History Table by Jeeho Im : Sheet1

Evolution of

Earth and

Human

Time Eon Era Period Epoc

h

Earth/uni

verse

Climate/En

vironment

Living

things

Living

things:

plants

Tim

e

13.7Ga (Billion years

ago)

Big Bang:

Explosion of

small

particle,

expansion

of universe

13.

7Ga

(Bil

lion

yea

rs

ago

)

12Ga Milky way

(our

galaxy):

200 billion of stars out

of 100

billion of

Galaxies

1 12G

a

4.6Ga Solar

system

from

Supernova

4.6

Ga

4.5Ga Hadeo

n Eon

(4.5-4

Ba)

Earth

condensed

into a solid

sphere,

lava

eruptions,

volcanic

activities

CO2, N-

essence of

living things

4.5

Ga

4Ga Arche

an

eon (4-2.5

Ba)

Eoarche

an era

(4-3.6 Ba)

Moon by

Theia

collision

. 4Ga

3.9Ga

Meteor collision:

water

particles,

amino acid,

proto

protein,

minerals,

carbon

Water covered

whole earth

surface -

cooling the

earth

3.9Ga

3.8Ga Paleoarc

hean era

(3.6-3.2

Ba)

Mountain

building

Prokaryotic

cells in the

sea

3.8

Ga

3.6Ga Mesoarc

hean era

(3.2-2.8

Ba)

Archean

rocks

formation

3.6

Ga

3.5Ga Neoarch

ean era

(2.8-2.5 Ba)

Oxygen in

the air from

sea water by photsynthesi

s of

Stromatolite

s.

Oxidized iron

deep in the

sea

Stromatolit

e:

fossilized community

of bacteria

3.5

Ga

2.5Ga Proter

ozoic

eon

(2.5-

Paleopro

terozoic

era

(2.5-1.6

1.Sideri

an

Period

(2.5-2.3

Columbia:

supercontin

ent

2.5

Ga

0.54

Ba)

Ba) Ba),

2.Rhyaci

an

Period

(2.3-2.05

Ba),

3.Orosiri

an

Period

(2.05-

1.8 Ba),

4.Stathe

rian

Period (1.8-1.6

Ba)

1.4Ga Mesoproterozoic

era

(1.6-1.0

Ba)

1. Calymm

ian

period(1

.6-1.4

Ba),

2.Ectasi

an

period(1

.4-1.2 Ba),

3.Stenia

n

period(1

.2-1.0

Ba)

Increasing crustal

recycling

due to

subduction

Eukaryotic cells in the

sea

1.4Ga

1.0Ga Neoprot

erozoic

era

(1.0-

0.54 Ba)

1.

Tonian

Period

(1000-

850

Ma),

2.Cryogenian

Period

(850-

635

Ma),

3.Ediaca

ran

Period(6

35-540 Ma)

Rodinia:

supercontin

ent by

several

episodes of

rapid

increase in continental

crust

production

5 Ice Ages:

Huronian(2.

4-2.1Ba),

Cryogenian

(850-

630Ma),

Andean-Saharan

(460-420

Ma),

Karoo(360-

260 Ma),

Quaternary(

2.58-

present))

1.0

Ga

750Ma (Million years

ago)

750

Ma

(Million

yea

rs

ago

)

650Ma

Pannotia:

supercontin

ent

Greenhouse

earth

Volcano

produce

tremendous

CO2 in the

air - greenhouse

earth - ice

melting -

melted ice

produce

oxygen

Cambri

an

explosi

on:

fish-

tetrapo

ds-amphibi

ans-

reptiles

all

evolved

during

the

Paleozo

650

Ma

ic.

600M

Warm

climate &

enough

water

Multicellula

r organism

Sea

plants

Insects

became

the first

creatur

es

capable of living

full life

span

out ot

the

water,

and the

first to

master flight.

600

M

540M Phane

rozoic

eon (540M

a-

prese

nt)

Paleozoi

c Era

(540-250 Ma)

1.

Cambria

n period(5

40-480

Ma)

Breakup of

a Pannotia

into a substantial

number of

continents

Moderate

and warmer

climate, incresed

oxygen and

decreased

carbon

dioxide

levels in

Paleozoic era

Cambrian

explosion:

diversification of life in

which most

modern

phyla first

appeared.

Life began

in the

ocean but

transitioned onto

land.

Aquatic

flora

until sometim

e in the

Silurian

and

Devonia

n, when

it began

to

transition onto

dry land.

Arthrop

ods

were the first

animals

to

venture

onto

dry

land.

Trilobit

es ("three

lobes"):

a well-

known

fossil

group

of

extinct

marine

arthropods

540

M

450M 2.

Ordovician

period(4

80-440

Ma),

3.Siluria

n

period(4

40-420

Ma), 4.Devon

ian

period(4

20-360

Ma)

Gondwana:

supercontinent by the

collision of

Africa,

South

America,

Antarctica

and

Australia

forming the Pan-African

orogeny

Ozone layer Terrestri

al flora reached

its

climax in

Carbonif

erous

Tetrapo

ds: Some

fish had

lungs

and

powerf

ul bony

fins

that

also could

crawl

onto

land.

The

bones

in their

fins

eventua

lly evolved

into

legs

and

they

became

the first

tetrapo

ds.

450

M

375Ma

5.Carbo

niferous

period(3

Acadian-

Caledonian

uplifts: the

Carboniferou

s: Great

forests of

Large

reptiles

were

Conifers

:first

modern

Amphib

ians

were

375

Ma

60-290

Ma)

collision of

North

America

and Europe

primitive

plants

covered the

continents,

many of which

formed the

coal beds.

dominant

towards

the end of

the

Paleozoic era

plants,

appeare

d

towards

the end of the

Paleozoic

era.

the

domina

nt

tetrapo

ds until the

mid-

Carboni

ferous,

when

climate

change

greatly

reduced

their diversit

y.

260Ma 6. Permian

period(2

90-250

Ma)

Pangaea: supercontin

ent by

continental

collisions

which

resulted in

the

Appalachian

s, Urals, and

mountains

of

Tasmania in

late

Palexoic.

Permian Extinction:

falling sea

levels,

increased

carbon

dioxide and

general

climatic

deterioration,

culminating

in the

devastation

Reptiles continu

ed to

increas

e in

number

and

variety

by the

late Permia

n.

250Ma Mesozoic

era: Age

of

reptiles(

250-65

Ma)

1.Triassi

c

period(2

50-200

Ma)

Arctic

orogeny

created the

Innuitian

orogeny,

the Brooks

Range, the Verkhoyans

k and

Cherskiy

Ranges,

and the

Khingan

Mountains.

Hotter than

today in

Mesozoic era

Archosaurs

First true

mammals,

themselves

a

specialized

subgroup of

Therapsids

Archosa

urian

reptiles

for 135

million

years

250

Ma

200Ma

2.Jurass

ic

period(2

00-145

Ma)

Gradual

rifting of

the

Pangaea:

Laurasia

became North

America

and

Eurasia.

Gondwana

split into

South

America,

Africa, Australia,

Antarctica

and the

Indian

subcontinen

t.

Petroleum:a

ccumulation

of dead

fishes and

plankton in

middle east

Dinosaurs Ginkgo,

is

thought

to have

evolved

at this time and

is

represen

ted

today by

a single

species,

Ginko

biloba.

Therop

od

dinosau

rs-birds

Pterosa

urs-flying

vertebr

ate,

Ichthyo

saurs-

aquatic

reptiles

,

200

Ma

145Ma 3.Cretac

eous

period

(145-65

Ma)

Australia-

New

Guinea,

having split

from

Cretaceous

Extinction

caused by

the

impactor

The

first

mamm

als also

appear

145

Ma

Pangea

during the

early

Cretaceous.

on the

Yucatán

Peninsula

and

vocanic activities.

50% of all

genera

became

extinct,

including

all non-

avian

dinosaurs.

The birds and

mammals

thrived.

ed

during

the

Mesozoi

c. the evolutio

n of

therian

mamm

als,

includin

g

primitiv

e

placentals

65Ma Cenozoic

era: Age

of

Mammal

s, birds,

insests,

and

savanna

s(65 Ma-present)

1.Paleog

ene

period

(65-23

Ma)

Paleoc

ene

epoch

(66-

56

Ma)

Antarctica

moved into

its current

position

over the

South Pole.

South

America

became attached to

North

America.

Paleocene-

Eocene

Thermal

Maximum

Relatively

small

mammals,

birds,

reptiles,

and

amphibians

including

lizards, snakes,

and

perhaps

primates in

the

Cenozoic.

65

Ma

49Ma Eocen

e

epoch

(56-

33.9

Ma)

Himalyan

formation.

India

collided

with Asia

55 to 45

million years ago.

Icehouse

earth: Azolla

in the

stagnant sea

floor

resulted in

draw down of CO2

49

Ma

35Ma

Oligoc

ene epoch

(33.9-

23

Ma)

Arabia

separated from Africa

and collided

with

Eurasia.

Primates

evolved to monkey.

35

Ma

15Ma

2.

Neogen

e period

(23-

2.58

Ma)

Mioce

ne

epoch

(23-

5.3

Ma)

Current

positions of

land and

sea

Primates

evolved to

the

common

ancestors

of gorillas,

chimpanze

es, and

humans.

15

Ma

7Ma

Plioce

ne

epoch (5.3-

2.58

Ma)

Sahelanthr

opus

tchadensis(Toumaï)

7M

a

3Ma

Australopit

hecus

africanus:

first

hominid

3M

a

2.58Ma 3.

Quatern

ary

(2.58

Ma-

present)

Pleisto

cene

epoch

: Ice

Age

(2.58

Erosion,

modificatio

n of river

systems,

creation of

millions of

Quaternary

Ice Age

Homo

habilis

(handy

human)

2.5

8M

a

Ma-12

Ka)

lakes,

changes in

sea level,

and

abnormal winds.

2Ma Paleoli

thic-lower

(2.5M

a to

120Ka

):

hunte

r-

gathe

rer

Homo

rudolpensis

2M

a

1.5Ma

Homo

erectus,

fire, walk,

1st out of Africa

1.5

Ma

Europe Middle East

Asia

Africa Asia/Au

stralria

Americ

a

500Ka Glacial

period

: 478-424Ka

Peking

man

(Homo eructus)

500

Ka

250-200Ka Interg

lacial period

: 424-

374Ka

Homo

neanderthalensis

250

-200

Ka

200Ka Glacial period

: 200-

130Ka

Homo sapiens

(wise

human)

200Ka

130Ka Paleoli

thic-

middl

e

(120

to

35Ka)

Hunte

r-gathe

rer

Interg

lacial

period

(130-

74Ka)

Neandertha

ls and

Homo

sapiens

coexisted in

Europe and

Asia.

to Arabian

penninsula,

but

extinction

2nd out of

Africa

migration

Neandert

hals and

Homo

sapiens

coexiste

d in

Europe

and Asia.

130

Ka

80-70Ka Glacial period

(74-

59Ka)

to Arabian penninsula:

origin of

Asian,

European

3rd out of Africa

migration

80-70K

a

70-45Ka to South

Asia and

Indonesi

a

70-

45K

a

60Ka Interg

lacial

period

(59-

24Ka)

to

Australia

:

crossing

from

southeas

t asia

60K

a

45-35Ka to

Siberia,

Central

and north,

east Asia

45-

35K

a

45Ka to Europe,

Bosphorus strait of

45K

a

Turkey,

Caucasus

mountains,

north Black

Sea

40Ka Neandertha

ls vanished

40K

a

30-13.5Ka Paleoli

thic-

upper

(35 to

10/14Ka)

Hunte

r-

gathe

rer

Glacial

period

(24K-

12Ka)

to

Americ

a,

Bering

strait

30-

13.

5Ka

12Ka Holoc

ene

epoch

:

Interg

lacial

period (12

Ka-

prese

nt)

. 12K

a

B.C. Mesoli

thic

(1000

0 to

5000

BC):

hunte

r-

gatherer

B.C.

8000 Jericho in

Palestine: first town

800

0

Cultivation

of wheat and domesticatio

n of sheep

Pottery for the

presevation

of foods

6500

Catal Huyuk

in Anatolia,

Turkey,

neolithic

town

650

0

4000 Neolih

ic

(4500

to

2500

BC):

hunte

r-gathe

rer --

farme

r-

herde

r--

potter

y

maker

Cultivation

of grapes

Oxen for

pulling the

plough

400

0

3761 First year

(AM1) in

376

1

Jewish

chronology

3500 Mesopotami

an

civilization

Corn

cultivati

on,

Mexico

350

0

3000 Bronz

e Age

(3000

to

1200

BC): early

featur

es of

urban

civiliz

ation

Sumerian

cuneiform

script, lever,

slavery,

armies,

social hierarchies

Egyptian

civilization,

papyrus

Horse

riding

300

0

2500 Stonehenge

in England

Pyramids

and sphinx

in Giza,

Egypt

Indus

civilizatio

n

Huaca

Prieta,

farming

commu

nity in

South Americ

a

250

0

2000 Beaker people in

Britain

Abraham left Ur to

Canaan,

Israel

Capital at Thebes,

Egypt

Yellow River

civilizatio

n: Xia-

Shang

dynasty,

China,

Rice in

China.

Maya civilizati

on

2000

1800 Code of

Hammurabi,

first dynasty

king,

Babylonia

Arian

near

Indus

river,

India

180

0

1750 Indo-

European

tribes (Greeks,

Germans,

Balts,

Italics,

Celts) move

into

western

Europe

175

0

1500 Phoenician

alphabet

150

0

1500

Hittites in

Anatolia,

work on iron

150

0

1250 Exodus from

Egypt:

Moses in

Sinai

125

0

1240 Iron

Age

(1200

C to

200 BC)

Assyria ruled

Babylonia

Ramesses

II in Luxor,

Egypt

124

0

1050 Kingdom of

Israel

105

0

1000 Arian to

Ganges

river,

India

Extincti

on of

mamm

oth

100

0

990 David, king

of Judah,

Israel

990

815 Carthage at

Gulf of

Tunis by

Phoenician

815

800 Brahman

ism &

caste,

India

800

776 Ancinet

Olympic at

Olympia,

Greece

776

770 Spring &

Autumn

period, China

770

750 Polis,

Greece

750

648 Achaemenes

dynasty,

Persian Babylonia

648

624 Buddhis

m, India

624

597 Babylonian

Captivity,

Israel

605

583 Zoroastrianis

m in Persian

Babylonia

583

539 Jewish

Diaspora,

exiled to the

land of Judah, Israel

539

492 Greco-

Persian Wars

492

403 Warring

states period,

China

403

330 Alexander the Great,

Macedonia

330

317 Maurya dynasty,

India

317

264 Punic Wars

(BC 264 to 146), Rome

vs Carthage

Punic Wars

(BC 264 to 146),

Rome vs

Carthage

264

250 Yayoi

culture,

Japan

250

247 Parthian

Babylonia,

ancient Iran

247

221 Qin

dynasty,

Unificatio

n of

China

221

218 Hannibal

Wars,

Rome vs

Carthage

218

202 Han

dynasty,

China

202

146 Carthage

fall by

Rome

Carthage

fall by

Rome

146

31 Battle of

Actium,

victory of

Octavianus,

Rome

31

27 Roman

Empire

27

AD AD

30 Jesus Christ,

cruified

30

220 Three

Kingdom

s, China

220

227 Sassanian

Persia

227

280 Jin

dynasty,

China

280

313 Christianity,

official

state

church of

the Roman

Empire

313

320 Gupta

dynasty,

India

320

325 Councils of

Nicaea,

Rome

325

375 Germanic

migrations

and

invasions

375

395 Eastern and

Western

Roman

Empire

395

439 Southern

and

Northern

Dynasties, China

439

476 476

481 Feudal

system,

Frankish Empire

481

500 Hinduis

m, India

500

511 Merovingia

n dysasty

by Clovis, Frankish

Empire

Christianity

by Clovis

511

570 Birth of

Muhammad

570

589 Sui dynasty,

China

589

610 Islam in Arabia of

Muhammad

610

618 Tang

dynasty,

China

618

622 Hegira, from

Mecca to

Medina,

Muhammad

622

651 Islamic

forces, fall of

Sassanian

Persia

642

651 Umayyad

dynasty,

Islam

661

750 Abbasids

dynasty,

Islam

750

751 Carolingian

dysasty,

Frankish

Empire

751

800 Charlemagn

e, crowned

Emperor of the Romans

800

802 Khmer

Empire, Angkor

city,

Cambodi

a

802

829 English

Kingdom

829

907 5 dynastie

s & 10

kingdom

s, China

907

911 Duchy of

Normandy

911

916 Liao

dynasty

of

Khitans,

China

916

962 Holy Roman

Empire

from East

Francia,

precursor

to Germany

Song

dynasty,

China

962

987 Capetian

dynasty,

France

987

987 Eastern

Orthodoxy,

Russia

987

1055 Seljuk Turks,

Bagdhad

conquer

105

5

1066 House of

Normandy

by William,

the

conquerer, England

106

6

1077 Humilliation

at Canossa, Pope up to

German

King

107

7

1096 Crusades 109

6

1125 Jin

dynasty,

China

112

5

1127 Southern

Song

dynasty,

China

112

7

1187 Conquer

Jerusalem

and

Mesopotam

ia, Ayyubid dynasty, Eg

ypt

118

7

1192 Kamakura

shogunat

e, Japan

1192

1206 Mongol Empire

by

Genghis

Khan

1206

1215 Magna

Carta,

England

121

5

1241 Hansa

commercial

and

defensive

confederati

on

124

1

1271 Yuan

dynasty,

by Kublai

Khan,

China

127

1

1299 Osman

Turk

Empire

129

9

1309 Avignon

Captivity,

Pope down

to French King

130

9

1337 Hundred

Year's War, France vs

England

133

7

1346 Pest (1346-

1350)

1346

1368 Ming

dynasty, China

136

8

1375 Renaissanc

e

137

5

1401 Timurid

dynasty,

Turco-

Mongol lineage

140

1

1414 Council of

Constance, Pope down

to Council

141

4

1428 Aztecan civilizati

on,

Central

Americ

a

1428

1429 Jeanne

d'Arc

victory,

France

142

9

1440 Inca

civilizati

on,

South Americ

a

144

0

1450 Gutenberg,

Movable type

printing

145

0

1460 Fall of Maya,

Central

Americ

a

1460

1492 Columbus,

Portugal

Columb

us on

Americ

a

149

2

1498 Vasco da

Gama, first

European

to reach

India by

sea,

Portugal

149

8

1517 Protestant

Reformatio

n by Martin

Luther, Germany

151

7

1519 Magellan,

world tour, west

bound,

Spain

151

9

1521 Fall of

Aztec

by

Spain,

Central

Americ

a

152

1

1526 Mughal

empire,

northern

, islamic,

India

152

6

1533

Fall of

Inca by

Spain,

Central Americ

a

153

3

1543 Copernicus, Heliocentris

m, Polland

1543

1588 Victories over

Spanish

Armada,

England

1588

1598 Edict of

Nantes,

freedom of

religoion,

France

159

8

1600 East India 160

Company,

England

0

1616 Qing

dynasty,

China

161

6

1642 Puritan

Rovolution,

England

164

2

1648 Absolute

monarchy,

Louis 14th,

France

164

8

1648 Peace of

Westfalen,

collapse of

Holy Roman

Empire &

Roman Catholic,

Germany

164

8

1688 Taj Mahal,

India

1688

1689 Bill of Rights,

England

1689

1713

Prussian Empire,

Frederick

William,

"Soldier

King",

Germany

1713

1760 England

colony

by Battle

of

Plassey,

India

176

0

1764 Industrial

Revolution,

England

Americ

an

Revolut

ionary War177

5-1783

176

4

1776 Declaration of

Indepe

ndence,

US

1776

1789 French

Revolution,

Declaration

of the

Rights of

Man and

Citizen

Bill of

Rights

178

9

1804 Napoleon,

the

Emperor,

France

180

4

1821 182

1

1830 July

Revolution,

rising of the

bourgeoisie

, France

183

0

1839 Opium

War,

Anglo-

Chinese

183

9

War

1858 Manifesto

of the

Commuinst

Party

185

8

1859 Fall of

Mughal,

India

185

9

1861 Darwin,

Origin of

Species,

England

Americ

an Civil

War,

1861-

1865

186

1

1863 Emanci

pation

Proclamation,

US

186

3

1868 Meiji

Restoration,

Japan

186

8

1871 German Empire

Unification,

Bismarck-

prime

minister

1871

1911 Xinhai

Revolutio

n, fall of

Qing

dynasty,

China

191

1

1912 Balkan

Wars

Republic

of China

191

2

1914 World War I

1914~1918

191

4

1917 Russian

Revolution,

Bolshevik(c

ommunist)

government

191

7

1919 Treaty of

Versailles,

end of

World War

1

Gandhi,

nonviole

nt civil

disobedi

ence, India

191

9

1920 League of

Nations for world peace

191

9

1921 Commun

ist Party of China

192

1

1922 USSR,

Union of

Soviet Socialist

Republics

192

2

1923 Republic of

Turkey

1923

1929 Great

Depression,

US

192

9

1933 Nazi regime,

Germany

New Deal,

US

1933

1935 Iran 193

5

1939 World War

II

1939~1945

193

9

1941 Pacific

War with

Japan vs

US

~1945

194

1

1945 Arab League Atomic

bombing

s of

Hiroshima and

Nagasaki

, US

United

Nations

194

5

1945 Korea,

Vietnam,

Cambodi

a,

Indonesi

a

liberatio

n

194

5

1947 UN Partition

Plan for

Palestine

Pakistan

liberatio

n from

India

194

7

1948 Republic

of Korea

Marshal

l Plan,

European

Recover

y

Progra

m, US

194

8

1949 People's

Republic

of China,

China

194

9

1950 Korean

War

1950~19

53

195

0

1955 Vietnam

War

1955~19

75

195

5

1957 Egypt,

Ghana libe

ration

195

7

1960 Nigeria &

17 African

nations

liberation

196

0

1965 Vietnam

by US

Army

196

5

1966 Cultural

Revolutio

n, China

196

6

1968 OPEC,

Organization

of the

Petroleum

Exporting Countries

196

8

1969 Apollo

11 landed

the first

humans

on the

196

9

Moon,

US

1973 Oil crisis 197

3

1978 Afghanis

tan

invasion

by

Soviet

Union

197

8

1979 Iranian

Revolution,

Islamic

republic by

Khomeini

197

9

1986 Chernobyl

nuclear

disaster, USSR

198

6

1988 State of

Palestine

198

8

1989 . Tiananm

en

incident for

democra

cy, China

198

9

1990 Unification

of Germany

Gulf War by

coalition

forces from

34 nations

led by the

United

States

against Iraq

1990-1991

199

0

1991 Dissolution

of USSR as

independen

t post-Soviet

states

199

1

1993 EU(Europea

n Union)

1993

1994 Mandela,

first black African

president

of Republic

of South

Africa

199

4

1997 Hong

Kong

from

England

to China

199

7

1999 Macao

from

Portugal

to China

199

9

2001 World

Trade

Center

bombin

g, US

200

1

2003 Iraq War vs

US, 2003-

2011

200

3

2008 Obama,

first

African-

Americ

200

8

an

Preside

nt