Chapter 1 – The Setting

1. Mountain Systems Luzon: Caraballo del Sur – nucleus of the system

Caraballos Occidentales – divided into the Cordlillera Norte and Cordillera CentralSierra Madre (Pacific Coast range) – longest continuous range in the PhilippinesZambales Range – starts at Cape BolinaoTagaytay Range – passes through Cavite and BatangasMindoro Mountain Range – begins with Mt. Halcon

Visayas: Negros- Kanlaon volcano is the notable peakPanay – separates Antique form Iloilo, Capiz and Aklan

Mindanao – Surigao range – follows the contours of the Pacific coastButuan range – forms the watershed of the Agusan river and the Pulangui riverCentral-western ranges – Mt. Apo is the highestWestern range – begins west of Iligan

2. River SystemsLuzon: Rio Grande de Cagayan – drain the Cagayan valley

Agno Grande – drains Benguet and the valleys of Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan and TarlacAbra River – drains Lepanto, Bontoc, and AbraRio Grande de Pampanga – drain the fertile valleys of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Bulacan

Mindanao: Rio Grande de Mindanao – largest river system in the Philippines, drains the cental basin of MindanaoAgusan – drains the basin of Surigao

3. Volcanoes and Earthquakes Mayon – most activeTaal Volcano – smallest in the world

4. CoastlineManila Bay – one of the finest natural harbors in the world

5. Products and Natural Resources Rice-staple crop of the countryCopra, abaca, gums, resins, rubber, and sugar. Lumber, minerals, and metals.

6. The People Mestizo (mestizoisie) – half-breeds. Janus-faced: Spaniard before a native, and a Filipino before a Spaniard

7. Common Traits Hospitality, Close family ties, Respect for the elders, Fatalistic, Loyalty, Indolent, Lack of

initiative, Curious, Jealousy, Regionalistic, Sense of pakikisama.8. Regional Traits

Ilocano (samtoy) – patient, insutrious, frugal, takes life seriously, most regionalisticTagalog – feels superior, fierce pride, strict code of ethicsBicolano – even temper and religiosity, fond of spicy foodVisayan – happy go lucky, hedonistMuslim – fiercest lover of freedom, man of honor

Chapter 2 – Before the Conquest

1. People of the Philippines -Land bridges theory – Philippines was a part of mainland China. During the Pleistocene or Ice Age, the waters surrounding what is now the Philippines fell about 156 ft below the present levels. As a result, a vast area of land was expose and became sort of land bridges to the mainland of Asia. -Dr. Fritjoff Voss – disputed the theory-Professor H. Otley Beyer –assumes that the Malays migrated to the Philippines-F. Landa Jocano – people of prehistoric Island Southeast Asia belonged to the same population. The core population shared a common cultural orientation. The configuration of these shared elements into a common way of life is what we call the base culture. None of these ancient men could be categorized under any of the historically identified ethnic groups today.

2. Introduction of IslamMudum – laid the foundation of Islam in Malaysia. He preached the doctrines of Mohammed in Sulu.Raja Baginda – arrived in Sulu and promptly converted some of the natives to Islam.Abu Bakr – married Raja Baginda’s daughter, Paramisuli and established a government patterned after the Sultanate of Arabia.Serif Kabungsuan – first sultan of Mindanao

3. Relations with the Orang Dampuans (Men from Champa)They established trading post in Sulu. Buranuns – people of Sulu

4. Relations with Banjarmasin Men of Banjar brought their beautiful princess to Sulu. Sulu came under the influence of Banjarmasin.

5. Relations with ChinaSung Dynasty – chinese goods began to flow into the PhilippinesChinese regained control of the Philippine trade when the Ming emperor, Yung Lo, came to the

throne of China.6. Ten Bornean Datus

Sultan Makatunaw - Datus Puti, Bangkaya (Aklan – Capiz), Dumalugdug, Sumakwel (Hantik-Antique), Lubay, Paiburong (Irong-Irong- Ilo-Ilo) , Dumangsil, Belensusa, Paduhinog and Dumangsol.Panay – inhabited by Negritos called Atis. Ruled by their brave chieftain, Marikudo, and his wife, Maniwantiwan.

7. Alleged Code of Kalantiyaw -orders promulgated by ranking chieftains

8. Chinese influences -umbrellas, gongs, lead, porcelain, gunpowder, mining methods, metallurgy

9. Indian influences- Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera – studies Sanskrit-loan words in Tagalog-Indra Batara – indian king of heaven

Chapter 3 –Early Customs and Practice

1. Clothing Male: Kanggan – black or blue collarless jacket with short sleeves

Bahag – strip of cloth wrapped about the waistPutong - headgear

Female: Baro or camisa – jacket with sleevesSaya or patadyong – loose skirt

` Tapis – red or white cloth wrapped about the waist2. Ornaments- costly and heavy jewels.

Tattoos –sign of bravery or vanity3. Houses – made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm4. Social Classes

-Nobles – chiefs and their families. Lakan Dula or Gat Maitan-Freemen (Mahadlika) –earned their freedom-Dependents (Alipin) – lowest stratum. Acquired by inheritance, by captivity in war, by failing to pay his debts, by purchase, or by committing a crime for which he was duly sentence. (Aliping namamahay or Aliping sagigiling) (Tumataban-when summoned to do so, Tumarampuk-1 day, Ayuey-3 days)

5. The Position of Women – customary laws gave them the right to be the equal of men6. Marriage Customs

-Dowry (bigay-kaya) – land, gold, dependents-Panghimuyat – payment for the mother’s nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood-Bigay-suso – was to be given to the girl’s wet-nuese-Himaraw – reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy-Sambon – bribe to girl’s relatives-Pamumulungan / Pamamalae

Stage of Courtship: -Pananalanguni or betrothal – group of tribesmen of the groom paid the girl a visit-Pedsungud or settlement of the dowry (Kawasateg, siwaka, enduatuan, pangatulian, tatas,langkad, lekat)-Pegkawing – wedding festival7. Mixed Marriages8. Inheritance and succession – legitimate children automatically inherited the property of the parents9. Government

-Each barangay was independent and was ruled by chieftain (executive, legislator, judge)-They paid tributes called buwis in the form of crops-Blood compact or sanduguan – treaty of friendship and alliance

10. Laws -Customary (case) – handed down orallt-Written (legislated)-Recidivist or habitual criminal, Major (rape, murder, incest, witchcraft, insult trespassing, sacrilegious acts, and larceny) and minor crimes (adultery, cheating, petty theft, perjury)

11. How a law was made:-Umalohokan – public announcer

12. Judicial Process-Chieftain (judge), elders (jury)

13. Trial by ordeal – bultong (wrestling ordeal), alaw (ordeal by combat)

14. Religious beliefs -Idiyanale (agriculture), Sidapa (death), Balangaw (ranbow), Mandarangan (war), Agni (fire)

Magwayen (other world), Lalahon (harvest), Siginarugan (hell), Diyan Masalanta (love)-Baylana or Katalona – priest or priestess who performed sacrifices

15. BurialBalata –avenging the death of a relativePasiyam –ninth night after the death

16. Divination and Magic CharmsAsuwang (Poltergeist) –change his form from man to dog to horse to pig, Mangkukulam, Tiyanak, TikbalangAmulets – against dangerAnting-anting or agimat -, gayuma, tagabulag, wiga, sagabe, tagahupa

17. Economic life 18. Agriculture

-Kaingin – land was cleared by burning the shrubs and bushes