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THE 20TH CENTURY (P.97)
Dramatic social, scientific and technological advances. (ex. book)
Great wars: Holocaust, atomic bomb (invention), USA vs. USSR.
Totalitarian, dictatorial regimes: Hitler and Mussolini (fascism), Lenin, Stalin, Mao (communism) and Franco (Spain).
First World War(1914-1918): between Germany and Astro-Hungarian Empire. IT on one side, and FR, UK, RS on the other side.
Russian revolution-1917: led by Lenin. End to absolutism, stared the Union of Soviet Socialism Republics (USSR).
Second World War (1939-1945): cause by the military expansion on Germany (nazi).
Cold War (1945-1991): political tension between Capitalism Bloc (USA) and Communism Bloc (USSR). It ended with the dissolution of the USSR.
La masacre, Renato (1963)
ART (P.97)
Fauvism: Matisse (intense colors and antinatural).
Expressionism: Kandinsky, Munch (aimed to reflect emotions and feelings)
Cubism: Braque, Picasso (broke away from the traditional perspective. Use geometric shapes to recreate reality)
Futurism: Boccioni, Balla (modeled itself on the machines of modern world)
Dadaism: Dunchamp
Surrealism: Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró (explored the world of the subconscious and dreams).
FAUVISM- MATISSE
Henri Matisse, The
dance and The music
(1909-1910).
The dance: holding
hands vs. The music:
separate from each
other.
Colors: cobalt blue (sky),
turquoise green (grass),
orange red (people).
EXPRESSIONISM- MUNCH
The Scream, Munch (1893).
Emotions: anxiety, loneliness and despair.
Loneliness: industrial society (end of XIX).
Left (of the railing): the screamer and his desperation.
Right: the world, the empty, the incomprehension.
CUBISM- PABLO PICASSSO
The three musicians,
Picasso (1921).
Three figures.
Left: a pierrot (comic
Italian theatre) playing the
clarinet.
Middle: harlequin with a
guitar.
Right: a monk who’s
holding a sheet music and
singing.
CUBISM + EXPRESSIONISM - PICASSO
Guernica, Picasso (1937)
Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937)
To express his outrage over the
Nazi bombing of a Basque city in
northern Spain, ordered by
General Franco
An international symbol of
genocide committed during
wartime.
Horse: in the centre.
Representing innocent people
Blazing light: symbolizes
incendiary bombs.
Dove: peace.
SURREALISM- SALVADOR DALÍ
The Persistence of Memory, Dalí (1931).
Inspired by the surrealist perception of a Camembert (cheese) melting in the sun.
The sea and the sky (bottom) melt in the middle. The land (forefront).
'Melting Clocks’ may symbolize the passing of time.
SURREALISM- JOAN MIRÓ
The Harlequin’s Carnival, Miró (1924-25).
Although the harlequin resembles a guitar, he still retains some of his harlequin characteristics such as a checkered costume, a mustache, an admiral’s hat, and a pipe,
The harlequin in this painting is sad. This detail may refer to Miró’s personal life experiences, because at this point in his life he did not have much money for food and was on the brink of starvation.
POP ART – ANDY WARHOL
Marilyn Monroe, Andy
Warhol (1964).
The work was completed
during the weeks after
Marilyn Monroe’s death.
It contains fifty images of
the actress which are all
based on a single
publicity photograph.
From the film Niagara.
SCULPTURE- BOTERO
The Maternity, Fernando
Botero (1989).
Oviedo.
800 kg, 2,5 m.
Exaggerated volume: can
represent political
criticism or humor.
EDUARDO CHILLIDA
The Comb of the Wind,
Chillida (1977).
San Sebastián.
There are three of them.
10 tons each, embedded
in natural rocks rising from
the Cantabrian Sea.
A viewing area was created
on the nearby coast that
includes wave-driven
outlets for air and water.
DADAISM- DUNCHUMP
Bicycle wheel (1913). First “ready made”** of this author. A monument of the modern crisis.
Fountain (1917). In December 2004 was voted the most influential artwork of the 20th century. He said “ I threw the bottle-rack and the urinal into their faces as a challenge and now they admire them for their aesthetic beauty.”
** Ordinary manufactured objects that the artist selected and modified, as an antidote to what he called “retinal art”.
20TH CENTURY- MUSIC
Numerous conceptions,
all of them revolutionary,
appeared about what
was, or wasn’t, music.
There had never been so
many different musical
movements at the same
time.
Characterized by
Pursuing novelty,
experimentation and
originality.
Searching for new musical
language that broke away
from precious concepts of
tone, rhythm and timbre.
Exploring different ways of
representing music.
Using new computer and
instrumental resources.
MUSICAL MOVEMENTS- AUTHOR(S) CHARACTERISTICS
POSTROMANTICISM- C. Saint-Saens,
Mahler, Strauss
Loneliness. Rebellion against the bourgeois.
Free spirit. Against the social values.
EXPRESSIONISM- Schoenberg It might sound strange to our ears because
of: atonalism, dodecafonismo (12 notes).
NUEVA SONORIDAD- Stravinsky A mix of multiples styles.
NEOCLASSICISM- Joaquín Rodrigo They pretend to conect with the audience
with music that is not strange to our ears.
Classical models (Classical period and
Baroque).
FUTURISM – Edgar Varèse Introduccion to noises and machines in
music. They were inspired on the industrial
society.
ALEATORIC MUSIC- John Cage. Technological develop . Music: record with
musical instruments, objects (recording
those sounds).
ELECTRONIC MUSIC - Stockhauasen Sound: with an electronic instrument.
MINIMAL MUSIC- Phillip Glass Music based on minimal materials. They
used only some notes or words, also with
objects (glass, wheels…), natural sounds
(river…).
AUDITIONS
POSTROMANTICISM: C. Saint-Saens – Fósiles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGI-hYVslPU
EXPRESSIONISM: Arnold Schönberg: Pierrot Lunaire - 9. Gebet an Pierrot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A7qTcdWIoY
NUEVA SONORIDAD: Igor Stravinsky - The Rite of Spring https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFPjFjUonX8
NEOCLASICISM: Joaquín Rodrigo, Concierto Serenata Para Arpa Y Orquesta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjv3troNnRk
FUTURISM: Edgard Varèse, Ionisation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wClwaBuFOJA
ALEATORIC MUSIC: John Cage's 4'33“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTEFKFiXSx4
ELECTRONIC MUSIC: Karlheinz Stockhausen Gesang Der Jünglinge (Canto de los adolescentes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Psx24n3rM
MINIMALISM : Philip Glass - Escape! | The Hours soundtrack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no_dWLcXiyQ
Women composers 20th century: Amy Beach Piano Concerto https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Nzg3Ot1Yj8
Sofia Gubaidulina - In Tempus Praesens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8JVSYj-qV8
María Teresa Prieto
Fátima Miranda, cantos robados https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsFLcDJolq0
Rebeca Clarcke, Passacaglia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0oc6y1H6O8