hod;Lx hod;Lx ÛÛ

;]jf/f];]jf/f]sg\ ofSy'ª\ ;s\;s\ sg\ ofSy'ª\ ;s\;s\ x'x'……l;ª\ l;ª\

lyDa]lyDa]……cf] cf]

s'wS ;S s'wS ;S -s'ws\ ;s\_-s'ws\ ;s\_s v u P ir p h - -t y b w gk m a e do F n j -; x

s'a'I ;S s'a'I ;S -s'a'ª\ ;s\_-s'a'ª\ ;s\_

c cf cl c' c]c cf O p P

c]] cf] cf]] c[P] cf] cf} PÞ

;SgfD ;SgfD dfqfdfqfs sf sl s' s] s]] sf] sf]] s[s sf ls s' s] s} sf] sf} sÞ]

v vf vl v' v] v]] vf] vf]] v[

v vf lv v' v] v} vf] vf} vÞ]

x xf xl x' x] x]] xf] xf]] x[

x xf lx x' x] x} xf] xf} xÞ]

r'S ;Sr'S ;S-;fgf] cIf/_-;fgf] cIf/_s = Ss = Si = Iª = ª\t = Tt = Tg = Gg = G

k = K k = K d = D d = D F = U / = { n = N n = N

cM]St'D ;S cM]St'D ;S -;-;+o'QmfIf/_+o'QmfIf/_o = Oo = o\F = q/ = «j = Jj = J

vKkfOvk\Kofv[sqS/v[tqS

vÞ]qms/vÞ]qs

rfJTRjft\

s';M]S ;S s';M]S ;S -pklrGx-pklrGx__lnDa' b]jgfu/L

1)M = sM]Dm[qI ` = s]MDk¥|m]»\ o;nfO{ lb3{ :j/ -nfdf] pRrf/0f_ elgG5 . h:t} M—

dfMI dfM»\ 6f8f] ;fMSt[ ;fMSt]Þ s]nf

tfMSt' tfMSt' yfKof]

lqmofdf s]Dk|Þm]Mª\ lqmofdf s]Dk|Þm]Mª\ --`̀_sf] k|of]u_sf] k|of]usfSdf – sfSdf, sfMSdf – sfMSdf

rs{g' , 8Nnf] gfF£g' vfSdf – vfSdf, vMfSdf – vfMSdf

s7fª\lu|g' rf]Ol6g'rffSdf – rfSdf rfMfSdf – rfMSdf

nufO{ lbg' kf}8g',dRrfpg'

lqmofdf s]Dk|Þm]Mª\ -`_sf] k|of]u

tfSdf – tfSdf, tfMSdf – tfMSdf

hDg' yfKg'gfSdf – gfSdf, gfMSdf – gfMSdf

em'lSsg' dfUg'yfSdf – yfSdf, yfMSdf – yfMSdf

pef] Nofpg', a'Gg' nfdf] afFRg'

2) d'Sm[qI 2) d'Sm[qI d'Sk|Þ]mª\d'Sk|Þ]mª\ lnDa' b]jgfu/L

( C) = d'Sm[[qI, d'Sk|Þ]mª\ = (…)

s07\o :kif{ (Glotal Stop) elgG5 .

sCof] söof] — oxfFv[Cof] v]¥öof] — ToxfF

1) 1) lqmofdf d'Dk|lqmofdf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ -Þm]Mª\ -……_sf] k|of]u_sf] k|of]usfCdf – sfödf sfdf – sfdf

rs{g' af:g' vfCdf – vfödf vfdf – vfdfrkfP/ Vjfpg' c3fpg'rffCdf – rfödf rfdf – rfdf

ufx|f] x'g', /+u nfUg' vfg'

lqmofdf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ lqmofdf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ --……_sf] k|of]u_sf] k|of]ugfCdf – gfödf gfdf – gfdf

5f]8\g' yfSg' , uNg'

tfCdf – tfödf tfdf – tfdf

6fF8 agfpg' cfpg'rlCdf – lrödf rldf – lrdf lr:ofpg' lr;f] x'g'

2) 2) cf1fdf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ -cf1fdf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ -……_sf] k|of]u_sf] k|of]um[F[ – k¥m]/¥] m[FC[ – k¥]m/¥]ö

cfof] cfOh k]u[ – k]u]¥ k]uC[ – k]u]¥ö

uof] hf

nfIP]u[ – nf»\3]u¥] nfIP]u[C– nf»\3]u¥]ö

lx8\of] lx8\

3) 3) cGodf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ cGodf d'Dk|Þm]Mª\ --……_sf] k|of]u_sf] k|of]uv[dfC — v]¥dfö v[df — vÞ]df

emu8f ?b} k5\ofpg'n'IdfC — n'»\dfö n'Idf — n'»\df d'6' ;dfKt kfg{

o'dfC — o'dfö o'df — o'df

af]h' tn cfpg'

PQ' PQ' (c])(c]) / k]ÞTr / k]ÞTr (c[)(c[) sf] km/s Msf] km/s Ms]af s]af Aff3 s[af s¥]af nf6f]v]df v]df Aff‰g' v[df v¥]df ?b} k5\ofpg'

kM'G k[. k'Mg\ k]¥.. r/f p8\5 .

dgfG k]. dgfg\ k].. dflg; uof]

;cl( -) ;cl( -) ;O{;O{