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History of Beekeeping Norfolk County Beekeepers Associa7on 2013 Available for download from www.norfolkbees.org

History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

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Page 1: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

History  of  Beekeeping  

Norfolk  County    Beekeepers  Associa7on    

2013  

Available  for  download  from  www.norfolkbees.org  

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Page 3: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

Beekeeping  Evolu7on  

•  Opportunis7c  Honey  Hun7ng  •  Tending  of  Wild  Hives  •  Reloca7ng  Wild  Hives  •  Purpose  Built  Hives  

– Hollow  Logs  – PoIery  Vessels  – Skeps  – Wooden  Hives  

•  Modern  Managed  Hives  

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Species  – Dorsada  –  Asian,  Large,  Single  Comb,  Outside  Dwelling  

– Floria  –  Asian,  Small,  Single  Comb,  Outside  Dwelling  

– Cerina  –  Asian,  Small,  Parallel  Comb,  Cavity  Dwelling  

– Mellifera  –  Africa/Europe/Mid-­‐East,  Parallel  Comb,  Cavity  Dwelling  • Many  Races!  

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Only  one  creature  has  more  wriIen  about  it  than  Bees:    

Man  

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So,  Who  were  the  first  to  exploit  bees  for  their  Honey  and  Wax?  

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•  For  150  –  100  Million  Years  – Flowering  plants  have  existed  and  produced  nectar  and  pollen  

•  For  50  –  25  Million  Years  – Solitary  bees  had  existed,  also  early  primates  

•  For  20  to  10  Million  Years  – Social  bees  have  produced  and  stored  honey  

•  For  a  few  Million  Years  – Man  has  existed  and  has  eaten  honey  

•  For  a  few  Thousand  Years  – Records  exist  of  man’s  exploita7on  of  honey  

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15  –  20,000  YEARS  AGO  

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Spain  6000BC  

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Spain,  4500BC  

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South  Africa  

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Egypt  

•  “When  Ra  weeps  again,  the  water  which  flows  from  his  eyes  upon  the  ground  turns  into  working  bees.    They  work  the  flowers  and  trees  of  every  kind  and  honey  and  wax  comes  into  being.”  

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WriIen  reports  from  3,00  years  ago  detailing  migratory  beekeeping  

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Egypt,  2400  BC  

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Egypt,  1450  BC  

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India  500BC  

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Greeks  

•  384  BC,  Aristotle  wrote  much  about  beekeeping.    

•  Foulbrood  

•  First  to  note  that  honeybee's  don't  visit  flowers  of  different  kinds  on  one  flight,  but  remain  constant  to  one  species.    

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Romans  •  Pliny  wrote  about  beekeeping  in  about  50AD  •  Wrote  about  wax,  and  propolis  •  Described  a  transparent  (Observa7on)  hive  •  The  Mead  consumed  by  the  Celts!  •  “Bees  are  the  smallest  of  birds,  and  are  born  from  the  bodies  of  oxen”  

•  Virgil  wrote  about  beekeeping  in  about  40BC    •  Keep  hives:  

–  Near  water  –  Out  of  the  wind  –  Away  for  lizards,  moths,  and  birds  

•  Emphasized  the  hives  ruler  •  Praised  Bees  for  their  abstension  from  Sexual  intercourse  •  Spontaneous  Genera7on?  

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0  to  1400  AD  •  Rome  declining  (300AD)  •  Fall  of  Rome  (450AD)  

– Travel  Unsafe  – Knowledge  not  easily  disseminated  

•  Dark  Ages  – No  wriIen  history  – No  major  achievements  

•  Black  Plague  1350  (75  Million  Dead!)  •  Beginning  of  the  Renaissance  (1400s)  •  Prin7ng  Press  1450  

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SKEPS  FROM  MIDDLE  AGES    

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SKEPS  ARE  STILL  USED  IN  PARTS  OF  EUROPE  

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1500  -­‐1600  AD  

•  In  1586,  Luis  Méndez  de  Torres  first  described  the  queen  bee  as  a  female  that  laid  eggs.    

•  1609  Charles  Butler  iden7fied  the  monarch  as  a  female  queen  and  the  drone  as  a  male  bee.  

•  In  1637,  Richard  Remnant  recognized  that  the  worker  bees  were  females.  

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Francis  Huber  •  Fully  movable  frame,  Leaf,  hive  1789  •  Observa7ons  on  Bees  •  Queen  ma7ng  prac7ces  and  role  of  Drones  

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Johann  Dzierzon  

•  Discovery  of  parthenogenesis  in  Queen  bees  1835.  

•  Discovery  of  Royal  Jelly  and  its  role  in  Queen  development  1854.  

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Rev.  Lorenzo  Lorraine  Langstroth  

(1810  –  1895)  

“Father  of  American  Beekeeping”    

Andover,  MA    1836  -­‐  1847  

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Eureka!  1851  

Lorenzo  Langstroth  clarifies  bee  space,  the  3/8  inch  needed  between  frames  for  bees  to  build  comb.  

 The  Langstroth  Movable  Frame  Hive  is  the  first  and  most  important  invenJon  in  crea7ng  a  commercial  beekeeping  industry.  

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STILL  CALLED  LANGSTROTH  HIVES  

  MOVEABLE  FRAME  HIVES  ARE  THE  LAW  OF  THE  LAND  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  

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Honeybees  around  America  

•  First  Honeybees  to  America  in  1622  

•  First  documented  apiary,  Newbury  1640  

•  Spread  with  SeIlers  and  via  Swarms  

•  Per  Thomas  Jefferson,  1784,  to  Na7ve  Americans:  ‘White  Man’s  Flies’  

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Honeybees  around  America  

•  Langstroth  Movable  Frame  Hive  -­‐  1851  

•  Honeybees  to  California  1860’s  

•  2  Million  lbs  of  honey  in  CA  in  1884  

• What  was  a  scarce  product  became  an  abundant  commodity  by  1880!  

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Inven7ons  Fast  and  Furious  

•  Inven7ons  fed  off  each  other  – Pre-­‐formed  wax  founda7on:  1857    

– Extractor:  1865  Francesco  De  Hruschka      

– Smokers:  1873  Moses  Quimby  

– Queen  Excluder  Improved  

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1900’s  

•  Breeding  Honeybees:    – Brother  Adam  

– Africanized  Bees  in  the  Americas  1950’s  •  Brazil  breeding  sta7on  •  OOPS!  

•  More  Hybrids  

•  More  Scien7fic  Studies  

•  More  interest  in  Beekeeping  

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Brother  Adam  1898  -­‐  1996  

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1925  –  Brother  Adam    Breeding  Honeybees  for  certain  traits:  

The  Buckfast  Bee  

•  Good  Temper  

•  Disease-­‐Resistance  •  Prolific  •  Propensity  for  hard  work  

•  Disinclina7on  to  swarm  

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2000’s  

•  Increased  public  awareness  of  the  cri7cal  role  that  Honeybees  play  in  the  ecosystem  and  their  role  in  pollina7on  of  food  crops!  

•  Increased  literary  interest  in  Bees  and  Beekeeping  as  evidenced  by  the  success  of  The  Secret  Life  of  Bees,  Vanishing  of  the  Bees,  and  Queen  of  the  Sun.  

•  Increase  in  Community  Supported  Agriculture  (CSAs),  personal  responsibility  for  the  food  we  grown  and  eat,  awareness  of  the  benefits  of  ea7ng  local,  healthy,  nutri7ous  food.  High  increase  of  allergies  and  food  and  chemical  sensi7vi7es.    

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VARROA  MITES  

  FIRST  FOUND  IN  THIS  COUNTRY  IN  1987  

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TRACHEAL  MITES  

  FIRST  FOUND  IN  THIS  COUNTRY  IN  1984  

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Welcome  to  Beekeeping  2013    

And  we  thought  we  were  going  to  have  a  small  class  this  year!  

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Norfolk  County    Beekeepers  Associa7on  

•  Founded  in  1953  –  A  few  men  got  together  to  talk  about  beekeeping  

•  2005  –  Club  had  about  65  members  and  18  students  in  bee  school  

•  2013  –  Club  has  350+  members,  and  102  students  in  bee  school  

•  A  diverse  group  of  people,  from  all  walks  of  life.    •  One    beekeeper  with  60,000  hives  can’t  make  a  difference,  but  60,000  beekeepers  with  one  hive  can  make  a  different.  (Michale  Pollan,  Vanishing  of  the  Bees)  

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What  the  club  does!  

•  Host  monthly  mee7ngs  at  the  Norfolk  Aggie  with  programs  and  guest  speakers  

•  Runs  bee  school  •  Con7nuing  educa7on  classes  throughout  the  year  •  Mentoring  program  •  Discounts  on  bee  packages,  nucs,  and  glassware.  •  Provide  scholarships  at  the  Norfolk  Aggie  •  Involvement  in  local  and  state  beekeeping  organiza7ons  

•  Promotes  the  art  and  science  to  the  general  public  

•  Social  events  for  club  members  

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Bee  S7ngs  

•   They  HURT  and....  

       

                                     we  REACT  

  You will probably get stung   If you have not been stung

before, be aware of what happens.

  Most stings result in pain, some swelling, redness.

  If you think you are having a reaction (swelling of tongue, tingling sensation, dizziness, or shortness of breathe, seek medical attention. Don’t wait.

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Bee  S7ngs  

•   Normal  Reac7on  

► Pain ► Wheal develops at puncture site ► Redness develops around wheal ► Swelling

- a little at site - a lot at site (large local)

► Itching

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Normal  Reac7on  

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Bee  S7ngs  

Page 50: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

Bee  S7ngs  

•   Normal  Reac7on  

•   Allergic  Reac7on  

•   Toxic  Reac7on  •   Too  many  s7ngs    at  one  7me  

Page 51: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

Too  Many  S7ngs!!  

Page 52: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

Bee  S7ngs  401  

•  What  to  do  to  avoid  being  STUNG.....  

•  proper  clothing    •   smoker  •   best  environmental  condi7ons  •  scrape  s7ng  out  promptly    •   slow  movements-­‐  no  jerking  or  

 ‘windmills’  •   extra  care  around  hive/flowers  •   don’t  remove  veil  too  soon  •   keep  gentle  bee  stock  

Page 53: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

Bee  S7ngs  601  A  bee’s  front  end  is  sweet  and  kind,  But  never  trust  a  bee’s  behind.  A  bee  can  s7ng  if  it  can  sit,    So  always  stay  in  front  of  it!  

Does  anyone  know  who  wrote  this?  

Page 54: History(of(Beekeeping(norfolkbees.org/files/104_History.pdf2000’s • Increased(public(awareness(of(the(cri7cal(role(that Honeybees(play(in(the(ecosystem(and(their(role(in(pollinaon(of(food(crops!(•

Beekeeping-­‐Bee  School  Gradua7on  

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