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History of psychologyHistory of psychology
CHARLES DARWIN 1809-1882Published theory of evolution in 1859
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Was an English biologist - psychology not a Was an English biologist - psychology not a science at that timescience at that time
Darwin’s writings inspired others to study Darwin’s writings inspired others to study animals in an attempt to understand humans animals in an attempt to understand humans betterbetter
Published Published Origin of Species- Origin of Species- 1859 and1859 and
The Descent of Man The Descent of Man - 1871 - 1871
Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920
Father of PsychologyFather of Psychology German philosopher and psychologistGerman philosopher and psychologist Started the first laboratory for studying Started the first laboratory for studying
humans in 1879humans in 1879 Trained people to describe in detail all Trained people to describe in detail all
sensations they received from objects that sensations they received from objects that they came in contact withthey came in contact with
The information was collected and analyzedThe information was collected and analyzed
Wundt used technique of introspection
The process of looking inside oneself and describing what one feels, thinks,remembers.
This approach still used today in This approach still used today in
clinical psychologyclinical psychology Wundt believed that people could use Wundt believed that people could use
introspection to learn about introspection to learn about themselvesthemselves
WUNDT JAMES
WILLIAM JAMES 1842-1910WILLIAM JAMES 1842-1910
American philosopher considered to be oneAmerican philosopher considered to be one
of the founders of American psychologyof the founders of American psychology Wanted to understand how the mind Wanted to understand how the mind
“functioned” to help people adapt to their “functioned” to help people adapt to their environment rather than just describe itenvironment rather than just describe it
Humans should be studied as complete Humans should be studied as complete wholeswholes
Wrote a voluminous textbook on psychologyWrote a voluminous textbook on psychology
UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIORUNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHPSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH BEHAVIORAL APPROACHBEHAVIORAL APPROACH HUMANISTIC APPROACHHUMANISTIC APPROACH COGNITIVE APPROACHCOGNITIVE APPROACH NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHNEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACH SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHSOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH
SIGMUND FREUD FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
SIGMUND FREUD1856-1939
•Austrian physician•Emphasized the power of un- conscious conflicts and early childhood experiences•Developed one of the first theories of personality
PSYCHOANALYSISPSYCHOANALYSIS
Unconscious urgesUnconscious urges Hidden aggressive tendenciesHidden aggressive tendencies Sexual impulsesSexual impulses Childhood experiencesChildhood experiences Suppressed memoriesSuppressed memories FantasiesFantasies
THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES CONTROL MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIORCONTROL MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIOR
Freud used hypnosis, then free association Freud used hypnosis, then free association and interpretation of dreams to learn about and interpretation of dreams to learn about the unconscious. the unconscious.
Free association: saying whatever comes to Free association: saying whatever comes to your mind without fear of judgment. your mind without fear of judgment.
IDID –CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS –CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS
AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND
AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATEDAGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED
IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF
MINDMIND SUPEREGOSUPEREGO- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS
OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSESOUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES
GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDEGUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE
FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGSFOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS
EGOEGO- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSIONCONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OFWITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SUPEREGO.THE SUPEREGO. The unconscious can surface in The unconscious can surface in our dreams, through free our dreams, through free
association, and our “ego” whichassociation, and our “ego” which allows the expression of the ID. allows the expression of the ID. (Dance of the Boxes)(Dance of the Boxes)
OEDIPUS COMPLEX/OEDIPUS COMPLEX/ELECTRA COMPLEXELECTRA COMPLEX
Occurs during the “phallic” stage of Occurs during the “phallic” stage of
childhood developmentchildhood development The child develops sexual fantasies ofThe child develops sexual fantasies of
the parent of the opposite sex and the parent of the opposite sex and
resentment and a feeling of resentment and a feeling of
competition with the parent of the competition with the parent of the
same sex.same sex.
Freud’s theory of child developmentFreud’s theory of child development
Refer to pp. 395-396 for more on Refer to pp. 395-396 for more on this controversial theory. this controversial theory.
SEDUCTION THEORYSEDUCTION THEORY
HYSTERIA IN ADULTS WAS DUE TOHYSTERIA IN ADULTS WAS DUE TO
ABUSES (PRIMARILY SEXUAL) THATABUSES (PRIMARILY SEXUAL) THAT
OCCURRED IN CHILDHOOD. OCCURRED IN CHILDHOOD. LATER CHANGED THEORY AND SAIDLATER CHANGED THEORY AND SAID
THAT THESE ABUSES MAY HAVE BEENTHAT THESE ABUSES MAY HAVE BEEN
“ “FANTASIES” OF SEXUAL ABUSE FANTASIES” OF SEXUAL ABUSE
RATHER THAN ACTUAL ABUSES.RATHER THAN ACTUAL ABUSES.
DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS Freud believed that the ego, trying to Freud believed that the ego, trying to
balance the pressures from the id, balance the pressures from the id, superego and external forces, uses superego and external forces, uses defense mechanisms .defense mechanisms .
When threatened or under stress, we When threatened or under stress, we do our best to keep some kind of do our best to keep some kind of balance. balance.
We all use defense mechanisms, We all use defense mechanisms, however, they can be used too often.however, they can be used too often.
DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS RepressionRepression DenialDenial DisplacementDisplacement Reaction formationReaction formation IntellectualizationIntellectualization Identification with the aggressorIdentification with the aggressor RegressionRegression ProjectionProjection SublimationSublimation RationalizationRationalization
ENTER THE BEHAVIORISTSENTER THE BEHAVIORISTS
BEHAVIORISMBEHAVIORISM
Learned behavior through rewards and Learned behavior through rewards and punishments-positive and negative punishments-positive and negative reinforcements, associationsreinforcements, associations
Emphasis on observable behaviorEmphasis on observable behavior Our behavior is more influenced by Our behavior is more influenced by
consequences (positive or negative) ratherconsequences (positive or negative) rather
than free will.than free will. Much of our learning is through conditioningMuch of our learning is through conditioning
IVAN PAVLOV-(1849-1936)IVAN PAVLOV-(1849-1936)
Learned important principles of conditioning Learned important principles of conditioning through his experiments with dogs (initially through his experiments with dogs (initially investigating the role of saliva in digestion)investigating the role of saliva in digestion)
Not a psychologist, but aRussian physiologist
Major contributor to modernpsychology.
Learned important principles of conditioning Learned important principles of conditioning through his experiments with dogs through his experiments with dogs (investigating the role of saliva in digestion)(investigating the role of saliva in digestion)
JOHN B. WATSON 1878-1958JOHN B. WATSON 1878-1958
One of the first to study the impact of One of the first to study the impact of learning on human emotionlearning on human emotion
Believed that we are what we “learn” to beBelieved that we are what we “learn” to be Wrote a book on child rearingWrote a book on child rearing Watson believed that Watson believed that behaviorbehavior NOT the NOT the
mind should be the focus of psychologymind should be the focus of psychology Conducted controversial learning by Conducted controversial learning by
association experiment on “Little Albert” association experiment on “Little Albert”
JOHN WATSONJOHN WATSON
Founder of behaviorismFounder of behaviorism Did not believe that psychologist should Did not believe that psychologist should
concentrate on consciousness or mentalconcentrate on consciousness or mental
processes, but on observable behavior. processes, but on observable behavior.
EXPERIMENT ON CONDITIONING CONDUCTED
ON “LITTLE ALBERT” 9-11 MONTHS OLD
BY WATSON IN THE 1920S
DRINK COORS
LIGHT !
B. F. SKINNER 1904-1990B. F. SKINNER 1904-1990
Believed we are controlled by our Believed we are controlled by our environment and become whatever the environment and become whatever the environment forces us to beenvironment forces us to be
Must focus on Must focus on observableobservable behavior behavior Automated his experiments and designed Automated his experiments and designed
the now famous “Skinner Box” –a sound the now famous “Skinner Box” –a sound proof chamber with a bar or key than an proof chamber with a bar or key than an animal presses or pecks to release food or a animal presses or pecks to release food or a rewardreward
B.F.SKINNERB.F.SKINNER Invented the operant chamber which Invented the operant chamber which
became known as the “Skinner Box”became known as the “Skinner Box” Coined the term “operant behavior” whichCoined the term “operant behavior” which
refers to behaviors that “operate upon the refers to behaviors that “operate upon the environment to generate consequences”environment to generate consequences”
Mr. and Mrs. Skinnerview daughter, Debbie,In “box”.
HUMANISMHUMANISM Carl Rogers believed that people had withinCarl Rogers believed that people had within
themselves the resources for self-under-themselves the resources for self-under-
standing and the ability to alter their self-standing and the ability to alter their self-
concept, attitudes, and behavior with the propernurturing and environment.
People are basically good.
CARL ROGERS1902-1987•HUMANIST•Believed the en- vironment does not force us to do any- thing.•Maintained that people are basically good
•ROGERS –
•We are in control of our own destinies•Can exercise free will to make changes in our lives•With the right nurturing, we can reach our highest potential•Emphasized importance of self-esteem
Humanism (continued)Humanism (continued) Being understood and valued gives us the Being understood and valued gives us the
freedom to grow. Used “unconditionalfreedom to grow. Used “unconditional
positive regard” in his therapy.positive regard” in his therapy. His approach revolutionized therapy. His approach revolutionized therapy.
Roger’s techniques became known asRoger’s techniques became known as
Rogerian therapy (client-centered)Rogerian therapy (client-centered) Abraham Maslow was another psychologistAbraham Maslow was another psychologist
who supported the humanistic approach.who supported the humanistic approach.
ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist)
DEVELOPED IDEAOF HIERARCHY OFNEEDS WITH THEHIGHEST LEVELOF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT BEINGSELF-ACTUALIZATION
pp. 140-142 in textbook
COGNITIVE (THINKING)COGNITIVE (THINKING)
Belief that our Belief that our thoughtsthoughts and and internal internal sentencessentences are key motivators for behavior. are key motivators for behavior.
Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing,Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing,
jumping to conclusions, labeling, and jumping to conclusions, labeling, and
mental filters lead to socially and mental filters lead to socially and
psychologically destructive behavior.psychologically destructive behavior.
JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980)
ALBERT ELLIS (1913-2007)
IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOROUR BEHAVIOR
All or nothing thinkingAll or nothing thinking OvergeneralizationOvergeneralization Mental filterMental filter Disqualifying the positiveDisqualifying the positive Jumping to conclusionsJumping to conclusions Exaggerating or minimizingExaggerating or minimizing Emotional reasoningEmotional reasoning Should statementsShould statements Labeling and mislabelingLabeling and mislabeling
NEUROBIOLOGICALNEUROBIOLOGICAL
Emphasizes physical changes or conditions Emphasizes physical changes or conditions in our bodies when explaining behaviorin our bodies when explaining behavior
brain chemistry, glandular system, nervousbrain chemistry, glandular system, nervous
system, genes, and any other systemssystem, genes, and any other systems
operating in the body. operating in the body.
SOCIOCULTURALSOCIOCULTURAL
Focuses on the impact of cultural Focuses on the impact of cultural considerations including :considerations including :
racial and ethnic backgroundracial and ethnic background traditionstraditions religionreligion family customsfamily customs expectations in society. expectations in society.
Evolutionary perspectiveEvolutionary perspective
Explores how the natural selection of traits Explores how the natural selection of traits and behavior promotes the perpetuation of and behavior promotes the perpetuation of certain genes which insure survival.certain genes which insure survival.
Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics
Focuses on the impact of genes on how we Focuses on the impact of genes on how we interact with our environment.interact with our environment.
Studies how genes contribute to our Studies how genes contribute to our intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to mental or physical and vulnerability to mental or physical problemsproblems
““ECLECTICISM” IN PSYCHOLOGYECLECTICISM” IN PSYCHOLOGY
THE INTEGRATED USE OF TECHNIQUES FROM DIFFERENTPSYCHOTHERAPIES.