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Hogup Cave, Utah: comparative pollen analysis of humancoprolites and cave fill
Item type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)
Authors Kelso, Gerald Kay, 1937-
Publisher The University of Arizona.
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HOGUP GAVE, UTAH: COMPARATIVE POLLEN ANALYSIS
OF HUMAN COPROLITES. AND CAVE FILL
' . by <
Gerald Ke K elso
A T hesis Subm itted to th e F a c u lty o f th e
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
I n P a r t i a l F u lf i l lm e n t o f th e R equirem ents . For th e Degree o f
MASTER OF ARTS
", In th e G raduate C ollege
■ the UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
1 9 7 1
'STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
T his t h e s i s has been subm itted in p a r t i a l f u l f i l lm e n t o f req u irem en ts f o r an advanced degree a t The U n iv e rs ity o f A rizona and i s d e p o s ited in th e U n iv e rs ity L ib ra ry to be made a v a i la b le to borrow ers under r u le s of th e L ib ra ry »
B r ie f q u o ta tio n s from th i s th e s i s a re a llo w ab le w ith o u t s p e c ia l p e rm iss io n , provided th a t a c c u ra te acknowledgment o f source i s made« R equests fo r p e rm ission f o r extended q u o ta tio n from o r re p ro d u c tio n of t h i s m anuscrip t in whole o r in p a r t may be g ran ted by th e head of th e m ajor departm ent o r th e Dean o f th e G raduate C ollege when in h is judgment th e proposed use o f th e m a te r ia l i s in th e i n t e r e s t s o f sch o la rsh ip * In a l l o th e r in s ta n c e s , however, perm ission must be o b ta in ed from th e a u th o r .
SIGNED
APPROVAL BY THESIS.DIRECTOR
This th e s i s has been approved on th e d a te shown below:
WILLIAM A, I0NGACRE A sso c ia te P ro fe s so r o f A nthropology
Date
PREFACE
. Ho gup. Cave j, a two chamber lim e s to n e s o lu tio n cav ern lo c a te d
n e a r the so u th w este rn end o f th e Hogup M ountains in n o r th e rn Utah*
was excavated by Dr e C. M elvin A ikens under th e a u sp ic e s of th e
U n iv e rs ity o f Utah d u rin g th e summers o f 196? and 1968„ The e x cav a to rs
hoped to tak e in to c o n s id e ra tio n changing p a t te r n s o f c u l t u r a l eco logy
as w e ll as exam ining s e v e ra l problems o f lo c a l c u l tu r e h i s to r y $ con
se q u e n tly a. w idely c r o s s - d i s c ip l in a r y approach was adopted in exam ining
th e m a te r ia ls recovered® A n a ly sis o f b ird rem ains was undertaken by
P„ ¥«, Par male e w h ile th e ' rem ains of o th e r fau n a were s tu d ie d by S. D.
C u rra n t, Ke Ts H arper and Ge M." A lder in v e s t ig a te d th e m acroscopic
p la n t rem ains from the cave f i l l and th e human c o p r o l i te s found in th e
cave were examined f o r m a c ro fo s s ils by G. Fry® C ooperation between
th e v a r io u s in v e s t ig a to r s was q u i te c lo se and a l l r e s u l t s w i l l be
p u b lish ed as appendices to th e s i t e report®
S ix tee n d i s t in c t " n a tu r a l , l a y e r s were uncovered in Hogup Cave
and from th e se Dr® Aikens was ab le to i s o l a t e fo u r su c c e ss iv e c u l tu r a l
p a t t e r n s e U n it 1 , in c o rp o ra tin g s t r a t a 1 through 8 , d a te s by ra d io
carbon from 6h00 B0C0 to 12$0 B«C. and c lo s e ly resem bles th e D ese rt
C u ltu re as o r ig in a l ly d e sc rib e d by Jen n in g s and Norbeck (1955). U n it
2 (1250 B„Ce~AeDe liOO) i s composed o f s t r a t a 9 , 10 and 11 and i s a
c o n tin u a tio n o f th e p rev ious p a t te rn b u t w ith a s t r i k i n g d e c lin e in
th e number and v a r ie ty o f a r t i f a c t s and a s h i f t away from the
- i i i
u t i l i z a t i o n o f w ild seed fo o d s , D eers mountain, sheep and r a b b i t s a re
re p la ce d by a n te lo p e and , to a c e r ta in e x te n t , by B ison a s th e p rim ary
game anim als and w ater fow l d isa p p e a r from th e reco rd e n t i r e l y . U nit
3 (AID, U00-I350) in c o rp o ra te s th e m a te r ia ls from a v a r ia n t of th e
Fremont C u ltu re recovered in 12 , 13 and I t , w hile U n it t (A,D, 135>0-
1850) encompasses le v e ls 1$ and 16 and re p re s e n ts in te rm itte n t Shoshoni
o ccu p a tio n ,
I would l ik e to ex p ress a p p re c ia t io n to D r, W illiam A, Longaere,
D r, A rth u r J , J e l in e k and D r, P e te r J . M ehringer f o r g ra c io u s ly con
s e n tin g to se rv e on my th e s i s com m ittee, to D r, P e te r J . M ehringer f o r
h is generously ex tended guidance and a s s is ta n c e in u n d e rta k in g th i s
s tu d y , to .Dr, C, M elvin A !kens, D r, K im ball T, H arper, Mr,. James B,
King, Mr, Gary Fry f o r comments on th e m a n u sc rip t, D r, P, S , M artin
f o r use of th e counts from c o p r b l i te s GL% and GL3 , and Mrs, K atherine
G o tte s fe ld f o r h e r e f f o r t s in d r a f t in g th e d iagram s,
II HO GUP CAVE, UTAH: Com parative P o llen A n a ly sis o f Human
C o p ro lite s and Cave F i l l " i s C o n tr ib u tio n No, 202, Program in
Geochronology, U n iv e rs ity .of A rizona ,
. TABLE OF CONTENTS ; ’ ' '
' ■ ■ ■ ■ : - / .
■ "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS « o . „ . ;• ; . . ' . ■ . Vi .'' V
ABSTRACT 0 o # » * « fl * e * * a a o @ * o o o e o o e o . e. v i A.
1 . INTRODUCTION . » . . . , . . . . . .. » . . . . . . . , 1 ':
2» IDENTIFICATION, EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS., . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 . THE POLLEN RECORD FROM THE CAVE FILL . . . . . .' . « . 6
THE POLLEN RECORD FROM THE COPROLITES . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5® THE DANGER CAVE COPROLITES - . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .• . . 1 7
6 ® SUI'4MARY AND CONCLUSIONS . ‘ ........................ ....................... 20
LIST OF REFERENCES ' . . . ' V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2h
v.
LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
F igure ' Page
l e E xcavation p lan w ith lo c a t io n s o f p o lle n p r o f i l e s j Ho gup Gave,, U ban
29 P o llen counts from cave f i l l , P r o f i l e s I , I I , I I I ;Ho gup Gave, U tali oo . ® o o « o « » o o o o » » o o » o 7 ■
3<, P o llen counts from human c o p r o l i t e s , Ho gup Gave, Utah „ 12
Ua P o llen counts from human c o p r o l i t e s . Danger Gave", Utah * 18
ABSTRACT'
P o lle n a n a ly s is o f Ul human c o p r o l i te s and 37 cave f i l l sam ples
from th re e p r o f i l e s in d ic a te s t h a t d u rin g d e p o s it io n o f s t r a t a 1
th rough 9 th e D e se rt C u ltu re b e a r in g occupants o f Hogup Cave r e l i e d
h e a v ily on Cheno-ams, a lth o u g h o c c a s io n a lly consuming o th e r p la n ts ,
and th a t th e r e a r o f th e cave was l e s s f r e q u e n tly used e a r ly in th e
o ccu p a tio n , A flu c tu a tio n in ju n ip e r , p ine and A rtem is ia f re q u e n c ie s
may e v e n tu a lly be r e l a t a b l e to c lim a tic e v e n ts .
In le v e l s 10 and 11 , d u rin g a p e rio d o f im poverished m a te r ia l
c u l tu r e w ith in th e cav e , a d ec rea se in th e c o p r o l i te Cheno-am c o n te n t ,
w ithou t a s h i f t to o th e r economic ty p e s , in d ic a te s a p o s s ib le g e n e ra l
d e c rea se in th e e x p lo i ta t io n o f v e g e ta l re s o u rc e s , A s im i la r , ro u g h ly
contem poraneous, ev en t occurs a t Danger Gave b u t w ith a com pensating
r i s e in th e r e p re s e n ta t io n o f o th e r economic p la n t s .
D uring the Fremont and Shoshoni o ccu pations o f s tra tu m 12 and
' above th e Gramineae and A rtem is ia became prom inent food so u rc e s , ■
w ith o u t f u r th e r encroachm ent on the Cheno-am r e p r e s e n ta t io n , im ply ing
a re su rg en ce in r e l ia n c e on p la n t fo o d s , and , p o s s ib ly , a le n g th e n in g .
o f th e occupation seaso n . The sudden r i s e o f B ison and g ra ss as m ajor
food re so u rc e s d u rin g t h i s period may in d ic a te some m o d if ic a tio n in
th e environm ent around Hogup Cave, ; ■
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION '
The v a r ie ty and th e r e l a t i v e fre q u e n c ie s o f p o lle n d a ta
recovered ' from a rc h a e o lo g ic a l s i t e s a re h e a v ily in f lu e n c e d by human
s e l e c t i v i t y 3 and d is tu rb a n c e s o f th e n a tu r a l v e g e ta tio n of cave de
p o s i ts a s the r e s u l t o f ro u tin e d a i ly a c t i v i t i e s can a ls o be a n t i c i
pated o P o llen re c o rd s ob ta ined from cave f i l l a r e , th e r e f o r e , l im ite d
in t h e i r p o te n t ia l f o r en v iro n m en ta l re c o n s tru c tio n ,. The problems
and p o te n t ia l s of a rc h a e o lo g ic a l palyno logy and the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f
p o lle n re c o rd s from a r id N orth America a re d iscu ssed by M ehringer
(1 9 6 7 )® Some f lu c tu a t io n s in cave f i l l p o lle n f re q u e n c ie s w i l l i n v i t e
i n t e r p r e ta t io n as n a tu ra l phenomena, b u t w ith o u t re g io n a l p a leo e c o lo g -
i c a l com parative d a ta such in fe re n c e s a re s u b je c t to q u a lif ic a tio n ®
P o llen recovered from cave f i l l may prov ide u se fu l in fo rm a tio n con
c e rn in g p la n t usage and s i t e fu n c tio n ; however, i t b e s t se rv e s as a
com parative fram ew ork.f d r more s p e c i f ic in v e s t ig a t io n , such as th e
a n a ly s is o f c o p ro lite s® . '
Each c o p r o l i te p ro v id es an is o la te d sample o f th e m a te r ia l
in g e s ted a t a p a r t i c u l a r p o in t in tim e and should p e rm it guarded con
c lu s io n s con cern in g d i e t , s p e c ia l p la n t u t i l i z a t i o n and , e s p e c ia l ly •
when d e a lin g w ith peop les among whom s to ra g e tech n o lo g y was not w e ll
d eveloped , season o f deposition® Much o f t h i s in fo rm a tio n may be
1
d eriv ed from th e s tu d y o f m a c ro fo s s i ls , b u t p o lle n a n a ly s is may p rov ide
ev idence f o r th e use -of p la n ts which were com ple te ly d ig e s te d or f o r
foods in which no p la n t t i s s u e was consumed (M artin and Sharrock
1961*)* A c o p r o l i te composed s o le ly o f ch a rred Typha p o lle n recovered
from Lovelock Gave, Nevada (Napton and K elso 1969) p ro v id es a good
example o f th e l a t t e r *
I t i s u n lik e ly t h a t th e fre q u e n c ie s o f . th e p o lle n ty p es noted
in c o p r o l i te s t r u l y r e p re s e n t th e r e l a t i v e p e rcen tag es o f th e p la n ts
e a te n « Some m ajor economic p la n ts produce very l i t t l e p o lle n and th e
r e p re s e n ta t io n o f even v e ry heavy p o l le n a to r s may be a f fe c te d by v a ry
in g methods o f food p re p a ra tio n ^ se a so n o f c o lle c tio n ^ and p o r tio n o f
th e p la n t s e le c te d fo r consum ption« These f a c to r s would have a
h e igh tened e f f e c t in a s i t e occupied on a sea so n a l b a s i s e P o lle n
a n a ly s i s s o f c o u rs e s p ro v id e s no ev idence fo r t h a t p a r t o f th e d ie t
n o t d e riv ed from p la n ts* Almost c e r t a in l y a p o r tio n o f th e n a tu r a l
p o lle n r a in and p o lle n r e f lo a te d through human d is tu rb a n c e of a s i t e
midden would be in a d v e r te n t ly swallowed and inc lu d ed in th e sp ec tra*
Modern e th n o b o ta n ic a l s tu d ie s p rov ide some u se fu l com parative m a te r ia l§
b u t when d e a lin g w ith tim e d ep ths as g re a t as those a t Hogup Gave,
such d a ta may n o t be un ifo rm ly a p p lic a b le th ro u g h o u t th e sequence*
CHAPTER 2
IDENTIFICATIONs EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS
The in v e s t ig a t io n of p o lle n from Hogup Cave has invo lved th e
p ro c e ss in g and a n a ly s is o f i ll c o p r o l i t e s , id e n t i f i e d as p robab le
human fe c e s by Gary F ry ( in p r e s s ) 3 from s t r a t a 3 th rough 16 (see
F ig , 2 ) and 37 cave f i l l sam ples from th re e p r o f i l e s (F ig s , 1 and 2 ) 0
One c o p r o l i te co n ta in ed no p o lle n and th re e o th e rs were excluded from
th e s tu d y when F ry concluded th a t th e y were not o f human origins, No
meaning should be a tta c h e d to th e r e l a t i v e p o s i t io n s o f th e c o p r o l i te s
w ith in in d iv id u a l s t r a t a as shown in F ig u re 1 *. The arrangem ent th e re
r e f l e c t s only th e o rd e r of th e sample numbers a ss ig n ed by Fry and has
no c h ro n o lo g ic a l s ig n if ic a n c e . S t r a t a 11 and 13 were a b se n t from a l l
th re e p r o f i l e s .
The c o p ro l i te s were c a r e f u l ly c leaned by F ry and th e p o lle n
sam ples tak en from th e i n t e r i o r to avoid in c o rp o ra t in g su rfa c e contam i
n a tio n in th e p o lle n c o tin ts . A n alysis .was conducted a t th e Geochron
ology D epartm ent, U n iv e rs ity o f A rizona , and id e n t i f i c a t i o n o f .p o lle n
ty p es i s based on th e Geochronology Departm ent re fe re n c e c o l le c t io n .
P o llen e x t r a c t io n fo llow ed M ehringer (1967? 1 3 7 ), An i n i t i a l count
o f 200 g ra in s was fo llo w e d , where p o s s ib le , by a second count of 200 ,-
100 o r 5>0 g ra in s , depending upon th e d e n s i ty o f th e p o lle n on in d i
v id u a l s l i d e s . The dom inant ty p e , th e Cheno-ams, was excluded from
IIOLIOO
94
•93
I0L80 92
90
f e e t
F igure 1 . E xcavation p lan w ith lo c a t io n s o f p o lle n p r o f i l e s ; Hogup Gave, Utah.
5
th e second counts The term ino logy used in t h i s paper fo llo w s M ehringer
; (1967) excep t th a t th e term "Ambrosia” -ty p e has been s u b s t i tu te d f o r
V low-spine Com positae" an d . ,!h igh~sp ine Com positae” • has been re p la ce d
by " o th e r Com positaeo11
CHAPTER 3
THE POLLEN .RECORD FROM THE CAVE FILL
The f i r s t coun ts from a l l th re e p r o f i l e s ? dom inated as th ey
were by th e Cheno-ams, p rov ide us w ith r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e in form ation*
This was n o t unexpected , in view of th e la rg e amount o f A lle n ro lfe a
c h a f f co n ta in ed in th e f i l l (H arper and A ld e r, in p re ss )* The r e l a - •
l i v e l y low r e p re s e n ta t io n of th e Cheno-ams in th e d e ep e s t la y e r s o f
a l l th r e e p r o f i l e s (see Fig* 2) could be th e r e s u l t o f c l im a tic f l u c
tu a t io n s d u rin g th e e a r ly p a r t o f th e occu p a tio n b u t , w h ile the co u n ts
in d ic a te contem poraneous high f re q u e n c ie s o f Pinus and A rtem is ia
p o lle n , th e re does n o t seem to be c o n s is te n t ev idence t h a t en v iro n
m ental change i s d i r e c t l y re sp o n sib le * I t i s p o s s ib le , however, t h a t
A lle n ro lf e a h a b i ta t was r e s t r i c t e d a t t h a t tim e by a h igh la k e le v e l*
The un ifo rm ly high Cheno-am c o n te n t of P r o f i le I I above s tra tu m
it and th e la c k o f correspondence between th e Cbeno-am co un ts o f th e
o th e r two p r o f i l e s may im ply th a t human ag en ts were re s p o n s ib le f o r
v i r t u a l l y a l l o f th e Cheno-am p o lle n in th e f i l l samples* That the
e a r ly in h a b i ta n ts of the cave were l e s s dependent upon Cheno-ams o r
t h a t th e cave was l e s s f r e q u e n tly occupied d u ring t h i s tim e could be
e q u a lly v a lid e x p la n a tio n s » A lle n ro lfe a seed would n o t be a v a ila b le
f o r h a rv e s t u n t i l F a l l and i f th e cave were c u s to m arily in h a b ite d
d u rin g some o th e r tim e o f th e y e a r , th e Cheno-am p o lle n fre q u e n c ie s
Figure 2* P o llen counts from cave f i l l . P r o f i l e s I , I I , I I I* Hogup Gave, U tah0
.The f i r s t count o f 200 g ra in s inc luded a l l ty p e s , b u t on ly th e Cheno-ams a re inc luded on th e diagram* A ll f re q u e n c ie s to th e l e f t o f th e Cheno-ams a re from second c o u n tse A ll second counts a re based o n .200 g ra in s ex cep t s tra tu m 8 , P r o f i le I , 50 g ra in s and s tra tu m lU , P r o f i le I I , .100 g ra in s e ■
r
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BKCEZ3Z2 Zaa ■saaEssEsna eaiBssiaxGiffle sssx&rjsa S K ^ r r a m IP.-'': ■■rrsa o • yi=>-.-.-a-rT.-q - r r ' - ra g a a
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F igure 2 , P o llen counts from cave f i l l . P r o f i le s I , I I , I I I ; Hogup Cave, Utah.
->3
in f i l l sample's would be lo w er. The p ro g re ss iv e r i s e in th e re p re se n
ta t i o n o f the Gheno-ams in s tra tu m 1.3 - moving from th e d eeper p a r t o f
the cave ( P r o f i le I I ) toward th e e n tra n ce ( P r o f i le I I I ) p ro b ab ly i n d i
c a te s t h a t th e r e a r , o f the. cave was n o t so e x te n s iv e ly u t i l i z e d by th e
e a r l i e s t in h a b i ta n t s „
The second counts? w ith o u t which many o f th e 30 p o lle n ty pes
u l t im a te ly id e n t i f i e d would have gone u n d e tec te d , show some in te r e s t in g ,
though n o t d ra m a tic , t r e n d s . P r o f i le I I I i s p ro b ab ly most r e p re s e n ta
t iv e o f th e n a tu r a l p o lle n r a in as i t shows th e g r e a te s t r e g u la r i ty
in the changes in d ic a te d and i s c lo s e s t to bo th th e cave mouth and
w a ll . Here a n o tic e a b le r i s e in th e freq u en cy o f S areoba tus i s ex
h ib i te d in s t r a t a 6 and 7 , as w e ll as a s l i g h t upward tre n d in th e p ine
and ju n ip e r c o u n ts . These l a s t two re a ch t h e i r h ig h e s t p o in ts in
s t r a t a 7 . and 8 r e s p e c t iv e ly . There a re h in ts o f s im i la r f lu c tu a t io n s
in th e counts from th e o th e r two p r o f i l e s , b u t none ap p ear to be
e x a c tly contem poraneous w ith those in P r o f i l e I I I and on ly one, th e
r i s e in S areobatus in P r o f i l e I I i s d i s t i n c t . No s im ila r in c re a se in
th e im p o rtan c e .o f S areo b a tu s m a c ro fo s s ils occurs in th e f i l l (H arper
and A ld e r, in p r e s s . Table 5 ) ® A f lu c tu a t io n in th e r e p re s e n ta t io n o f
A rtem is ia p o lle n ro u g h ly c o in c id e s w ith th e se changes, b u t may be a
fu n c tio n of c o n s t r a in t o f th e o th e r ty p es w ith in a f ix e d num erical
count r a th e r than in d ic a t in g tru e v a r ia t io n , in th e abundance of A rte
m is ia . S im ila r and ap p rox im ate ly contem poraneous o s c i l l a t i o n s in p ine
and A rte m is ia p o lle n fre q u e n c ie s have been reco rded from so u th e a s te rn
Idaho (B rig h t 1966: 2 5 ), b u t th e a v a i la b le com parative p a le o e c o lo g ic a l
d a ta i s n o t r e a l l y s u f f i c i e n t to p e rm it f u r th e r i n t e r p r e ta t io n s o f t h i s
p o r tio n o f the Hogup Cave p o lle n r e c o rd 8
One tren d w ith in th e f i l l which seems to have undoubtable
v a l id i t y i s th e r i s e in th e frequency of g ra ss f i r s t reco rd ed in
s tra tu m 12 o f a l l th re e p r o f i l e s 0 T h is s ig n i f ic a n t tu rn in th e p o lle n
reco rd c o in c id e s w ith th e marked in c re a s e in th e im portance o f g ra ss
seed (P ry , in p re s s ) and p o lle n in th e c o p r o l i te s and a s h i f t toward
th e predominance o f B ison among th e fa u n a ! rem ains (C u rra n t, in p r e s s ) »
The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h i s a l t e r a t i o n in th e s u b s is te n c e p a t te rn was
b rough t about by some m o d if ic a tio n in th e n a tu re o f th e re so u rc e s
a v a i la b le i s supported by th e r e g u la r c h a ra c te r o f the changes seen in
P r o f i le III® The unsym m etrieal g ra s s counts from th e upper s t r a t a o f
P r o f i l e s I and I I se rv e to em phasize th e human in f lu e n c e on p o lle n
f re q u e n c ie s from cave f i l l .
There a re a ls o s e v e ra l f e a tu re s which s tand o u t in th e second
coun ts from s p e c if ic le v e l s and p r o f i l e s which may im ply p la n t usage
r e s t r i c t e d to one p a r t o f th e cave d u rin g a l im ite d p erio d o f time®
These a re th e lit p e rc e n t Gyperaceae from s tra tu m 8 , P r o f i le I j th e 12
p e rc e n t Ambrosia-ty p e reco rded in s tra tu m 1U> P r o f i le I I ; th e 12 .5
p e rc e n t Rosaceae from s tra tu m 3> P r o f i le I I ; and th e 25 p e rc en t " o th e r
Compositae" found in s tra tu m U, P r o f i le I I I . H is to r ic groups found
many uses f o r th e d iv e rs e p la n ts whose p o lle n i s in c o rp o ra te d in th e se■ v : i
fo u r ty p es (Cham berlin 1911| Loud and H a rrin g to n 1929; Steward 1933).
The in h a b i ta n ts o f Hogup Cave u t i l i z e d a c e r t a in amount o f m oun ta in .
mahogany f o r th e m anufacture o f wooden a r t i f a c t s and th e occurrence
• ■ - 10
o f Gyperaceae rhizom es in th e cave f i l l (H arper and A ld e r, in p re s s )
may in d ic a te t h a t a p o r tio n o f b u lru sh e s were e a te n » We have no
ev idence from th e f i l l i t s e l f as to th e n a tu re o f th e a c t i v i t i e s which
b ro u g h t about th e c o n c e n tra tio n s of th e o th e r two p o lle n ty p e s in th e
f i l l .
The g e n e ra lly h ig h e r p e rcen tag es of Ambrosia- ty p e th roughou t
P r o f i l e s I and I I I a re p robab ly th e r e s u l t o f th e g r e a te r e f f e c t o f
th e n a tu r a l p o lle n r a in c lo s e r to th e mouth o f th e cav ee This ex p lan a
t io n may a ls o ap p ly to th e s l i g h t l y g r e a te r r e l a t i v e freq u en cy o f g ra ss
p o lle n p re se n t in most la y e r s o f P r o f i l e !<, b u t i t i s n o t m irro red in
P r o f i le I I I . I t m ight be a t t r i b u t a b l e to the p ro c e ss in g o f g ra ss seed
in t h a t area,, b u t th e Gramineae a re n o t w e ll re p re se n te d in th e cop-
r o l i t e s from below s tra tu m 12. Some o th e r c u l tu r a l use f o r th e g ra sse s
may u n d e r lie th e se c o u n ts .
CHAPTER U
THE POLIiEN RECORD FROM THE COPROLITES .
One need n o t be n e a r ly so c a u tio u s in a ss ig n in g c u l tu r a l
d e te rm in an ts to th e p o lle n in f e c a l sam ples, th u s the co u n ts from the
Hogup Cave c o p r o l i te s a re more in fo rm a tiv e th an th o se from th e f i l l s ,
From s t r a t a 3 th rough 9 a l l specim ens b u t one reach 60 p e rc e n t Cheno~
•.ams and most exceed 90 p e rc e n t (F ig , 3)« In th e s in g le t r u l y a b e r ra n t
s c a t , number 16 , s tra tu m 8 , the dom inant type i s sup p lan ted by p o lle n
a s s ig n a b le to th e genus Polygonum<, The morphology o f t h i s p o lle n i s
d i s t i n c t iv e b u t , in s p i t e o f a ttem p ts to match i t w ith p la n ts used by
the G osiu te (Cham berlin 1911s 3 7 7 ), i t could n o t be id e n t i f i e d as to
sp ec ie so For the p re s e n t , i t i s p robab ly b e s t to ap p ly th e d e s c r ip t iv e
l a b e l , Polygonum pensylvanicum - ty p e „
Two o th e r c o p r o l i t e s , number 11 , s tra tu m 8 and number 31,
s tra tu m 6 , d isp la y ed a Cheno-am c o n te n t n o tic e a b ly low er th an th o se
o f th e o th e r specim ens from th e d eep er p a r t o f th e d e p o s i t s . ' In num
b e r 11 , th e d ec rea se to 66 p e rc e n t Cheno-ams seems to be due to th e
g re a te r amounts o f A m brosia-type and ”o th e r Com positae1* p re s e n t . The
a p p a ren t in c re a se in th e r e p re s e n ta t io n of. th e se two ty p e s could a ls o
be a fu n c tio n of the d ecrea se in A rtem is ia p o lle n in th e same co p ro -
l i t e . The low er p e rcen tag e o f Cheno-ams in number 31 i s accompanied
by 1(6 p e rc e n t A rtem is ia in th e second c o u n t, a f ig u re s l i g h t l y h ig h e r
11
m19
»at
■
L . i E J — _ u ------- — r
F igure 3* P o llen counts from human c o p r o l i te s , Kogup Cave, Utah
The f i r s t count o f 200 g ra in s in c lu d es a l l ty p e s , b u t on ly th e Cheno-am percen tages a re inc luded in th e diagram . A ll freq u e n c ie s to the l e f t o f th e Cheno-ams a re second co u n ts . Numbers 3 , h, 6 , 3 , 9 , 10, ±5, 17, 19, 20, 26, 1*8, 50, and 5>3 were no t given second c o u n ts . F i f ty g ra in counts were ob ta ined from sam ples 1 , 2, 13, 21, and 6h w hile samp le s 5>, 11, 12 , l l i , 35 , 52, 60, and 69 had 100 g ra in co u n ts . 200 g ra in counts were p o ss ib le on sam ples 1 6 , 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 31, 7h, and 75. Sample number 70, s tra tu m 10 d id n o t c o n ta in p o lle n .
Hrv>
- ' 13
th an m ight be expected from th e A rtem is ia r e p re s e n ta t io n in th e fills
This could be th e r e s u l t o f a sim ple lo s s o f Cheno=ams. w ith th e r i s e> .
in Ar te m is ia a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e absence o f th e R osaceae from th e
count and th e low amount, o f ju n ip e r .p re s e n t , A number o f o th e r cop-
r o l i te .s c o n ta in n e a r ly as much. A rtem is ia b u t show no d e c lin e in th e
p e rcen tag e o f .Cheno-ams*
Second coun ts from s e v e ra l o th e r c o p r o l i te s a l s o h in t th a t
a d d i t io n a l p la n ts were used w hile s t r a t a 3 through 9 were b e in g de
p o s ited * G o p ro lite number 1 , s tra tu m 3? co n ta in ed h ig h e r v a lu es than
m ight be expected o f J u n ip e ru s Ambrosia- ty p e , and Cyperaceae p o lle n
w hile c o p r o l i te number. 2 from th e same l e v e l co n ta ined 30 p e rc e n t R osa-
ceae® The f i r s t specim en, i f in d ic a t in g a n y th in g more th an a c c id e n ta l
in g e s t io n o f ju n ip e r p o l le n , su g g es ts t h a t th e occupants o f Hogup Cave,
l ik e th e l a t e r in h a b i ta n ts o f th e re g io n , on ly o c c a s io n a lly consumed
ju n ip e r p ro d u c ts ( Cham berlin 1911: 3 7 2 ). Ju n ip e r m a c ro fo s s ils were
p o o rly re p re se n te d in th e c o p r o l i te s (F ry , in p re s s ) and a t p re s e n t
th e t r e e s grow no c lo s e r than f iv e m iles from th e cave (H arper and
A ld e r, in p r e s s ) . The Cyperaceae coun t from specimen number 1 p re se n ts
a problem , s in c e members o f th i s fa m ily shed t h e i r p o lle n e a r l i e r th an
most o f th e p la n ts which f ig u re im p o r ta n tly a t Hogup Cave, Cyperaceae
p o lle n was p re s e n t in 16 o f th e 21 s c a ts from which second counts
could be ob ta in ed and th e a f f i n i t y o f t h i s fam ily f o r m arshy p laces
may in d ic a te t h a t th e p o lle n in th e c o p r o l i te s was d e riv e d from th e
d r in k in g w a te r . I t m ight a ls o su g g es t t h a t th e cave was o c c a s io n a lly
occupied in th e s p r in g or e a r ly Summer, when th e C yperaceae were in
bloom, b u t most o f th e se specim ens a re dominated by Cheno-ams,
O ther -fea tu re s from below s tra tu m 10 which may in d ic a te i n c i
d e n ta l use o f p la n t re so u rc e s a re t h e , 1 8 .p e rc e n t Ambrosia-ty p e in
c o p r o l i te number 11,. the 57 p e rc e n t A rte m is ia in number 12 , and th e
61* p e rc e n t P in us in number l i u a l l from l e v e l 80 Of th e se th r e e , th e
heavy p ine c o n tr ib u t io n to c o p ro l i te number li* i s c e r t a in l y th e most
in te r e s t in g * U n fo rtu n a te ly , we have no c lu e as to th e sp e c ie s o f th e
p ine o r th e means by which i t was in g ested * H is to r ic G reat B asin
groups a tta c h e d g r e a t im portance to Pffion n u ts (Cham berlin 1911s 372;
Steward 1933 s 2 h l ) , b u t F ry ( in p re s s ) r e p o r ts no p ine - m a c ro fo sa ils
in any o f th e c o p r o l i t e s , w h ile H arper and A lder ( in p re s s ) in d ic a te
th a t a few Pi'non seed c o a ts and some b i t s o f wood encased in r e s in
c o n s t i tu te th e only ev idence fo r th e se t r e e s reco v ered from th e f i l l *
In any e v e n t, B ohrer (1969s 36) r e p o r ts t h a t pine p o lle n does n o t adhere
to th e seed* Consumption, under s p e c ia l c irc u m stan c es , o f some p ro d u c t
o f th e t r e e which would t r a p p o lle n m ight be in v o lv ed . P ine gum in _
b o i l in g w a te r was drunk m e d ic in a lly by th e G bsiu te .(C h am b erlin 1911s
3li.9)e In view o f th e n e a r ly 80 p e rc e n t Cheno-ams in th e f i r s t co u n t,
i t i s u n lik e ly t h a t th e p o lle n i t s e l f had been d e l ib e r a t e ly in g e s te d .
The p o lle n o f O p u n tia , whose pad fragm ents F ry ( i n p re s s )
in d ic a te s made up f iv e p e rc en t o f th e w eigh t o f m a c ro fo s s ils in copro
l i t e s d ep o sited d u rin g th i s p e r io d , i s ab sen t from th e e q u iv a le n t
p o lle n counts® O p u n tia , ■a zoophilous ty p e , i s n o t a heavy p o lle n a to r
and the buds o f th e sp e c ie s growing in th e v i c in i ty o f th e cave a re
d ry and n o t p a r t i c u l a r ly a p p e tiz in g , O puntia p o lle n was, however,
p re s e n t in s t r a t a 7 , P r o f i le I*
Above s tra tu m 9 , the p o lle n reco rd from th e c o p r o l l te s shows ■
more d iv e r s i ty ^ both in th e ty p es and p e rcen tag es o f th e p o lle n prom i
n en t in th e counts,, The Cheno~ams3 th o u g h s t i l l th e most im p o rtan t
ty p e s , become a minor e lem ent in th e number o f c o p r o l l te s and reach es
75 p e rc e n t in o n ly fo u r o f th e tw elve specim ens. I t appears p robab le
th a t th e change, in s t r a t a 10 and .11 a t l e a s t , i s p a r t i a l l y th e p ro
d u c t o f a sim ple d e c rea se in th e u t i l i z a t i o n , o f Cheno-ams* r a th e r th an
an o u tr ig h t s h i f t to o th e r p la n t re s o u rc e s . The f re q u e n c ie s in d ic a te d
f o r c o p r o l l te s 69 and 7h and th e s t e r i l i t y o f one a d d i t io n a l , un
d iagram ed, s e a t from l e v e l 10 a ls o seem to p o in t to a g e n e ra l re d u c tio n
in th e use o f p la n ts as a food so u rc e .
The S arcobatus c o n te n t of specim ens 69 and 75 i s d i f f i c u l t - t o
e x p la in . While th e a rc h a e o lo g ic a l re c o rd (Loud and H a rrin g to n 1929?
Jen n in g s 1957; H arper arid A ld e r, in p re s s ) in f e r s t h a t greasewood was
favo red as a raw m a te r ia l by th e p r e h is to r ic in h a b i ta n ts o f th e G reat
B asin , th e re seems to be l i t t l e d a ta b e a r in g on i t s use as a s u b s is
ten ce item by h i s t o r i c g roups. The Goeopa, n ear th e mouth o f th e
Colorado R iv e r, d id t r e a t a number o f i n t e r n a l i l l s w ith an o d ife ro u so ; .
co n co c tio n made from Sarco b a tu s b ark (K e lly , n . d . ) , I t i s q u ite
p o s s ib le th a t th e in h a b i ta n ts o f Hogup Gave had a use f o r t h i s p la n t
unknown to l a t e r peo p les and n o t reco rd ed by th e G reat "Basin e thno
g ra p h e rs .
A rtem is ia and Gramineae p o lle n a re most s ig n i f i c a n t in th e
c o p r o l l te s from th e upper l a y e r s . A rte m is ia , which was a p p a re n tly .
consumed e a r l i e r a s w e ll , becomes th e s a l i e n t type in number 23,
s tra tu m 12, and number 29, s tra tu m l5» In th re e o th e r s c a t s , numbers
21, 25 and 27 from s t r a t a 11, 13 and Lb, A rtem isia re a ch e s or exceeds
50 p e rc e n t o f th e second co u n t. The Ar te m is ia v a lu es in numbers 23
and 29 a re most l i k e l y th e r e s u l t o f in g e s t io n o f some p a r t o f th e '
p la n t d u rin g th e season o f flowering®
Gramineae, th e second p o lle n type to become prom inent in f e c a l '
sam ples from th e more shallow p a r t o f th e f i l l , was n o t a s ig n i f i c a n t
f a c to r in s c a ts recovered below s tra tu m 12. I t s p resence in s tra tu m
12 and above, however, d id no t have th e im pact which A rtem is ia had in
numbers 23 and 29. In f e c a l samples where th e second count was domi
na ted by g ra s s , th e f i r s t counts co n ta in ed b8 to 58 p e rc e n t Cheno-ams0
The in c re a s in g im portance o f g ra ss in th e c o p r e l i te s and th e f i l l , ,
c o in c id in g as i t d id w ith th e sh a rp ly In c re a se d r e p r e s e n ta t io n o f
B ison in th e fa u n a l r e c o rd , p ro bab ly in d ic a te s u t i l i z a t i o n o f r e
sou rces p re v io u s ly n o t p re se n t in econom ically h a rv e s ta b le amounts«
Two o th e r ty p e s , Cyperaceae and Polygonum, a lso ap p ear to have been
s ig n i f i c a n t above s tra tu m 10, b u t on ly in in d iv id u a l specim ens.
CHAPTER $
THE DANGER CAVE COPROLITES .
The p o lle n s p e c tra from th e Danger Cave c o p r o l i te s b e a r con
s id e ra b le resem blance to th o se from Hogup Cave® The Cheno-ams a re
a g a in th e s in g le most im p o rtan t ty p e a dom inating th e f i r s t counts o f
a l l specim ens up th rough s tra tu m lu One a d d i t io n a l f e c a l sample from
s tra tu m 1 9 d a tin g e a r l i e r than the d e ep e s t la y e r s a t Hogup Cave was
e x tra c te d b u t co n ta in ed no pollen®
In s tra tu m 5 and th e su rfa c e specim ens5 th e r e l a t i v e freq u e n
c ie s o f th e Cheno-ams d ecrease b u t to a l e s s e r e x te n t th a n the
e q u iv a le n t c o p r o l i te s from Hogup Cave® This tu rn in th e p o lle n reco rd
seems to be s im i la r in n a tu re to t h a t which occu rred in s t r a t a 10 and
11 a t Hogup,, in t h a t i t appears to be more a. weakening in th e depend
ence upon Cheno-ams than a s h i f t toward some o th e r s p e c i f ic p la n t .
re s o u rc e . At Danger Cave, however, th e lo s s o f Cheno-ams i s coun tered
by a g en e ra l r i s e in th e r e p re s e n ta t io n o f o th e r economic ty p e s . There
was a p p a re n tly no g e n e ra l d ec rea se in th e o v e r - a l l im portance o f p la n t
fo o d s . The sample in bo th case s i s sm all and th e se c o n c lu s io n s a r e ,
o f c o u rse , on3.y t e n t a t i v e .
G rass, in c o n t r a s t to i t s d i s t r i b u t io n a t Hogup, i s a f a i r l y
s ig n i f i c a n t component in th e second coun ts from s tra tu m 1 up th rough
s tra tu m 5 and was p ro b ab ly , c e r t a in l y in c o p r o l i te number 28, a
17
Composftea
10 20 30 10 26 10 20 32I . I .J . 1 1...-L . II
10 20 36) ■ 1 , 1-J
10 20 30 43I i I i .. 1 )
r
/ / ,/ / /
. jj6 4 2 9 10 20 30 40 30 60 70 60 90 ICC
i l l I l . l l l I I I 1
fgrma
turn
rmmmmm mm i
rsa
- r.Figure h* P o llen coun ts from human c o p r o l i te s , Danger Cave, Utah.
B I
> ______rssEEssaaHa_
nascn^Tra^rarriagBai ~
igar- ae , T.::z-;zLL: irrrr^ai' I .yrrTrr'TTj-TOiai ,
|g g |»2 M M a M ig w j
0 20 40%L.o-1-x.J-,- 1-. 1
The f i r s t count o f 200 g ra in s inc luded a l l ty p e s , bu t only the Cheno-ams have been in cluded on th e diagram . A ll freq u e n c ie s to the l e f t o f th e Cheno-ams a re second co u n ts . Second counts were no t p o s s ib le on samples 8 , 13, GL1, GL5, 23, 2h, and 1*2. The p e rcen tag es o f samples 12, 17, and 28 a re based on 50 g ra in s , w hile th e second count of sample 32 c o n s is te d o f 100 g ra in s . The second counts from sam ples 3U and 111 were composed o f 200 g ra in s . An a d d i t io n a l sam ple, no. U, s tra tu m 1 , did n o t c o n ta in p o lle n .
- . 1 9
d ie ta r y elem ent* The n o ta b le in ro ad upon th e Cheno-am re p re s e n ta t io n
which th e Gramineae made above s tra tu m 11 a t Hogup does n o t occur a t
Danger Cave3 b u t a t Lovelock Gave (Eaptpn and K elso 1969) g ra s s was an
im p o rtan t elem ent in two c o p r o l i te s dated c a . A„D0 750 and A^D, 1800*
U n fo rtu n a te ly th e two s c a ts p rocessed from th e su rfa c e c o l le c t io n a t
Danger Gave canno t be dated w ith any c e r t a in t y and i t can n o t be de
term ined w hether no r i s e in th e consum ption o f g ra s s e s # com parable to
t h a t a t Hogup,, occu rred a t Danger Cave o r w hether th e reco rd sim ply
c lo sed b e fo re i t could be re g is te re d * •
Of th e o th e r ty p es im p o rtan t in th e second coun ts from Danger
Cave c o p r o l i t e s s t h r e e , S a rco b a tu s5 th e Rosaceae and Polygonum were
a ls o p re s e n t in s ig n i f i c a n t amounts in th e Hogup Gave specim ens. One,
" o th e r G om positae," though n o t prom inent in the Hogup c o p r o l i t e s , may
be co n sid ered on th e b a s is o f i t s r e p re s e n ta t io n in th e f i l l sample
. from s tra tu m U, P r o f i l e I I I , to have been an economic type a t th a t s i te *
The Polygonum p o lle n from the Danger Gave specim ens i s th e same d i s
t i n c t i v e v a r ie ty reco rd ed a t Hogup Gave * O n e .a d d itio n a l ty p e . Ephedra
n e v a d e n s is - ty p e , though re a c h in g on ly n in e p e rc en t o f th e second count .
from f e c a l sample 39 , may have s ig n if ic a n c e . A sp e c ie s -of Ephedr a
which produces a nevaden s i s -ty p e p o lle n was consumed in a " te a " form ,
p ro b ab ly fo r m e d ic in a l re a s o n s , by th e Owens V alley P a iu te s (Steward
1933: 2lt5)e A nother p o s s ib le source f o r th i s p o lle n i s th e r a th e r
la rg e seeds produced by Ephedra nev ad en sis i t s e l f . A good source o f
such seeds would be th e caches of kangaroo r a t s (K im ball T. H arper,
p e rso n a l com m unication). •
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
On th e b a s is o f p o lle n con ten t,, th e c o p r o l i te s recovered from
Hogup Cave f a l l in to th re e g ro u p in g s9 ro u g h ly e q u iv a le n t to D ese rt
C u ltu re s im poverished D e se rt C u ltu re , and Fremont and Shoshoni occu
p a tio n s seen by Aikens and o th e rs ( in p r e s s ) . There i s no ap p aren t
c o n t r a s t betw een th e specim ens recovered from th e Fremont and Shoshoni
u n i t s . From s t r a t a 1 through 9 th e c o p r o l i te s a r e , w ith one ex cep tio n ,,
dom inated by Cheno-ams, su g g es tin g t h a t th e p la n ts in c o rp o ra te d in
t h a t ty p e , p robab ly A l le n r o lf e a , formed a m ajor p o r tio n o f th e v e g i ta l
d i e t e . T h is , to g e th e r w ith th e c o n s id e ra b le amount o f Cheno-am p o lle n
and A lle n ro lfe a c h a f f in th e f i l l and th e r e l a t i v e l y low re p re s e n ta
t io n of th e Cyperaceae and O pun tia , su g g es ts t h a t th e cave was occupied
o n ly .in th e F a ll* I t may have fu n c tio n ed a s an A lle n ro lfe a seed c o l
le c t io n s t a t i o n . A sm all v a r ie ty o f o th e r p o lle n ty p es a re so d i s
t r ib u te d in th e counts i s to im ply a t l e a s t O ccasional consum ption o f -
th e p la n ts , th e y re p re se n t*
The r e l a t i v e l y low amounts o f Cheno-am p o lle n in th e d eep es t .
la y e r s o f th e cave f i l l could co n ce iv ab ly be r e la te d t o some c l im a tic
c o n d itio n s n o t o p erab le when th e h ig h e r la y e r s were b e in g d e p o s ite d , -
b u t i t i s q u ite p robab le t h a t c u l t u r a l f a c to r s were in v o lv e d „ The
A rte m is ia coun t i s h ig h e r in s e v e ra l sam ples from th e low er l e v e l s .
. : : : • : ■■■, ; . \ ; ' 21
b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t ly to account f o r th e c o m p ara tiv e ly poor r e p re s e n ta
t io n o f th e Cheno-amse The most l i k e l y e x p la n a tio n i s t h a t a l e s s e r
q u a n t i ty o f th e p l a n t s p r o b a b l y A l le n ro lf e a , from which t h i s p o lle n
type i s d e riv ed was b ro u g h t in to th e cave d u rin g th e i n i t i a l segment
o f th e occupancyo The p ra c t ic e of h a rv e s t in g Cheno-ams in t h i s
v i c i n i t y may n o t as y e t have been w e ll e s ta b l is h e d f o r any number o f
c u l tu r a l re a so n s a I t i s a ls o p o s s ib le th a t th e lak e l e v e l was s u f f i
c i e n t ly high to e lim in a te much o f th e h a b i ta t n e c e ssa ry f o r A llen ro lfe a .
U n fo rtu n a te ly , no c o p r o l i te s were a v a i la b le from th e lo w est two s t r a t a ,
b u t the s in g le countable" specimen from s tra tu m 1 a t Danger Cave, d a tin g
e a r l i e r than th e f i r s t occu p a tio n a t Hogup Cave, was dom inated by
Cheno-ams0
. The ab ru p t change in the p o lle n c o n ten t o f th e c o p r o l i te s from
s t r a t a 10 and 11 i s n o t d u p lic a te d in th e f i l l sam ples and p robab ly
does n o t r e p re s e n t a c le a n break w ith the p rev io u s p a t te r n . The Cheno-
ams, though p re s e n t in much sm a lle r q u a n t i t ie s in th e c o p r o l i t e s , con
t in u e to be th e s in g le most im p o rtan t ty p e . They were n o t rep laced
by any o th e r m ajor economic p lan t, and d u rin g t h i s tim e , which c o r re
sponds q u ite w e ll to th e p e rio d when th e cave was occupied by people
b e a r in g an im poverished form o f th e D e se rt C u ltu re (A ikens and o th e r s ,
in p r e s s ) , th e e x p lo i ta t io n o f p la n t re so u rc e s in g e n e ra l may have de
c re a se d . The ro u g h ly contem poraneous change noted in th e Danger Cave’ •
c o p r o l i te s i s s im i la r in n a tu re , b u t n o t i d e n t i c a l . At t h a t l o c a l i t y
th e re i s a general, r i s e in t h e p o lle n fre q u e n c ie s o f s e v e r a l economic
p la n ts in s c a ts which c o n ta in l e s s e r amounts o f Cheno-ams.
The causes o f th e s h i f t in th e p o lle n reco rd a t Hogup Cave and
th e im poverishm ent of the c u l tu r a l in v e n to ry d u rin g th e same p erio d
(Aikens. and o thers ,, in p re s s ) may be r e la te d to a change- in re so u rce
use' o r a v a i l a b i l i t y as suggested by th e d isap p ea ran ce o f W aterfowl
(P arm alee, in p re s s ) from the fa u n a l r e c o rd e U n fo rtu n a te ly , the p o lle n
coun ts from th e cave f i l l do no t p rov ide r e a d i ly d is t in g u is h a b le in d i
c a t io n s o f change in th e e c o lo g ic a l s i t u a t i o n . P r o f i le I I I , th e l e a s t
e r r a t i c o f the th re e colum ns, p ro v id es in i t s S arco b a t u s , p ine and
ju n ip e r f re q u e n c ie s a h in t t h a t some s o r t o f env ironm enta l f lu c tu a t io n
may have been in p ro g re ss d u rin g th e d e p o s it io n o f s t r a t a 6 , 7 and 8 .
This i s su p p o rted to a c e r ta in e x te n t by th e second co u n ts from P ro
f i l e I I , a lth o u g h here th e changes seem to be s l i g h t l y l a te r - a n d , w ith
th e ex cep tio n o f th e Sarcobatus. cu rv e , c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s d i s t i n c t .
A nother, c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s s u b t le , m o d if ic a tio n in th e p o lle n
reco rd from Hogup Gave seems to im ply a t l e a s t a p a r t i a l r e v e r s a l o f
th e d ie ta r y tre n d s seen in s t r a t a 10 and 11.® In s tra tu m 12 and above
th e Gheno-ams, w h ile n o t re g a in in g t h e i r predom inance, do n o t lo se
a d d i t io n a l ground and th e g ra s s e s , a re so u rce no t fo rm erly tapped f o r
nourishm en t, become prom inent in both th e c o p ro l i te and f i l l counts®
These f a c to r s , to g e th e r w ith th e ap p aren t e le v a tio n o f A rtem is ia to
th e p o s i t io n o f an im p o rtan t food so u rce , seem to im ply th a t v e g e ta l
p ro d u c ts com prised a l a r g e r segment o f th e d ie t than th e y did. d u rin g
d e p o s it io n o f s t r a t a 10 and. 11 . The preem inence o f A rte m is ia in
s e v e ra l c o p r o l i te s and th e c ircu m stan ce which f in d s g ra s s and th e
Cheno-ams c o n tr ib u t in g h e a v ily t o s e v e ra l o th e rs may mean th a t th e
. : : ; : ' / : - : . - - . - -; : : . , " - : ■ : ' ' 23 .s e a s o n a l occu p a tio n o f th e cav e9 i f such was s t i l l th e c a se , began
e a r l i e r in th e y e a r and la s te d a t l e a s t u n t i l th e Cheno-ams were a v a i l
a b le f o r h a rv e s t . The com plete absence o f Zea Mays from th e p o lle n
reco rd appears to ru le o u t th e e x te n s io n o f a g r ic u l tu r e to th e v i c in i t y
o f Hogup Gave«,
The a b ru p t emergence of grass, p o lle n as an i n f l u e n t i a l e le m e n t'
in both th e f i l l and f e c a l sam ples«, coupled as i t i s w ith th e sudden ly
assumed prominence o f B ison in th e fa u n a ! record,, su g g es ts some modi
f i c a t i o n in th e environm ent which made i t p o s s ib le to e x p lo i t re so u rce s
p re v io u s ly econom ica lly in s ig n i f i c a n t in th e en v iro n s o f th e cave .
C u ltu ra l f a c to r s could a ls o be in v o lv e d «
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2lt
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26
PARKALSE, P. W.
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