxf; ofs] dt]/g] .. !& ..

;+ ^(! .. :j+gun+ rf/of+ ..

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/fu ==== .. tfn hlt ..

k|gdlt >Lh'uklt rGb| ;"¥o{ wDd{ tf] ;flv @g]kfn/fh; ifj of/] dvf]g ;f]:o c;Toof ..;Tofgf; h':o j/f]of] .. ! ..

====lt ;t/k+ tof plrt z'ofs]]g+ df]df] /f @k]tf cly{ jª alghf/ aGwg; s]ªfg] ..z-/_0ffult a}ln tf]/f] /f .. @ ../f]lu pt]j h'/ªf;] j}B emf:o pkfo oft+ @yj l5-l5_ lh/ªfj ofbf]/ d:o/f] k|0fulttf] x]gg] ..h; z'ofs]g+ db' /] .. # ..

b'h{gof dw'/ jrgg dfofhf/; 5'ot /] @cg]u pkfocf] a'lw ofª df sfo xf]gs lb/tf] ..ylyª wDd{ ofª laHoft .. $ ..

af sfo k'mls+h yj lyy] Olniof jfb dt]/g] @jg lag'g l;+x df]s y]+, l;+x lag'g jg df]s y]+ /fy]y] Olniof dt]/g] % ..

pr]t; cl~rt ofª yj/f t' vª s]ªfg] @z'ofs] g+ pr]Q bof t], jQ{dfg yy]+ h':o+ j/f]of] ..cljlw jt/kf] ;f]x'g] .. ^ ..

ª\xy]of nf]s;s] dfd aa' rGb| ;'¥o{jt t'/] t'v] @cfjof -nf]s<_:og x/+t dt] /], dfd aa'ofs] w/d bx'g] ..5' k]/ cf] af]of kmjIf] .. & ..-lbg_ s]ªft' ;f]:o lb/tf], dg'ifg\ ofªf kfk ;f]x'g] @e'ldz k]ofjof j]x] t:o+ kfk; ufw dt]/ n] ..k[ly ldg ;f]o dx'/] .. * ..

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dfg'v h/d cly/ ;+;f/ n+v jf]+jf]+ lnYo+ tf rf]g] db'/] @c;To cwDd{ O{iof{ dt] /], kfk k'g] h'sf] t'v] åfloj ..wg ;+z/u dh' /] .. ( ..

>L dflgu/ wDdL:t /fhf; >Lg/l;+xb]j lqeo+ @g/klt kflnt :jfld vb\u{l;l4 lrn+sf/g] ..lnk' 5]b/kf] yh'/] .. !) ..

>L PGb|/d08k yfg; gfgf cn+sf/dog kf]:o+ @xl:t /y loGb|ljho hfqf l5lh:og Zju'g] ..u'l0f:o+ pkxf; dt] /] .. !! ..

;Djt ^(@ yf] d] lrªfof ..

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/fu ==== tfn hlt

-c_dn ;x;|gfd, >La'udnf]So]Zj/ lbgklt zd/kf /fif/kg @ltk'/g o];] x/f], 5]b/k] sfdgf, vb\u{l;l4 5/kf]/:o+ k|;g h'o] .. ! ..

g]kf/; cfjg ª\xf ;]of wfj db' /], :j+rf k]Gx'g Sjf7 -kf]_/ 5fof @lteo yfs'/h'g, rf]ufd Sjf7 k]Gx'g 5f:o+ cfgGbg jof .. @ ..

a/v'lg ayfg; ;+rfg:o+ o]o y]+ sfog ufrs of]z] rf]gf]of] @s+bf]/ ;]u'sf]tf]+ rft'/f]ª x/f]of], o+u/ o+a'of k|hf dg ª]gf]of] .. # ..

lgGx'g g] ufd dfu/ xf]/f]rf] b]z 5\ofªg n'/ sf:o+ xosf @zafhg -afhg_ yf;] jof Zjofj, v-8Kj b]z<_of /f]s lk/Roftf] .. $ ..

kfzg s]ª xl:t 5'g /fif/kf Yo, ljklt; /fifnkf uy] d;]/ @ax'a'l4{ u/gy+of Uof0f ofª lb/tf], kf; ofo d5f/of] ult ;h{g .. % ..

v;t ufuf]/] rfufg kt/s] dkmf]n, yj l;/; ld t'gf] dx]df 5fo @b'h{gof jrgg ;gf{ult x]gg], 5v]g; vf]la y:o hf]o kmj v] .. ^ ..

;+sf] r+u' ef]+t kglt /fh bfsf] df]ofj, srf Nxfof l;df Yo+ rf]gªf;]g @a/ a'l4 pkfog /fh lnsf:o laof, yly+Uj pr]t bfsf] xg/k/ .. & ..

clt cx+sf/g yd z'k/ dbz], lklyg dAof;] dx]dfg hf]/tf] @/fhx+z g]Dx+;]g sfk/] af]osfYo+ k//lkj dx]dfg Zjx'g] .. * ..

ltk'/; ifj of/] dvf]g ;f];] x/, yj /f t' vªg ;ª lb/tf] @o]Yo+ y;g] yf]rfsg jg] dk'm/], kfkg' e'h/k+ df]o k'mjIf] .. ( ..

>L g/l;+xb]j >L k'/Gb|l;+xb]j, >L pwjl;+xb]j lqeo :jfld @hut;+ cfwf/ ho+ ho+ k|tfk], cfjof y]+ ;t'/ 5]b/k]g] .. !) ..

>L PGb/d08k; rt'/ lbu xl:t af]of dog kf]:o lbk cf/+sf/ @PGb|ljho hfqf lhklg:o+ Zj/ jof, u'l0fhg/f]s:o+ xf; dt] /] .. !! ..

z'e .. ;Djt ^($ rf]ufd Sjf7 bªfof .. ) ..

@=% @=% @=% @=% @=% g/l;+xb]jof kfno\ RjMu' ;km" – dxfef/t -g];+ ^(*_ofg/l;+xb]jof kfno\ RjMu' ;km" – dxfef/t -g];+ ^(*_ofg/l;+xb]jof kfno\ RjMu' ;km" – dxfef/t -g];+ ^(*_ofg/l;+xb]jof kfno\ RjMu' ;km" – dxfef/t -g];+ ^(*_ofg/l;+xb]jof kfno\ RjMu' ;km" – dxfef/t -g];+ ^(*_of k'liksf jfSo k'liksf jfSo k'liksf jfSo k'liksf jfSo k'liksf jfSo

/fli6«o clen]vfnoo\ Rj+u' y'u' ;k"mof NofM k| !!%* vM . k|frLgb]jgfu/Llnlk+ g];+ ^(*o\ NXooftMu' @$% kq b'u' Yj ;km" k"j+ . ;k"mof ;fOh(#÷$ x $ ;]dL= b' .

j;'/Gw|/;] oft] g]kfnfå]if' dfwj]z'Sn] /j] rt'Yof{of+ lnlk k"0f{ txfejt\ ..

/fhflw/fh >Lljqmdf gf/fo0ffjtf/ >L>Lhog/l;+xb]je"kfnrqmr"8fdl0fgfkflnt] nln-t_k§g dxf/fi6«] >Lef/l;+xfTdh]g s/0fj+zf]b\ejg]g lji0f'bfz]gci6fbzfkj{dxfef/t :jfIf/]g :jfy{+ n]vs]g lnlvtldbd\ .

-zdf{ !)**M@!*_

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