History of the AtomScientists and Their Contribution

to the Model of an Atom

Democritus proposes

the 1st atomic theory

460 – 370 BC

History of the Atom - Timeline Antoine Lavoisier

makes a substantial number of

contributions to the field of Chemistry

1766 – 1844

John Dalton proposes his

atomic theory in 18031743 – 1794

0

1856 – 1940

J.J. Thomson discovers the electron and proposes the Plum Pudding Model in 18971871 – 1937

Ernest Rutherford performs the Gold Foil Experiment in 1909

1885 – 1962

Niels Bohr proposes the Bohr Model in

19131887 – 1961

Erwin Schrodinger describes

the electron cloud in

1926

1891 – 1974

James Chadwick

discovered the neutron in in 1932

1700

s18

00s

1900

s

Click on picture for more information

Democritus(460 BC – 370 BC)

• Proposed an Atomic Theory (Atomos or Atomon) (along with his mentor Leucippus) which states: – all atoms are small, hard,

indivisible and indestructible particles made of a single material

– Can be rearranged to form different shapes and sizes.

• Aristotle did not support his atomic theory Image taken from:

https://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/T.+Glenn+Time+Line+Project

Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)

Known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry”

Was the first person to generate a list of thirty-three elements in his textbook

Discovered / proposed that combustion occurs when oxygen combines with other elements

Discovered / proposed the Law of Conservation of Mass (or Matter) which states, in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed

Devised the metric system Was married to a 13-year old Marie-

Anne Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with much of his work

Was a tax-collector that was consequently guillotined during the French Revolution

Image taken from: www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/geotime2.html

John Dalton (1766 – 1844)

In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory which states:o All substances are made of

atoms; atoms are small particles that cannot be created, divided, or destroyed.

o Atoms of the same element are exactly alike, and atoms of different elements are different

o Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances

Calculated the atomic weights of many various elements

Was a teacher at a very young age Was color blind Image taken from:

chemistry.about.com/.../John-Dalton.htm

J.J. Thomson (1856 – 1940)

Proved that an atom can be divided into smaller parts

While experimenting with cathode-ray tubes, discovered “corpuscles”, which were later called electrons

Stated that the atom is neutral In 1897, proposed the Plum

Pudding Model which states that atoms mostly consist of positively charged material with negatively charged particles (electrons) located throughout the positive material

Won a Nobel Prize, 1906

Image taken from: www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/dayintech_0430

Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)

In 1909, performed the Gold Foil Experiment and suggested the following characteristics of the atom:o An atom consists of a small core, or

nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom

o This nucleus is made up of particles called protons, which have a positive charge

o The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space

o Rutherford’s model was called the “planetary model”

Did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha & beta particles, gamma rays/waves) and was referred to as the “Father of Nuclear Physics”

Won a Nobel Prize, 1908 Was a student of J.J. Thomson Was on the New Zealand $100 bill

Image taken from: http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html

Marie Curie Pioneered the science of

radiology & study of radioactive decay

Developed methods for the separation of radium from its ore

Promoted use of radium to alleviate soldier’s suffering

referred to as the “Mother of Modern Physics”

Won a Nobel Prize, 1903 Discovered the element

Polonium

Marie Curie(1867 – 1934)

Lise Meitner(1878– 1968)

Collaborated with Otto Hahn in the study of chemistry, Hahn won Nobel Prize for their work

Einstein referred to her as the “German Marie Curie”

In 1939, co-discovered (with Hahn) nuclear fission, proving the atom could be broken down into sub-atomic particles

Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962)

In 1913, proposed the Bohr Model, which suggests that: electrons travel around the

nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths.

electrons can jump from a path in one level to a path in another level (depending on their energy)

Won a Nobel Prize, 1922 Worked with Ernest Rutherford Image taken from:

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg

Louis de Broglie(1892-1987)

• In 1924, presented research that led to the development the theory of Wave Mechanics also called Quantum Theory or Quantum Mechanics**

• transformed knowledge of physical phenomena on the atomic scale.

• Won Nobel Prize, 1929

Werner Heisenberg(1901-1976)

• Studied plasma physics, atomic physics and thermonuclear processes

• Won Nobel prize, 1932• Famous for Heisenberg

Uncertainty Principle – electrons do NOT travel in neat orbits

• 1925-Introduced Theory of Quantum Mechanics* to explain behaviors of electrons and other subatomic particles

Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961)

• In 1926, he further explained the nature of electrons in an atom by stating that:– the exact location of an electron

cannot be stated; therefore, it is more accurate to view the electrons in regions called electron clouds; electron clouds are places where the electrons are likely to be found

• Did extensive work on the Wave formula Schrodinger equation

• Won a Nobel Prize, 1933

Image taken from: nobelprize.org/.../1933/schroding

er-bio.html

James Chadwick (1891 – 1974)

Realized that the atomic mass of most elements was double the number of protons discovery of the neutron in 1932

Worked on the Manhattan Project Worked with Ernest Rutherford Won a Nobel Prize, 1935

Image taken from: www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/

dayintech_0227

Murray Gell-Mann(1929 – )

• Won the Nobel Prize, 1969

• In 1964 proposed that protons and neutrons were made up of sub-subatomic particles called “quarks”– Can never be isolated– There are up quarks

and down quarks

Progression of the Atomic Model

The structure of an atom, according to:

Democritus & John DaltonJ.J. ThomsonErnest RutherfordNeils BohrErwin SchrodingerJames Chadwick

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