library a
An
edition
while Niebuhr sifts tradition, and
tries
to
drawn concerning early Roman history from an
analysis of the
these
magistrates
having
taken
the
place
history.
The
CHAPTER
I.
TRADITIONAL
ORGANIZATION.
I.
21C
o
V.
235
II.
250
255
II.
B.
c).
B.
C.
I.
Aristocratic
Character
TO THE
B. C.
(390)
362
(343-312 B. C).
c).
I.
Tliird
Gauls
;
483
III.
CH.\PTER
(260-255) . .
. 560
IV.
The
Sicily
(254-241)
568
Battle
of .
 
Mercury
of (map) 30
of
145,
the
medal
was
issued
pot.
reign.
vol..
I.
2
they show
in their
easily
for
Italy,
the
neighbors
contend.
There
is
another
the
majestically,
height to
Mont Blanc
part
peninsular,
and
history.
The
one,
of
its forest-covered hills,
alive
to
Rome.
separates
to
Fiume,
a
distance
Italy,
at
the
like
the
Dauphine,
race of
brave mountaineers.
Com-
the Juhan Alps
ranean channels which
frontiers of Bosnia
as many
it.
Channels
filled with
8ette
Communi.
the
.Vlps
long a
Apennines, which
traverse the
given
it
its
character.
Their
Fium-
albo,
3,300
to
3,900
feet.
Thus
Etruria
The highest summits
the
Marsians
the
moun-
tains
is
not
cold
enough
to
form
a
Alpine landscape, with
ISIarius
 
Otranto, and
ends in
the
—
the
two
sides
of
the
Alps.^
tween two
chains of
well
as
a
opjjosite
kinds :
mariners
about
the
Marsians and the
very
small
part
of
1
and
to
form an
volcanoes
which
have
enlarged
of the
Nature
herself?
of the
with cities at
their foot, and
everywhere along the
by
upon Baiae or
work
from
found
some
has sunk
hills, the Janiculum
charming
lake
call
1
The
Travels
and lava found
de
Tunis,
by
M.
Pelissier
de
Keynaud.
the Aventiue, the abode of
Cacus.
whose
Mediterranean. In the
Before
the
year
79
be an extinct
;
the
Alpine
celebrated
in
the
world.
If
it
and form at its
mouth that delta before
Narboune there
had also
lake, where
they used to fish with a lance. Cf. Strabo, IV. i,
6.
They
2,-550 feet.
tlie right
rise in the
coast,
which
in
former
times
beautiful bronzes
of the
Roman
carapagna
falls
into
the
Nera
outlets, and
of
Veii,
and
those
of
a
Lake, resulting from
supply
by
the
Ferrara
Proven9als
the numerous
cavities where during the winter the water of its sources stores itself, the Tiber does
not
sink
much
at
:
boundary of
Teverone (Anio),
(Liris), 70
miles; the
the
Pescara
(Aternus),
83
of
the
Trebia,
the
territories
of
Parma,
of
Modena,
Flaminian Road from
)irovince
the
duty
of
draining
the
Pontine
Marshes
(Livy,
Epiloiiii;,
xlvi).
of
culture,
which under
nobles;
Paestum,
with
its
city
of
Italy,
Sybaris,
which
miasma,
exhilnt the hideous dis-
and her
Italy
has
every
slopes
1
the
eraiition
exca\ation
])ick,
the
stone
silence.
Everything was still in the same state as on the day when the entrance had been
walled
view
funeral
to be
resting after
as
the
even
the
brief
as
it
[
and
ornaments,
more.
few years
in woods and
aUusions like
to produce
drained.
Above
these
This
with behiiet; on
and
repel
the
ancient
marked.
1
where
of Cam]iania,
the
traveller is delighted with the sudden dis])lay of rich pasture
in the
cattle roaming through
—
*
of these
accord-
ing
him
Alexandria.
book
climate varying with
uniform
and
impervious
to
external
influences.
In
this
general
passing
at
water.
rivers ran through
into the
Adri-
the Promontory of
well
prosecuted,
100
millions
the
mountains
are
than
three
miles'
distance
The Capitol
xiv. 1.5;
Sat. II.
marshes, since the
and
people of Rome, on the other hand, in the midst
of their majestic
indelible.
alike ; for
larger then
waters of the neighboring
air and takes
costly marbles
the splen-
are glorious, and
still does she
Hills of
cut
or
polished
Bos
pri-
migenius}
Implements
the Campus
Martins, the
and rough
civil and
vast
at
tlie
their customs ; many
and
of
all
the
day.
The
is
buildings.
After
having
into Greece
human
sacrifices,
and,
charms ;
they
glance
; on
the
Finns,
whom
they
formidaljle
magicians.
Like
the
there
was
a
great
Lydia.
The
King
;
life, and went
had
lie adds,
 
in
Roman
a
real
emigration.
the
Tyrrhenian
Pelasgians
c.
their
race.
them
we still see
feet
long.
The
is
formed
side.
skill. The
joining of
the
still
inhabited
this
of
the
field,
a
plough,
agriculture
explained if
adopted
home.
of these
things from
the
youngest
under
the
eyes
of
of Central Italy,
*
of
Norba.
waUs are the most curious Italian
specimen of the
of the
were believed
to be
the banks
of the
Macra. How-
in peaceable
Pellegrino,
the
highest
summit
of
the
Northern
Apennines
(5,150
who, from
Celtic,
Tuscany,
which
is
market,
but
numerous
small
where
Roman
generals
never
arms,
were
Few
ceeded
famine ever threatening them,
which
nate and
and cloths,
for the Olj'mpic
races, and they
they obtained from the Baltic. Their
industry and commerce
pirates
arms
not a£Eord
early Greek and from
of Istria.
At a
the Umbrians
antiijuity, has
country, tell of a
Pliny (iii.
proved that Umbrian
origin (Fafl., iii.
Rizzi
Zannoni.
are
found,
time.
 Umbria
V-
PRITA
ToCOfOSTRAFAHE'
EfSBSNAOTlA-yh
CASiiOS-DiRSAHERTifRATRVS
MATilR- f
Adriatic,
they
Tables
Euguhines,
contains
two
decrees
given by the brotlierhood of priests who caused the Eugubine
tables
to
be
engraved.
The
reproduced, is
in Etruscan
The
 
the whole
III.
THE
ETEUSOANS.
OUR
Western
the old
We
rivalling the
a long time
for a
ship
and
chiefs the means
Koi SoKovtrt
Si(«ioVepa
10,
They said, too
set men,
know.
Deceived
by
and
their
religion
had
nothing
a
matter
of
fact,
Ma.x
Muller,
in
his
Science
of
The
interpretations
of
Corssen,
called
tiuus are
after
the
conquest
Valteline,
Etruscans.
problem especially in
the study of
arrival of the
literatures
the
omission
of
and
the
manufacture of bronzes,
[Similarly, in old Irish
introduced
are
geometrical ornament is the most
beautiful which
can possibly
be found.
division into in-
*
PL. XLII.).
chai-acteristios
dif-
the
might call
Caere and
the reputation
lian
tion
of
the
gods
and
of blood
Etruscan
annals,*
434
centuries of
is indeed to
sents Achilles
names written
figure,
they wished
Homer.
Many
testimonies
of
Achilles,
Mexican Aztecs, so
into
Adria,
the
Adriatic.
Po,
in Campania,
occupied
by
tl;Lem,
federal
instance,
when
any
grave
Voltumna, in
the
indicated
town, more
five
Cato, ap. Serv. in Aen., xi. 567. Livy repeats it
in
dear to
days. At
that
explain
that
those of the lake-cities of Switzerland. In 1877 a single
search
at
Bologna
led
buried
doubtless
arms, and ornaments.
timorous
and
daring
(Rev.
arch,
Pentateuch for
ilictated,
rendering
it held
(vicatim). The
and
generally
the country. Warriors, husbandmen, and merchants, they fought,
drained the marshes,
Greece
covered
her
Dull,
archeol.
Atlas,
 
des Vergers' Atlas.
into elegant
vases, sculptured
and an
—
and
strength
the sea
than now ;
from Telamon,
once a
by
the
Etruse;in
1
from the continent
a
good
return.
and
the
Tyrrhenian Sea.
themselves in
unhoped-for triumph,
noWovi
Etruscan
so
great
a
number
of
the
Gorgon
too ;
but
they
disliked
of
—
£</.]
anchor,
and
made themselves
masters of
no lesson, and Etruria
Italy,
Lake
Vadimo
think
themselves
free
noticeable
change,
its
towns
gave
to
that
the
great
(Varr.
ap.
Censor,
1
7).
Cicero,
poetry
at
its
depopulation.
Sylla
Thence-
From so nmch
ancient
country
It
The
nothing
to
human
theirs
has
in
their
athletic
can
style
canals
and
tunnels
their gods in
cloister.^
a
singular
likeness
to
those
be
himself
the
to
be
in the
middle, each
a
prolonged
at
Dodona.
Above
house-building
was
ern
now
—
to
the
suppo-
sition
that
the
gloriovis
king
earth, from 45
the
workmen
could
of
the
Pelasgians
town has
BLACK
VASE
of
a
fish
to
carve
in
—
these
Mediterranean
all,
both
subjects
the
reproduce myths peculiar
the
masters
a
Panathenaic
their
selves.
—
of
historic proba-
bilities, strengthened
the
Aurunci, into
the plains
southward
PoUino,
form
a
splendid
large
district
of
temper, by
gods
of
of
the
the
the Po gradually
Alba
the
lightning
itself,
traversing
Tera-
yfxeva.
in the
sanctuary of
there
is,
on
the
faithfully
the mark of
Rutuli.
from which
valleys of
forests
and
changed into swine.
three
: Cerca
for
Circe,
Elpenor.
daughter
dread
sorceress
with the ports
Terracina, which has
cruisers
that
poisonous
of Aea of
ibid.
iii.
9.
been found
Hercu-
laneum
and
Pompeii
 
soil,
The Oscans in Campania
a
and blended with
alone
relicto,
mountains
which
Ausonian origin,
the Sabellian peoples are
the
they
Lucretilis
they
stretched
across
to
the
Italy : their
the
principal
elements
of
refer to
gravity, the
respect for
cattle were
immolated or
those Scan-
to have
resulted therefrom.
Magna' Graecia,
was divided
and
the
the
exception
of
the Sabellian
for human
and the word
Greece, but
Mulcebatque
^
Silarus
brought back
from their
these
warlike
shepherds.
In
that the younger
the
armor
taken
from
the
Samnite
all
warrior-nations,
the
Samnites
nites
command
months
the
snow
with neighboring
distinct
to
-
Mulii
emhradur,
a
pig,
Oscan
characters.
the
plains
to
the
mountains
in
principal
revenue
pasture in
Apulia were obliged to keep two thirds of their
land
had
only a few
Tired
there
their
own
way.
But
there
were
com-
;
blood
to
example,
to
put
oath
over
a
pig-
cup. No
brilliant.
the Gulf
cultivated
the
Greeks
of
this
coast
had
bled
at
the
first
news
(394
b.
c.).*
These
measures
were
fruitless
and the
Crathis. Slnit
early
 Having
been
barbarized,
the
inscriptions
as far as AjnUia,
There remain
few years ago Greek was still spoken in the neighborhood
of
Locri
it is
said of
been thought that, from
Graecia, that all
Am. Thierry.
Thurii, of Epeus
at Metapontum, of Ulysses
garded
as
poetical
traditions
invented
give
an
hero
colonies.
To
ing
into
desired
to
the
2
a
metropolis,^
to
assist
Rome
to eon>
withstanding
remained for a long time Greek
in
repaid the
songs of
Avernus,
the
Greeks
Ulj'sses had
evoked the shades, became the al^ode of one of the
Sibyls
and
of
the
cleverest
necromancers
to
outpost
of
SixeXiKui' Kai tS>v 'iraKtaiTlSav. With the
Clialciilians
were
mingled
Tlie
father
of
port, Parthenope, and Xcapulis,
of Ischia,
West.
afterward
called
Messina,
entrance
to
Roman
legion
repeated
at
Rhegium.
The
Dorians,
who
ruled
but
had
Tarentum,
Sybaris
and
Croton,
and
Delphi,
still
to
down-
^
The ancients
is
to Tarentum,
them
preserved its disci-
Gauls
far
surjiassc's
—
340).
It was the same at Crotona. The Pelasgians of Lucania and Bruttium
sliowed
the
same
in allowing themselves to be aVtsorbed by the Hellenes and
in
adopting
at the commencement
the
more
than
of the
their
circle
profited
Valley of the
numerous Gallic
case the
which
the
Etruscans
had
Celts
and
tached
of
this
powerful
stem.
the
NATIONS
OP
ITALY.
IN
the
most
ancient
civiliza-
up
in
to
;
in
the
augur's
political
Etruscans
their
augural
Italian
the
of all
mysterious
;
aristocracies, by
their members, were
their part
-
Spartans
were
inalienable.
[But
this
was
probably
of
resulted
in
the
increase
of
the
ar/rimenxi»;
enclosure wherein
of
the
gods,
it
established in
not be
the right to lead
ancient one
not yet
that of
Rome. Uniting
were
almost
always
the Sabellians, the king
the twelve Etruscan cities named, each sending him a lictor
in
token
of
the
the
time
of
the
foundation
little
towns of the Sabine territory.* Even Alba no longer had aught
but dictators
tyrants who, sti-uck Ijy the divine anger, had been
buried with
waters
fell,
it was thought that these guilty dwellings might be seen.^
On a
Samnite embradur.
their servants
foreigners remained
wliich was determined
by a sort
likewise
; but
fetters
appear to
have recognized
that mysterious
authority of
population
another
population
in
revolt,
the
time
of
his
marvellous
few
mysteries
or
profound
dogmas.
the
field*
it
derived
place
in
the
of sacrifice which stood
walls
; and
when
vii.
3)
mention of Oppius
time
soul
with
pious
awe.
features
which
who had
that
they
have
far
24,
was
rigidly excluded
from them.
adventure.
Ovid,
however,
has
compromised
s
seed :
Ops,
religion,
exhibits
or
Indigetes,
the
nymphs,
heroes,
and
Larvae
and
gods.
With
nations
deities only
employ-
ments
of
 
filled with the
or Maspiter,
god who slays
only
bond
which
Ferentina,
at
the
in
his
Mon.
form.
There
the dil consentes,
HEAD OF
— Ed.']
; they helped
more uncertain and
the
form
the
other
world,
sacrificial
was sure,,
single
indifferent
action;
693.)
succeeded the
or fortune
augur,
the
popular
were so
those
sacred
beliefs.
a
incurable sterility.
the
search
after ideal in sentiment and nature. Whereas
the
glorious
; he feared to
held
the
Etruscans,
whose
infantry,
drawn
up
in
Sabine country
of such diverse
elements formed an
and
Collection at the
the
title
of
hnperator,
the
religious
customs,
and
warrior
gods.
the
lares
of the
Etruria, who
and
gave
to
{mundus)}
with
broad
ilamens
and
good
edifice,
we
do
this custom,
which only
tion of the monument, is
perhaps
a
been
secularized.
taken
to
any
hypotheses,
however
ingenious
city was
formed, which
far more than
much agitated
as legends,
without any
Time.
sooth-
 
SATURNUS.*
chin
indicates
that
 
the
Sublician
door of the house
of men which
to
cannibalism.
—/i'/.]
similar
history,
and
he
of the
which
Indigetes. The war, however, continued, and
AENEAS.^
ill
he
inherited
the
kingdoip
the fountain
of the
Stesiehorus
fourth, adopted this
shall see later
Father of the
the
hand.
maiden,
llavmg
Palatuie
FAVSTl'LUS.''
did
not
abandon
wolf,
nourished
them
1S70,
was
IS
which
does
not
 
however,
the
an
amlnish,
was
taken
by
them
to
king.
build
a place called Festi,
the two
l)rothers soon
omen,
pronounced
the year
consecrated to
unknown,
the
by
]iromising
in
their
city
greater
honors,
ancients,
beians,
devoid
-
side this
names.
was found
of the
°
interregnums
in order
months
in
advance
300
three months
chronology were certain,
which
followed
the
expulsion
with their own chronology, in 01.
98,
268)
Now
300
b.
c,
the
pomerium.
The
legends of the
their king,
Tatius, penetrated
left
arm,
smothered under their
excavated in the Capitoline,
when
Romulus,
vowing
a
1
struck
with
at
the
to
derive
from
crashed by the
^
unpretending,
was
several
times
union
his
troops
near
the
Capraean
iharsli,
a
1
In
morning they ascended
on the
commemorate the marks of
tenderness which the Sabine
their
to
which
proves
that
it
a curved stick
of worship
of the
flamens, the
from
the_r
had
no
the grotto ndiercin
Caclius,
never
of
state
sanctuary.
The
public
built the temple
needful that
and the
Penates. Silver
(piinia,
commemorative
of
the
in
certain
the
himself said to be
the
two
The
fetialis
happen
that
by
public
deliberation
or
unworthy
subterfuge
the
Roman
people
infringe
their
and
the
swords
Anxious
exjiectatiou
whom the Curiatii
flight, sure
along,
and
conquered
hi.s brothers.
and
despoiled
victor
trembled. Each of the two peoples then turned to bury-
ing
rule. The tombs
his will.
the King.
he met
the cord
interpreter
was
the
first
to
punish
his
on
the
showing the
Horatius
bearing
illustrious
spoils,
a
spectacle.
Go,
lictor,
of the liberator of Rome
hang him on the fatal tree
;
and
the
:
 
;
to
Rome
on
Mount
legends of
Chiilius, kin;;
Hostilii,
whom
of
books a
things,
with religious
of
Numa,
neglected
to be
inscribed on
-
Nnl. Hist. ii.
there
stranger had
come to
retreated
to
Tarquinii.
forbidden
wars,
against
came
to
down afresh,
sight Tanaquil.
the ornament which covered
to be replaced
at
the
by his wisdom the
to
undertook
the
encircling
of
in
spite
the
majestic
uselessness
height of waters
tlie drawing
was taken, only the top of the sewer is seen in
our
engraving
for
their
embroidered
with
tliat
it
disfigured
nineteen fluted
Corinthian col-
whetstone,
say-
ing
altar,
and
shepherds,
servant of Queen
Independentlv of
the Saturnalia,
month
of
Festus,
Rome
the
SERVIUS
TULLIUS.
feet wide,
foot is equiva-
Janicnlum defended
apjiear
inaccessible.
gates considerable remains
of the great
there
Rome, had been
built at the
buttresses
7
feet
stiuare.
In the time
which
precedes
the
a
this treaty, he could not understand
it
centuries.
divinity, were
reproach
the
Emperors
with
not
have
saved
the
provinces
to
sacrifice
it
to
Sabine
this hill
Servius
them
were
Pelasgian.
by
his
in
young lule
table of the
(EI*IT02).
The two
Greek writing.
of
party
Latin
feriae,
Tarqnin kept
on the morrow
massacre
of
but introduced
which
the
the
credit in
order
to
give
the
city
of
it
was
Jupiter Fidius,
was
colonies
were com-
Latium.
and
from
and
Justin (i.
by
understood
the
Romans a
complete the picture
his
diviners
ahout
him.
of the Bibliothfeque
the
right
is
the
built.
the
friend
of
Caesar's
murderer
took
up
in
his
of Turnus,
dispute
concerning
tragedy
intention
which
constitutes
the
and,
holding
suffer a
King in
of
the
noblest
captives
taken
back into
the
Etruscan
town
of
Caere.
This
same
claimed
the
restoration
name, was exiled
sons
of
Brutus,
ceeding from
the kings,
(di
San
Capi, on
account of
of
represented
a
prow,
the
these works to
or infirm, and
Sal.
11.
Ui.
36.)
the dedi-
of high
of the legions,
miles
on
the
way
this
legend
by
raising
and
Leda,
which
became
side of
battle or
quitted it
dictator
The
t«3m])le of Castor anil Pollux, in wliich the Senate often
assembled, In
be un by
 
race
his miserable
(496
images
of
may have been fairly
omit
the
legends
which
remembrance of
his vic-
horses.
this prince
days
right.
Augustus
There
was
then,
as
it
were,
a
double
conquest
the
7th
(Augustan)
centuries
Etruscans,
and
even
in
narrative prose of
the
preferred as being
the story
of a
interfering in
public affairs,
laconic
that
preserve
btrabo,
o£
the
account
to
Italy
double
Aeneas, by Ulysses and Antenor. To go back to Troy,
was, for
glory
Rome
would
inscription
of
to have
under brilliant
a
King
to in
war,
that
when
they
choose
of
truth
duction was, moreover,
SABINE
WOMEN
intrenched camp, from
the
We
do
idea
of
the
time of
parts,
may be
connected with
position
between
the
two
towns,
and
the
modern
founder,
and
liis
com-
panions
for
the
heads
of
women by the Celsi
women
arise
Etruscan chief, Lucumo,^ who may
have
and
twenty-seven,
and
national weapon of the
Quirites, Quirina ,
conjunction ct.
taken
refuge.
of
the
same
blood,
larged,
of
ties
who had become associated
Ages,
family
though
the
ancestors
themselves,
protection,
Senattis
Taurus
means
patron
he
gentilicium.,
and
;
^
a
crime
on
Clientship
was
then
the
client,
Manlius thought
that his
Constantine.
of the domain.
curiae,
the
comitia
Here,
also,
a
hundred,
two
of the
from
the
to
Vulcan,
always in a
had been admitted
curia.
He
convoked
the
Senate
and
charges,
forces
*
far back
as
they
curiae,
and
they
in
time
the
master
of
attested
or
one
of
three
the organiza-
Greece.
Sparta
do
not
imaffinum.
cities,
—
tribuncship,
the
dedication
of mercliaiils was
times
; for
the phenomena
phases of history,
had
created the
paternal
and
conjugal
murder
of
adopt
the
the best of
e.xplained above
[the intro-
institutions are
country.
We
know
their
gods.
is
who
^i(^
;
^
interpretation
his
head,
sometimes
mounted
on
a
chariot,
brandishing
of men.
the Comitium. It
Romulus
;
eign decrees
pronounced by
sition of
human
not
philosophize
so
deeply
; but
they
everything in
common
bestow
liberty
Republic
Destiny
i
FORTUJfA
(statue
Lachesis,
at Rome.
wislied
to
remain
tliere.
temples
Temple
of
the
Sun
(p.
160)
name
of
she had
others at
of the Theban
Dionysos and the
and Alcmena
[Herakles] when
water genii, rose
time
when
art, id not seek their goddesses in
THE TIBER.
of
the
magnificent
chest
These gods are
the
childless
at the hearth but to
the
matron
and
her
rough
husband.
The
innumerable
gods
of
a
class
every action of life,
even the very lowest,
as
pregnancy
suckling
of
the
in
chiefly
of
Celtic
origin,
having
temples,
priests,
and
make choice
the worship of Hercules,
abundance
to
in
one
whom
Vergil
calls
endearing and
the family,
were crowned
gods which in grave
when
it
under
the
hearth,
asking
me
to
miser, and h&
dead,
I
carefully
observed
should
receive
more
found
that
he
diminished
concerned me.
of
day in
and
said that the two
gods of the
none but
capit.
Ovid :
And
we
of
modern
times
still
return
He had his
was in the
tomlj. There he
began a second life, sad, but calm, if the funeral rites had
been
accomjDlished ;
spheres or
of honey and
before
him,
there
them
the cross
gesture
which its
religious
this
firm
belief
a
great
principle
of
Among
the
the funeral
who
holds
in order to keep up the tombs of his ancestors.
(Ch. Lemire,
imagine
for
their
dead.^
The
man,
a family
coast of
T,
returned
every
night
to
they
initiated
celebrating
in the midst of a sacred wood. On the two
sides of
Isis
to
have
violated
your
promised
faith
plaint and
aid us
augur
gave
of
rust,
of
the
grindstone,
of
fever, and all
Should he
on
any
object
distracted,
and
could
expiatory
sacrifice.
He
Vjelieved
it
children,
*
two pieces
the mind.^
expressions.
By
the
might
be
thouglit
that
institution
produced
the longest
time
;
be hollow and of
fire.
If
must
be
other part. If a man who is going to be
beaten
with
but a
a
are
pontiffs
have
only
(piite
all
repeat
what
is
ners
agricultural
life
compelled
them
to
 
surmounted by the
the
to the
nected
with
her
inferiority
the
precincts
of
of those
who desired
to be
settled
remarks that
Republic,
the
rex
sacrormn,
also
control, and rendering
Cf.
.300
them, and whom
watched,
Finally,
number,
When
a
vacancy
any
blemish,
and
who
seemed
to
promise
beauty.
The
lot,
as
representing
the
them was to
was
Vesta,
in white. It was
The
virgins
of
Vesta
watched
first
3J5
days
into
twelve
lunar
months,
with
the
Each
omen
they
cleansed
the
temple
with
water
a large mouth and
ending in a point,
being
duration
of
empire,
fatale
fetiches
took
the
mountain-ash.
 
declared
they
the
chamber,
wherein
the
to
Vesta
of
the
virgins  
at
;
in
world
of
the
slowly
melted
office
of
who had let
these legends,
of the Romans
demanded
religious
idea
cried
earth,
take you
will decide. And
he returned to
Rome. If the
there
cast
this
the
there
were
noble
was
given
the
Mercury, the messenger of
Maximus,^
have pre-
served somewhat
in
a
distinctive
of
the
god
; and
the
Fratres
the
festival
his
kindred
till
them.
srOVKl VURIUCM.^
honor
of
meals,
the
goddesses
were
accept the feast, or sometimes
turn
away
their
heads
STATE
BED
it to
LECTisTEK-
the Roman revelling, like
with nature
glimpse
epulonum,
*
people,^ to
was destined
to high
and it
whom they were only
i^atricians
members filled
the Senate
fact,
;
 
to
tlie
interests
the
state.
by making tlie Romans
in the
they
altered
fatal
presages
by
the
freest
interpretations,
happy
It
was
foundations.
col-
auspicatn
gereretur.
right
of
hahita
rescindere
ac retenlum. {Be
and second rank of
the
latter
voting
the main fact
step
towards
one
occasion
in
unfortunate
turn
of
of their army,
of
*
distributa partes,
in primos
is ascribed
that
The
patricians,
or
original
CAELES
Lyons in
p.
68).
out doubt some
idea,
him in
custom. (Cf.
(jus
suffrafjii),
nor
{jus
connuhii
et
constantly
increased
to
the
policy
with-
out
direction
of
different
might,
dangerous. The
the public
into 26
tuted
communes
(parishes),
in
found
themselves
rights. That will
his name,
of the
*
 
of Rome.
J.
workmen and
musicians, added
it
often called
public offices and
98 centuries, have
juniors,
from
—
could
which
of the
the comitia,
rich or the
the city tribes. This law
would have
town,
clientship becomes weaker by
This constitution, which was to unite
two
seniores guarded the town
the
(following
ers
friend
to
built
of
the
omens
public
festival
was
marked
book of
Dionysius^
measures,
coinage,
which
last
novelty,
which
is to thought,
of Rome seem
Popular
gratitude
protected
proportion
bars of metal
indicates
a
still
ruder
societies,
applied
; at
in
advance
of
his
time,
It
of
destroyed
the
TEMPLE OF JUPITER
Capitol
formed
an
almost
three
sides.
the
two
opposite extremity of
The vaulting is formed by three
concentric arches, and the diameter of it is 20 ft. It
may
be
remarked
her,
the
stories
al)out
her thirty
vessels,
which
started
it
Aeneas,
Herodotus.
Thus
of
Thrasy-
bulus
to
Periander.
and
some
remained
Latino-Sabine.^
which was its
great Tiberine
pei'iod.
When
Tarquin
fell,
days
and
decadence ; but
while
on
the
other
it must
be so,
a
religion,
in
find
at
Sea,
shared
human
and heroes.
expression
of
passions
and
recollections,
were
far
the Proud
transliteration,
is
ruin
satiate,
O
fierce
Mars
==:
omitted,
adoocabitis.
noWois,
to
nearly
basket of
;
from
duellum)
mind
were
found
associated
the
causes of her
Mercury on
page 196,
curious
Capitol,
and
of
the
of
in
the
to
Rome
on
was
Greece, as is
(Pliny, Hist. Nat.
and the
foundation
of
Rome
was celebrated on the 21st of April, the day of the
feast of Pales, the
of Apollo.
o good
elders,
and
follies.
rustir
cum
on
tlie
hearth
and
at
sell old
of labor,
persons without
the
sacra
privata,
staff
woods. As
lack the
to him
the liberty
it is
be
accepted
by
to
depart
families, classes,
she always
has a
husband
moment
father or
husband, she
of
her
guardians,
marriage
{confarreatio),
between
a
plebeian
house,
the
woman
did not take the lares of the paternal hearth, for these
domestic gods never went
of
the
by
religion
and
reigned
alone
by
the
unions.
As
according
The
in
this
age
of
yet
the sacrifices
the enemy's
frontier is
nearer. For
then the
the
customs and
to the
offering,
by
tomb, public
life, from
faith, the
a
balance
land,
the
copper
selling or buying
one
of
the
privileges
It explams the
habits
that
it
the
literal
word,
to
the
actual
sense,
thereby.
Thus
take to do so. Should either of the two change
one of these
or debtor ; and
and produces against
 
from
their
oath.
At
necessary
to
bind
evasions
the
Romans
deceived
assistance
plebeian
knight
or
pity to expect, for
 
the
chains
weighing
15
corporations (Phit.,
^
ent to the sight of a
corpse,
not pay.
the
early
—
this nation, which
its origin, and the
the
of
the
Forum
above, a head of
LA
RE
but
her
citi-
zens,
in
arms
within
the
32.)
Livy
(i.
GO)
says
that
of
victory,
too, for
auspices,
;
the
Janiculum,
which
a
and the number
reached
omens
failed,
Rome had, then,
comitia, and
readings.
its preliminary
andMacrob., 5a^
imperium,
his office
the
^
and
which
the
Curiae
Cincinnatus,
own property.'
and calming
down at
becomes
formidable
their nobility,
vie
in
nobility
joining
7)
Sempronia, the
occurs
too
often to be due to an error on the part of
Livy,
may
supposition
(see
p.
189),
there
remained
outside
having
become
and yet not
be
these
uncertain families
Senate.
of
Livy
c. :
tribunitian
accusa-
Alba,
under
Tarquin
a
hun-
need
of
strengthening
themselves
hitherto
been
had been
^^^^^
lands of
and Numicii,
and we
no longer,
Sicinius,
Volumnius,
Aebutius,
in Germany,
i.
40)
shows
reaction
by
death whosoever
eign
jurisdiction
life
from
the
of
the
consuls
9.)
Compare
Val.
this
might demand of the Senate or consuls to be inscribed
on
defend
themselves.
II.
The
Tribunate.
much more
if
the
enemy,
who
could
in
a
neglected
fruitfulness
of
the
Campanian
debtors
of
the
and
powers of
as
a
the
danger
had
passed
which
had
and the
emerge
only
did
the
dictatorshijj
save
the
Republic
Hellenic
and
master.
(Plutarcb,
of
grave
or Tolumnius.
82
reported by
of
this
magistracy,
jiovapxns
which moderated
an
people
thought
that
they
had
of
Valerius
had been
Annius.
remained
by
saying
the
people
the consuls.
The rich
protective power
on
the
one
hand,
extending
popular interests,*
and on
outside
the
auctoritas
on,
we
no
in
filled its
great destinies.
personal
ground
for
freedom
legislation. The
years
493
a
treaty
between
two
TO
reconciled
the
two
the
people
the
tribunes,
public
^
and
unornamented,
Rome
with
provisions.^
In
the
second
Coriolanus and the disputes of the tribunes with the consuls
respecting the
of the right
then
Roman
colonies, but independent Latin cities, as the treaty of Cassius with
the
Romans,
have borne
and
and
no doubt a historical
illustrious
of
Menenius
and
and Hooke had previously
—
which sought
property usurped from
name from the dis-
peoples in Italy and
into equal
parts among
all the
this
every
one
(pecus),
for
conquests made
rent for
of the
state in
however, the
into
bought from them for ready money. For,
in
the
case
of
both
parties,
a
surrounded l^y
of
war and usury
plebeians
could
700 acres.
government lands amongst
usurpation
of
the
The multitude
the
great,
people is
did the tribunes call for the acceptance of the agrarian
law.
C.
Maenius
lands. But the consuls conveyed their tribunal
out
of
the
city,
the
citizens
to
waste
of
veto of
of
the
Senate,
forced
one of
next year,
the
patricians
on behalf
his tender age, prevented,
After conquering
the
greater
part
perished.
snow.
By
had become
they
fell
*
so
. . .
ex-
pedition.^
Rome
preserved
the
; but
right of
the
tribuni-
tian
office.
the elections for the
years, seven
;
says
else-
where
(vii.
65)
: 'EvSiv
drjuos
TJfidTj
fxf'yas
d^taipaTos
of
Senate
was
sharp
it
unes.
of
the
people.
Then,
:
whole
patrician
retire.
Appius
opposed
this :
command.
Never
had
terri-
tory.
There
they
again
grandeur
which
the
treaty
to
immense works carried out by Ancus, Servius, and the two
Tarquins.
conducted.
Tiber. Rome
hid her defeat under heroic legends, and it was only after she
had become
mistress of
than
exacted
a
I
See
p.
251.
new
inva-
sion,
and
the King of Clusium,
Greek
skilful manoeuvre, charging the
was
Rome
recovered
boy.
whole is coarsely
Kenan
reads :
Esclnniinjair
hen
Ischetu
Phoenician origin
of the treasure of Praeneste and of other similar finds. But, besides, they
help
The character
of the letters does not permit us to carry down the composition of the
inscription lower
than the
same conclusion.
furnishes us
name
by
pronoun
suffi.x
vav, the Carthaginians render
a cup of the same sort, but
without
inscription,
seen following, in a
cups are most
the
[Cf.
fortune.
Within
its
cu'cumference,
only
of
Halicarnassus,^
130,000
fighting
men,
will,
305
not
been
well
as
the
of
finishing
it
than
what
the
4
Hernicans, whom
overlooks a magnificent
from their depre-
liistorians, because it
read,
in
the
time
of
Cicero,^
all their force
whenever they are
between
like treaty
with the
could
make
those which it signed
mere
auxiliary.
Hence
in
spite
of
hasty
words.
During
the
to
Ceres,
and
what
of
the
patricians
condemned to
exile, witlidrew
at
him.
The
a harsh refusal.
whose
by the hand.
son, or
resistance
grew
stronger
was reduced
Coriolanus,
on
his
part,
and prop-
of
re-marrying,
Two
a
into the Campagna
Fuvius in
formula
the Capitol for
by a
simplicity
which
he
had
the
activity
and
energy
495 TO 451.
to
meet
on
Evening
being
come,
to
Rome,
followed
by
that
Minucius to
enemy,
of
Porsenna
; since
that
; some of
others,
in
by one,
more
of the Aequians and
patriotic
devotion
of
forces, till
crossed
;
at
last
driven
subjects
distant
wars,
and
this
institutions,
nothing
Rome,
at
really
dangerous.
without
their
of
holding in
guidance and object : now
their chiefs are measuring
well
as
they
were
not
strong
enough
to
triumph
at
in
civil
and
to
destroy
Aljan-
demanded
in
462
to
liy
the
veto
threats
nor
evil
the
Forum.
This
man
his
colleagues
he
of
tbe
Terentilian
retaken
by
Mamilius,^
;
to
that
they
might
and compel
tian laws.* Tbe Senate
a
among the
upset
Senate secretly
bought back
had proved their
and Icilius obtained the
.plebiscite. From this
assembly;
had
the
law
passed.
the
consul
Ater-
nius
recognized
1
The
Tcilian
patricians; the latter lost by this law the influence they
used to
official coinage began. The
the
mancipatio
per
this
first
the decemvirs,*
divided
as
follows :
impose upon the
who
had
been
8 of
saved.
Employing
a
CIVIC
was produced in
England
by
the penalties enforced by the Government of Charles I. At Rome
in
430
the
penalties
in
right
to
dispose
of
it
people,
the
quaestors
be richly
indeed
very
legislator
new code.
The most
of
tlie
censorship
decemvirs were
TO 449.
of Rome,
as president
check the acts
played a
patrician youth, for
Caeso, to
violence, became
for the
city a
come
to
the
Forum
The
Senate
on this occasion
Tarquins.
The
who did not
one of
his clients,
lay
before
the
observance
of
of
popular
clamor.
belonged
to
himself
passed,
daughter and
fighting
only
declared,
her
up
the
city,
to-day, but by
upon
Kome,
where
they
seized
the Sacred Mount with the legions
of
the
leaders,
how
was
ten
years
had
checked
the
friend
to
accept
the
last
two
tables,
the old rights
to permit
inheritance ; for
children,
only
the religio^is marriage,^ which
will
years Canuleius made
^
not compound
even a
a punishment not lilved by us, because it alfects not
only the
guilty, but
peace,
and
banishment.
The
condemned
curious
directions
about
funerals.
Tables,
which
now
rich
and
poor,
which
is
very
1
See
p.
270.
2
It
is
the
which
the
hand
the
window
into
Strada
di
Consolazione
side of the
be placed
deceased
l3e
construction
from
the
rock,
 
law,
and
this
new
people,
formed
by
the
continue mysterious
The
second
it in
principle
some
material
most
wretched
the
meet secretly
religion of
their families,
and the
ignorant, they were
equality which
custom would
whose
life
was
the
house
of
no
longer
proceed.*
the
plebeian
easily
strayed
from
the
legal
is
still
proved
course the
bet
ni
if cleared, his
opponent lost his
of
which
those who
guaranteed the
pain
as did the resolutions
(Dionys.
, xi.
45.)
the
Senatus-consulta,
counter-
signed
by
the
tribunes
with
the
himself:
;
However, the two consuls
referred
the
matter
played
the
case, or at least
their nobles, who had
against
the
people
seem an
act of
were they hur in
this secession,
the patri-
otic moderation
to Ardea with
the
Latin
complete the
;
a capital sentence
patricians
and
plebeians,
Rome
Roman patriciate
resistance
always
yielded
down,
it
to curule offices.
only
patricians
held
(rex
sacrorum),
the
direction of criminal affairs
'
keen opposition of
Cleisthenes wished
;
. .
power its military functions,
To these military
magistracy, but
not fight under
another the veterans, another again watches over
the
laws,
and
all
the
interests
were
greater
Livy even
every
as a
furthered
the
interests
of
the
aristocracy
who
had
the
a
hostile
candidate,
the
a
new
man.
Ins
adverse
decision
P.
and
tribunes to
425,
after
the
declaration
of
war
it is still for
Romans would
unquiet
liberty,
and
was
time, and
raised to
AHALA.
iq
^}-^g
Kepublic.
Summoned
before
the
tribunal
tribunes
to
in
demanding
the
consulate
itself.
master
augural
lituus.
In
the
first law against undue canvassing.
In 430 a law put an end to arbitrary valuations of
penalties
the
tithe
the
troops.
people
consented
to
it
slain
armies, did harm to the popular cause
;
the Senate was able
which ended in the
again the agrarian
quaestoi'ship.
1
and the rich
year
the
Sabines
and
the
Etruscans
disturbed
the
right
l)ank
of
enemies. But
new
ones.
Thus,
Aequians, and the
result,
so
mountains,
the foreigners, and
Rome, thankful to
of
the
moderation
a
to the
of
their
country
check
for
fifteen
according
as
the
descendants
—
435
and
; and the dictator
divisions which
way
Tarqviin had understood
which
country of the
led l)y
had
with
the
soldiers
in
Rome under
Senate
decreed
that
splen-
dor
 
of
which
nothing
centred about
—
camps,
but
a
terrible
the Latins
faced and
the
Roman
garrison
had
closed
finally
against
the
Romans
who
escaped
massacre
the
citadel,
Camillus
was
of the spoils ; Ijut
good fortune.
a
their
gods.^
Camillus
had
condition that
well
fjible,
from
promising
Juno
Regina
that
her
temple
eternal abode,
the
city
remained
a
desolate
waste
tlirone
To-day
thy walls,
the Romans
have resumed
of the
have haired
yet
settled
between
Rome
and
its
to
be
is forgotten, and Rome has united to her
own territory
enemy. To the
they brought her
the
Capitol
in
a
made
to
transfer
to
that
city
and
people,^
had.
it
is
up again
towards
the
city
and
III.
again
—
powerful
wliich
ex-
and
begged
 
if
struck
with
madness,
gave
them
three
reinforced
by
them
of
gigantic
Tiber,
which
snare, and the
were silent, the
willing
to
beg
an
pass-
ing
the latter
cahnly
and
slowly
))y
the
same
way
the Gauls had allowed
at first rejoiced
were in their
some
and
the
the
Senate
and
A
young
escarped slopes, he reached the
citadel.
should
receive
as
ransom
1,000
massacred
a
body
name of
are not
of Camillus.
stirred
patriotism,
laws,
and
that seemed
aspect the
which his
that it was pre-
Camillus
saved Rome
did not leave
and
lost
Antiuni, and
the Volsci
373
matrons
should
be
delivered
the
Senators agreed, and the
which
to
very
soon
recommenced
their
adventurous
city,
and,
passing
between
two
army
as
the
environs
of
Tibur,
the
of
the
Genucius, and
a
victoiy
very
dearly
bought.
Then
to
preserve
these
tages,
and
Volscian
on
the
condition
of
keeping
their
independence,
which
From
Rome
to
Terracina
all
was
at
peace.
The
secure refuge
usually
so
hard-hearted,
of
pardon.
In
.3-33
the
defeat
Three 3'ears later that people asked and obtained a truce
of forty 3-ears.
stature,
challenged
the
Romans
to
single
combat.
M. Valerius haAdng obtained leave from the consul to accept
the
challenge,
renewed
the
exploit
of
jManlius,
to
which
the
annalists
swooped
towards
the
east.
Liris,^
of
the
pania
to
the
Romans.
has
not
succeeded
falls from
He
was
born
there
(de
Leg.
iv.
1),
and
become strong,
and greatness
of
349.
GALLIC
TORQUIS,
TAKEN
so now debts were the cause of new dissensions. The
land-tax
being
the
Rome,
the land and
sharing
of
the
lost everything,
furniture and
few
cattle,
and
paying
temples and
The
allotment
territory
of
Veil
of Cassius and Maelius,
the
second
to
a
house
time military triliune,
the
young
raillery
showed
the
hurt by
dignities which she
place
her.
The
a
interest in
plebeian.
No
one
arrived. It
but
on
both
sides
dictatorship.
Camil-
lus,
threatened
with
a
one
of
battle,
which
was
on
known.
There
a
century
to
great games held in honor of the
three ancient tribes, a
Offices.
The
history
observed
and
to
the
of Coneord
to
the Roman
upon
themselves,
on
condition
greater, more
frequent and
law-suits
power
was not a very Roman idea, men saw the utility of
insuring
the
regular
course
absent consul.
elected, like
the
imperium,
which
assume the
jus
civile,
and
then,
raising of
of
it
either
were fourteen
this long
Forum
from Etruria, had
to the sound of
the
fields,
this natural
;
Moreover
the
the house
of Pomponius
The
rich
plebeian
garrison
means
employed
by
the
Campanians
as
friends,
on all who
Tusculum,
the
knights.
were
not
taken
spoke last.^
liberty
is
allowed
for
. . . vim conlionis esse voluerunt, etc. ; and he compares all the
precautions taken
finished speaking.
xiii. 15. I need not add that it oftL'n happened,
in
the
assemljly
immediately
taken in olden
later
of
the
law.
they
destroyed.
senatores aul qui eon
sacrorum,
patricians.
time
of
calculations
Hortensius,
which
ratified
all
former
victories,
freed
had
creditors
leaders of
common
with
the
plebeians,
and
There
is
a
no
political
character,
but
wMch
proper date. About
of
the
the
maintenance
obtaining
the
payment
of
and common
people beaten
knew
he makes
Sosia say,*
out of
me
year
367
b.
c,
advantage
was
itself,
and,
above
all,
to
attract
and
to
absorb
mto
its
bosom,
to
spread
its
branches
afar.
An
obscure
altar
be
honored
more
devoutly
than
which
the
that
standing
for the
and
117
Stolo.
CIVIL
law
wages,
so
the
poor
man
old Roman
it
to
itself,
have equalized the
naturally
mingled
some
so long as the
frontier receded,
they consented
acres
to
free
Rome
from
a
certain
number
the population
available for
object
census
the aerarius,
origin, was deprived
Stolo proposed
vines,
lustrum these
proceeds
to
the
they at
returned
to
to
pay
a
comparison with the
from this
rife
had been conquered,
it possible
which
seemed
as
thou2;h
it
would
the harvest.
of
feeding on
which all
ones. Moreover,
a refuge
do
per
head
among
the
people.'
fixed
already paid,
But,
lowered
the
legal
rate
the ravages
scarce
and
at
an
enormous
sacrifice.
the
loans.
the
efficacious,
of
Papirius
towards
the
young
Pviblilius
the
the ergastulvm
the
centurion
expelled from
his tribe,
of
from
the
pulslic
dishonor which falls
those
who
were
Quirites,
outside
the
pale
freedmen,
who
but living under political
dangerous
as
they
represented
men of his time, a great orator, a great lawyer
and
poet
were
and
tliey
that of
the citizens.
again found
Rome all that
407
of
the
the true
tribunes.
He
overruled
his
colleague,
consul to
regina.
The
pride
him,
it
is
said,
to the
fortunes. In draw-
it
tribes
the
aerarii,
the
lihertini.
be
easy
to
lead
obtaining.
years before, had
murderous violence,
In
order
to
THE PASSAGE OF THE APPIAN
WAY.l
l)y
called
the
president
of
the
votes
given
for
him
(304).
When
his
election
the knights the
ambitious
upstart.
concord,
it had been
by
the
precautions lest the
the same
inspiring
Parthenon.
interests of
legions and
the Forum,
1
Reverse
the
Gauls
for
the
next
half
century
battles
herself. The new struggle,
 
enterprise once determined
the
established
course
Tifata, a
extremity the
Gallic bands had
?
so
able to
another,
led
;
climbed the summit
accepted
the
offer ;
Decius
to assemble
their soldiers
in silence
uncertainty,
the
defeated, their
whole
death or dishonor,
It
to
the
jjmicipes
soldiers
the
other
legionaries
gave a pound of meal and a measure of wine.
What
wonderful
gratitude
still
charged
to
near Moimt Gaurus, and
came
alliance
Romans,
of
the
Gauls
having
removed
the
these
come
to
take
his
quitted
his
footing
and
her
was
immense;
While
the
consular
army
was
arriving
secretly
the
consul's
son,
whom
he
ties
the
hope
Janus,
the Roman
victory,
and
the
Latins
field of battle,
reseiwes after the
levies
victory,
which
threw
open
Latium,
(340).
lost the
received
the
of
450
distributed among the
head
are
encouragement
for
the
towns
long
drama.
Revolution,
bulwarks of the league.
these
two
vanquished.
This
the Latins for ever,
marriage,
or
acquire
landed
property
her
nothing
but
of
not
have free access to the temple
of
Juno
Sospita,
yearly
to
offer
solemn
sacrifices.
Beyond
this
1
Caeteris
Sospita, see
retire into these two towns.
 
423
war-sliijis.
the
beaks
^ of
Suessa, which
still exists
of which reach
forgot
of
galleys,
filled
Campanian
independence. The
into
unreclaimed
}'ear 331
succumbed,
when
a
slave
died
the
guilt,
mob
vigilant
guardians
of
the
purity
endeavored to constitute
kings of
alliance of the
same
quest,
settled
somewhere
protection
of
her
without
deciding
anything.
In
331
the
Samnites
desolating the
on couches
 
the
public
necessity
required
theirs.
The
thus
happily
the
of
discipline
to
perfection.
They
issued
from
thousand
of
obeying
interest
RuUianus his
opportunity having
the
Samnites.
At
the
news
of
 
when a religious
out
execution
was,
according
to
custom,
deferred
to
the
morrow.
In
of his
crowd, and the
comitium,
be stripped of his
is
not
absolved
however, complete. Papirius
against
in-
cumbent
and
later,
seated
in
the
Senate
Herennius, whom Cicero
not
promptly
sent
the four legions
 
sent
foreheads and an im-
twelve legion-
ary triliunes.
the
army
(321).
was worse than
the annulling
justify
peace,
or
let
them
send
their
legions
capitulation,
the
offensive,
had
us
to
suspect
the
fidelity
they
were
obliged,
prefect to
Capua to
the Campanians
strictly
invested
and
on
the
part
of
Terracina
and
Fundi.
Whilst
they
followed
the
her, she had no
of the
people. The
Roman Senate,
which held
the moment
Liris,
in
the
country
of
and
the name
to Roman
military honor
Suessa
Aurunca,
to
which
thciy
liad
been
hitherto
admitted,
they
all
Tiie
Senate,
much
necessary
of
giving,
the
were left
obser\ing
beaks, the
p.
429,
the Etruscan
at
the
siege
of
was but
a few
reserve attempted to
;
this
war.
with
their
helmets
crested
of
on
 
Rome
to
this place being
fortune,
that
is,
his
renown
and
perseverance,
into
Samnium.
The
Marsic
confederation
had
SAMNITK
Rome,
her
enemies
were
preparing
of
union.
army
take
upon
(308).
Aequians and Hemicans.^
;
Cor-
months the
trian statue
signs
of
independence,
hut
acknowledged
back
with
all had
which the
seek his
Finding
those
of
the
Sallentine
country
well
to
the
killing some,
had been often beaten.
the recently
struggle. Betwixt
Etruscans in this last period of the
Samnite war,
except by
parties, one desirous
of peace, the
world.
Their
of
which
surromided
the
The enemy,
Monte Velino, but
it a
prison.
Syphax,
Perseus,
and
Bituitus
this consul.
possess
[the
seriously
before
the
arrival
of
the
Gauls,
held
themselves
on
they
remained
five
ing
tlirew
themselves
had descended
from its
the
god-
dess
doubted
the
suspended.
 
consulship.
Ninety
five armies,
were set
Minturnae and Sinuessa
the
the
position
in
tlie
territory
of
the
Camertini,
defences of which he
the
thickest
troubled
the
Latin
legions
would
Fabius, who had
(295
B.
c).
 
displayed
drive
back
enemies
of
of
left alive.
after
a
lapse
of
but his father
under
Sentinum
Way
the remnants of the
between Samnium
the
''
subdued so many
men, that we
,
other
recompense.
mained
simple
execu-
wild
Ix'ast
even
when
humanity
was
the
the Apen-
With her
usual tenacity,
it is
the
very
camp
the
of
their
chiefs had been obliged
—
the consuls
He
Streams
of
blood
waters.
the
Tuscan
land of plenty,
the ancients
Crotona, and
risons.
On
re-
mainder
of
the
the
am-
advantage.
Peace
was
apparently
restored
in
the
peninsula,
submitted
to
alliance
with
it
; but
the
any of the struggles
gold of the
workmanship is referred to the lirst century of our era.
(l)odwcll, dc Parma
the
life
excess
of
were
Rome
represents
enemies,
and
prepares
than ,5,040
of children to be raised in
each household
Sicily
and
thence
;
Hicetas. Gold
p.
495.
which made
PLAN OF
arranging a
as
the
in
(Polyb., X. Fragra. i.).
ing of woollen
walls of
272.
463
garrison out
ceived with
days in
which
all
from
one
enterjJrise
to
achus,
all times
so
with the
to
;
Messina. Some
;
from
the
men who had been
Italy, and
restore to
FIGHTING ELEPHANT
Laevi-
nus,
pushed his
around
returned
to
winter
at
refused
; but,
from
Asculum, which
to save
wear,
and
gave
the
Roman generals that after the battle he would put the
devoted
to
an
ignominious
word
of
the battle,
which we
give abridged.^
does
Valerius
with
the
Italian
mercenaries
and
the
was formed
by the
the wounded
honor.
whither the
against
He
raised
hundred and
the wars
277
Rufinus
and
Bubulcus
had
com-
pleted
the
in the
forests and on the
capture
Cro-
hand
of
an
old
woman
(272).
The
following
Na'ios
the
King
of
states
of
sent
East
turned
their
saw
seizing
the
the Asiatic
AN ELEPHANT.'
taken away.
enemies to
be despised,
mere
sparks.
of
the
of
almost
all
perished
in
lected a few
adventurers, and tried
him quickly
stifled this
re-opening war.
of
the
most
effemi-
nate
passions.
A
popular
liberties,
their
property,
assures
made
little
distinction
This
wars
(265).
But
these
Roman
work.
The Etruscan city was on the height at the place called
(7
i.
oOS)
generations,
had
Persians
to
the
Macedonians
agitated
only
on
the
of his
two hitherto
their
only
in
The Roman
becomes
wider
only
nations
she
throws
out
a
colony,
of various
great
network
selves
Taygetus,
or
from
focis.
But
those
invisible
even
narrow territory
to
because it
as later
the
struggles
and
perpetual
alarms.^
The
sovereign
people
the
Forum,
passage
(de
Leyibus,
ii.
2)
and
a whole
It became depopidated more and more, and pro-
 
height.
The
what period the legend
had 4
from
of
the
new
the
peoples
estab-
lished
around
reserved to
the 35 tribes,
making
their
to leave
sur-
the same language,
and
police
of
their
these little cities.
Sylla,
had appointed
or
ambition
were
colonies founded since
with
restrictions.
Hence
one
distinction
between
to
or
convicted
^
of
Roman
a
'
the Fibrenus,
gate,
p.
47,
No.
7).
of the
imprudent
libertatis, pro-
some
one twentieth
a
were associated to the
\.
they
formed
part
of
the
Repub-
lic,
of suffrage, whose
of alliance
with Rome,
the
praefect-
urae,
of the city, adopted
In the
same
diversity
obliged
j3ull down
their walls
tribute, and furnish
to respect
the
obligations
which
suited
them ;
popular party,
some
obscure
treatment of the
20.)
horse by the bridle,
sight.
great part of
much
to
the
citizens sine
and Tauro-
do so.
Roman
Roman
citizens.
authority
over
of the life
country ; it
to
establish
itself
his
metropolis
(Tliuc,
i.
25).
nothing
more
than
question the
Noca.
Two
quasi
propai/atae
su7it
et
Jura
in-
xiii.
8-9.)
COLOPfY.^
in
veteran
soldiers,*
divided
among
Modcna and
right angles by other
measured,
S(iuared,
and
divided
among
the
Roman
within
supervising theii- wants : triumviri
(Livy, xxxii.
were
so,
but
only
those
river)
intrusted to them, and
at Apamea in
twenty-three
by
vu'tue
and
poor,
last days
began,
the
mountain
district.
In
vain
the
the Senate, by
the
among
the
Marsi,
Aesula
and
ram-
part
Rome
once crossed
broken
it,
been
suf-
garrisons ;
but
two,
of
Aquino.
It was the native place of Juvenal [and of the great
St.
Thomas.
the case of
some I go
the resources of
Second Punic
War the
Apennines
in case of danger,
epoch is
the
main
roads.
of the
attached
military roads and colonies before the
Punic
wars.
In
so s to avoid returning
to this
—
;
and Brindisi
the
Anio
and
Gate to Ancona,
lands assigned
censors had let
districts along
the Adriatic.^
we
have
cross-road,
Verona.
along the coast to Terracina
;
two,
Cassia
and
Aurelia,
to
the
both banks of
the Po. See
seen^
that
often
was
dispossessed
Now
masters
of
Italy,
which
the
services,
precious
money,
the
Roman
people,
terrible
against
field of
iveen resistance,
at least,
greatness,
raised
conquests,
of
municipal free-
dom, to
—
The
bustle
taxes
whatever
to
pay.
^ v.
constitution
permitted,
and
federative
republic
was
very
familiar
to
the law
did
formerly
gold
introduced
without
the
greatest
the conqueror to
intelligence
sufficient.^
This
appeal
from
submissive
men
strong.
The
Roman
because,
in
which
pre-
served
it
to
him.
Thus
always
peace between
the
popular
who commenced
the renown
not
yet
know
that
of
riches.
At
centuries,
that
different order,
and their
laws, drew up
the
life
office
has
expired, he must render an account to the peojole to receive
their
plaudits,
—
the
their
commissioners, and granting or refusing the triumph to the generals
who had
in the
government
of
the gods
after victory,
in
the
their dignity and the
sponsible
control
to
-
places
the
Senate
proceeded
asamst
The plebeian will avoid
of CatiUne,
xxii.
people
as
the
magistrates
—
days
of
royalty.
On
the
eve
of
the
comitia
the
patrician
sinks
his
crowd,
citizen
by
his
name,^
and,
later
written by a
juris-
Solon
fasces
Areopagus
anterior peri(jds
appointed
by
him,
the
thirty-five
tribes.
would be
regarded by
emancipated,
and
of
the
wife
in
manu.
The
master,
the
father,
and
the
husband
different
jurisdictions
dictatorship, which can
of internal
held in check by
a
century,
known
They
were
days,
full
swimming, employing for
that of
ordinary arms.
The noblest
time
1
The
Macedonian
phalanx
had
mass.
Hannibal
underrated
met
as
the
first
the rest
inch
thick.
The
point,
 
whose wealth
arms, only the
There
rank,
optiones,
who
are
velites,
Polybius sjieaks was the Sjianish sword, adopted by the Romans
during the
piluin
iron
pilum-
head.
but as a part of the iron entered the wood,
where
it
was
fastened
by
a
socket,
the
heavy for
the thickness
which he
the
manner
into
ten
com-
l)anies
or
turmae ;
might
still
be
are
best
formed
and
bravest
men
consul's body-guard.
the
legion
formed
battle
array
was
about
617
yards,
without
intervals
to
commence
the
still
against
front
;M3.
.;JHfai:in
oblong, covering
steal
any-
they
will
bring
dignity of
horses
This
 
maniples
of
infantry
quartered
in
along
the
entrenchment
; there
every hour when the guard must be mounted. The signal
given,
the
entrenchment
and
each
watch
on
the
alert
he receives from them a small piece of wood, on which is
written
the
century
of
part.
or
they
soimd
the
make
the same time.
Those who have made the round, carry, as soon as
the
number
guard, are
have been
famy
So
that
from
the
rest
are
condemned
to
receive
barley
camp
off by the
on
the
con-
trary,
calls
and
despoiled
him.
scaled
the
wall
these rewards
They besides hang
of
and each brings
176
by
 
question respecting
the distribution
10 ascs,
(8^rZ.),
and a
possible value
of
1.01 francs; that of
centimes
alone furnish all
own expense equo
equus
rations granted
service
is
then
was
still
filled
that
from
civil func-
character,
which,
Yet
say
and
the
the
Samnites
works of art
time, and who
her old spirit
rostra. (See
Messina, on
the other
coast of
in
and
commanding
in honor of Saint
tlie
declivity
on
Heavenly
of the
but
 
Numidian
and
Moor,
the
Iberian
Lake
;
fij-st, which
commercial port ;
rock,
as
were
I'lioenician
on their sides
stations
as the
Greeks and
of t^arthage
catch
glimpses
of
a
religious
sacred
things.'
This
The Greeks have
Rome.
Greek
ij.va
citadel, appear to have been
140 feet
Zaghwan and
'
gold
to
silver
the
^
exactly Bi ARAT,
silver
piece,
certainly
fertility
of
that there have often been as many as 300. At
the
the Gulf of Sherboro,
which he called the
 
cities, saw
seq.).
restoration,
there
same
Procopius (De B.
of
tliis
mixed
race
were
regarded
eluded
supremacy,
except
Utica,
full
empire. Born of
a merchant city,
Phoenicians
divided
between
them
one
of
the
composed, with
at Malta,
on
them
burdensome
exchanges,
the
Spaniard;
POENO-ROMAN
laurel
a revolt
^
commercial power of
and
silver
the
among the Assyrians,
113.)
simply
a
commercial
the
mercenaries,
the
Carthaginian
Strabo says
his
country,
devotion
to
the
state,
miracles, had
;
of the
cess,
mercenaries forgotten. What matter if
there
were
forty
or
fifty
was easy to get
the
enemy.
Even
if
King
of
produce mischief.
The
pomegranate
being
consecrated
to
201.
Carthage
too
miTcli
that high spirit
at
to
its
enough, but
not thoughtful
of Gades
Masinissa,
agriculture.
Romans
compared
and
Tiahuisset opum scxcentos
to
great
aristocratic
bodies,
which,
energy
and
prudence
for
several
generations,
do
more
for
powerful adversaries
could not
Medusa
of the
government
by
the
all;
at
'
 
lower class. It is thus that they
remedy
the
(509-279).
ROME
by
treaties,
on,
a century
and a
riches.
because it now represents
of
Latium
So its words
the
friendship.
should
The
Carthaginians
limitations
of
restricted
by
no
powerful
marine,
only of
son of
of
 
walls.
COIN OF
by a
stopped
at
nothing
if
he
could
gain
his
hands
lent
by
all
the
cities
on
the
coast.
Appius
sudden attack,
of
the
Anapus
forced
him
to
retire
(264).
He
retired
to
the ancients, and
worth
more
Etna,
coin of
the of the
Eutropius
200.
[The
^apBoviov
Kara
Ki'/ia
the
east
and
west
of
the
killed
alive. Profiting
compelled to stop the pay
of her
four thousand
and the
rendered all
of Italy,
Scipio was
strike
each
other
at
the
water-line
bridge
for
the
soldiers.
Roman
BEAK-HEAD
OF
an
art
remaining
so
long
in
2
During
the
Roman
for
of the
of
Cal-
hill,
name
in
obscurity.
the civilization
Ervcina,
whom
according to
all
would
no
household
gods
the neck
pearls. The
to
formed
into
a
hollow
triangle,
with
double
Carthaginians,
separate it
Africa
to
murmiu'.
and
army,
despite
had
a
cultivate
a
cultivated,
and
seventeen
thousand
kiHed,
who
came
gratitude
commander with two others.
So
the
demands
Regulus,
end of
Second Punic
was
tempest along
into Sicily
ransom
of
two
silver
minae
(200
by the struggle,
shattered, confined
light
troops,
the
saving the
the
sovereign
good.
great
things,
acquired
after
Of
began.
passage
breach,
they
raised.
 
not repair by
(249).
Junius
of
voluntary
death.
Three
years
laterwards
the
that place
with
a
fleet
of
light
vessels
and
the
middle
was
a
the
troops,
iimncla
castrensis.
It
was
struck
Ercte
it
was
not
is
protected
on
of 2,000
aj^art
esteeming
from
fighting.
plainly seen
when,
had
disarmed
all
which
all
kinds.
now
another,
that
were
3,200
Euboic
regarding Sicily, after lasting twenty-four years without
inter-
ruption :
conquest of
one
5
Gallia Cisalpina.
to