Hksn Thesis Report

8/8/2019 Hksn Thesis Report

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I know thy works:Behold,

I have set before thee an open door,and no man can shut it.

Revelation 3:8


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2009 Hockson Floin


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BHARATH UNIVERSITY

Department of Architecture

Certificate

This is to certify that this thesis project entitled Everything For Roger

Federer, is submitted by S.Hockson Lal bearing the Register number

U04AR009, 10th semester student of Architecture, Bharath University is a

partial fulfillment to the Bachelor degree in Architecture, from Bharath

University is a bona fide work of the student to the best of my knowledge and

could be placed before the examining authority for their consideration.

Prof. VAITHYANATHAN

Head of the department,

School of architecture,

Bharath University.

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER


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This book is dedicated with admiration to Roger Federer,

and

with gratitude to my family.


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One dawn will wait for my brows to open

Through my eyes Ill see a world changed for me

Everyone in this universe will have a reason to talk about me

Students of my nation will learn how I surged up in my life

Youths will follow my footprints and the paths I walked.

Ill be on the worlds priceless throne,

dreaming of a new achievement - something far beyond the human imagination

and

Ill be the news of my time.

Ill not give me up to grave before realizing the dreams in my life.

website:

www.hockson.tk

e-mail

[email protected]


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10

ABSTARACT 11

1. INTRODUCTION 14

1.1 Requirements 14

2. LITERATURE STUDY 15

2.1 Introduction 15

TENNIS COURT 2.2 Site investigation 16

TENNIS STADIUM

2.3 Site stripping

2.4 Sub Base Embankment

2.5 General

2.6 Recommended Area

2.7 Orientation

2.8 Size and Dimension

2.9 Drainage

2.10 Surface Classification

2.11 Special Consideration

2.12 Indoor Requirements

2.13 Design Principles

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2.14 Play Field Orientation

2.15 Safe Stadiums

2.16 Playing Area

2.17 Court Details

2.18 Parking

2.19 Office Space

2.20 Spectators

2.21 VIP Area

2.22 Media

2.23 Communication

2.24 Lighting

2.25 Safety Requirements

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41

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3 CASE STUDY 61

3.1 Trivandrum Tennis Club 61

3.2 SDAT Stadium 66

4 INTERNET STUDY 70

4.1 Wimbledon 70

5 SITE ANALYSIS 75

6

7

ZONING

From Hksns Desk

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82


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Working on a Thesis is never a lone endeavor. You learn from others, you pickup ideas; someone gives you a crisp turn of phrase that encapsulates a pointwell. Someone encourages you and gives you confidence. I have many peopleto thank: Swiss superstar Roger Federer, from whom I got the permission andbest wishes to continue working on this project, the man who turned all mythoughts and dreams towards the mighty Switzerland. Anita Bugnella, AthinaKapws, Bahar Karcar, Aphrodite Aphie and Milena Simonovic and Jeannette

for their interest in collecting, what fan does wish to have in Roger Federerscompound? And then many individuals and organizations I have workedwith, especially Trivandrum Tennis Club and SDAT Stadium managements,who I assume as the corner stone to this thesis and they gave me a real chanceto think some good things through their infrastructures.

My special thanks go to Ar.Sreejith, whose assistance in helping me with siteresearch was invaluable. My Swiss friend Silvia gave me the opportunity tosurvey projects throughout German speaking Swiss Cantons through digitalcopies and of course my nephew Ryan who crawled inside my door when I

started to work with my thesis and his development both mentally andphysically after days are some good source of encouragement to work hard. Iwish him a cheerful life ahead.

My thanks go to the numerous friends and juniors who provided suggestionsand encouragements in making my initial move; I truly appreciate yourinterest in this project. I appreciate your cheerful attitude Kandars. Be myfriend forever. Im sure, I will miss you all.


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II LLLLUUSSTTRRAATT II OONNSSFigure

1. Size and Dimension of Tennis Court. USTA2. Features of Tennis Court3. Indoor Requirements4. Accessories of Tennis court5. Orientation of Stadium FIFA6. Play Area of Tennis Stadium7. Grass court section Wimbledon8. Clay Court Section Roland Garos

9. Tennis stadium Public access Egress10.Doping control room.11.Players Room12.Office Space13.First Aid Room14.Seatings Plan15.Seating Section16.Comfort for spectators17.VIP Area18.Media Area19.Camera Positions ESPN

20.Score board21.Trivandrum Tennis Club22.TTC Zoning23.TTC Orientation24.TTC Clay Court No.225.SDAT Stadium Zoning26.SDAT Centre Court27.SDAT Orientation28.AELTC: WimbledonAELTC29.Site Location30.Site Report

31.Site Zoning32.Stadium Zoning33.Site 3D zoning34.Site Circulation35.Circulation


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ABSTRACT

AIM:

We Indians hoping to start INDIAN OPEN by 2018, before initiating the

tournament we need some young Indian lads to set new standards in world Tennis

as how Roger Federer dominated. Its impossible to personalize our boys without a

proper guide because Indians like Sania Mirza, Leander Paes are not much popular

to the tennis fans. Here comes the only choice Roger Federer, who reached the

ultimate and only he can guide our boys with his wide experience. The main aim of

this Tennis Academy is to provide a single site of national focus for tennis in India,including international tennis players who can use this as their training centre, the

very best opportunity to realize their potential by offering world class facilities

suitable for use by all.

OBJECTIVE:

To generate an innovative space considering the function and existing

natural settings.

Providing luxurious atmosphere to the internationally well known star withwhat he demands and dreams.

To respond sensitively to the site settings and its changes in land levels.

Using the internationally accepted materials.

To provide a world-class facility for young players, coaches andadministrative headquarters of Roger Federer Foundation, India.

This project is planned to organize indoor and outdoor tennis courts, withgrass, clay and acrylic surfaces, and training facilities include gymnasia,hydrotherapy pool, sports medicine and science facilities, player and coach


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accommodation, teaching spaces, offices and a luxurious living environmentto Roger Federer.

SCOPE:

The 7th largest nation with more than one billion citizens doesnt have a Tennis

athlete to carry out its name to the tennis fans. Its the apt time to make our move

with the greatest player in tennis history and the start of this academy will turn the

heads of the tennis world towards India.

AREAS OF STUDY:

Swiss Architecture for Buildings Behavioral Aspects of four different Tennis Courts

SITE:

The site measures 20.3 acres at kaniyapuram, about 12kms away from

international airport Trivandrum.

* Current Usage Coconut Plantation

* Earth filling required

* As of the plan of Construction coconut plantations to be removed

FACILITIES:

1. Tennis Academy

* Class rooms

* Seminar halls

* Rooms for Counselor, Physiotherapist & Nutritionist

* Gymnasium

* Staff & Students Dorm with Kitchen and Dining

* Meditation Hall


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2. Tennis Courts

* Clay Surface

* Grass Surface

* Carpet Surface, both Indoor and Outdoor

* Hard Surface

3. Stadiums

* One Indoor and outdoor stadiums for tournaments

4. Administrative Building

* Roger Federer Stores

* Exhibition Hall

* Administrative Office for Roger Federer Foundation

5. For Roger Federer

* Luxurious Living environment for Roger Federer

* Private Office Space

* Multipurpose Hall

* Italian Landscape

POSSIBLE CASE STUDY:

SDAT Stadium, Nungambakkam.

Trivandrum Tennis Club


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11 .. II NNTTRROODDUUCCTT II OONN

A recreational facility of a township has always been a hub to the community.

At this beautiful 20 acre site in Techno-city, Trivandrum I aim to develop amore complete on-court game, program focuses on players development intennis, gorgeous entertaining settings for guests with peace and a stadium fortennis . This recreational area development includes two major sportsactivities, the combinations of which are well accepted worldwide- Tennis andGolf.

1.1RR

EE

QQ

UU

IIRR

EE

MM

EE

NN

TT

SS

Living Environment for Roger federer

Tennis Academy

Tennis courts in every grand slam surface. Tennis Stadium Multi-purpose play field Versatile meeting and function space. Restaurants.

Pro Shops. Performance center. Kids Club.


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22 .. LL II TTEERRAATTUURREE SSTTUUDDYY

2.1 II NN TT RR OODD UU CC TT II OONN

In all urban societies there is a need for places for healthy recreational spaces.Informal or formal, with or without equipment, the way recreation is practiced orenjoyed is part of the cultural lifestyle of any given urban community.There are two ends of the recreational spectrum, both evident in many cities in theworld, and depend largely on the level of affluence and the preferred form ofrecreation.

Around cities endowed with natural features and specific climatic conditionswithin easy reach for urban dwellers might be the pattern for recreation.

In situations where natural features less prominent, structured amenities

might be required of the local government for the urban population to enjoythe therapy of play.

A survey conducted by Whyte in 1982 and observed certain behavior patterns insmall public spaces on social interaction.

The quality of the urban environment makes a difference in childrens conduct andtheir willingness to learn acceptable social behavior, leading ultimately to moreproductive community life.

Children learn through their senses - a child at play is, in fact, learning and can learnfrom the environment in a positive way.

In the wider public context the urban environment requires planned amenitiescomprising many familiar forms usually under the umbrella of landscapearchitecture. Generally these are:

seating, fountains, shelters, steps, kiosks, bandstands sports fields, play equipment and landscaped parks trails along natural features

Options for recreational space should include a range for both formal and informaluse. In a study of community needs in the developing world by Culpin et al in1983,provides a synthesis for formal facilities Areas for formal games should bereasonably level and of suitable surface.


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TTEENNNN II SS CCOOUURRTT

2.2 SSII TT EE II NN VV EESSTT II GGAA TT II OONN

The ultimate performance of any tennis court depends to an important degreeon subsoil and drainage conditions.Expansive soils or plastic soils and use of base course materials consisting ofthese types of soils can create further problems.Site preparation, including stripping, placement of backfill and baseconstruction must be properly performed to minimize the risk of problemsdue to subsoil.

The following Guidelines for site investigation should be applied withconsiderable flexibility depending on the nature of the conditions that exist ata particular site, and the degree of risk that the owner is willing to takeregarding adverse effects of subsoil conditions.

Obviously, the more serious conditions that require an adequate studyinclude:1. The existence of peat or other organic soils at the site;2. Uncontrolled fill materials or waste materials at the site;3. Expansive soils at the site;4. High ground water conditions or surface water retention areas;

2.3 SSII TT EE SSTT RR II PP PP II NN GG EE XX CC AA VV AA TT II OONN

Unless otherwise specified, topsoil and other unsuitable materials at the site,and to a minimum distance of 5' beyond the surfaced area, should be removedin such a manner as to minimize disturbance of the remaining sub grade soils,and to facilitate placement of embankment materials and/or base course

materials. Topsoil should be stored at the site and reused for landscaping atthe completion of construction.


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2.4 SSUU BB BB AA SSEE EE MM BB AA NN KK MM EENN TT

Embankment is fill material necessary to raise the grade at the site, afterremoval of unsuitable materials to provide the surface on which to place the

base course for the tennis court.While well-graded granular soil is preferred for embankment fill.The material should be free of organic or expansive material, and of particlesgreater than 1 " in dimension.It should be placed in lifts not to exceed 6" in thickness and compacted to 95%of the maximum density.The water content of the fill should be reduced by aeration or increased byadding water, as necessary to achieve the required compaction.

Excavation cuts existing vegetation growth but does not entirely eliminate it.Tree roots extending under the court or track area must be neutralized orremoved prior to construction. (There are commercially available productswhich inhibit root growth).

2.5 GGEE NN EERR AA LL

The number of active tennis players at present is between 1.6% and 3% of the

total population. Use a 1:30 court: player ratio as a rule of thumb for thecalculation of the number of courts needed in new developments.

Necessary courts (T) = Population x 3

100 x 30

To calculate the size of plot required, add the net areas (usable sports area)

needed for the planned number of tennis courts, training walls and childrens

facilities. To this add an additional 60-80% of the total net area to give the

overall plot size.

2.6 RR EECC OOMM MM EENN DD EE DD AA RR EEAA

Ground space is 7,200 sq ft minimum.The area needed for tennis courts in childrens facilities is between 120 &

153m


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2.7 OORR II EENN TT AA TT II OONN A tennis court should be laid out to minimize players looking into the sunwhen serving or when following the flight of a ball. A tennis court also shouldbe laid out to avoid distracting shadow lines. Orientation of long axis is to be

North-south.Orientation also should take into consideration other structures and featureson the site, neighboring property, vehicle and pedestrian traffic and prevailingwinds. Property lines, zoning requirements, topography of the site andefficient site utilization should be considered as well.

2.8 SSII ZZ EE AA NN DD DD II MM EENN SSII OONN SS

Single Court 8.23 x 23.77m

Doubles Court 10.97 x 23.77m

Side Margin for competitions 4m

End Margin for competitions 8m

Between Two Courts 7.30m

All lines should be not less than 1" (2.5 cm) nor more than 2" (5 cm) in width,except the base line which may be up to 4" (10 cm) in width and the centerline which should be 2" (5cm) in width.

Hockson Fig. 1


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2.9 DD RR AA II NN AA GGEE

Drainage may be from end to end, side to side, or corner to corner diagonallyat a minimum slope of an inch in 10 feet(0 .8 to 1%) for non porous surfaces

or 0 .003 to 0 .004% for porous surfaces.

2.10 SSUU RRFF AA CC EE CLASSIFICATION

2.10.1 Porous Construction

A system which permits some water to permeate through the surface.

Fast Dry Clay Natural Grass Sand-filled Synthetic Turf Porous Asphalt Porous Concrete Modular

2.10.2 Non Porous Construc t ion

A system which does not permit water to permeate through the surface,Drainage is achieved by surface run off.

Non-Cushioned Reinforced Concrete and Post-Tensioned Concrete Hot Plant Mix Asphalt Asphalt Penetration Macadam Cushioned Acrylic Bound Systems Textiles Sand-filled Synthetic Turf (over non-porous base) Portable


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2.11 SSPP EECC II AA LL CC OONN SS II DD EE RR AA TTII OONN

1. Fence2. Wide Screens

3.

Net Posts4. Flood Lights

2.11.1 FENCING

Fence enclosure, if provided, should be 10-ft-high, 11-gauge, and 1 in meshchain link.The purpose of fencing around a tennis court is to keep most of theballs within the court during play.

Hockson Fig. 2


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2.11.2 OUTDOOR WIDE SCREEN

Windscreens serve many purposes. There are several methods ofaccomplishing the desired results depending upon specific needs.

The purposes of windscreens are:

To provide a background to allow player to see the ball. The darker thebackground, the better the ball definition.

To aid the court in blending into its surroundings.

To reduce the reflection of the sun's glare off chain link fencing andposts.

To provide a shield for the player from the wind. A windscreen shouldeither block or distort strong winds so that the game can be playedunder the best conditions, while allowing gentle breezes for ventilationand cooling.

To provide privacy to players and to screen out annoying distractions,such as passersby, parking lots, swimming pools and highways.

To contain artificial light at night.

The three materials most commonly used for windscreens are Vinyl coated polyester, Polypropylene and Polyethylene

2.11.3 NET POSTS

Net posts should be set 3' (.91m) outside the side line, which is 42' (12.802m)apart, center to center for doubles play, and 33' (10.058m) apart, center to

center for singles play.The top of the net at the inside face of the posts or supports when used tosupport a net for singles play on a doubles court should be exactly 42"(1.067m) above the court surface.There should be no obstruction above the top of the net at any point, includingat the post.


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Net height in the middle 0.915m

Net height at the posts 1.07m

2.12 II NN DD OOOORR RR EEQQII RR EEMM EENN TT SS

2.12.1 GENERAL

A height of 9-11m is recommended; 9m is generally sufficient.

The applicable height of a hall is measured at the net from the floor to

the underside of the roof truss. The same height is needed over the full

width of the court.

The height at the outer limit of the run-out area should be at least 3m.

Halls may be permanent or multipurpose.

One court requires a hall size of 18.30m x 36.60m The space directly above the area within the playing lines should be free

from any overhead Obstructions for outside play, and should be not lessthan 21' over the baseline and 35' minimum, 38' recommended over thenet line.

The distance from the wall adjacent to the nearest court should be aminimum of 12' and there should be a minimum of 18' between thecourts. The distance behind the baseline should be a minimum of 18' inthe clear or to a walkway or exterior wall, although a distance of 21' is

preferred.

Hockson Fig. 3


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2.12.2 FABRICS

The fabric should be a high strength vinyl coated polyester materialthat exhibits long life, strength, stability and resistance to ultraviolet ray

degradation. The most commonly used fabrics are approximately 28 oz. per square

yard and have tensile strengths of 300-600 lb. /in. Translucent fabrics allow natural light to enter the structure. A

translucent outer fabric needs to be combined with a translucent innerfabric to accomplish natural lighting of the facility.

Opaque fabrics provide the most consistent lighting results andtemperature control is more consistent in all seasons.

2.12.3 DOORS AND ACCESSORIES

1. The number and location of entry and exit doors should be consistent withlocal codes and standards with the following Guidelines:

Revolving doors should be used for frequent access. Emergency exit doors should only be used for emergency exit and must

be self-closing to a positive latch, accounting for the internal inflationpressure.

Personnel air locks should be used for medium traffic. Exit doors should be minimum 34" wide and equipped with panic

hardware.

2. Structural loads around doors and accessories should be evenly distributedto the anchorage system.3. Accessory items that may/may not be included are windows, walkwaytunnels or canopies, smoke detectors, alarm systems, remote control panels,magnetic sensors and snow detectors.

2.12.4 LIGHTING

An effective way of creating more prime time hours of tennis play is to includelighting in plans for new courts.Lighted outdoor courts can provide additional hours of play for workingpeople who, because of limited daylight free time, have no other choice than toplay at night.


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In some areas, daytime conditions (heat, glare, wind) can be uncomfortable,making play in the evening desirable.

There are several ways to illuminate tennis courts using various types andconfigurations of lighting systems.

Hockson Fig. 4

2.12.5 QUALITY OF LIGHT

Quality of light is determined by a number of factors includinguniformity of distribution, background colors and a non glare lightsource.

Lighting levels should be as nearly uniform as possible within the entireplaying space, including approximately 6' outside the sidelines andbehind the base lines approximately 10' and/or within 10' of the backwalls.

High Intensity Discharge (H.I.D.) fixtures are commonly used. Whateverthe style of fixture employed, it is very important to avoid a source ofhigh intensity concentrated in a small area visible to the player.

An after-image of the light source in the player's eye causes himmomentary blindness and he cannot see the ball during that time.


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2.12.6 LOCATIONS OF FIXTURES

Lighting fixtures should be located outside playing lines, preferablyparallel to the alley lines and outside the fence.

Fixtures should be aimed to project light across the court to eliminateglare. When lighting a multiple court facility, no light poles should be placed

between courts except at the net line unless there is at least 24(7.315m) between courts.

Any free standing lighting fixtures located inside the fence and morethan 1 (305mm) from the fence should be heavily padded to reduceplayer injuries. Since players often stand at or behind the baselineduring play.

2.12.7 FIXTURE MOUNTING

New designs in HID sharp cut-off luminaries have reduced the requiredmounting heights to approximately 20 with good uniformity, low glare,reduced amounts of spill light onto the surrounding area, and easiermaintenance than on higher poles.

All poles should be designed to withstand wind velocities as required bylocal codes. Mountain and coastal areas will typically require higherstrength poles because of higher wind conditions. Unless specificallydesigned as such, light poles should not be used to support the tennis

court fence in addition to the light fixtures. Attaching the fence to thelight pole adds additional loading to the pole, which could cause it tofail, and electrical codes may prohibit it.

2.12.8 WIRING

Underground wiring is recommended for tennis court lighting, usingdirect burial cables or conductors in conduit.

In general, the supply voltage selected should be the highest available.This usually results in 277/480 volt, three phase systems for large

facilities, and 120/208 volt, single phase systems for smallerapplications.

Voltage drop can significantly affect the lumen output of the lamp.Conductors should be sized to limit the voltage drop to 5% or less fromthe source of the luminaries.


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TTEENNNN II SS SSTTAADD II UUMM For thousands of years, stadia have welcomed crowds of visitors and set thestage for great spectacles, entertaining performance and unforgettable

experience.

2.13 DD EE SS II GGNN PRINCIPLES

2.13.1 STRATEGIC PRECONSTRUCTION DECISIONS

What should the capacity be?Should the stadium be built to accommodate only the domestic needs of theclub(s) who will use it?

Or should it attempt to attract matches at a higher level?Can other technical improvements be made later, including the introduction ofair conditioning in enclosed areas?

Typical environmental issues and concerns about the development of a newstadium include the following: increased vehicular traffic; Large numbers of noisy and often aggressive fans/pedestrians; Noise from events; Bright building and event lighting; overshadowing of adjacent properties; Lack of activity around the stadium at non-event times; Inappropriate scale of the project in relation to its surroundings.

When designing a stadium, care should be taken to ensure that its futuremaintenance, cleaning, operation and management can be carried outeffectively in as simple, straightforward and cost-effective a manner aspossible.

The pace of technological development and the rapidly increasing insistenceof spectators that they are provided with more comfortable and luxuriousfacilities could lead to the average life span of a modern stadium falling to 30years or even less.The stadium should be divided into at least four separate sectors, each with itsown access points, refreshment and toilet facilities and other essential


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services, such as first aid areas, security stations and areas for stewards andmarshals.

Playing area Support facilities Additional facilities

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

Tennis Conventions Bar Parties Othersports

Retail

FIELD AREA

Tennis Court Fourth officials bench Photographers area Pitch access and tunnel

COMPETITION AREA Dressing rooms, players Dressing rooms, referees First aid room Delegation offices Venue managers office Doping control room Corridors (with access to dressing rooms) and offices

PUBLIC AREA General public entrance and areas Public toilet facilities Public points of sale First aid facilities Commercial and host cities display

OPERATION RELATED AREA (OFFICE) Offices (IT room, announcers room, police/firemen, radio control room,

screen sound room, electricity generator, emergency medical facilities) Organizing Committee offices Storage rooms

MEDIA STAND

Written press seats Radio and TV commentators and observers seats


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MEDIA CENTRE Media working area Media catering area Press conference room

Photographers room Development and service Centers

BROADCAST AREA TV compound TV and radio studios Camera platform

2.14 PP LL AA YY FIELD ORIENTATION

Spectator sight lines are the principal design consideration in stadium design.The seating capacity can be increased by making the seating either longer orhigher.Great care must be taken regarding the angle of the playing field in relation tothe sun and the prevailing weather conditions.Match participants, spectators and media representatives must be protectedas much as possible from the glare of the sun.However, the effect of a stadiums roof on the playing field must also beconsidered.

When there is a natural grass pitch, it is critical that there is enough light andair movement to sustain the healthy growth of grass.

All sides of the playing field must receive a reasonable amount of directsunlight.

A north-south field orientation is often considered ideal but moresophisticated analysis has led stadium designers to choose an angle equal tothe average direction of the sun at half time in an afternoon game.

2.15 SSAA FF EE SS TTAA DD II UU MM SS :THE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT

The degree of luxury and comfort which can be built into a stadium willdepend on the amount of money available but the fundamental requirementwhich must be met, regardless of available funding levels, is that the stadiummust be a safe and secure facility for all those who use it, whether they arespectators, match participants, officials, media personnel, staff or others.


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Often the stadium includes facilities such as a gymnasium, fitness rooms, swimming pool,

crche, function suites, meeting rooms, shops cultural and social centers that are used primarily by locals;

Hockson Fig. 5

2.16 PP LL AA YYII NN GG AREA

The playing area is the focal point for players, officials, spectators andtelevision audiences. Fundamental decisions must be made about the playingarea, from the type of pitch to install to the best way of ensuring that playerscan perform without disruption from spectators.


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Hockson Fig. 6

2.17 TTEENN NN II SS CC OOUU RR TT DD EETTAA II LL SS

2.17.1 GRASS COURTNatural grass remains the most user-friendly of surfaces, and the onlypermissible choice for some sports. The advantages of natural grass are: It is aesthetically attractive. It gives a speed of rebound and a degree of rolling resistance that is justabout right for most ball sports. It provides reasonable (though variable) purchase for players feet whendry or wet. It gives a surface that is neither excessively hard nor excessively soft forcomfortable running. It is less injurious to players who fall than most alternative finishes.


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If irrigated it is a relatively cool surface in hot climates. It will continually self-repair and regenerate.

Hockson Fig. 7

2.17.2 CLAY COURT

Clay is a porous tennis court surface material consisting of natural clay orprocessed clay which has been mixed, crushed, screened and blended with

sand and silt, resulting in a plasticity index between 12% and 20% as perASTM No. D 4318, Atterberg Limits.

Hockson Fig. 8


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Slope and Elevat ion Requirements

All excavating, filling, and grading requirements and compacting work of thesub base should be performed so that the finished sub grade should be 4" 6"above the surrounding ground, and should slope not less than 0.28% (1:360)

and not more than 0.35% (1:288). Each court must slope on a true plane,preferably from side to side (but can slope from end to end or corner tocorner), or in the shortest direction for good drainage/water run-off. Thecourt should never be sloped from the net line to the baseline, from thebaseline to the net line, from the sides to the centerline or from the centerlineto the sides.

2.18 PP AA RR KK II NN GG

Stadiums must be designed to allow for the smooth and efficient arrival,circulation and departure of thousands of people and vehicles in a short spaceof time.

2.18.1 SIGNPOSTS

Large-scale wall maps should be provided for the guidance of spectators.All direction signs inside and outside the stadium should be presented ininternationally understandable signage. Many users of the stadium may notunderstand the local language.Clear, comprehensive signposting should be provided at the stadiumapproaches, around the stadium and throughout the stadium in order to showthe routes to the different sectors.


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Prominent, clearly visible signage that guides spectators to toilets,concessions, retail outlets, exits and other customer services should beprovided.Each sector of the stadium should have a customer service and information

desk situated in the external circulation area.

2.18.2 ACCESS AND EGRESSA modern stadium should be surrounded by an outer perimeter fence situatedsome distance from the stadium.

At this outer fence the first security checks and, where necessary, bodysearches will be made.The second checks will be made at the stadium turnstiles.There should be sufficient space between the outer perimeter fence and thestadium turnstiles to permit the free movement of spectators.

It must be borne in mind that while the entry process may be spread over anhour or more, everyone will want to leave more or less at the same time.The circulation space available immediately outside the exit gates must besufficient to guarantee that spectators are not at risk of being crushed in theevent of a stampede and are able to leave the event in comfort.

Preventive measures must be taken to avoid crushing at the public entrances.This may be accomplished by a system of barriers designed to funnel

spectators individually toward the entry points.Public amenities such as toilets and refreshment bars, outside the stadium,should not be situated close to the turnstiles or to the entrance and exitroutes.

During the entry mode, all major points of access should be used for entry anda couple of small designated points should be clearly marked for exiting.The opposite is required in the exit mode and a combination of the two modesis required during the match itself.

2.18.3 PARKING FOR SPECTATORS

All parking places should be on-site, affording spectators direct entrance tothe stadium.The car parks around the stadium must be brightly lit and clearly signposted,with numbered or lettered sectors.


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There are several important variables that have to be known to determine theamount of parking that is needed for a sports stadium.

As a rule of thumb, if people do come by car they come at a rate of threepassengers per car.

There will be a need for special parking spaces for people who are physicallyhandicapped. The parking spaces should be 3 900 mm (13 ft) wide, and thereshould be about 1 space for every 50 standard parking spaces.

A drop-off zone should be provided within 15 m (50 ft) of an entrance wherethose who are physically handicapped can gain access to the stadium andviewing area.It is essential to ensure that car park access and egress is rapid and smoothflowing and that direct routes to the nearest motorways are provided.Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should beprovided no further than 1,500 meters from the stadium.

2.18.4 OTHER PARKING

This should be inside the stadium, immediately outside the dressing roomsand isolated from the public.

The players and match officials should be able to disembark from theirtransport and make direct entry to their dressing rooms without coming intocontact with the public.

Sufficient parking space should be provided for all vehicles used by staffengaged in providing services, such as security and safety personnel,doormen, stewards and caterers.

Near the VIP entrance, and separate from the public car parks, there should besufficient parking space for the buses and cars used by VIPs. Preferably, thesevehicles should be parked inside the stadium.

There should be a specific media entrance at the stadium perimeter with a

reception desk or room where late accreditation/media information packs canbe collected.

Special consideration should be given to photographers who arrive withheavy camera equipment.


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Parking spaces should be reserved for them as close to the access point aspossible and/or a drop-off point should be designated where they can unloadequipment from vehicles.

Car parking, separate from the public parking area, should be provided asnear as possible to the media working area for all media representatives.

In consultation with qualified TV personnel, an area should be designated foroutside broadcast (OB) vans. This should offer ample parking space for thetrucks used by TV companies to undertake their outside broadcasts.

Parking facilities immediately adjacent to, or inside, the stadium must beprovided for police vehicles, fire engines, ambulances and other vehicles ofthe emergency services and for the vehicles of disabled spectators.

These parking places must be situated in such a fashion that they provide adirect, unrestricted route to and from the stadium which is separate from thepublic-access routes.

There should be a private, protected area which can be accessed by playerscars and ambulances, from which the match participants can enter or leavethe stadium safely, away from the public, the media and any unauthorizedpeople.

Hockson Fig. 9


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2.19 OOFF FF II CC EE SSPP AA CC EE

Each sector of the stadium should have a customer service and informationdesk situated in the external circulation area.

2.19.1 DOPING CONTROL AREA

Every stadium must provide a room for doping control purposes, comprising awaiting room, a working room and a washing facility, all adjoining.Position: near the players and referees dressing rooms and inaccessible tothe public and the media.Minimum size: 36m2 (including toilet, working room and waiting room).The dope-testing area should: be well ventilated with fresh air and be airconditioned and centrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls ofhygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit.The working room should have: a desk, 4 chairs, a washbasin and mirror, atelephone (external/internal) and a cabinet with a lock for sample bottles.Toilet area

Position: immediately next to, with direct private access to, the workingroom, capable of accommodating two people. Toilet and sanitary facilitiesshould include 1 WC, 1 washbasin and mirror and 1 shower.Waiting room

Position: immediately adjacent to the working room.The waiting room should have: a refrigerator and a television set.

Hockson Fig. 10


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2.19.2 COMPETITION MANAGEMENT

A stadium should be provided with a minimum of three interconnectingoffices of 25m each.

2.19.3 STADIUM MANAGEMENTA stadium should be provided with a minimum of six administrative offices of25meach.

2.19.4 MEETING ROOMS

A minimum of three rooms of 30m each should be provided that can be sub-divided if the need arises.

2.19.5 IT PATCH ROOMS

A minimum of one room of 12m should be provided.

2.19.6 STORE ROOMSThe number of rooms, and the area of space required, should be determinedby the stadium management.It may be helpful to construct a number of rooms with partitioned walls sothat their size may be varied according to their use.

2.19.6.1 Dressing room for musicians and for storage of their instruments

If the facility is used for shows and concerts, the space for artists and

performers should be in the players area.

2.19.7 DRESSING ROOMS FOR BALL BOYS AND GIRLS

Minimum size: 40m (for each sex).Each room should have: 2 WCs, 2 washbasins and 2 showers.

2.19.8 PLAYERS AREAPosition: the main stand.They should provide direct, protected access to the playing area and be

inaccessible to the public and the media.

It is essential that the two principal dressing rooms in a stadium are of equalsize, style and comfort.It is advisable to have four dressing rooms of equal size and comfort.


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It should be well ventilated with fresh air and be air conditioned and centrallyheated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit.

Hockson Fig. 11

2.19.8 COACHES OFFICESPosition: They should be adjacent to the players dressing room.Number: twoMinimum size: 24m.Coaches offices shouldbe well ventilated with fresh air, be air conditionedand centrally heated, have easily cleanable walls of hygienic material, havenon-slip floors and be brightly lit.

Coaches offices should have shower, lockers, desk, chairs, a whiteboard and atelephone.

2.19.9 REFEREES AREAPosition: the main stand.It should provide direct, protected access to the playing area and beinaccessible to the public and the media.It should be separate from, but close to, the teams dressing rooms.Minimum size: 24m.

Referees areas shouldbe well ventilated with fresh air, be air conditioned andcentrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material,have non-slip floors and be brightly lit.Referees areas should haveclothes-hanging facilities or lockers, chairs orbench seating, a table with 2 chairs, a massage table, a refrigerator, a tacticaldemonstration board, a telephone (external/internal) and a television set.


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Toilet and sanitary facilities should be immediately adjacent to, and withdirect private access from, the dressing room.They should have a minimum of: 2 showers, 1 washbasin with mirror, 1urinal, 1 WC (seat), 1 electric shaving point, 1 hair dryer and 1 sink for

cleaning boots.A modern stadium should provide equal, separate areas for both sexes.Therefore, one area for five referees and one area for two referees should beprovided, both with the requisite washing facilities.

2.19.10 MM AATTCCHH DDEELLEEGGAATTEESS AARREEAA

Position: near the teams and referees dressing rooms, preferably with directconnecting access to the latter.Minimum size: 16m2.The area should have: a desk or table, 3 chairs, a clothes locker, a telephone(external/internal), a fax, a photocopier and a television set.Toilet and sanitary facilities should include 1 WC and 1 washbasin withmirror.

Hockson Fig. 12


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2.19.10 AACCCCEESSSS FFRROOMM PPLLAAYY FFII EELLDD

Players Dressing rooms and the referees dressing room should have its owncorridor or tunnel for access to the playing field.The tunnel should be a minimum of 4m wide and a minimum of 2.4m high.

Close to the point where the dressing room corridor or tunnel opens into theplaying area, there should be a small toilet area consisting of a WC andwashbasin with mirror for those who use the playing area.

2.19.10 AACCCCEESSSS FFRROOMM PPLLAAYY FFII EELLDD

Players Dressing rooms and the referees dressing room should have its owncorridor or tunnel for access to the playing field.The tunnel should be a minimum of 4m wide and a minimum of 2.4m high.Close to the point where the dressing room corridor or tunnel opens into the

playing area, there should be a small toilet area consisting of a WC andwashbasin with mirror for those who use the playing area.

22 .. 11 99 .. 11 11 FF II RRSSTT AAII DD RROOOOMM

This room should be used by players, match officials, the media, VIPs andsecurity personnel.Position: in the dressing room area and as close to the players dressingrooms and the playing field as possible, with easy access to the outside

entrance directly to emergency vehicles. The doors and corridors leading tothis room should be wide enough to allow access for stretchers andwheelchairs.Minimum size: 50m.

Hockson Fig. 13


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The room should have: an examination table, portable stretcher, awashbasin (hot water), a low foot basin (hot water), a glass cabinet formedicines, a lockable non-glass cabinet, a treatment table and a telephone(external/internal). The room should have walls or partitions which enable it

to be divided into two when necessary. In addition, the room needs to beequipped with: Defibrillator with rhythm and patient data recording; Cardiac monitor; External cardiac pacing; Infusion mounting and system with all equipment for injections andinfusions set, including venous indwelling cannulae; Infusion system which is designed to allow administration of fluid warmedto 37C +/ 2C; Pressure infusion device, volumetric infusing device;

Central vein catheters; Pericardial puncture set; Drug administration equipment; Intubation equipment; Thorax drainage kit; Immobilization equipment like vacuum mattress, spinal board, cervicalcollar-set.

2.20 SSPP EECC TT AA TTOORR SS

Modern stadiums should be designed so that all spectators are safe andcomfortable, have a perfect view of the court and have easy access to toiletsand refreshment facilities.The stadium should be divided into at least four separate sectors, each with itsown access points, refreshment and toilet facilities and other essentialservices, such as first aid areas, security stations and areas for stewards andmarshals.

Each of these sectors may, in turn, be divided into smaller areas.It should be possible to prevent spectators from moving from one sector, orsub-sector, to another, unless it is required for the stadiums evacuationprocess.The nature of the barriers which may be used to sub-divide sectors is for eachstadium management to determine.Barriers should be easily dismountable by security personnel.


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22 .. 22 00 .. 33 SSAANNII TTAARRYY FFAACCII LL II TTII EESSSufficient toilet facilities for both sexes and for disabled people must beprovided inside the security perimeter of the stadium.These areas should be bright, clean and hygienic and they should be kept in

that condition throughout each event.The recommended minimum number of WCs and sinks is 20 and sevenrespectively for every 1,000 women and 15 WCs and/or urinals(approximately one-third should be WCs and two-thirds urinals) and fivesinks for every 1,000 men.To avoid overcrowding between spectators entering and leaving toilets thereshould be a one-way access system, or at least doors which are sufficientlywide to permit the division of the passageway into in and out channels.

22 .. 22 00 .. 44 PPUUBB LLII CC RREEFFRREESSHHMM EENNTT FF AACCII LL II TTII EESS

Merchandise stands for food and beverages should be placed in a way that willattract spectators without causing congestion in the stadium concourses.They must be evenly spread around the stadium so that provision is made forall sectors, bearing in mind that spectator movement from one sector toanother may be difficult or impossible.

A minimum of five permanent points of sale should be provided per 1,000spectators, with approximately 1m-1.5m of counter space for the sale.Walls and fascias should be exposed so that the concession operator canproperly display the items for sale and customers can see the items from a

distance and be able to make their choice in advance.Temporary points of sale should also be anticipated to deal with additionaldemand.It is important to design the work/staging area in a way that allows manyemployees to work there at once, so that products can be displayed in atasteful way and to allow for sufficient storage (especially cold storage) at thestand.Selling points for food and drink, souvenirs and match programmes should besituated in positions where queuing customers will present the minimum

possible obstruction to the flow of other spectators.Seating in the public concourses, or a combination of seating and standingtable facilities, is desirable, bearing in mind that spectators may wish topurchase food and drink before and after the match.cafe, bar and restaurant facilities can face outwards to the surrounding streetsor overlook the pitch and seating bowl, providing another type of seatingproduct from which to watch events.


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22 .. 22 00 .. 55 PPUUBB LLII CC TTEELLEEPP HHOONNEESSDespite the increasing popularity of mobile phones and the reduction in theuse of public telephones, an adequate number of public telephones should be

provided in and around the stadium.

Hockson Fig. 16

22 .. 22 11 VV II PP AA RR EEAA

22 .. 22 11 .. 11 PPOOSSII TTII OONNIn the centre of the grandstand in which the players dressing rooms aresituated, in an elevated position above the playing area, partitioned off fromthe public seating areas.The VIP tribune should always be located in the main stand and be accessibleto the dressing rooms, media facilities and administrative offices.


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Hockson Fig. 17

22 .. 22 11 .. 22 AACCCCEESSSSThe VIP area should have its own private entrance from outside, separatefrom the public entrance points, leading directly to the reception area andfrom there directly to the viewing area.There should be an escalator between floors which should be connected toboth normal and emergency power.There should be alternative controlled access across accredited zones.People who need to go to the dressing room area (e.g. delegates, observers,etc.) must have direct and secured access from the VIP box to the dressingrooms.22 .. 22 11 .. 33 SSEEAATTSS

Seats should be individually numbered and of good quality.They should be well upholstered, with armrests, be covered by a roof andshould provide a perfect, unrestricted view of the playing area.

Adequate legroom between the rows is essential to enable the occupants toenter or leave without disturbing other seated guests.


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Seats for VIPs should be wider and more comfortable and should be located atthe centre of the field and separated from the rest of the seating areas.

22 .. 22 11 .. 44 RREECCEEPPTTII OONN AARREEAA

A dining room large enough for 25 diners should be provided.The reception area should be capable of providing standing refreshments forall occupants of the VIP seating area and be situated immediately behind it.It should have: Direct private access from the VIP area; Sufficient toilet facilities (male and female); Television viewing points; Telephones (external/internal); lounge facilities, depending upon space available.

22 .. 22 11 .. 55 SSPPEECCTTAATTOORRSS WWII TTHH DDII SSAABB II LL II TTII EESS

Wheelchair accessible seating is required. At least one percent of the seatingmust be wheelchairEach wheelchair seating location is an open, level space that accommodatesone person using a wheelchair and has a smooth, stable, and slip-resistantsurface.

Accessible seating must be an integral part of the seating plan so that people

using wheelchairs are not isolated from other spectators or their friends orfamily.

A companion seat must be provided next to each wheelchair seating location.The companion seat is a conventional seat that accommodates a friend orcompanion.Wheelchair seating locations must be provided in all areas including sky boxesand specialty areas.Removable or folding seats can be provided in wheelchair seating locationsfor use by persons who do not use wheelchairs so the facility does not lose

revenue when not all wheelchair seating locations are ticketed to persons whouse wheelchairs.Whenever more than 300 seats are provided, wheelchair seating locationsmust be provided in more than one location. This is known as dispersedseating.


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An area should be designated for outside broadcast (OB) vans.This should offer ample parking space for the trucks used by TV companies toundertake their outside broadcasts.This could require between 3,000m and 5,000m of space. It should be

adjacent to the stadium to avoid cabling problems.The OB van area should be secure or easily secured and should be equippedwith a power supply with back-up.

An area should be reserved for satellite uplink vehicles (transportable earthstations). This should be in the open, adjacent to the OB van area and have anunobstructed view of the southern horizon in the northern hemisphere and ofthe northern horizon in the southern hemisphere.This area should be supplied with electrical power from the same source asthe OB van area.

22 .. 22 22 .. 11 SSTTAADDII UUMM MM EEDDII AA CCEENNTTRREEThe capacity of the stadium media centre should be based on the capacity ofthe media tribune.The working room should be divided into two areas: an area where buffet-style catering can be provided, and a working area with desks, power andphone/modem facilities.

The following spaces should be accommodated in the stadium media centre: Welcome desk;

Press conference area; Camera repair service; Cafeteria; Pigeon holes; Host city information desk; press working areas; Photographers working areas; Lockers; Two ticket desks (one for photographers, one for print journalists).

There should be sufficient space for ticket distribution, with adequate queuingspace._ Queues should not obstruct the entrance.


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Hockson Fig. 18

22 .. 22 22 .. 22 AACCCCRREEDDII TTAATTII OONN OOFFFFII CCEE

Provision should be made for accreditation procedures.This can be a relatively small area or even a desk, provided that it would notconstitute an obstruction if queues were to form.


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22 .. 22 22 .. 33 PPRREESSSS CCOONNFFEERREENNCCEE RROOOOMM

The press conference room should have a minimum area of 100m2.It should provide approximately 100 seats for reporters and be equipped with

an appropriate sound system.At one end of the room, preferably at the end nearer to the access door fromthe dressing rooms, a platform should be erected to accommodate coaches,players, press officers and interpreters as required.

At the other end of the room, facing the platform, a podium should be erected,allowing at least ten television electronic news-gathering (ENG) crews to setup their cameras and tripods.

A centralized split box should be installed to avoid having a huge number ofmicrophones in front of coaches and players.The press conference room should be easily accessible from the dressingroom area and should be constructed like a small theatre, with each row ofseats slightly elevated above the one in front.

22 .. 22 22 .. 44 FFAACCII LL II TTII EESS FFOORR PP HHOOTTOOGGRRAAPP HHEERRSS

The first requirement is suitable parking and drop-off facilities for equipment.Large individual lockers must be set up where photographers can leave theirmaterial.Sufficient power and modem connections must be provided on desks to meet

the demands of modern transmission technology.Toilet facilities for both sexes should be provided.Technological advances may require the provision of power and modemconnections behind the photographers positions on the pitch.This means that extra space, approximately 1.5m, will be required behind thephotographers positions.

22 .. 22 22 .. 55 TTHHEE PP RREESSSS BB OOXX

The press box must be in a central position in the main grandstand where theplayers dressing rooms and the media facilities are situated.It should be centrally located on the halfway line, in a position that providesan unobstructed view of the field of play, without the possibility ofinterference from spectators.

All working places in the press box should be covered.


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22 .. 22 22 .. 77 TTEELLII VVII SSII OONN SSTTUUDDII OOSSProvision should be made for at least three television studios for majormatches, each of approximately 25m and a minimum height of 4m, to allowfor television sets and lighting.

They should be located in such a way that players and coaches can reach themeasily from the dressing rooms at the end of the match.In addition, one television studio should afford a panoramic view over thepitch.

Hockson Fig. 1919


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22 .. 22 22 .. 88 MM UULLTTII LLAATTUURRAALL CCOOVVEERRAAGGEE

All camera positions are subject to a joint agreement between the organizersand broadcasters.

A space of approximately 2m x 3m should be allowed for each camera.The angle of the line of sight to the horizontal should be between 12 and 15and a space of 2m x 3m is required for each camera.

22 .. 22 33 CC OOMM MM UU NN II CC AA TT II OONN Stadium developers must take account of the rapid development oftechnology to ensure that their facility can meet all of its communicationsrequirements for many years to come.

The following are communications systems, applications and users that needto be considered and coordinated during the development and design of avenue: Administrative data system; broadcast television; building management systems; Cash point/ATM machines; Clock system; Fire alarm systems;

Sales Points; lighting control; Mobile telephone service; Police and fire radio; Roof controls; Scoreboard; Security electronic access control; Security electronic intrusion detection; Security video surveillance;

Signage; Sound systems; Telecommunications utility service; ticketing; Video boards; Wireless internet and data.


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22 .. 22 33 .. 11 CCOOMM MM UUNNII CCAATTII OONNSS RROOOOMM SSCommunications rooms should include:Telecommunications utility demarcation rooms,

A main cross-connect room (main communications room),

Computer equipment rooms (data centre or server rooms) andIntermediate cross-connect rooms (communications distribution rooms).

The location of the communication distribution room is critical to ensure thatthe length limitations of horizontal cables are maintained.Communications rooms shall be located to ensure total cable length to anyoutlet device does not exceed 90m.Segments exceeding this length will not function and certainly will notsupport future technologies.Communications rooms should be dedicated and separate from electricalrooms.Rooms should align vertically to form risers to ease the installation of cablethroughout facility.Co-locating or sharing rooms with communications and other low-voltagesystems is recommended.The sizes of all communications rooms will depend on the type of room, theequipment supported and distribution densities.The communications cable infrastructure system should be planned tosupport voice and data applications/systems operated over a multi-media

cabling plant including fiber optics and twisted pair copper.

22 .. 22 33 .. 22 PPUUBB LLII CC AADDRREESSSS SSYYSSTTEEMM It is essential that event holders and stadium safety/security authorities arecapable of communicating clearly with spectators inside and outside thestadium by means of a sufficiently powerful and reliable public addresssystem.

Such a system should:

-have its control centre located in, or immediately adjacent to, the stadiumcontrol room, in a position where the operator has a clear, unobstructed viewof the whole stadium;

be capable of addressing messages exclusively to individual sectors of thestadium, including banks of turnstiles, internal rooms, hospitality suites andblocks of seating;


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have an emergency, alternative power supply which would ensure that thesystem remained operative without interruption in the event of a powerfailure for a minimum period of three hours.

22 .. 22 33 .. 33 SSCCOORREEBB OOAARRDDSS AANNDD VVII DDEEOO SSCCRREEEENNSSMost modern stadiums have some kind of electronic communication withspectators.Giant video screen can provide instant action replays or other televised/videoentertainment, the match result and scorers and provides short and simplepublic messages.

The location of these screens within the stadium is an important issue whichmust be addressed at an early stage of the design process.Generally, at least two screens are used to provide spectators in all areas withan acceptable, relatively direct view.The favored positions for them are in two diagonally opposite corners.They can be positioned to fill in open corner spaces between side and endgrandstands.They can also be situated on top of, or suspended from, a grandstand roof.The principal determining factors when deciding the best position for thescreens are: To provide optimal viewing for all spectators;

To eliminate or to lessen capacity reduction caused by seat loss; To be placed in a location where the screens do not represent any risk tospectators.

Hockson Fig. 20


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The design of electronic communication systems is changing rapidly and so isthe cost. Larger and clearer video screens, individual armrest monitors andpersonal handheld television/video screens are some of the new productsthat should be considered in the years ahead.

Portions of the scoreboards and video screens can be used for displayingmessages during emergencies and should be connected to electrical systemswith a three-hour standby power supply in the event of a normal poweroutage.

2.24 LL II GGHH TT II NN GG

A lighting system must be installed which meets the needs of broadcasters,spectators, players and officials without spilling light into the environmentand without creating a nuisance for the local community.

FFAACCII LL II TTYY RREEQQUUII RREEMM EENNTTSS

22 .. 22 44 .. 11 OOVVEERRVVII EEWWThe primary goal of the event lighting system is to illuminate the event todigital video quality for the media without creating nuisance glare for theplayers/officials and adding spill light/glare to the spectators andsurrounding environment.Permanent lighting, temporary lighting and a combination of both systemsshould be considered.

22 .. 22 44 .. 22 EENNVVII RROONNMM EENNTTAALL Special care should be taken to limit the spill light and glare off the field, bothinside and outside the stadium.

22 .. 22 44 .. 33 PPLLAAYYEERRSS AANNDD OOFFFF II CCII AALLSSThe players and officials must be able to perform to their fullest ability withinan illuminated environment that enhances play.

22 .. 22 44 .. 44 SSPPEECCTTAATTOORRSSThe spectators must be able to view the event, scoreboard, video and allactivities on the field in comfort, free from glare and excessive spill light.


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22 .. 22 44 .. 55 TTHHEE MM EEDDII AAThe media video and broadcasts produced during an event shall be of digitalquality, with balanced illumination and free from hard-line shadows and glare.

22 .. 22 44 .. 66 MM OOUUNNTTII NNGG HHEEII GGHHTT OOFF LL II GGHHTT FFII TTTTII NNGGSSLuminaries should be positioned at a minimum height of 9.144 meters abovethe court surface at the net and at a minimum height of 6.096 meters at thebase lines. Account should be taken of the window position so the luminariesare not in the players line of vision.

22 .. 22 44 .. 77 CCAAMM EERRAA VVII EEWW SS TTOO BB EE CCOONNSSII DDEERREEDDThere are many possible camera positions which can be used to create thetelevised experience.The camera positions illustrated are some of those which are popular.

A lighting specification should take account of the actual camera positions tobe used in order to ensure that each camera receives sufficient light, fromwhich good-quality video can be created.

22 .. 22 44 .. 88 PPLLAAYYEERR AANNDD BB RROOAADDCCAASSTT VVII EEWW AANNGGLLEESSProviding a glare-free environment for the players, officials and media is themost important design requirement.

22 .. 22 44 .. 99 EENNVVII RROONNMM EENNTTAALL II MM PPAACCTT

Light pollution and unwanted light trespass fall into two categories:Spill illumination - This is light leaving the perimeter of the stadium that ismeasurable.Glare - This is excessive brightness in the normal field of view for pedestriansand motorists outside the stadium.Every effort needs to be made to limit both spill and glare inside and outsidethe stadium.Design specifications should include sharp cut-off reflectors and highefficiency reflectors for televised events.


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2.25 SSAA FF EETTYY RR EEQQUU II RR EEMM EENN TT SS All parts of the stadium, including entrances, exits, stairways, doors, escaperoutes, roofs and all public and private areas and rooms must comply with thesafety standards of the appropriate local authorities.

Public passageways and stairways in the spectator areas should be clearlymarked, as should all gates leading from the spectator areas into the playingarea and all exit doors and gates leading out of the stadium. All publicpassageways, corridors, stairs, doors and gates must be kept free of anyobstructions that could impede the free flow of spectators.

Exit doors and gates in the stadium and all gates leading from the spectatorareas into the playing area must open outwards, away from the spectators.

Each of these doors and gates must be attended at all times by a speciallyappointed steward, to guard against abuse and to ensure immediate escaperoutes in the event of an emergency evacuation. Under no circumstances mustthey be locked with a key during the time that spectators are in the stadium.

22 .. 22 55 .. 11 SSTTAADDII UUMM CCOONNTTRROOLL RROOOOMM Each stadium must have a control room which has an overall view of theinside of the stadium and which must be equipped with public addressfacilities and television surveillance monitor screens. The size, configuration

and furnishing of the control room should be agreed upon in consultation withthe local police.The stadium commander should have the capability of overriding and cuttinginto the public address system whenever necessary. Stadium designers shouldconsult the local police and civic authorities to determine whether it isnecessary to include facilities such as a police muster room, a charge roomand detention cells for male and female prisoners within the stadium itself.

A second control room and emergency command centre is desirable. It shouldhave a location which is convenient for arriving emergency personnel and

their vehicles.

22 .. 22 55 .. 22 TTEELLII VVII SSII OONN SSUURRVVEEII LLLLAANNCCEE SSYYSSTTEEMM A modern stadium should be equipped inside and outside with publicsurveillance color television cameras, mounted in fixed positions with pan andtilt facilities. These cameras should monitor all of the stadiums approachesand all of the public areas inside and outside the stadium.


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The television surveillance system should have its own independent powersupply and private circuit. It should be operated and controlled from thestadium control room where the monitor screens should be situated. It shouldbe capable of taking still photographs both inside and outside the stadium.

22 .. 22 55 .. 33 FF II RRSSTT AAII DD RROOOOMM SSEvery stadium should be equipped with a first aid room, or rooms, to care forspectators. Ideally, there should be two first aid rooms, one on either side ofthe stadium. There should be space for the secure deposit of defibrillators ineasily accessible locations, evenly distributed around the stadium.

First aid rooms should: be located in a position which allows easy access from both inside andoutside the stadium for spectators and emergency vehicles; have doors and passageways leading to them which are wide enough toallow access for a stretcher or a wheelchair; have bright lighting, good ventilation, heating, air conditioning, electricsockets, hot and cold water, drinking water and toilet facilities for both sexes; have walls and floors (non-slip) constructed of smooth and easily cleanablematerial; have a glass cabinet for medicines; have storage space for stretchers, blankets, pillows and first aid materials; have a telephone allowing internal and external communication;

be clearly signposted inside and outside the stadium.


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33 .. CCAASSEE SSTTUUDDYY

3 . 1

TT RR II VV AA NN DD RR UU MM TT EE NN NN II SS CC LL UU BB

33 .. 11 .. 11 HHII SSTTOORRYYIn 1937 the idea of starting a tennis club in Trivandrum dawned upon Col.

Goda Varma Raja and the proposed Tennis Club was formally inaugurated on

1st February 1938 at Sasthamangalam, Trivandrum, with Col Goda Varma

Raja as President. Two tennis courts were laid out and provision for wall

practice was made by providing a cement wall at one end of the Club

premises. The Travancore-Cochin Government made available to the Club 4

acres 27.2 cents of land at Kawdiar Avenue during the year 1949-50 and fordecades this site has been the ultimate destination for tennis lovers in

Trivandrum. The construction of the New Club building was begun in the year

1950. The building covered a surface area of 7000 square feet when

completed in 1953. Since 1953 alterations and extensions to the building were

carried out on various occasions with the result that at present a modern

multi storied edifice with 13 air conditioned retiring rooms covering a total

surface area of 10000 square feet fashionable as well as convenient, provides

ample space for the Club's multifarious activities.

Hockson Fig. 21


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33 .. 11 .. 22 SSII TTEELocation: Kawdiar, Trivandrum

Area: 5.5 acres

Type of Building: Tennis Club cum Coaching

33 .. 11 .. 33 FFUUNNCCTTII OONNAALL UUNNII TTSS

Tennis Courts

Restaurant (indoor & Outdoor)

Bar

Club Houses

Training Courts Indoor Sport Units

Badminton Court

Hockson Fig. 22


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33 .. 11 .. 44 FFEEAATTUURREESS

The all 7 Clay Courts in Trivandrum Tennis club have a very good

surface to play professional tennis.

A clay court is equipped with flood lightings

Two of the seven clay courts are used for professional tennistournament with seatings and umpire chairs.

Other five courts are been used by the trainees according to their

quality of play.

A beginners wall practice court with concrete floor at the northern side

of the campus.

The synthetic courts of this club is of a class of its own style and is build

on international standards and have separate balcony for the club

members and VIP to watch the play. Other outdoor courts for basketball and badminton are also located.

A multi-purpose hall located in the club building, commonly used for

club meetings and members family parties.

Two dining halls, one air conditioned and the other without conditioner.

A well furnished Lounge with Library, Reading Room, and TV for light

refreshments.

12 residential cottages for members and guest members.

Family Lawn - Exclusively for family in front of the Clubhouse.

Rear side Lawn and Verandah Lawn for Get-together.

Club Gymnasium and A Jogging Track for the use of members and

trainees.

Trivandrum Tennis Club has exclusive facilities for the billiards andsnooker players with elegant setting.

More than physical games clubs provides a beautifully furnished cardrooms for the lovers of card games.

A restaurant with Bar gives more elegance to the players when they arefinished with the game.

An open air theater for outdoor meetings with natural settings aroundthe stage.

All tennis courts and factors related to tennis are of internationalstandards.


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Four major courts are provided with players rest room and storerooms.

Hockson Fig. 23

33 .. 11 .. 55 OORRII EENNTTAATTII OONN

The tennis courts are laid out to minimize players looking into the sunwhen serving or when following the flight of a ball.

The Orientation of long axis is, North-West and south-East.

33 .. 11 .. 66 LLII GGHHTTII NNGG

Approximately 6' outside the sidelines and behind the base lines

approximately 10' and/or within 10' of the back walls. High Intensity Discharge (H.I.D.) fixtures are used. Lighting fixtures are located outside playing lines.

33 .. 11 .. 77 DDRRAAII NNAAGGEE

Drainage for two synthetic courts are from corner to corner diagonallyat a minimum slope of an inch in 10 feet.


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For clay courts porous surfaces of 0 .003 to 0 .004% are provided.

Hockson Fig. 24

33 .. 11 .. 88 DDEEMM EERRII TTSS

To this date Trivandrum tennis clubs offers the best Clay courts andSynthetic courts in Trivandrum but TTC failed to provide a good

coaching centre with international standards. No special provisions for disabled club members. Should provide kids play area and care centre. No first Aid Room or treatment room provided.


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3 . 2 SS DD AA TT SS TT AA DD II UU MM ,, CC hh ee nn nn aa ii

33 .. 22 .. 11 II NNTTRROODDUUCCTTII OONN

SDAT Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadus Tennis Stadium is the only stadiumto host International Tennis in south Asia, the proud home of the ATP Chennai Open. This

beautiful tennis compound is located just outside Nungapakkam, Chennai. The program

was built and run on to develop the game in Chennai and to exhibit international

tournaments for tennis Fans.

Hockson Fig. 25

33 .. 22 .. 22 FFUUNNCCTTII OONNAALL UUNNII TTSS

Tennis Stadium Training Courts Sports Authority offices Trainees Hostel Gymnasium


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4 entrances for entering inside the stadium campus One Emergency Entry exit And others for players, public, Media and for VIP's.

One security kiosk at the entry to public. Parking facilities inside the compound provided only for players and

officials. Places allotted outside the stadium for temporary exhibitions. Three other professional tennis courts with a capacity to hold 100

spectators and 3 three tennis practicing courts are also developedinside the site.

Two high volt transformers are provided inside the site for its need. A hostel for trainees and the head office of Tamil nadu Tennis

Association also located inside the campus. Drop-off zone provided for Players and VIP's near their respective

entrances. A fully equipped gymnasium near the practicing courts.

Hockson Fig. 26

20 direct openings for public to enter in and to exit out of the stadium. 4 ramps of 1:10 ratio with the width of 1.5m give a safe entry and exit to

the disabled people. VIP seatings are covered. Direct Access from VIP rooms to Seating Area


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Provided with two stairs at each side of the stadium. Fire Extinguisher are placed all along the circulating space of the

stadium. Toilets for both sexes are places at a rate of one pair at all four sides.

Properly planned in the circulation of spectators inside the seating area. The chairs were numbered.

33 .. 22 .. 44 PPLLAAYY FFII EELLDD

A north-south field orientation is considered here in this stadium. Four Private Entrances leads to play field West side for players East Side for Media, Ball Boys and Competition Management North entrance for VIP and ATP officials

South entrance for tournament sponsers Four white light fixtures at the four ends of play field. Drainage is from end to end at a slope of an inch in 10 feet(0 .8 to 1%).

33 .. 22 .. 55 PPLLAANNNNII NNGGDoping control area (Western Side)

Competition management(Southern Side)

Stadium management(Eastern Side)

Meeting rooms (First Floor, Northern Side)

Players Area (Western Side)

Coaches' offices (Western Side)

Referees' area (Western Side)

Match delegates' area (Western Side)

Dressing rooms for ball boys and ball girls (Eastern Side)

First aid and treatment room (Western Side)


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Hockson Fig. 27

33 .. 22 .. 66 DDEEMM EERRII TTSS

No parking for spectators inside the campus. No proper signboards to guide the spectator. No permanent exhibition hall. No permanent television position. No proper media working area as of the international standard. Placement of refreshment areas near the entrances interrupts the plow

of spectators. It would be more comfortable if provided with Tip-Up seats


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71

44 .. II NNTTEERRNNEETT SSTTUUDDYY

4 . 1 AA EE LL TT CC :: WW ii mm bb ll ee dd oo nn

Who would think of the Championships at Wimbledon, without a mental image

of the green Virginia creepers covering the main elevations of the buildings?

They are as much a part of Wimbledon as the singles finals, and thedevelopment plan which is to take this venue into the twenty-first centuryvery consciously retains and builds on this image.

44 .. 11 .. 11 II NNTTRROODDUUCCTTII OONNWimbledon is one of the worlds most recognizable and evocative of sports

arenas, with a past of more than 120 years. Almost every summer howeverthe prestigious outdoor grass court Grand Slam tournament has to deal withthe frustrations of the occasionally inclement British weather. Most of theother tennis stadiums are visually dead compared with the Wimbledon grasscourt. The worlds most famous tennis venue is the All England Lawn Tennisat Wimbledon in London, home since 1922 of The Championships. Inatmosphere the open sky of the Wimbledon Centre Court has a tightclusterings while comparing to the greater viewing distance of Roland Garosand Arthur Ashe center courts. Until June 2009, the Australian Open is the

only one of the Grand Slam events that has had a retractable roof. It isimportant that Wimbledon moves with the times and protects its position atthe top of world venues; to make sure its huge television audience has tennisto watch and to ensure its long-term financial viability.


Twenty playing courts including center court. Wimbledon has always striven to provide the players with the best

possible grass courts on which to display their considerable talents. The Centre Court will be remodeled to bring the 1922 building into the

twenty-first century. More than 10,000 green alternanthera are used, some sprayed purple to

give the official Wimbledon colors. HENMAN HILL: Officially Aorangi Terrace, this is a favorite spot for

British fans, who can watch the matches on a giant screen.


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NUMBER ONE COURT: The 11,000-seat complex opened in 1997, part ofthe first phase of Wimbledon's redevelopment.

CEDAR COURT: Residents here can expect to rent out their flats for upto 3,000 a week.

LIVING LOGO: A flowerbed displaying the year, 2009. BROADCAST CENTRE: About 3,000 members of the media from all over

the world will be here during the tournament, most notably the BBC andAmerican network NBC.

NEWSTEAD WAY: These unremarkable 850,000 four-bedroom terracehouses 300 yards from the grounds are rented out for as much as10,000 a week during the tournament, to tennis superstars, fans andthe media.

MILLENNIUM BUILDING: Built in 2000 on the site of the former Number

One Court, it houses the players' and members' facilities. CENTRE COURT: 15,000 fans can now watch the action in the new

facility. GATE FOUR (there are 20 entrances): Up to 460,000 tennis fans will

pass through the gates every summer.

44 .. 11 .. 33 SSII GGNNII FF II CCAANNTT FFEEAATTUURREESS OOFF 22 00 00 99 CCHHAAMM PP II OONNSSHHII PP

New light weight retractable roof The addition of six rows of seating in the upper tier on three sides

increased capacity at Centre Court from 13 800 spectators to 15 000spectators.

Replacement of current seating with new wider and more comfortableones.

Roger Federer and Serena Williams crowned as champions

44 .. 11 .. 44 AACCTTII VVII TTYY AARREEAA

The Grass courts are prepared in a similar manner each year to producethe highest quality playing surface for the world's best players in the

modern game to display their full range of skills. That means the courts must have even and consistent bounce, as well as

the ability to withstand prolonged wear and tear for a minimum of 13days.


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Hockson Fig. 28

44 .. 11 .. 44 .. 11

CCOOUURRTT DDUURRAABB II LL II TTYYThe courts are sown with 100% Perennial Ryegrass (since 2001) toimprove durability and strengthen the sward so that it can betterwithstand the increasing wear of the modern game, Independent expertresearch from The Sports Turf Research Institute in Yorkshire, UK,proved that changing the grass seed mix to 100% Perennial Ryegrass(previously 70% Rye/30% Creeping Red Fescue) would be the best wayforward to combat wear and enhance court presentation andperformance without affecting the perceived speed of the court.

44 .. 11 .. 44 .. 22 SSPPEEEEDD OOFF CCOOUURRTTSSThere has been no intention either this year or in previous years toproduce slower courts or ones suited for a particular type of game.


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44 .. 11 .. 44 .. 33 BBOOUUNNCCEEThe amount a ball bounces is largely determined by the soil, not thegrass. The soil must be hard and dry to allow 13 days of play withoutdamage to the court sub-surface.

To achieve the required surface of even consistency and hardness, thecourts are rolled and covered to keep them dry and firm. Regularmeasurements are taken to monitor this.If the court is too soft, when the players run, jump and slide, the pimpleson their shoes will damage the surface and increase the chance of anirregular bounce.

44 .. 11 .. 44 .. 44 TTHHEE GGRRAASSSSThe grass plant itself has to survive in this dry soil. Expert research hasagain shown that a cut height of 8mm is the optimum for present dayplay and survival.The height of cut has been at 8mm for the past 12 years.

44 .. 11 .. 44 .. 55 TTHHEE EEFFFFEECCTTSS OOFF AATTMM OOSSPP HHEERRII CC CCOONNDDII TTII OONNSSUnlike other surfaces grass is a living plant in an outdoor environmentwhen weather varies throughout the year. Weather conditions in therun up to The Championships will have some effect on the way thecourts ultimately play.The atmosphere can also have an effect on the ball which will seem

heavier and slower on a cold damp day and conversely lighter and fasteron a warm dry day.

44 .. 11 .. 55 FFUUTTUURREE DDEEVVEELLOOPP MM EENNTT Building Design Partnerships 1993 All-England Club master plan

stipulated that changes should be made by 2012 but those time limitshave become outdated. As a result, new development has moved at aslower pace and taken a different direction to that intended.

New media facilities and commentary boxes will be built to replace

those currently in the upper tier. They will be located in a similarposition to the one they have at present at the back of the seating bowl. Courts No 2 and No 3 at the All-England Club, home of the Wimbledon

championships, are to be demolished and rebuilt in time for the 2012London Olympics.

This is part of a wider redevelopment of the southern part of the site,which will include the provision of new restaurants.


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At present the two courts are considered to be too close together,cramping pedestrian movement. A source said: The latest thinking is todo this build in two or three phases and aim for the Olympics. It wouldprovide more space and better circulation.

No 2 court would be demolished and moved to the south-east of the site.No 3 court would be rebuilt on its current site or moved slightlywestward.

44 .. 11 .. 66 RREETTRRAACCTTAABBLLEE RROOOOFF The main stage of English tennis required a new roof for its spectators

stand.

The design of the innovative hydraulically operated roof (a folding

fabric concertina) evolved after a scientifically demanding process.

Measuring 75 meters by 70 meters the structure works on a principlesimilar to an umbrella, with metal ribs supporting a translucent fabric.

70 tones trusses is placed on the roof

The retractable roof started to slide into position within ten minutes,meaning no more interruptions for rain from the 2009 season.

A key element of the design has been to allow natural light to reach thegrass.

An airflow system removes condensation from within the bowl toprovide the optimum internal environment for the comfort of spectators

and players when the roof is closed. It is unique in that it will be translucent, which it has to be. In other

arenas where they have sliding roofs, such as in Australia, they play onhard courts so the condition of the surface isn't very important. But no-one has ever gone before into the chemistry of growing the world'smost famous grass, which has to be perfect under those conditions.

The other new thing that I learnt is that once the roof is closed theatmosphere within the stadium will change dramatically. So tocounteract this they will be pumping out the air from the stadium and

pumping in new fresh air.Tim Phillips, Chairman of the All England Club and The Championships says:

Just as the game of tennis does not stand still, neither do we and we continue

to prepare our courts using all our experience and the latest technology.

Ultimately, we aim to produce the best possible playing surface."


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55 .. SS II TTEE AANNAALLYYSS II SS

55 .. 11 WWhh yy TTrr ii vv aa nn dd rr uu mm??

State capital Highest percentage of inflow of people from other district & other states

as well as foreign tourists. Considerable participation of the public in tennis events happening in

the city at present. No permanent venue at present. Availability of services.

55 .. 22 WWhh yy MM aa nn gg aa ll aa pp uu rr aa mm?? Availability of land Proximity to airport, railway station and central bus station. Away from the noise and traffic of the city. Easy access to services due to the NH Bypass.

55 .. 33 LLOOCCAATTII OONN 2Km from Kanniyapuram towards Attingal. Distance from nearest airport - 16Km Distance from Railway Station - 25Km Distance from Bus Station - 25Km

6m wide road from Mangalapuram to CPRF Pallipuram pass along theNorth and Eastern side of the site.

55 .. 44 TTOOPPOOGGRRAAPPHHYY Site Extends about 20.3acres. Relatively flat site with a small variation of levels at few areas of the site. Low altitude region, endowed with humid tropical climate. Typical laterite soil with B-horizon. Claylik

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