HOI GIAO O DONG NAM A

N g u y § n Thi Mai H o a

Trung tdm Ddo tao, Boi dudng gidng vien Ly luan chinh tri - BH QG Hd Ngi

0 Dong Nam A, btjfc tranh ve ton giao rat da dang; nhieu ve, bcii trong qua trinh phat trien cua lich sii, ci day da hoi tu d iy du cac he y thiic ttf tLfcing tijf ca phiidng Dong, phiidng Tay va Hoi giao la mot ton giao trong cai da dang, nhieu ve ay. Trong qua trinh xam nhap va phat trien, Hoi giao da c6 mot dia vi ch^c chin 5 nhieu na6c Dong Nam A. Ngoai t\i each la mot yeu to cau thanh cua nen van boa khu vUc, Hoi giao con la mot trong nhOng ton giao can thiep sau vao ddi song chinh tri nh^'t, neu khong muon not day la mot ton giao c6 kha nang chi phoi, anh hucing den hoa binh, on dinh ci khu vUc.

SUXAM NHAP CUA DAO HOI VAO DONG NAM A

Dao Hoi la mot ton giao the gi6i, nguyen goc t\l chijf Arap la Ixlam (sU phuc tung, s\i tuan lenh). Cung nhU moi ton giao the gidi khac, Dao Hoi ra ddi g^n lien v6i nhOng chuyen bien xa hoi vi dai va c6 kha nang truyen ba rong rai, khong chi bo hep trong mot cong dong dan toe hay mot bo toe, hoac khu viic. Hien nay, Dao Hoi la mot ton giao c6 so ludng tin do (1.162.000.000 tin do) va pham vi anh hiidng rong 16n thd hai sau Ki-to giao, c6 mat ci hdn 50 nxidc cua t^'t ca cac chau luc, trai dai thanh mot vong cung Idn tu! Bac Phi t6i Indonesia va Philipines, vdi trung tam tinh than cl Saudi- Arabia (Medina, La meca). Con ve mat dan so', thi trong diem nga ve phifdng Dong: chau A c6 812 trieu ngUdi Hoi giao, chau Phi 315 trieu, chau Au 31 trieu. Nam My 2 trieu. Dang chu y la mJ6c Phap c6 gan 5 trieu tin do Hoi giao. My c6 khoang 4 trieu. Indonesia la nu6c dong tin do Hoi giao nhat the gi6i; hdn 174

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trieu ngUdi, Pakistan xep thijt hai v6i hdn 142 trieu, Bangladesh xep thiJt ba vdi 11 trieu. Trong cac n\idc cua the gidi Hoi giao, c6 nU6c coi Hoi giao la quo'c dao va dung giao luat de cai tri dat niidc.

Cho den nay, cac nha nghien ciiu ve Hoi giao d Dong Nam A vin

chua dUa ra mot ket luan thong nhat ve qua trinh du nhap cua ton

giao nay vao khu vUc. Dieu con dang gay tranh cai nhieu nhat la thdi

diem, hoan canh, ngUdi truyen ba Hoi giao t6i day (ngUdi Arap, An

Do hay Trung Quo'c...?). Y kien dUdc da so ung ho la Hoi giao du nhap

vao day thong qua cac thudng gia Arap va An Do, vao khoang the ky

vn-xni. Tuy la mot ton giao Idn tren the gi6i, nhifng Hoi giao den Dong

Nam A tudng doi mugn, vao luc ma "lUdi gUdm tan bao ciia Hoi giao"

khong con thoa sijtc hoanh hanh de mci rong lanh tho va ap dat ton giao

cho cac cU dan cac vung dat bi ngiidi Arap Hoi giao chiem dong nfia.

Hoi giao xuat hien d Dong Nam A tvxidc Dao Thien chua, nhung thuc

sU CO anh hUdng sau do vai the ky. ThUc vay, mot trong nhiing muc

dich bien minh cho sU banh tru6ng cua chau Au vao vung nay la de

ngan chan Dao Hoi tren cap do toan cau. TCt lau, trU6c khi ngUdi chau

Au den vung Dong Nam A, Dao Hoi da Ian rong mot each vflng chac

doc theo cac con dUdng buon ban dUdng thuy noi Tay An Do va Dong

A. Hoi giao den Malaisia, Indonesia sau do qua con dUdng Malaisia

Ian ra cac dao mien Nam Philippines. Lanh tho dau tien ma Hoi giao

xam nhap la vung Bac Sumatd. NgUdi Ache la cU dan dau tien theo

dao Hoi. Khi Malacca trd nen cUdng thinh, thi no trcl thanh trung tarn

truyen ba Dao Hoi. Cho den the ky thxi XV, ban than vung Dong Nam

A hai dao ditdc gin vdi nhau bang mot chu6i cac quo'c gia buon ban

theo Dao Hoi. Tien trinh "Hoi giao hoa" luc bay gid diidc hoan t4't

thong qua viec cai dao va chinh phuc cac dao, m3 rong vung giap ranh

Hoi giao doc theo cac con dUdng buon ban hien c6. Trong qua trinh Hoi

giao du nhap, thi cac thanh pho ven bien nhU: Malacca, Aleh, Pasai...

dong vai tro quan trong, vi chung la nhutng thanh pho'va nhutng trung

tam, ndi giao luu buon ban 16n d khu viic. Do vay, dieu d l hieu la

nhiing thanh pho do trd thanh trung tam Hoi giao d iu tien, la ndi Hoi

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giao xam nhap tdi triidc tien.

Cac thUdng nhan Ba Tu, An Do, Trung Quoc, Arap c6 mat tai khu vUc Dong Nam A kha sdm (the ky VII-VIII) va ciing tham gia vao qua trinh Hoi giao hoa Dong Nam A. Nhieu khu dan cU buon ban cua ho vin con ton tai cho tdi ngay nay. Cac khu dan cM nay da tixng la nhiing trung tam boat dong ton giao, truyen ba kien thutc ve the gidi Dao Hoi cho cU dan dia phUdng. Dieu nay g6p phan tao nen mot trong nhiing dac trUng cua Hoi giao d khu vUc nay. Do la sU pha tron nhiing ye'u to tin ngU5ng tien Hoi giao cl dia phUdng vdi nhiing net van hoa An Do, Ba Tu va Hoi giao chinh thong.

Viec Hoi giao den Dong Nam A khong c6 chien tranh ton gi^o xay ra, trtt mot vai cuoc dung dp nho 6 Philippines la dieu khong con phai nghi ngd gi nfla. Mac dii Dao Hoi den Trung Can Dong va An Do bang nhiing cuoc chien t ranh than thanh, nhifng no dd'n Dong Nam A b&ng con dUdng hoa binh, khong phai qua nhiing nha truyen dao chuyen nghiep, ma thong qua thUdng mai va cac thUdng gia Hoi giao, nen d i dang diidc tiep nhan va cang ngay cang cd nhiing anh hUdng sau rong trong ddi song chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, dac biet d cac quoc gia hai dao. O mot so tieu quo'c, vua dong thdi la giao chu, tieu quo'c bien thanh Hoi quo'c. Vi du d Philipines, tieu quo'c Hoi giao dfiu tien la Sulu (the ky X -XV), tieu quoc thijt hai ci Mindanao (the ky thii XVI). Cac boat dong kinh te sau khi Hoi giao truyen vao tap nap, khcii sac, nh\i d dao Malacca. Cung tH day, van hoa Arap, Ba Tu: anh hiiSng den Dong Nam A. So vdi An Do giao, tren mot phiXdng dien nao do, Hoi giao CO tinh dan chu hdn ban, vi khong hi go bd bc( tinh ch^'t giai c '̂p nang ne, dap dng diidc khat vong cua nhan dan ve sU cong bang, binh dang trong cuoc song, trong hoan canh lich sit nhat dinh, d miJtc do nha't dinh. Ngoai ra, Hoi giao d Dong Nam A con cd tac dung doan ket cac dan toe trong cuoc chien chong ngoai xam.

d Dong Nam A luc dia, cac cong dong Hoi giao da dUdc thiet lap cl Myanmar, Thai Lan, Viet Nam va Campuchia. Tuy nhien, cac cong dong Hoi giao d khu vUc nay chi la nhiing cong dong dan cU thieu so, khong phat trien manh me nhu d cac nUdc Dong Nam A hai dao, bdi vi khi tdi day. Hoi giao vap phai mot lUc can Idn la Phat giao va nen van hoa Phat giao - An Do giao da diidc du nhap va phat trien triidc.

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Chinh vi vay, Hoi giao d nhiing niidc nay v&n cd nhiing dac trUng ton

giao va van boa rieng.

NHUNG THUAN LOI CIIA H 6 I GIAO KHI o f N DONG NAM A

Khoang thdi gian tii luc Hoi giao xam nhap cho den khi no trd thanh ton giao thong tri d mot so niidc Dong Nam A khong phai 1̂ dai, bdi vi Hoi giao den Dong Nam A vdi rit't nhieu thu^n Idi.

TM nhat, thdi ky Hoi giao hoa Dong Nam A triing hdp vdi thdi ky khung hoang cua cac vUdng quoc co dai nhU d Champa luc dia. V^o cuoi the ky XV, quoc gia An Do- Phat giao Majapahit hung manh trade kia dang bi suy thoai va tan ra. Cac tieu quo'c thuoc de quoc nay tach ra khdi chinh quyen trung Udng, gianh doc lap ve kinh te, chinh tri, k^o theo sU sup do cua he tif tiidng - ton giao cu. Luc nay, he thong ddng cap cua An Do giao da trd nen 16i thdi, khong dap ling dUdc nhu c^u phat trien cua che do xa hoi vdi sU phat then cua nen kinh te hang hoa. Su khung hoang cua he tu tudng An Do giao tao sU tro'ng rong trong niem tin va mot 16 hong de ton giao mdi len vao, d6 la Hoi giao-ton giao cua cac thUdng gia. Neu nhU trUdc day, Hoi giao ra ddi gop phan thong nhat cac bo lac tren ban dao Arap thanh mot de quo'c Hoi giao viing manh, thi luc nay Hoi giao lai trd thanh ngon cd cua cac tieu quo'c tren quan dao Indonesia dau tranh gianh doc lap, phat trien kinh te, chinh tri va quan sU. Tam gUdng tieu bieu la Hoi giao Malacca. Malacca trd thanh mot trung tam buon ban sam uat ttf mot lang danh ca ngheo khd sau khi gianh doc lap. Sau do, Malacca khong chi la trung tam buon ban quo'c te quan trong, ma con la mot trung tam truyen giao Idn nhat thdi bay gid. Cac tieu quoc khac coi Malacca la tam gUdng, cho dua ve kinh teva tinh than cua ho. Cac ti^u quoc mien duyen hai sau khi di vao quy dao buon ban vdi Malacca dan bi le thudc ve tinh than va cuoi cung trd thanh nhiing quoc gia Hoi giao. Cac tieu quo'c thay ro Hoi giao la mot vu khi chinh tri s ic ben, giup tao dUng mot cong dong Hoi giao Idn de thUc hien y do banh trUdng lanh tho va truyen ba van hoa cua minh.

Thi2 hai, qua trinh Hoi giao hoa cac vUdng quo'c hai dao phii hdp vdi qua trinh chuyen hudng kinh te cua khu vUc. TiJf mot nen kinh te

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tu cung, tu cap, cac tieu quo'c da trd thanh ndi cung cap hang hoa quan trong, nhat la hUdng lieu cho chau Au, do vay da s^n sang md ctta cho cac thUdng gia Hoi giao ngoai quo'c vao buon ban va truyen giao. Trong khi do, nguyen t i c binh dang, tinh phdng khoang, ddn gian trong ll nghi cua Hoi giao von phu hdp vdi tang Idp thUdng nhan da dUdc gidi quy toe Indonesia va Malaisia tiep ddn. Hdn niia, khac vdi khu vUc Trung Dong, Hoi giao den Dong Nam A bang con dUdng hoa binh, thong qua cac cuoc tiep xuc ca nhan, cac cuoc hon phoi ciia thUdng nhan Hoi giao den dinh cU vdi con gai cac tang Idp quy toe dia phUdng. Con dudng cai giao hoa binh va tu nhien do rSit phu hdp vdi tam ly cua cac cU dan dia phUdng, giup ho d i dang hoa nhap, tiep thu Hoi giao.

Thi2 ba, chinh tinh bao dung, mem deo va thich nghi cua Hoi giao do'i vdi cac tin ngUdng truyen tho'ng dia phUdng da khien cho Hoi giao mau chong chiem dUdc Uu the d cac nUdc Dong Nam A. Trong qua trinh Hoi giao hoa, mot so' tap tuc, truyen tho'ng dia phUdng lai gop phan dac lUc day nhanh qua trinh Hoi giao hoa. Vi du nhU d Indonesia, che do vUdng quyen va long trung thanh vdi nha vua tren quan dao Malay da khien cho khi nha vua cai dao theo Hoi giao, thi nhat loat dan chung ciing mau chong cai dao theo.

Thit tu, Trong Hoi giao ton tai nhiing ye'u to'cua chu nghia th^n bi da cd san trong truyen tho'ng van hoa cua cac cU dan viing ban dao Arap - ndi phat sinh cua Hoi giao va chung di vao Hoi giao mot each tu nhien. Dac biet, khi Hoi giao den An Do da tiep thu them sU than bi phUdng Dong. Chinh vi the, khi vao Dong Nam A, Hoi giao mau chong cd vi tri viing chic d ndi day va de dang xam nhap vao cac cU dan t\i lau da song trong anh hudng cua van hoa An Do. Cac cu dan Dong Nam A ban dia de dang tiep thu Hoi giao va day ciing la xijt sd hiem hoi ma Hoi giao khong phai dung bao lUc de loai trtf nhiing ton giao da dUdc thiet lap tii trUdc. NgUdc lai, vdi kinh nghiem song song ton tai ciing cac ton giao khac d An Do, Hoi giao tiep tuc bien ddi, uon minh theo cac phong tuc truyen tho'ng cua dia phUdng. Co the noi, chinh nhiing ye'u to' than bi trong Hoi giao va kha nang ket hdp vdi cac tin ngUdng dia phUdng da day nhanh qua trinh cai giao d khu vUc Dong Nam A.

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Thit nam, viec sii dung ngon ngii Malai de truyen giao ciing gop phan lam cho Hoi giao phat trien nhanh tren quan dao Malay-Indonesia, sau do la khu vUc Dong Nam A. NgUdi Hoi giao da ehon tieng Malai ma khong chon nhiing ngon ngii khac trong khu vUc, bdi vi tijf thdi tien Hoi giao, tieng Malai da dUde str dung rong rai va trd thanh ngon ngii trung gian de giao tiep, dac biet la trong giao lUu buon ban cua khu vUc. Khi Hoi giao den, tieng Malai da dat trinh do ngon ngii van hoa tinh te. Tieng Malai dUde svT dung hau nhU tren kh ip cac cong dong Hoi giao cho tdi tan Campuchia va Viet Nam.

TINH HINH HOI GIAO 6 DONG NAM A HlfiN NAY

Hien nay, Dong Nam A la mot trong nhiing khu vUc chinh cua Hoi giao vdi hdn 3/5 dan so' la tin do Hoi giao, tiic la khoang g^n 200 trieu ngUdi. Hoi giao la quo'c giao d Brunei, la ton giao chinh d Malaisia va Indonesia, la ton giao cua cac nhdm thieu so' Idn d Philippines, Singgapore, Thai Lan... va cd mat d Myanmar, Thai Lan, Campuchia, Viet Nam. Hoi giao la mot lUc lUdng chinh tri, xa hoi Idn d Dong Nam A. Co the noi Dong Nam A la ndi tap trung Dao Hoi Idn nhat cua the gidi, ngoai vanh dai Hoi giao truyd'n tho'ng trai tii Tay Bie chau Phi den phia Nam. Tuy Hoi giao d Dong Nam A n i m ngoai pham vi cua trung tam Hoi giao la Trung Dong, nhung sU gan bd ve tam ly, tinh th^n lai rat sau sic va manh me, khong khac biet nhieu so vdi Hoi giao chinh thong d nhiing ndi khac. Dao Hoi d cac nude Dong Nam A khac nhau ve nhieu mat: ngon ngii, chung toe, dac biet la van de dan toe. Bdi ban than Dong Nam A la ndi khong thuan nhat.

Hoi giao ra ddi tai Arap vao dau the ky VII, cd giao luat vao loai kb i t khe nhat trong so'cac giao luat ton giao. Diem dang chu y cua Hoi giao la tuan theo nguyen tac nam tru cot:

- Dong gop cho Dao Hoi 10% thu nhap cua minh.

- Khong an thit Idn dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao.

- Trong ddi it nhat mot lan hanh hUdng den thanh dia Mecca.

- NgUdi dan ong Hoi giao cd the lay bon vd, nhUng phai ton trong

nguyen t ic: Khi lay vd sau phai dUdc ngUdi vd trUdc dong y va cua

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cai tien bac do ngUdi chong kiem dUdc phai phan phat cong b ing

cho tat ca cac ngUdi vd, khong thien vi bat cii ai.

- N(i gidi phai doi khan khi ra khdi nha de che toe vi theo quan niem Hoi giao, tdc sexy nhat, chi ngudi chong mdi dUdc chiem ngUdng.

Giao luat tren day khi vao Dong Nam A bi thay doi chut it cho phii hdp vdi van hoa ban dia. Vao Dong Nam A, Hoi giao khong con cuong tin, bdi vi phai qua "may loc" diy tinh nheip the cua An Do - ndi Hoi giao nhap cU trUdc khi du nhap vao Dong Nam A va chiu anh hudng tinh nhan ban cua van hoa ban dia. Mac du giao luat nghiem khic, nhUng tren thue te, Hoi giao khong phai hoan toan cUc doan, nghla la b i t cac tin do cua minh tuf bd hoan toan cuoc song hien tai, coi cuoc so'ng hien tai chi la tam bd, chi dat niem tin vao ki§'p sau, vao the gidi ben kia. Tinh hinh cu the cua Hoi giao d mot so' nUdc Dong Nam A nhu sau:

(J Indonesia, 90% dan so cua dat nUdc 180 trieu dan nay theo Hoi giao. Indonexia khong chi la mot dat nUdc cd dan so' theo Hoi giao Idn nha't khu vUc Dong Nam A ma con tren the gidi. Trong Dao Hoi cua Indonesia, ngoai sU da dang vi khu vUc, ngon ngii va ehiing tpc, ciing bi chia ra thanh nhieu trUdng phai nhU Hoi giao Abangan, Hoi giao Santri. Ngay trong trUdng phai Santri con chia ra thanh trUdng phai cai each, truyen thong, than bi...

Cong dong Hoi giao con bi phan chia theo each giao due nhU ngudi theo he tho'ng giao due the tuc hoac ton giao,.. NgUdi Hoi giao d Indonesia con chia thanh nhdm ngUdi c6 quyen lUc va nhdm dai dien cho qu^n chung. Dai bo phan ngUdi theo Dao Hoi song d nong thon va la nong dan. Tang Idp theo Dao Hoi song d thanh pho' chu ye'u la tieu thUdng va dan lao dong.

O Malaisia, ngUdi theo Dao Hoi chiem hdn 55% dan so. Tuy khong phai toan bo nhiing ngUdi theo Dao Hoi la ngUdi goc Malaisia, nhung da la ngUdi goc Malaisia phai la ngUdi theo Hoi giao.

Singgapore la mot nUdc cd khoang 2,5 trieu dan, nhUng la mot nude da chung toe, da ngon ngii va da ton giao. 77% dan so la ngUdi Hoa, ngUdi Ma Lai chiem 15%, ngudi An 6%. Gio'ng nhU d cac nUdc

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Dong Nam A khac, Hoi giao d Singgapore khong dong nh^'t. Dai bo ph^n ngUdi theo Hoi giao la ngUdi Malaisia. So ngUdi Hoa theo Hoi giao la rat nhd. Cong dong Hoi giao Malaisia ndi chung ye'u vi kinh te va xa hoi so vdi ngUdi theo Dao Hoi khong phai goc Malaisia, th^m chi tha'p hdn ca ve hoc van.

Hoi giao d Philippines cd lich sil lau ddi. Hoi giao b i t d^u tien vac cac dao d mien Nam Philippines vao cuoi the ky XIV. Vao nhiing nam 80 cua the ky nay, tren cac dao Tavitavi, Simunul b i t dau xu§'t hi^n nhiing cong dong Hoi giao dau tien. B i t dau tii thdi thUc dan nUdc ngoai xam chiem di't nUdc, nhiing ngUdi Hoi giao d mien Nam Philippines da cho'ng lai sU xam chiem thuoc dia cua Tay Ban Nha. Tuy nhien, cuoc xam lUdc 6 at cua Tay Ban Nha da lam giam va loai bd hau nhu hoan toan cac tieu quo'c Hoi giao d day va d iy liii qua trinh banh trUdng cua Hoi giao d mien Bie Philippines. Do vay, ngay nay, anh hudng cua Hoi giao chu ye'u d dia diem ban diu , khi no mdi dS'n la Mendanao va Sulu.

Con khu vUc Hoi giao phia Nam, mai den d iu the ky XX thi mdi b i t dau hoa nhap chung vao dat nUdc mot each cd h§ tho'ng va vi mat hanh chinh. NgUdi theo Dao Hoi d Philippines dUdc goi la ngUdi Moros. So'ngUdi Moros ed khoang 4,5 trieu, tiic la khoang 9% dan so. Dai bo phan ho lam nghe danh ea, nghe nong. Mot so nhd lam la cong chute nha nUdc hoac giao vien, quan nhan hoac nganh tU phap,. .

Tinh hinh Hoi giao d Brunei khac b i n vdi cac nUdc Dong Nam A khac. Brunei cd khoang 250.000 ngudi, ma phan Idn theo Dao Hoi. Dao Hoi la quo'c dao cua Brunei. Cong dong Hoi giao d day ciing dUde hinh thanh trong qua trinh chung cua cac nUdc hai dao Indonesia va Malaisia.

Do'i vdi Thdi Lan, Hoi giao la ton giao diing thti hai sau Ph§t giao ve so ngUdi theo dao. Hoi giao d Thai Lan chiem khoang 4% dan so'cua da't nude 50 trieu dan. Ve phUdng dien dan toe hoc, ed the chia cac tin doi Hoi giao Thai Lan thanh nhdm ngudi Malai Hoi giao va ngUdi Hoi giao khong phai Ma Lai. NgUdi Hoi giao Malai chiem khoang 70-80% tong so' cac tin do Hoi giao ca nUdc. Hien nay, tuy da trd thanh cong

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dan cua Thai Lan, cac tin do Hoi giao Malai vIn giii gin ban sic van hoa Malai va g i n bd chat che vdi the gidi Malai ve nhieu phUdng dien, dac biet la ve ngon ngii, van hoa, kinh te- xa hoi. Con nhiing ngUdi Hoi giao phi Malai gom eo cac tin do an Do, Pakistan, Iran, Trung Quoc, Indonesia.... Dieu dang luu y la nhT][ng ngUdi Hoi giao phi Malai nay chinh thvLc dUdc xem la ngUdi Thai Hoi giao, bdi vi ho ndi tieng Thai, hoa nhap vdi khung canh van hoa Thai. Hoi giao d Thai Lan rai rac tren toan quoc. Tuy vay, ciing cd 4 ndi dong nh^'t la d cac tinh d cUc nam cua Thai Lan (ndi ma ngUdi Malai chiem da so).

Hoi giao b i t dau xam nhap vao Myanmar khoang the ky thii XIII-XIV va ed nguon go'e tit Benlgan. Benlgan da theo Hoi giao vao khoang dau the ky thii XIII va la gidi ban can Dong cua con dUdng banh trUdng theo dUdng bo eua Hoi giao. Vao the ky XVI, p h i n Idn cU dan cua Bac Myanmar da theo Hoi giao, trong khi viing trung tam vIn theo Phat giao. Sau do, vao thdi ky thuoc dia cua Anh, hang loat cac cU dan Hoi giao An Do di cU tdi day, khien cong dong Hoi giao d day manh len ca ve so lUdng va bien ddi ve noi dung ton giao. Hien nay, ngoai nhiing khu vUc da ke tren, thi d mot so'thanh pho'Idn thuoc mien Trung va Nam Myanmar, vung bien gidi Thai Lan-Myanmar, Hoi giao ciing r^'t phat trien.

U Viet Nam, theo tho'ng ke gan day nhat thi hien nay c6 khoang tren, dUdi 70.000 tin do Hoi giao, 257 chiic sic va 70 thanh dUdng. 6 Viet Nam cd ba cong dong Hoi giao chinh: cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi Cham, cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi Malaisia, cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi an Do. Nhiing cong dong Hoi giao nay tap trung chu yeu d mien Trung va Nam Bo.

NgUdi Malai d Viet Nam di cU sang tiX cuoi the ky XIX, ehi bang 8% ngUdi Cham va hien nay ciing khong tang them la may. Cong dong Hoi giao nay dUdc hinh thanh tijf trUdc nam 1882, bdi dai bo phan tin do la ngUdi lao dong ngheo tii Malaisia di theo chu tU ban ngUdi Anh-Phap den cac vung Sai Gon, Chd Ldn, Chau Do'e, Tay Ninh... de sinh so'ng bing cac nghe khac nhau. Do'i vdi cac giao luat va cac dieu khae lien quan den Dao Hoi, ho chi hoan toan lap lai nhiing dieu ho con nhd dUde tijf nhuCng ngUdi anh em cua ho d ban dao Malacca, ma ho van c6

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mdi hen he thUdng xuyen. NgUdi Malaisia Hoi giao d Viet Nam thuoc phai Hoi giao "Shiites", ndi chung cd n im dUdc nhiing giao lu^t cua dao Hoi, doc dUde kinh Koran va cac Idi binh giang. NgUdi nao thd cung mot ngiu tUdng la se bi true xuat ra khdi cong dong. Mot vki ngUdi cd di hanh hUdng d Meca, hoac ho gop tien de mot ngUdi di thay.

Cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi An Do chu ye'u tap trung d thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Day nguyen la nhdm an kieu di nh^p vao day khoang tii nam 1880-1900 gom cac nha kinh doanh ma chu yeu la kinh doanh vai sdi.

Van de Hoi giao do'i vdi dan tgc Cham la mot van de lich sxi- van hoa ly thu va c6 y nghia doi vdi ddi song ngUdi Cham - mot bo phan (khoang 1%) cua cong dong dan toe Viet Nam. NgUdi Cham tap trung chu ye'u d hai vung: Trung Bo va Nam Bo.

Nhiing ngUdi Cham theo Hoi giao d Trung Bo deu la nhiing ngUdi "Hoi sdm", tiic la den sdm ma khong sau, can ban v i n la Cham, lUu giii, pha tron nhieu tap tuc tin ngUdng Hin- du vdi cam ki Hoi giao. Ho khong theo day du, khong dung quy t ie va khong lien he gi vdi the gidi Hoi giao ciing nhU nhiing ngUdi dong dao cua minh d Nam Bo. Dao Hoi ciia ngUdi Cham d day cd ve nhU thuoc phai Shiite, bdi cac vi thanh Hasan, Husain va Ali dUde dac biet siing bai va cau khan. Tuy v4y, Hoi giao d day ciing da bi bien dang di rat nhieu do chiu anh hudng, tac dong cua tin ngUdng hon hnh giao va Hindu giao da ed mat d day rat lau va hien nay v in ton tai ben canh dao Hoi.

Con d Nam Bo, ngUdi Cham Hoi eU tru xen ke, hoa thu§n lau nam vdi nhiing ngudi theo cac ton giao khac. Trung tam cua ngUdi Cham Hoi Nam Bo la Chau Do'e (An giang). Phu nii Cham Hoi khong trum khan che mat nhu d nhieu nudc Hoi giao chinh tho'ng. NgUdi Cham d Nam Bo la nhiing ngUdi Hoi giao nhiet thanh, tuan theo nhieu nghi ll, quy t ie Hoi giao nhU an kieng, dac biet la kieng thit ldn, thang nhin an Ramada. Cac buoi ll trong ngay va cac ngay le trong tuan luon dUde duy tri. Viec hanh hUdng den Thanh dia Mecca v i n dUdc coi trong va co ging thUc hien. Ngudi Cham cd tap quan theo mSu he lau ddi. Dao Hoi da dem phu he, phu quyen vao ddi so'ng ngUdi Cham,

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nhUng dung boa ft nhieu vdi phong tuc truyen tho'ng Cham.

Hien nay, trong ba cong dong Hoi giao nay, cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi Cham cd p h i n on dinh hdn nhiing cong dong con lai. Mat khac, qua khao sat v^ nghien ciiu ve moi quan he giiia ba cong dong Hoi giao ndi tren, cd the ghi nhan kha ro net la moi cong dong Hoi giao d day the hien dam net s ic thai van hoa cua dan toe minh, dong thdi ciing the hien t inh tho'ng nha t trong quan niem cua nhiing ngudi

ciing ton giao. * *

*

Trong kho tang van hoa dac sic cua Dong NamA, Dao Hoi la mot net rieng, dac biet, sau khi xam nhap va hoa nhap da the hien ban sic van hoa Dong Nam A mot each ro net. Chi rieng viec Hoi giao den Dong Nam A bing con dudng hoa binh, thong qua thUdng mai va cac thUdng nhan, khong cd chien tranh ton giao ciing da thay sU hoa nhap dl dang ciia Hoi giao vao day do nhiing dieu kien lich sut thuan Idi.

Hoi giao d nhi3ng nude khac nhau cua Dong Nam A co vai trd chinh tri, dia vi khac nhau. O nhieu nUde, Hoi giao ngay cang gia tang anh hudng ciia minh trong ddi song, la quo'c dao va thUc sU ddng vai trd he tU tudng dieu hanh dat nUdc. Tuy vay, khac vdi nhuEng quo'c gia Hoi giao d Trung can Dong, Hoi giao mac dii cd kha nang chi phoi, anh hudng tuc tiep den hoa binh va on dinh ciia khu vUc, nhUng sU chi phoi cua Hoi giao d Dong Nam A van mem mai va it cang thang hdn. Dieu nay ed the de dang giai thich b ing siic cai bien, sU pha tron tin ngUdng, sU linh boat tac dong ngUdc trd lai, de hoa nhap van minh ben ngoai vao minh va "may loc" day tinh nhan ban cua nen van hoa ban dia Dong Nam A khi tiep nh^n Hoi giao.

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