Holding Our Ground (in Burme)

8/14/2019 Holding Our Ground (in Burme)

1/54


2/54


3/54

u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;

&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC)ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH;ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH;ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH;ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH;ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH;(PYO)

wdk;wufaomrGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH;wdk;wufaomrGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH;wdk;wufaomrGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH;wdk;wufaomrGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH;wdk;wufaomrGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH; (MYPO)wdk rS tpD&ifcH wifjyonf?wdkrS tpD&ifcH wifjyonf?wdk rS tpD&ifcH wifjyonf?wdkrS tpD&ifcH wifjyonf?wdkrS tpD&ifcH wifjyonf?

&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;


4/54

u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.u|Ekfyfwkd.ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;

&cd kifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cd kifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdk Y ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdk Y ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdkY ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdk Y ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;

2009 ckE Sp f / rwfv2009 ckE Sp f / rwfv2009 ckE Sp f / rwfv2009 ckE Sp f / rwfv2009 ckE Sp f / rwfv

tkyfa&? ? 500tkyfa&? ? 500tkyfa&? ? 500tkyfa&? ? 500tkyfa&? ? 500

atmufygtzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0jzef @cs donf?atmufygtzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0jzef @cs donf?atmufygtzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0jzef @cs donf?atmufygtzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0jzef @cs donf?atmufygtzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0jzef @cs donf?

&c d ki f jynfvH k ;qd ki f&m&cd ki f jynfvH k ;qd ki f&m&cd ki f jynfvH k ;qd ki f&m&cd ki f jynfvH k ;qd ki f&m&cd ki f jynfvH k ;qd ki f&m ausmif ;om;E Si f h vli,frsm;ausmi f ;om;E Si f h vli,frsm;ausmi f ;om;E Si f h vli,frsm;ausmi f ;om;E Si f h vli,frsm;ausmi f ;om;E Si f h vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;tpnf;t&kH;tpnf;t&kH;tpnf;t&kH;tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC)P. O Box -135

Maesot, Tak Province 63110

Thailand

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: +66 (0) 55 506 618

ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&k H;ytk d0 f;vli,f tpnf;t&k H;ytk d0 f;vli,f tpnf;t&k H;ytk d0 f;vli,f tpnf;t&k H;ytk d0 f;vli,f tpnf;t&k H;(PYO)

P. O Box -134

Maesot, Tak Province 63110

Thailand

E-mail: [email protected]: +66 (0) 55 533 115

wdk;wufaom rGefvli,f tpnf;t&k H;wd k;wufaom rGefvli,f tpnf;t&k H;wd k;wufaom rGefvli,f tpnf;t&k H;wd k;wufaom rGefvli,f tpnf;t&k H;wd k;wufaom rGefvli,f tpnf;t&k H;(MYPO)

P. O Box -26

Sankhlaburi, Kanchanaburi Province 71240

ThailandE-mail: [email protected],

Phone: +66 (0) 34 595 614


5/54

rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum

tpD&i fc Hpma&;om;olrsm;ta=umif;tpD&i fc Hpma&;om;olrsm;ta=umif;tpD&i fc Hpma&;om;olrsm;ta=umif;tpD&i fc Hpma&;om;olrsm;ta=umif;tpD&i fc Hpma&;om;olrsm;ta=umif;1? e d'ge f ;1? e d'ge f ;1? e d'ge f ;1? e d'ge f ;1? e d'ge f ;2? wif jyy H kenf;pepf2? wif jyy H kenf;pepf2? wif jyy H kenf;pepf2? wif jyy H kenf;pepf2? wif jyy H kenf;pepf3? tpD&ifc Hpm tusOf;csKy f3? tpD&ifc Hpm tusOf;csKy f3? tpD&ifc Hpm tusOf;csKy f3? tpD&ifc Hpm tusOf;csKy f3? tpD&ifc Hpm tusOf;csKy f

3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH. aemufcHordkif;tusOf;3? 2? avhvmcJhaome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHordkif;

4? jrefrmEk di fi HtES H @tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;4? jrefrmEk di fi HtES H @tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;4? jrefrmEk di fi HtES H @tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;4? jrefrmEk di fi HtES H @tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;4? jrefrmEk di fi HtES H @tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;tESH@tjym; wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;ESifh wdkuf&dkuf tusKd;qufrsm;4? 2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;ESifh ajrodrf;jcif;4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;

4? 3? 1? twif;t"rR vkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif;jcif;4? 3? 3? vdifr_qdkif&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESifh rk'drf;r_rsm;4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJodk@twif;tusyfqGJoGif;jcif;

5? ajrodr f; jci f;5? ajrodr f; jci f;5? ajrodr f; jci f;5? ajrodr f; jci f;5? ajrodr f; jci f;5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;udk odrf;jcif;5? 2? tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;od k@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;=ujcif;5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufysufpD;r_5? 4? a'oqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; csKyfcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_H;jcif;6? jrefrmhajr,mOya'ESi f h E d ki fi HwumOya'6? jrefrmhajr,mOya'ESi f h E d ki fi HwumOya'6? jrefrmhajr,mOya'ESi f h E d ki fi HwumOya'6? jrefrmhajr,mOya'ESi f h E d ki fi HwumOya'6? jrefrmhajr,mOya'ESi f h E d ki fi HwumOya'

7? jrefrmEd ki fi H. zG H @ z d;a&;pDr Hude f;rsm;7? jrefrmEd ki fi H. zG H @ z d;a&;pDr Hude f;rsm;7? jrefrmEd ki fi H. zG H @ z d;a&;pDr Hude f;rsm;7? jrefrmEd ki fi H. zG H @ z d;a&;pDr Hude f;rsm;7? jrefrmEd ki fi H. zG H @ z d;a&;pDr Hude f;rsm;8? avhvmawG@& S d&aom vufawG@ jzp f&y frsm;8? avhvmawG@& S d&aom vufawG@ jzp f&y frsm;8? avhvmawG@& S d&aom vufawG@ jzp f&y frsm;8? avhvmawG@& S d&aom vufawG@ jzp f&y frsm;8? avhvmawG@& S d&aom vufawG@ jzp f&y frsm;9? ed*H k;9? ed* H k ;9? ed*H k;9? ed* H k ;9? ed*H k;10? t}uH ywif jycsufr sm;10? t}uH ywif jycsufr sm;10? t}uH ywif jycsufr sm;10? t}uH ywif jycsufr sm;10? t}uH ywif jycsufr sm;11? tzG J @tpnf;rsm;. aemufcHta=umif;11? tzG J @tpnf;rsm;. aemufcHta=umif;11? tzG J @tpnf;rsm;. aemufcHta=umif;11? tzG J @tpnf;rsm;. aemufcHta=umif;11? tzG J @tpnf;rsm;. aemufcHta=umif;

(AASYC/ PYO/ MYPO)

(1)(1)(2)(2)(4)(7)(7)

(11)(16)(17)(20)(21)(22)

(23)(23)(24)(26)

(29)(30)

(32)(35)(43)(43)

(45)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


6/54

aus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTm

yxrOD;pGm TtpD&ifcHpmudk yl;wGJa&;om;=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom &cdkifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC) / wdk;wufaomrGefvli,f pnf;t&kH;(MYPO) ESifhytkd0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO)wdk@taeESifh aiGa=u;tultnDay;cJhaom(Voluntary Service Over-seas_VSO) ESif h uGif;qif;ppfwrf;aumufolrsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif&S da=umif;az: jyvdkygonf?TtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh yk*[email protected]/ tm;wufoa&mud;yrf;r_wd k@om ryg&S dygu TtpD&ifcHpmay:xGufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs? 'kwd,taeESifh TtpD&ifcHpm a&;om;r_udk }uD;=uyfay;jcif;twGuf(MYPO)

ESifh(PYO)

wdk@u(AASYC)

udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; az: jyvdkygonf? wwd,taeESifhapwemh0efxrf; ulnDolrsm;jzpf=uaom 'rD,if qrD; (Damien Smee)/ rufo,l; qrD; (MatthewSmee)/ u,fvD puJ&dk; (Kelly Scarrow)/ yrf;*&if; (Pam Green)wdk@tm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&[email protected];&Sdaom 0dkif;0ef;ud;yrf;r_rsm;onf TtpD&ifcHpmjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf t&if;cHta=umif;wpf&yfjzpfygonf? xdk@jyif TtpD&ifcHpm yHkESdyfxkwfa0&mY pmapmifyHkpHESifh tqiftjyiftwGuf wm0ef,lay;=uaom (AASYC) tpnf;t&kH;0ifrsm;. aus;Zl;yr_udkvnf; txl;az: jytyfygonf?

tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;taMumif;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;taMumif;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;taMumif;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;taMumif;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;taMumif;

&cdkifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC)/ wdk;wufaom rGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH; (MYPO)ESifh ytkd0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO) wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;uGef*&uf(Students & Youth Congress of Burma - SYCB) wGif yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;/ ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufae=uygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:a&; &nfrSef;csufjzifh vlrsKd;pk jynfolrsm;t=um;rSm ,Hk=unfr_ESifhtjyeftvSef em;vnfr_ wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk aqmif&Gufae=uygonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHrSmvkyfief;u|rf;usifr_ t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sdvmapa&;twGuf [email protected]@0ifrsm;udk ynmaa&;ESif h vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;jzif h pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufay;jcif;wkd@tm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf? xdk@tjyif rwluGJjym;onfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; w&m;r#wr_ESifhwef;wlnDr#a&;udktajccHonfh 'Drdkua&pD vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf ay:xGef;vmapa&;twGuf ud;yrf;aqmif&Gufae=uygonf? TtzGJ@ tpnf;toD;oD;. tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk od&SdEdkif&ef

pmrsufESm (45) ESifh (46) odk @ =unfhyg?


7/54

1? ed'gef; 1? ed'gef; 1? ed'gef; 1? ed'gef; 1? ed'gef;TtpD&ifcHpmonf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm; txl;ojzifh vlrsKd;pktrsKd;om;rsm; }uHKawG@ae=u&aomjy\emrsm;udk pmzwfy&dowf}uD; *&krlrdap&eftwGuf a&;om;ypkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? jyify&Sdapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzdk@rl jrefrmEdkifiH. jy\emrsm;udk &_jrif=u&mY wdkif;jynf. 'Drdkua&pDenf;usa&G;aumufcHxm;&aom acgif;aqmifjzpfol EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtjcm;aom a&G;cs,fcHEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym; xdef;odrf;xm;cHae&jcif;wnf;[laom abmifxJrSmom&Sdaeygonf? odk@&mwGif u|Efkyfwdk @ wifjyrnfrSm Tjy\emonf jynfolwdk @. 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfapaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_ trsm;tjym;xJu wpfckr#omjzpfygonf?

TtpD&ifcHpmonf jrefrmEdkifiH. e,fajr (3) ck (&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;&Sdytkd0f;e,fajr) udk txl;ywifjyxm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm bwf*sufaiGa=u;ESifh tcsdeftuef@towf

wdk@a=umifhwpfa=umif;/ ppftpdk;&vufatmufrSm ESdyfpufnOf;yrf;cHae&aom Ta'orsm;&Sd jynfolwdk@taeESifh owif;Xmersm;. tm&Hkpdkufr_udk aumif;pGmr&&SdcJhaoma=umifh wpfa=umif; ,ckuJhodk@ wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf?

rSwfcsuf-jrefrmusyfaiGESifh tar&duefa':vmwdk@. w&m;0ifvJvS,fE_ef; (tar&duef 1 a':vm =6. 5usyf )/ arSmifcdkaps;uGufvJvS,fE_ef; (tar&duef1 a':vm 1 350 usyfywf0ef;usif)wdk@t=um;wGiftvGeftrif; uGm[aer_a=umifh TtpD&ifcHpmwGifaiGa=u;rsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjy&mY (tar&duef1 a':vm

- 1 350 usyf) E_ef;udk toHk;yxm;ygonf?

(2) wifjyyHkenf;pepf (2) wifjyyHkenf;pepf (2) wifjyyHkenf;pepf (2) wifjyyHkenf;pepf (2) wifjyyHkenf;pepfTtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf t"duusaom ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk tzGJ@ (3) zGJ@yl;aygif;I aqmif&GufcJhygonf?ppfwrf; aumuf,lol (7) OD;udk tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&ef awGqHkar;jref;r_rsm;twGuf oifwef;ay;ygonf?

xdk@aemuf ppfwrf;aumuf,la&;twGuf oufqdkif&me,fajrrsm;odk@ydk@v$wfygonf? tzGJ@0if (2) OD;u(AASYC)ESifh ytkd0f;vli,ftzGJ@ (PYO)wdk@udk udk,fpm;y+yD; (3) OD;u (MYPO)udk udk,fpm;yygonf?ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;&Sd atmufyge,fajrrsm;wGif aqmif&GufcJhygonf?

&cdkifjynfe,f/ &rf;+AJu|ef;&Sd ausmufjzLrd@e,fESifh ykm;u|ef;rd@e,f (AASYC) &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;/ [dkykef;/ awmif}uD;/ qDqdkifrd@e,frsm; (PYO) rGefjynfe,f/ a&;rd@e,f(MYPO)wdk @ jzpfonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@. ppfwrf;aumuf,lolrsm; oGm;a&mufavhvmcJh&m e,fajrrsm;tjyif TtpD&ifcHpmavhvm&m e,f (3) ck&Sd tjcm;e,fajrrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sda&;twGuftjcm;aomowif;Zpfjrpftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; avhvmcJhygonf? tcsKd@aom owif ;tcsuftvufrsm;

1( )


8/54

onf trsm;od+yD; jzpfaeonfhwdkif ajr,modrf;,lr_ESifh ppfwyfrsm;udk ae&mtESH@wdk;I csxm;jcif;wdk@onfjrefrmEdkifiHrSm a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeaom jy\emrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk az: jy&eftwGuf if;tcsuftvufwdk@ud k xnfhoGif;az: jycJhjcif; jzpfygonf? t"duppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk (2008) ckESpf. (3) v wmumvtwGif;rSm aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfaomfjim;vnf; tcsKd@aom tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;onfukefvGefcJhaomESpfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? Todk@jzpf&jcif;rSm Te,fajrrsm;&Sd jy\emrsm;udk owif;

rD'D,mXmersm;u aumif;pGm *&krxm;rdcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

3? tpD&ifcHpm3? tpD&ifcHpm3? tpD&ifcHpm3? tpD&ifcHpm3? tpD&ifcHpmtusOf;csKyftusOf;csKyftusOf;csKyftusOf;csKyftusOf;csKyf3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH\aemufcHordkif;tusOf; 3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH\aemufcHordkif;tusOf; 3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH\aemufcHordkif;tusOf; 3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH\aemufcHordkif;tusOf; 3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH\aemufcHordkif;tusOf;

jrefrmEdkifiH(Burma)udk tm%mvuf&Sd ppftpdk;&jzpfaom EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@zd;a&;aumifpD(State Peace and Development Council- SPDC)u (1989) ckESpfwGif(Myanmar)[kw&m;0iftrnf ajymif;cJhonf? EdkifiHwum. jypfwifa0zefr_rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_rsm; qufvuf&Sdaeonfh=um;uyif (etz)(SPDC)onf tm%mudk qufvufqkyfudkifxm;um twdkuftcHwdk@udktiftm;oHk;vsufESdyfuGyf aeygonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmoltawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; ppftpdk;&onfvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f usL;vGefaeonfhtjyif pDyGm;a&;udkvnf; tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf pDrHaeonf[k pGyfpGJajymqdkae=uygonf? 1

(1988) ckESpf vlxktHkuGr_ESifh (2007) ckESpf a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;wdk@udk ESdyfuGyfr_onf wdkif;jynf

&ck di f jynfe,f&ck di f jynfe,f&ck di f jynfe,f&ck di f jynfe,f&ck di f jynfe,f

&Srf;jynfe,f&Srf;jynfe,f&Srf;jynfe,f&Srf;jynfe,f&Srf;jynfe,f

rGefjynfe,frGefjynfe,frGefjynfe,frGefjynfe,frGefjynfe,f

jre frmjynf ajry k Hjre frmjynf ajry k Hjre frmjynf ajry k Hjre frmjynf ajry k Hjre frmjynf ajry k H

1http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1300003.stm, 30th July 2008

( )2


9/54

tkyfpdk;olwdk@. &ufpufr_udk az: jyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? tqufqufaomppftpdk;&wdk@onf vlrsKd;pkrsm;udkaoG;cGJzdESdyfxm;+yD; oHvufoD;jzifh tkyfpdk;cJh=uonf? jrefrmppfwyf(wyfrawmf)onf tm%mESifh pdk;rdk;r_wdk@udk jynfolrsm; rvSefEdkifa&;twGuf wdkif;jynftESH@tjym;wGif jzef@csxm;onf? wdkif;jynf. ta&S@ydkif;wGif txl;ojzifh urBmht&SnfqHk; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;ae&m u&ifjynfe,fwGifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ud k qufvufwdkufcdkufaeygonf?2 aoG;cGJ zdES dyfcHae&aom vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u bHk&efoludk

qef@usifae=uyg.? odk@&mwGif rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;tkyfpktvdkuf csrSwfxm;aom udk,fenf;udk,fh[ef/ oD;jcm;OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzifh pcef;oGm;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonfrSmum; jrefrmEdkifiH.e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI Ttwdkif; jzpfyGm;aecJhjcif;yif jzpfygonf?

+Adwdo#wdk @u ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiH[k ac:qdkaomEdkifiHudk (1885) ckESpfwGif t+yD;tydkifodrf;ydkufcJh+yD;aemuftdENd,EdkifiH/ umvuwWm;rd@rSaeI +Adwdo#-tdENd, jynfe,fwcktjzpf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? (1937) ckESpfwGifrufrdk[ef (McMahon) EdkifiHwum e,fjcm;rsOf;rsm;a&;qGJ owfrSwffaomtcgY +Adwdo# -tdENd,udk

ydkif;jcm;vdkufum +Adwdo# - jrefrmEdkifiH[lI ay:aygufvmcJhonf? (1937) ckESpfaemufydkif;rSm +Adwdo#-jrefrmEdkifiH[kac:qdkaomukef;ajronf ,ae@acwfopfjrefrmEdkifiH jzpfvmygonf? 3 rufrdk[ef e,fedrdwfrsOf;a&;qGJvdkufjcif;ESifh wqufwnf;jzpfaom +Adwdo# - jrefrmEdkififiHtjzpfowfrSwfvdkufjcif;wdk@a=umifhh&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufcJh=u+yD; tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifpdk;ol bk&ifrsm; tkyfpdk;&me,fajrrsm;jzifh tpdwfpdwftr$muGJaecJhaom vlrsKd;pkaygif; (130) cef @onf wajrxJrSm pkaygif;aexdkif=u&avawmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;odk@csDwuf&mY vlrsKd;pkaygif;pHkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk @u OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? (1947) ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u vef'efodk @ oGm;

a&mufcJh+yD; +Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rifh tufwvD(Clement Attlee)ESifhpmcsKyf csKyfqdkjcif;/ xdk@aemuf(yifvHkpmcsKyf) csKyfqdkjcif;ponfjzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;udk aygif;pnf;apcJhonf? 4 odk@&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;tjynfht0r&rSDrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcHcJh&onf? (1948) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wdk @u tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHonf udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;atmufrSaeI vGwfvyfa&;&cJhavonf?5 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf jrefrmEdkifiH.yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;aumufyGJrSaeI tm%m&vmcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vlrsKd;pkjy\emrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ray;EdkifcJhacs?vlrsKd;pkrsm;u rdrdwdk@ rawmfrw&m;jyKcHae&onf/ yifvHkpmcsKyfudkvnf; taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;r&Sd[kjrifcJh=uonf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhESifh ywfoufI tuef@towf&Sdaom uwdu0wfrsm;udkyifv#if xdxda&mufa&muf apmifhpnf;jcif;r&SdcJhacs? wdkif;jynfonf jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;um jrefrmhwyfrawmf. wyfzGJ@rsm;uvnf; ykefuefcJh=uonf? wdkif;jynf tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m yduGJrnfhtjzpfrSu,fwif&ef[k ta=umif;jyum (1962) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhonf? 6

2Ethnic groups in Burma: Development, Democracy and Human Rights Smith, M (1994) Anti-

Slavery International, London3

The political concept of National United Party of Arakan (NUPA), Khin Maung (1995)

4The New Panglong Initiative: Re-building the Union of Burma, Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity

and Cooperation Committee5

Burma, Hall D, 1960, Hutchinson & Co, London

6The New Panglong Initiative: Re-building the Union of Burma, Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity

and Cooperation Committee

( )3


10/54

AdkvfcsKyfae0if;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmEdkifiH.yxrOD;qHk;aom ppftpdk;& tkyfpdk;r_rSaeI jzpfay:vmcJhaomtpOftvmwpf&yfonf ,ae@txdqufvufwnfwHhaeygonf? if;rSm jynfolrsm; &uf&ufpufpufzdESdyfcHae&jcif;/ ae@pOfESifhtr# jynfolwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm; csKd;zsufcHae&jcif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh touf&Sifaexdkifa&;wdk@ ra&r&maomtaetxm;odk@ a&mufaejcif;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;aexdkif&ma'orsm;tjzpf yx0Dtaetxm;t& tpdwf

pdwftr$mr$m jzpfae&onfhtjyif ,Ofaus;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh jynfolwdk@tm; tqufqufaom tpdk;&rsm;.pepfwus zsufqD;jcif;cHxm;&aom EdkifiHwpfckvnf; jzpfygonf? (2008) ckESpf em*pfrkefwdkif; wdkufcwfcsdefrSmvnf; (etz) ppftpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolwdk@tay: vHk;0*&krxm;a=umif; jyocJhjyefygonf?

rkefwdkif;wdkufawmhrnfhta=umif; owday;csuf rSefor#udk vspfvsL&_xm;cJhonfhtjyif ab;'kuQjzpfaecsdefrSm 'kuQonfrsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumu urf;vSrf;vmonfh a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tultnDrsm;udkvnf; jiif;y,fcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolwdk@ +idrf+idrfoufouf acgif;iHk@cHaeatmif jyifyurBmESifh tquf

jzwfI&Edkifor# jzwfxm;vdkaom ppftpdk;&.oabmxm;udk Ttcsufuaz: jyaeygonf? vHk;0txD;usefaeoGm;a&;ay:vpDudk ppftpdk;&u usifhoHk;vmcJhonfrSmvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umcJh+yD jzpfygonf?,ckwavmESpfrsm;Y ppftpdk;&onf jyifyrS&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;udkzdwfac:um if;wdk@ESif h pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyfvdkaeao;onf h tenf;tusOf;r#aom tpdk;&rsm;xH wdkif;jynf.obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xkwfa&mif;pm;aevsuf&Sdonf? Todk@a&mif;csjcif;rSaeI &&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk (etz) . tm%mvufrvGwfa&;twGufomv#if oHk;pGJae+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolrsm;tzdk@rl tusKd;cHpm;cGifh vHk;0 r&Sdacs?

3? 2? avhvmcJ haome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHord ki f;3? 2? avhvmcJ haome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHord ki f;3? 2? avhvmcJ haome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHord ki f;3? 2? avhvmcJ haome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHord ki f;3? 2? avhvmcJ haome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHord ki f;

&cd ki f jynfe,f&cd ki f jynfe,f&cd ki f jynfe,f&cd ki f jynfe,f&cd ki f jynfe,f

( )4

&ck di f jynfe,f ajryk H&ck di f jynfe,f ajryk H&ck di f jynfe,f ajryk H&ck di f jynfe,f ajryk H&ck di f jynfe,f ajryk H

ausmu f j z L au smu f j z L au smu f j z L au smu f j z L au smu f j z L

ykm;uGse f;y km;uGse f;y km;uGse f;y km;uGse f;y km;uGse f;

&rf;+AJuGsef;&rf;+AJuGsef;&rf;+AJuGsef;&rf;+AJuGsef;&rf;+AJuGsef;


11/54

"n0wD/ a0omvD/ av;rd@/ ajrmufOD;wnf;[laom rif;qufav;qufacwf (bDpD 3325 rS at'D 1784txd) wnf&SdcJh&m &cdkifjynfe,fonf ESpfaygif; (5000) ausmf=umr# vGwfvyftcsKyftcsmydkifaomEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfcJhonf? (1784) ckESpfwGif jrefrm (Arm) wdk@ usL;ausmfaomtcgY tcsKyftcsmtm%mqHk;&_H;cJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI &cdkifjynfe,fonf jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfe,fwpfe,f jzpfoGm;cJhonf? tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh &cdkif&dk;rawmifwef;}uD;jcm;aeaom &cdkifjynfolwdk@rSm udk,fydkif"avhxHk;pHESifh

udk,fydkifbmompum;/ pmay &Sdonf?

vlOD;a& (3) oef;cGJr# &Sd&m &cdkifjynfe,fvlOD;a&onf jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&pkpkaygif;. (6) r#jzpfonf?b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwGifwnf&Sdojzifh opfawm/ yifv,f/ ajr=oZmaumif;aom ukvm;wefESifh av;rd@jrpf0Srf;rsm;rSaeI obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&Sdonf? vlOD;a&trsm;pkonf qefpyg;pdkufysKd;jcif;ESifhig;zrf;jcif;tvkyfwdk@udk vkyfudkif=uonf? Tvkyfief;wdk@onf vlrsKd;.xl;jcm;r_ESifh ae@pOf pm;0wfaea&;wd k@twGuf tjccHrsm;jzpfonf? &cdkifjynfe,fwGif c&dkif (4) ck/ rd@e,f (17) +rdK@e,f/ rd@e,fcGJ (3)+rdK@k/

&yfuGuf (132) &yfuGuf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk aygif; (1 040) ESifh aus;&Gmaygif; (3864) &Gm &Sdonf? (Akyab)[kvnf; odxm;=uaom ppfawGrd@awmfonf vlOD;a& (2) odef;cef@&S d+yD; ukvm;wefjrpf/ av;rd@jrpf/ar,kjrpfwdk@aygif;qHk&m ajrEku|ef;ay:rSm wnf&dSonf?

obm0t&if;tjrpfuG,f0jcif;ESifh ouf&SdowW0grsm; pHkvifaxGjym;r_wdk@a=umifh &cdkifjynfe,fonf (etz). ppfwyfrsm;ae&mtESH@csxm;a&;ESifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;wl;az:a&;ay:vpDrSm t}uHK;0ifaomajr,modrf;ydkufr_.'%fudk qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; cHae&onf?

r Ge f jynfe,fr Ge f jynfe,fr Ge f jynfe,fr Ge f jynfe,fr Ge f jynfe,f

rGe f jynfe,fajryk Hr Ge f jynfe,fajryk Hr Ge f jynfe,fajryk Hr Ge f jynfe,fajryk Hr Ge f jynfe,fajryk H& J +r d K @e,f& J +r d K @e,f& J +r d K @e,f& J +r d K @e,f& J +r d K @e,f

( )5


12/54

crmvlrsKd;wdk@ESifh tEG,fwEG,fwnf;jzpfaom rGefvlrsKd;wdk@onf bDpD (2500)rS bDpD (1500) twGif;rSmrGef*dk;vD;,m;a'orSaeI jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ajymif;a&$@vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (14) &mpkwdkifonftxd rGefbk&ifhEd kifiHawmfrsm;onf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orSaeI ta&S@bufwv$m; uarBm'D;,m;a'oodk@a&mufatmif ysH@ESH@ cJhonf? yk*Hrif;qufywf+yD;aemufwGif (1287) ckESpfrS (1539) ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif;udk rGefrif;quf wpfquf tkyfpdk;cJhonf? xdkrSwzef (1550-53) ckESpfrsm;wGifvnf; tkyfpdk;cJh

ao;onf? aemufqHk; rGefbk&ifhEdkifiHawmfonf [Hom0wDjynfjzpfonf? (1740) ckESpfrS jrefrm (Arm)bk&ifodrf;ydkufaom (1757) ckESpftxd wnfwHhcJhonf?

rGefvlOD;a&onf cef@rSef;ajctm;jzifh (2 5) oef;&Sdonf? rGefvlrsKd;trsm;pkonf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkvkyfudkif=uonf? jrpfrsm;pD;qif;&m ajr=oZmxufoefaomae&mrsm;Y pyg;pdkufv,fuGif;rsm;/ &mbm+cHrsm;/ opfoD;+cHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufcif;rsm;jynfhESufaeygonf? rGefjynfe,fonf yifv,fESifhxdpyfaeojzif h ig;zrf;vkyfief;onfvnf; ta&;ygaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf?

jrpf (3) oG,fjzpfaom oHvGif/ *sKdif;/ tw&Hjzpfwdk@rSmvnf; ig;rsm;udk zrf;,l&&Sdygonf?

& Sr f ; jynfe,f/ ytk d0 f ;a'o&Sr f; jynfe,f/ ytk d0 f;a'o&Sr f; jynfe,f/ ytk d0 f ;a'o&Sr f; jynfe,f/ ytk d0 f;a'o&Sr f; jynfe,f/ ytk d0 f;a'o

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;rSm aexdkif=uaom aus;vufjynfoltrsm;pkonf awmifolv,form;rsm; jzpfonf? toufarG;r_twGuf v,fajr/ ,majrrsm;udk trSDo[JjyKum pm;yiftrsKd;rsKd;udk pdkufysKd;=uonf?

ytkd0f;olykefrsm; ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDr_rvkyfrS Du aus;vufae awmifolv,form;rsm;tzdk@ at;at;aq;aq;ESif h tqifajyajy vkyfudkifpm;aomufEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhacs? typftcwf&yfpJa&;vkyf+yD;aemufwGif aus;vufa'orsm;rSm tawmftwef +idrfouf at;csrf;vmcJhonf?

ytk d0 f ;a'oytk d0 f ;a'oytk d0 f ;a'oytk d0 f ;a'oytk d0 f ;a'o&Sr f; jynfawmify k di f;& Sr f; jynfawmify k di f;& Sr f; jynfawmify k di f;& Sr f; jynfawmify k di f;& Sr f; jynfawmify k di f;

&Srf;jynfe,f ajrykH&Srf;jynfe,f ajrykH&Srf;jynfe,f ajrykH&Srf;jynfe,f ajrykH&Srf;jynfe,f ajrykH

( )6


13/54

okd@aomfvnf; a'ozGH@zd;a&;[laomta=umif;jycsufjzifh [dkykef;/ awmif}uD;/ qDqdkife,fajrrsm;udkodrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf xdka'orsm;rSm ppfpcef;rsm;aqmufcJhonf? ppfpcef;rsm;aqmuf+yD;oGm;aomtcgYteD;tem;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;udk twif;t"rR ae&ma&$@ajymif;apcJhonf? Todk@ ae&ma&$@ajymif;cdkif;jcif;a=umifha'oaejynfolwdk@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufysufpD;cJhonf?

4? jrefrmEdkifiH 4? jrefrmEdkifiH 4? jrefrmEdkifiH 4? jrefrmEdkifiH 4? jrefrmEdkifiHtESHYtjym;rSmtESHYtjym;rSmtESHYtjym;rSmtESHYtjym;rSmtESHYtjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm;ppfwyfrsm;ppfwyfrsm;ppfwyfrsm;ppfwyfrsm; wdk;csJYcsxm;jcif;wdk;csJYcsxm;jcif;wdk;csJYcsxm;jcif;wdk;csJYcsxm;jcif;wdk;csJYcsxm;jcif;4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;ES H @tjym; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;ESif h wd kuf&d kuf tusK d;qufrsm;4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;ES H @tjym; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;ESif h wd kuf&d kuf tusK d;qufrsm;4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;ES H @tjym; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;ESif h wd kuf&d kuf tusK d;qufrsm;4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;ES H @tjym; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;ESif h wd kuf&d kuf tusK d;qufrsm;4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;ES H @tjym; wd k;cs J @csxm;jcif;ESif h wd kuf&d kuf tusK d;qufrsm;

wyfrawmf[kvnf; trsm;odxm;=uaom (etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfrSm tiftm; (490 000)cef@&Sdonf? (1989) ckESpf rSpI ESpfqausmfausmftxd wdk;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?7 xdk@jyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd &JwyfzGJ@rSmvnf; t&ef&Jtiftm; (4 500) tygt0if tiftm; (72 000) cef@&Sdonf?8 jynfy&efol[lI r&Sdaomfvnf; t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh vlOD;a& (100) v#if ppfom; (1) a,mufE_ef;cef @ jzpfaeonf? jrefrm

EdkifiHwGif jynfyrS txl;ojzifh w&kwf/ xdkif;ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk@rS vufeufa&mif;csr_ESifh &if;ESD;jryfESHr_rsm;wdk;jrifhjcif;r&Sdygu ppfwyfwdk;csJ@a&;udpPonf jzpfEdkifrnf r[kwfacs?9

(2008) ckESpf rwfv (27) &uf/ wyfrawmfae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf ppfa&;jyaeyH k(2008) ckESpf rwfv (27) &uf/ wyfrawmfae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf ppfa&;jyaeyH k(2008) ckESpf rwfv (27) &uf/ wyfrawmfae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf ppfa&;jyaeyH k(2008) ckESpf rwfv (27) &uf/ wyfrawmfae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf ppfa&;jyaeyH k(2008) ckESpf rwfv (27) &uf/ wyfrawmfae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf ppfa&;jyaeyH k1010101010

7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatmadaw

8Asia Briefing No. 21 Mynamar: The Future of the Armed Forces International Crisis

Group, 27/09/2002 p3, footnote 59

Burmas Arms Procurement Program, Working Paper N289 (Strategic and Defence Studies

Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1995); Andrew Selth, Burmas Secret

Military Partners, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence N136 (Strategic and Defence

Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 2000).10

BBC News: Day in Pictures, 27th March 2008

( )7


14/54

ppfwyfudkwdk;csJ@&ef (etz) ppftpdk;&u t&l;trl;jzpfaeyHkudk ay:vGifapaom tcsufrSm (1993 rS 2004)ckESpftwGif; usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;toHk;pm;&dwfudk (3 ) ESifh (8 ) toD;oD;r#omwdk;+yD; umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwfud k (29) wdk;onf[laomtcsufyifjzpfygonf? 11

ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsjcif;onf qufwdkufvkyfaeaomudpP jzpfonf?12 TonfrSm zGJ@zd;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;az:

aqmifaeaome,fajrrsm;wGif tm%mpuf+rJaeap&efjzpfonf? rd@jyrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ ppfwyf. topfxdef;csKyfxm;aome,fajrrsm;Yvnf;aumif; r+idrfroufr_rsm;&Sdaeonf?13 ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;jcif;ESifhwygwnf;rSmyif ppfwyfrsm;u ppfwef;vsm;/ ppfwyfpcef;ESifh tjcm;ppftaqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvkyfjcif;a=umifh ajrodrf;jcif;/ twif;t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;jcif;ESifh taxGaxG vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;avonf? tm&Svl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif (1999) (Asian Human Rights Commission-1999).aw@G@&Sdcsuft& jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pm;eyf&duQm&Sm;yg;r_onf wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;.wdkuf&dkuftusKd;quf jzpfonf? 14

ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;aom e,fajrrsm;wGif w&m;0if ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;a&m w&m;r0if ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;yg tajrmuftjrm;&SdaeonfudkawG@&onf? Tpcef;rsm;onf vHk+cHKa&;udkapmifh=unfh&eftwGufcsxm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;jzifh 0ifaiGaumif;aumif;&&Sd&mae&mrsm;jzpfa=umif;awG@&onf? rGefjynfe,frSm ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_t& armfawmfqdkifu,ftcGefESifh vpOfay;aqmif&aomtcGef15 rSaeI *dwfrSL;rsm;onf vpOf (3 000) usyf (tar&duef 22 a':vm) &&Sdae=ua=umif; od&onf? xdk@jyif ppfaq;a&;pcef;opfwckudk vlwpfOD; jzwfoef;oGm;vdkygu aiG (100) usyfaumufonf?16

jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh ukefonfrsm;xHrS Todk@ w&m;r0if tcGefaumufcHaer_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;jyKxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? &cdkifjynfe,frSm (2008) ckESpf/ =o*kwfv qef&Sm;yg;r_tusyftwnf;jzpfaepOfumvtwGif;Y qefukeful;&mvrf;a=umif;&Sd w&m;r0if ppfwyfppfaq;a&;pcef; (4) ckudkjzwf&eftwGuf aiG (2 500) usyfESifh qeftawmf rsm;rsm;udk ay;cJh&a=umif;od&onf?17(1992) ckESpfwGif ta&S@yk dif;wkdif;pmXmecsKyf wkdif;A[k dtrSwf (3) avhusif ha&;wyf [kdykH;+rdK@ ta&S@ajrmufbufwGif

11http://www.unicef.org/view_chart.php?sid=764c6063cd1e1a2ab44da6cc6b654cce&cre

ate_chart=Create+Table+%3E%3E&submit_to_chart=1&layout=1&language=eng12

jrefrm ppfwyf wyf&if;w&if;. tjynfhzGJ@pnf;yHkonf w&m;0if 700 OD; jzpfonf? odk@aomf tiftm; 400-500 jzifhvnf;

v_yf&Sm;wwfonf? odk@aomfvnf; owif;rsm;t& jrefrmppfwyf wyf&if;rsm;onf vlOD;a&tiftm; 200- 300 r#jzifhom v_yf&Sm;ae=uonf[kvnf; qdkonf? (My Gun Was As Tall As Me Kevin Heppner & JoBecker): see Human Rights Watch link below:- http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/burma/

Burma0902 -04.htm13

Dammed by Burmas Generals: the Karenni experience with hydropower development

From Lawpita to the Salween, Karenni Development Research Group 200614

Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 1999, Voice of the Hungry Nation, Hong Kong:

AHRC15jrefrmppfwyfu vpOf ukefonfrsm;xHrS aumuf,laomtcGefaiGrSm ukeftrsKd;tpm;tay:rlwnfI ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;

wGif aumuf,l=uonf?16

Primary field research MYPO

17FBR Arakan team report: Relief team brings food to famine victims as the Burma Army tries

to stop assistance in Western Burma, 19 July, 2008

( )8


15/54

ppfAsL[muGif;twGuf ajr (18 982) {uESifh ppfa&;avhusifhuGif;twGuf (6 420) {uudk odrf;,lcJhonf?18 (1999) ESifh (2002) ckESpftwGif;Y (etz) ESifh jrefrmppfwyfonf rGefjynfe,f/ a&;rd@e,ftwGif;rSmyifv#if ajcjrefwyf&if;aygif; (10) &if;cef@csxm;+yD; oHjzLZ&yfESifh teD;tem;e,fajrrsm;Y aemufxyftajrmufwyf&if;aygif; (10) &if; csxm;csxm;cJhonf? (1995) ckESpfu a&;rd@t0ifY ppfwyfppfaq;a&;pcef; (2) ckom &SdcJhonf? ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;r_a=umifh acgZmESifh vrdkif;rd@e,fcGJtwGif;rSm ppftajcpdkuf

pcef;rsm;aqmufvkyf+yD;(2003)ESifh (2004)ckESpftwGif; Trd@e,fcGJ (2) ckwGif w&m;0if ppfwyfppfaq;a&;pcef;opf (4) ckcsxm;cJhonf?19 a&;rd@e,ftwGif;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wdk;Icsxm;jcif;onf rGefcGJxGuftkyfpkudkwdkufcdkufp&m&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf?20 TESpfwpfESpfwnf;rSmyif yvuf0rd@e,f (Trd@e,fudk csif;jynfe,f. rd@e,fwpfcktjzpf ,lqxm;=uaomfvnf; &cdkif/ crGD;ESifh csif;paom tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkif&me,fajrwpfckjzpfonf?)Y jrefrm ppfwyfrsm;udk wyf&if; (1) &if;rS rSaeI (3) &if;txd wdk;Icsxm;onfudk awG@&onf?21

&cd ki f jynfe,ftwGif; ppfwyfrsm;wd k;I csxm;jcif;&cd ki f jynfe,ftwGif; ppfwyfrsm;wd k;I csxm;jcif;&cd ki f jynfe,ftwGif; ppfwyfrsm;wd k;I csxm;jcif;&cd ki f jynfe,ftwGif; ppfwyfrsm;wd k;I csxm;jcif;&cd ki f jynfe,ftwGif; ppfwyfrsm;wd k;I csxm;jcif;

&cdkifjynfe,fESifh csif;jynfe,f. yvuf0rd@wdk@yg0ifaome,fajrwpfckjzpfonfh taemufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyftajcpdkuf ajcvsifwyf&if;rsm;. ta&twGufonf wyf&if; (3) &if;rSaeI (1988) ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif (43) &if;txd wdk;vmcJhonf? xdk@jyif (tif*sifeD,mwyf/ qufoG,fa&;wyfuJhodk@aom) txl;wyf&if;(10) &if;/ enf;AsL[mXmecsKyfrsm;ESifh a&wyftajccHpcef;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? &cdkifjynfe,f/ trf;rd@wGifXmecsKyfzGifhxm;aom taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmcsKyfonf 0ifaiGaumif;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk csKyfudkif

xm;um vkyfief;vkyfcGifhvdkifpifESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf if;.cGifhjyKrdef@udk ,l=u&onf?

18 Primary field research PYO19

Primary field research MYPO

20Primary field research MYPO

21FBR Arakan team report: Hunger and Malnutrition in Arakan & Chin States, November 2008

1988

20063-Infantry Battalion

1-Western Command HQ

3-Navy

43-IB

3-NC

3-Strategic Commands

1-WC

HQ

jrefrmEd ki fi H taemufyd ki f;a'o&S d jrefrmppfwyf&if;rsm; (1988 rS 2006) ckE Sp fajryH kjrefrmEd ki fi H taemufyd ki f;a'o&S d jrefrmppfwyf&if;rsm; (1988 rS 2006) ckE Sp fajryH kjrefrmEd ki fi H taemufyd ki f;a'o&S d jrefrmppfwyf&if;rsm; (1988 rS 2006) ckE Sp fajryH kjrefrmEd ki fi H taemufyd ki f;a'o&S d jrefrmppfwyf&if;rsm; (1988 rS 2006) ckE Sp fajryH kjrefrmEd ki fi H taemufyd ki f;a'o&S d jrefrmppfwyf&if;rsm; (1988 rS 2006) ckE Sp fajryH k

( )9


16/54

4?2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h ajrodrf; jcif;4?2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h ajrodrf; jcif;4?2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h ajrodrf; jcif;4?2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h ajrodrf; jcif;4?2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h ajrodrf; jcif;

rnfonfhavsmfa=u;rS ray;bJajrodrf;jcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &dk;ae+yDjzpfaomudpPwpf&yfjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;u zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:&mae&m a'orsm;wGif jzpfonf? 22

vlrsKd;pkrsm;aexdkif&mjynfe,frsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm;udkwdk;csJ@csxm;aeor#umvywfvHk; ydkif&Sifrsm;udkavsmfa=u; rjzpfpavmufay;Iaomfvnf;aumif;/ vHk;0ray;bJaomfvnf;aumif; ajr,mrsm;udk twif;t"rRodrf;aernfom jzpfygonf? odrf;,lxm;aomajr,mrsm;udk ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;pcef;rsm;ESifhppfoifwef;uGif;rsm;tjzpf toHk;yonf? xdk@jyif ppfom;rsm;twGuf&duQmaxmufyHha&;ESifh tydk0ifaiG&&Sda&;twGuf v,fvkyf&ef ESifh O,smOfpdkufysKd;&efvnf; ajr,mtawmfrsm;rsm;udk odrf;,lao;onf?23

jrefrmppfwyfonf if;wdk@tajcpdkufpcef;rsm;ESifh eD;&mae&mrsm;rS ajr,m/ pm;a&&duQmESifh tjcm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vk,la=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&Sd&onf?24 Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;onfwdkif;jynftESH@tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyfqufpyfaeum ppfwyfrsm;csxm;r_ wdk;vmonfESifhtr# e,fajra'otwGif;&Sd yk*~vduydkifESifh trsm;ydkifajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,lr_onfvnf; wdk;vmcJhygonf?25 Todk@ wdk;vm&jcif;rSm ppfwyftaeESifh rdrdwdk@vdktyfaom&duQmESifh tajccHypPnf;rsm;udk rdrdwdk@bmom xkwfvkyf&rnf[laom udk,fh'l;udk,fc|ef udk,fxludk,fx ay:vpDa=umifh jzpfonf?26

ppfwyfrsm;taeESif h vdktyfaom&duQmESif hywfoufI udk,fh'l;udk,fc|ef&Sm&rnf[k (1998) ckESpfupIrGefjynfe,f&Sd wyf&if;rsm;udk trdef@xkwfxm;onf? Ttrdef@a=umifh a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;xHrS &duQmESifhypPnf;rsm;ud k vk,lr_rsm; wdk;IvmcJhonfhtjyif ppfwyftwGufajrodrf;r_rsm;vnf; wdk;vmcJhonf?27

(1998) ckESpf wpfESpfwnf;rSmyif ppfwyfu ajr{uaygif; (3 000) ausmfudkodrf;,lcJhonf? t"dutm;jzifhppfom;rsm;. &duQmvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&efjzpfonf? (2000) ckESpfwGif ajr{u (100) r#om odrf;,lcJhaomfvnf; (2001) ckESpfwGif aemufxyf ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;vmojzifh aemufxyfajr{u (2 000) odrf;,lcJhonf? (2002) ckESpfwGifrl aemufxyfI {u (1 000) ausmf odrf;jyefygonf? 28

22Our Land and Our Natural Resources in Burma, The Nationalities Youth Forum, 2005

23The Impact of the confiscation of land, labour, capital assets and forced relocation in

Burma by the militaryregime, Dr. Nancy Hudson-Rodd Dr. Myo Nyunt, Saw Thamain Tun,

and Sein Htay, 200324

A conflict of interests: the Uncertian future of Burmas Forests, Global Witness, 2003, p. 28

25No Land to Farm, Human Rights Foundaction of Mon Land, 2002

26Developments concerning the question of observing the Government of Myanmar of the

Forced Labour Convention, ILO Report of the high Level Team 200127

Primary Field research MYPO

28Our Land and Our Natural Resources in Burma, The Nationalities Youth Forum, 2005

(10)


17/54

(2003) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;ESifh (2004) ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif rGefjynfe,f/ a&;rd@e,ftwGif;Y acgZmESifhvrdkif;rd@e,fcGJrsm;udk zG J@pnf;cJhonf? ppftpdk;&u rGefcGJxGuftkyfpkrsm;udk wdkuf&ef[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh Te,fajrtwGif;rSm ppfwyftrsm;tjym;udk csxm;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh ajrrsm;udk {u axmifESifhcsDI odrf;,lcJhonf?29

(2005) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtwGif;Y Zmuv,faus;&Gmvl}uD; Edkif () qdkolu (cr&) (587) ESifh aygif;I vrdkif;rd@e,fcGJ&Sd rdom;pk (6) pkxHrS ajr{u (160) cef@udk odrf;,lcJhonf? TajruGufrsm;onf&mbm/ uGrf;oD;ESifh 'l;&if;yifwdk@pdkufxm;aom +cHrsm;jzpfonf? +cHydkif&Sifrsm;u e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;udkwdkif=um;cJhaomfvnf; ta&;,lay;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? (2004) ESifh (2007) ckESpftwGif;rSm (cr&) (586) ESifh(587) wdk@u {uaygif; (1 500) &Sdaom &mbm+cHrsm;ud k odrf;,lcJhonf?30

a&;r d @e,f&S d (cr&) (587). =uufqlyifp d kufcif;a&;r d @e,f&S d (cr&) (587). =uufqlyifp d kufcif;a&;r d @e,f&S d (cr&) (587). =uufqlyifp d kufcif;a&;r d @e,f&S d (cr&) (587). =uufqlyifp d kufcif;a&;r d @e,f&S d (cr&) (587). =uufqlyifp d kufcif;

(2006) ckESpf/ arvY &cdkifjynfe,f/ ykm;u|ef;rd@e,fawmifydkif; ppfawG-&efukef ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;ay:&Sd a'oaejynfolrsm;. bdk;ab;ydkifpdkufcif;rsm;udkppfwyfuodrf;,lcJhonf? Tpdkufcif;rsm;Y u|ef;yif/ysOf;uwdk;yif/ o&ufyif/ ydEMJyif/ iSufaysmyifESifh [if;oD;[if;&GufyifuJhodk@aom tyifrsm;&Sdonf? ppfwyfu+cHrsm;udk odrf;t+yD;wGif ydkif&Sifrsm;tm; ypPnf;ESifh oD;ESHrsm;odrf;qnf;&ef oDwif;ywf (1) ywfr#om cGifhycJhonf? oDwif;ywf ukefqHk;oGm;onfESifh ydkif&Sifrsm;tm; +cHrsm;xJodk@jyefvmcGifhryawmhacs?

+cHxJodk @ jyefvmonfudkawG@&Sdygu '%faiG usyf (100 000) &dkufrnf[k ppfwyfu trdef@xkwfxm;

29Primary Field research MYPO

30Primary Field research MYPO

(11)


18/54

onf? tu,fI '%faiGray;aqmifEdkifygu e,fjrppfwyfpcef;rSm (3) v csKyfaESmifcH&rnfjzpf+yD; +cHpnf;&dk;umjcif;/ jrufckwfjcif;/ ppfwyftwGuf xrif;/ [if;csufay;jcif; tvkyfrsm;udk vkyf&rnf[k qdkygonf?T+cHrsm;onf umvaygufaps; usyfoef; (5 000 rS 10 000) (tar&duefa':vm 3 700 rS 7400 a': vm)wefa=u;&S d+yD; +cHydkif&Sifrsm;tzdk@ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf T+cHrsm;udk rSDcd ktm;xm; aecJh=u&onf? 31

ukvm;wefjrpf taemufbufurf;&Sd ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;wav#muf yef;eDvmESifh usifcifaus;&Gm t=um;ESifh ykm;u|ef;rd@e,ftwGif;&Sd ajr{u (1 000) udk ppfawG ppfXmecsKyf trSwf (20) u xyfrHIodrf;jyefonf? 32

ajr{u (1000)ausmfodr f;,la=umif; tao;pdwfaz:ajr{u (1000)ausmfodr f;,la=umif; tao;pdwfaz:ajr{u (1000)ausmfodr f;,la=umif; tao;pdwfaz:ajr{u (1000)ausmfodr f;,la=umif; tao;pdwfaz:ajr{u (1000)ausmfodr f;,la=umif; tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;aom qk di f;bkwfwpfc kjyxm;aom qk di f;bkwfwpfc kjyxm;aom qk di f;bkwfwpfc kjyxm;aom qk di f;bkwfwpfc kjyxm;aom qk di f;bkwfwpfc k

&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd@e,f/ tkef;awm&GmESifh +ydKif;aphauaus;&Gmrsm;&Sd (15) {u&Sdaom O,smOf+cHajrrsm;udk (2005) ckESpfwGif opfawm0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufcH rd@e,fopfawmXmeu odrf;,lcJhonf?ajrodrf;,laomae&mudk 'dk;'ef;awmif[k ac:ygonf? T&GmESpf&GmrS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf yJESifh tjcm;[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;pdkuf=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;onf avsmfa=u;r&cJh=uacs?33

&cdkifjynfe,f ausmufqdyfESifh ,dk;ilaus;&Gmt=um;&Sd v,fajr{u (100)udk trSwf (908) ppftif*sifeD,mwyfqG,fu rdk;pyg;pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf (2005) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif odrf;,lcJhonf? tu,fI v,fydkif&Sifrsm;u rdrdwdk@v,fudkjyefvkyfvdkygu ppfwyfudk pyg;wif; (60) ay;&rnfjzpfonf?31

Primary Field research AASYC

32Primary Field research AASYC

33 Primary Field research AASYC

(12)


19/54

xdkvtwGif;rSmyif trSwf (962) ppftif*sifeD,mwyfqG,fu xdke,fajrY v,fajr (35) {uudkodrf;,l+yD; trSwf (8) ppfajrjyif aq;wyf&if;uvnf; ppfawG-&efukef ta0;ajy;vrf;ay:&Sd ,dk;ief;ESifho&ufcsKdaus;&Gmt=um;rS v,fajr (31 5) {uudk odrf;cJhonf? ae&mwdkif;rSmyif v,form;rsm;taeESifhr dr dwd k @. todrf;c Hxm;&aom v,fud k jyefvky fvd kygu pyg;wif; (60)ay;aqmif&rnf[kowfrSwfonf?34

ausmufjzLr d @& S d / (15){u&S daom =uufqlyif p d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @& S d / (15){u&S daom =uufqlyif p d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @& S d / (15){u&S daom =uufqlyif p d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @& S d / (15){u&S daom =uufqlyif p d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @& S d / (15){u&S daom =uufqlyif p d kufcif;

ausmufjzLr d @e,ftwGif;& S d (5){u&S daom =uufqlyifp d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @e,ftwGif;& S d (5){u&S daom =uufqlyifp d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @e,ftwGif;& S d (5){u&S daom =uufqlyifp d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @e,ftwGif;& S d (5){u&S daom =uufqlyifp d kufcif;ausmufjzLr d @e,ftwGif;& S d (5){u&S daom =uufqlyifp d kufcif;34

Primary Field research AASYC

(13)


20/54

ausmufjzLrd @e,fY (cr&) (232) u pyg;pd kuf&eftwGuf ajr{u (100)udk odrf;,lcJ honf?ausmufjzLrd @e,fY (cr&) (232) u pyg;pd kuf&eftwGuf ajr{u (100)udk odrf;,lcJ honf?ausmufjzLrd @e,fY (cr&) (232) u pyg;pd kuf&eftwGuf ajr{u (100)udk odrf;,lcJ honf?ausmufjzLrd @e,fY (cr&) (232) u pyg;pd kuf&eftwGuf ajr{u (100)udk odrf;,lcJ honf?ausmufjzLrd @e,fY (cr&) (232) u pyg;pd kuf&eftwGuf ajr{u (100)udk odrf;,lcJ honf?

atmufygwdk@onf rsm;r=umao;rDSu &cdkifjynfe,f/ ykm;u|ef;rd@e,fESifh ajrmufOD;rd@e,fwdk@wGif jrefrmppfwyf. ajrodrf;,lr_tcsKd @ jzpfonf?

ykm;u|ef;rd@e,f oJwufaus;&GmrS OD; (u) ydkifaom O,smOf (7) {uudk (2008) ckESpf/atmufwdkbmv (27) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf?

oJwufaus;&GmrS OD; (c) (touf 60) ydkif/ o&ufyif(3 000) ygaom wefzdk; (700 000)usyf(tar&duefa':vm 520) &Sd o&ufO,smOfudk (2008) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (27) &ufae@wGiftusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf?

oJwufaus;&GmrS OD;(*) (touf 40) yd kif/ (o&uf/ iSufaysm/ oHyk,mESif h tjcm;oD;yifpm;yifrsm;ygaom) O,smOfajr {uwpf0ufudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (15)

&ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJwufaus;&GmrS OD;(*) (touf50)ESifh if;.ZeD;a': (u) wdk @. O,smOfudk (2008) ckESpf/

atmufwdkbmv (13) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJwufaus;&GmrS OD;(C) ESifh a': (c) wdk@ydkif (4) {u&Sdaom o&uf+cHudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdk

bmv (12) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJ"mwfaus;&GmrS r (u) ESifh OD; (i) wdk@. o&ufyif (2 400)ygaom O,smOfudk tusOf;OD;pD;

Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf?

ykm;u|ef;rd@e,f/ oJ"mwfaus;&GmrS OD; (p) ydkifaom o&ufjcHudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (15) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? v,form;wpfOD;jzpfaom OD; (q) . EGm;u tusOf;OD;pD;Xme. &mbm+cHteD;wGif jrufpm;rd&m

(2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm v(5) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u OD; (q)tm; '%faiG usyf (5 000) (tar&duefa':vm 3 7 a':vm)&dkufcJhonf?

OD;a&$qef;onf ausmufqdyf&Gm. OuUjzpfonf? olonf ol@&Gmodk@ tvnfa&mufvmolrsm;tm; cGifhyvufrSwfwpfapmifv#if (3 000)usyf (tar&duefa':vm 2 2 a':vm) jzifh0,fcdkif;onf? ol@ &Gmodk@vma&mufolrsm;u TudpPESifhywfoufI ar;=unfh&m olu olonfOuU&mxl;twGuf aiGukefcHcJh&ojzifh TaiGtwGuf tpm;jyef&&efvdkaoma=umifh jzpfonf[kjyefajzcJhonf?

ajrmufOD;rd@e,f/ cs,f&Dy&ef;aus;&Gmom;rsm;ydkifaom v,fajr {u (700) udk (2008) ckESpf/atmufwdkbmv/ (13) &ufae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf (cr&) (540) u odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk@jyifv,fydkif&SifwpfOD;csif;taeESifhvnf; v,fwpf{uv#if pyg;wif; (100) E_ef;jzifh ppfwyfudkay;&rnf[k awmif;ao;onf?

vdyfqefy&rf;aus;&GmESifh omya&uef;aus;&Gmwdk@rS v,f{u (700) udk (2008) ckESpf/ atmuf

wdkbmv (15) &ufae@wGif jreefrmppfwyf (cr&) (540)u odrf;,lcJhonf? 35

35FBR Arakan team report: Hunger and Malnutrition in Arakan & Chin States, November 2008

(14)


21/54

ausmufjzLrd @& S d v,f{u (100) udk (cr&) (543) u odrf;xm;yk HausmufjzLrd @& S d v,f{u (100) udk (cr&) (543) u odrf;xm;yk HausmufjzLrd @& S d v,f{u (100) udk (cr&) (543) u odrf;xm;yk HausmufjzLrd @& S d v,f{u (100) udk (cr&) (543) u odrf;xm;yk HausmufjzLrd @& S d v,f{u (100) udk (cr&) (543) u odrf;xm;yk H

&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd @e,fwGif v,f{u (250) udk (cr&) (542) u&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd @e,fwGif v,f{u (250) udk (cr&) (542) u&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd @e,fwGif v,f{u (250) udk (cr&) (542) u&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd @e,fwGif v,f{u (250) udk (cr&) (542) u&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd @e,fwGif v,f{u (250) udk (cr&) (542) u odrf;xm;yk Hodrf;xm;yk Hodrf;xm;yk Hodrf;xm;yk Hodrf;xm;yk H

36Nancy Hudson-Rodd: Housing, Land, and Property Rights in Burma, October 2004 Centre

for Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) Collingwood, Victoria, Australia

(15)

tiftm;wd k;cs J @aevsuf&S daom ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;rsm;onftiftm;wd k;cs J @aevsuf&S daom ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;rsm;onftiftm;wd k;cs J @aevsuf&S daom ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;rsm;onftiftm;wd k;cs J @aevsuf&S daom ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;rsm;onftiftm;wd k;cs J @aevsuf&S daom ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;rsm;onf

rdr dwd k @.v,f,majrrsm;r SaeI armif;xkwfc Hae=u&onf?r dr dwd k @.v,f,majrrsm;r SaeI armif;xkwfc Hae=u&onf?r dr dwd k @.v,f,majrrsm;r SaeI armif;xkwfc Hae=u&onf?r dr dwd k @.v,f,majrrsm;r SaeI armif;xkwfc Hae=u&onf?r dr dwd k @.v,f,majrrsm;r SaeI armif;xkwfc Hae=u&onf? 3636363636


22/54

4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h vl@tcGi f hta&;csK d ;azgufr _rsm;4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h vl@tcGi f hta&;csK d ;azgufr _rsm;4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h vl@tcGi f hta&;csK d ;azgufr _rsm;4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h vl@tcGi f hta&;csK d ;azgufr _rsm;4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;E Si f h vl@tcGi f hta&;csK d ;azgufr _rsm;

(etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfrsm;wdk;I csxm;a&;ay:vpDa=umif h ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;r_wGif vlrsKd;pkaus;&Gmom;trsm;tjym;tzd k@ [email protected],mESifh tdk;tdrfypPnf;rsm;udk pGef@vwfxGufajy;=u&ygonf?

usefae&pfolrsm;tzdk@rSmvnf; rdrdwdk@pdkufysKd;Iroifhawmfaom oD;ESHrsm;udk twif;t"rRapcdkif;I pdkufysKd;&jcif;ESifh roifhawmfaomenf;rsm;udk toHk;y&jcif;wdk@a=umifh &dk;&mpdkufysKd;enf;rsm;udk pGef@vwf=u&onf?=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;a&;ay:vpDu Ttcsufudk txif&Sm;qHk;jyqdkygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm.aemufydkif;wGifTtcsufudk ydkItao;pdwf az: jyygrnf?

wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmppfwyf.rdom;pkrsm;u rGefjynfe,f/ ta&S@ydkif;e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;wdk@wGif ajr,mrsm;udk wae@wjcm;wdk;Iodrf;,laevsuf&Sdonf? xdkrdom;pkrsm;u tdrfrsm;aqmufvkyf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;xHa&mif;pm;avh&Sd&m tdrf&mvufrJhjzpfoGm;olrsm;tzd k@ rdrdwdk @ ydkifcJhaomajrESifhywfoufI ydkifqdkifcGifhr&Sdawmhacs? 'DudpPudk=unfh&if A[dktpdk;&&J@ay:vpD/ ppfwyf&J@ ajr,modrf;,lr_/ odrf;,lcJhwJhajrawGudk tjrwfeJ@jyefa&mif;pm;r_awG[m wqufwnf; jzpfaewmudk awG@&w,f?38

Oya't&qdkv#if EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ajr,mtm;vHk;udkydkif+yD; v,fvkyfolonf v,fvkyfydkifcGifhudk tarGay;cGifh&Sdaomfvnf; olonf v,fvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdolr#omjzpfonf? ajr,mudk w&m;0iftm;jzifh a&mif;0,fcGifh

&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd@?&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd@?&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd@?&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd@?&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd @? ? (etz) ppftpdk;&onf ausmufjzLrd@e,f/ t0ajyaus;&GmYpcef;wnfaqmufaeaom "n0wDa&wyfpcef;XmecsKyfvufatmufcH trSwf (3) AsL[ma&,mOfpkpcef;twGuf taqmuftOD; trsm;tjym; aqmufvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? ppfwyfonfa'G;csm/ rtljyifESifh pefayacsmif&Gmrsm;tygt0if ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gmrsm;rS v,fajrrsm;udk

vnf; odrf;,lvsuf&Sdonf?

avsmfa=u;wpHkw&m ray;bJ v,fajr{u (200) cef@udk odrf;,lvdkuf&m &Gmom; (50) ausmfwdk@ajr,mvufrJh jzpfukef=uonf? ppfwyftaqmuftOD;rsm;aqmufvkyf&mY twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;onfhtjyif &Gmom;rsm;u (300) eD;yg;cef@&Sdaom ppfom;rsm;twGuf &duQmrsm;udkvnf; ay;&ao;onf?

'Dae&mrSm ppfwyfpcef;aqmufwmu ppfwd kufz d k @r[kwfbl;? &cd ki furf;& d k ;wef;r Sm'Dae&mrSm ppfwyfpcef;aqmufwmu ppfwd kufz d k @r[kwfbl;? &cd ki furf;& d k ;wef;r Sm'Dae&mrSm ppfwyfpcef;aqmufwmu ppfwd kufz d k @r[kwfbl;? &cd ki furf;& d k ;wef;r Sm'Dae&mrSm ppfwyfpcef;aqmufwmu ppfwd kufz d k @r[kwfbl;? &cd ki furf;& d k ;wef;r Sm'Dae&mrSm ppfwyfpcef;aqmufwmu ppfwd kufz d k @r[kwfbl;? &cd ki furf;& d k ;wef;r Sma&eHeJ@ "gwfaiG@wl;az:aewJh Ed kifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGudk umuG,fapmif ha&Smufay;zd k @ygyJ?a&eHeJ@ "gwfaiG@wl;az:aewJh Ed kifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGudk umuG,fapmif ha&Smufay;zd k @ygyJ?a&eHeJ@ "gwfaiG@wl;az:aewJh Ed kifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGudk umuG,fapmif ha&Smufay;zd k @ygyJ?a&eHeJ@ "gwfaiG@wl;az:aewJh Ed kifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGudk umuG,fapmif ha&Smufay;zd k @ygyJ?a&eHeJ@ "gwfaiG@wl;az:aewJh Ed kifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGudk umuG,fapmif ha&Smufay;zd k @ygyJ?[k aus;&Gmom;wpfOD;uajymygonf? 37

37http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2002 (Narinjara News - 18th December 2008)

38Displacement & Dispossession: Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma, The Centre

on HousingRights & Evictions (Switzerland)

(16)


23/54

r&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif (1990) ckvGefESpfrsm;twGif;rSm ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;&m e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pka'orsm;wGif ajrpm&if;tif;Xmet&m&Sdrsm;u rd@e,f/ aus;&Gm/ &yfuGufaumifpDrsm;ESifhaygif;um ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh pm&Guf/ pmwrf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJjcif; (odk@r[kwf) ajr,mvkyfydkifcGifhudk jyefvnfowfrSwfjcif;rsm;ycJh=uonf? Todk @ vkyfEdkifjcif;rSm pdkufysKd;ajr/ u|JEGm; pm;usufajr/ zHkqdk;ajrwdk@ESifhywfoufI Oya'jyXmef;csufcsif; rwluGJjym;aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tta=umif;ESifhywfoufI aemufydkif;rSm tao;

pdwfaz: jyygrnf?39

ajr,modrf;,ljcif;ESif h uajymif;ujyef vkyfxm;aomajr,mydkifqdkifr_pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;a=umifhjrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfEdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;wGif t}uD;tus,f &dkufcwfr_rsm;&SdEdkifygonf? (etz)ppftpdk;&.ay:vpDonf jrefrmr[kwfaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk twif;t"rRae&ma&@ajymif;apum xdkvlrsKd;pkrsm;. ydkifqdkifaom tdk;tdrfypPnf; OpPm/ 0ifaiGESifh t&if;tESD;ypPnf;rsm;ud k ppftpdk;&. tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm; vuf0,fodk@ a&mufapygonf? EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;jzpfaomtcgY vltawmfrsm;rsm;u

[email protected],mudk pm&Gufpmwrf;ESifhwuG tydkifpD;xm;onfh ydkif&Sifopfrsm;udk oGm;a&muf&ifqdkif=uayvdrfhrnf? 40

4? 3? 1? twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcd ki f; jcif;4? 3? 1? twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcd ki f; jcif;4? 3? 1? twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcd ki f; jcif;4? 3? 1? twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcd ki f; jcif;4? 3? 1? twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcd ki f; jcif;

aemufwdk; ppfwyf (odk@r[kwf) wyf&if;rsm;a&mufvmonfESifhwydifeuf ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;pcef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ppfbufqdkif&mtaqmuftOD;rsm;twGuf twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;ESifh ajrodrf;

,lr_rsm;wdk;I jzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? aiGESifhypPnf;rsm;udk tEdkifusifhawmif;jcif;/ vlrsKd;pkjynfolrsm;ESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;wdk@onfvnf; wdk;IjzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? tusKd;qufum; vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh[lI bmwpfckr#r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf? 41

rGefjynfe,f/ acgZmrd@e,fcGJrSm ppfwyfrsm;csxm;r_a=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm; t}uD;tus,fwdk;I jzpfyGm;cJhonf? aus;&Gmrsm;rSaeI oDwif;wpfywfv#if ay:wm (5) a,mufa&G;I ydk@vwfay;&onf?xd kay:wmrsm;onf ppfwyftwGuf &duQmESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;o,fay;&+yD; rdrdwdk@. tvkyfysufonfhtwGuf tca=u;aiGaomfvnf;aumif;/ avsmfa=u;aomfvnf;aumif; r&&Sd=uacs? e,fcH&Gmom;rsm;onf a&;rd@/ acgZmrd@e,fcGJESifh a&;rd@e,ftpGef;tzsm;ESifh qufoG,faomvrf; udkazgufvkyf&mYvnf;tca=u;aiGr&bJ twif;t"rR vkyftm;qifhqdkcH&onfhtjyif ppfwef;vsm;rsm;aqmufvkyf&mYvnf;tvkyfvkyfay;&onf? tu,fI cdkif;onfhtwdkif; vkyfray;ygu olykefudkaxmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;tjzpfpGyfpGJ+yD; zrf;vm; qD;vm;vkyfum jyif;jyif;xefxef '%fcwfta&;,lonf? 42

39ibid

40ibid

41Supply and Command: Natural Gas in Western Burma Set to Entrench Military Rule

AASYC, July 2006. p 2242 Primary field research MYPO

(17)


24/54

jrefrmppfom;rsm;u ay:wmwpfOD;ud k ypPnf;rsm;o,fcd ki f;aeyH kjrefrmppfom;rsm;u ay:wmwpfOD;ud k ypPnf;rsm;o,fcd ki f;aeyH kjrefrmppfom;rsm;u ay:wmwpfOD;ud k ypPnf;rsm;o,fcd ki f;aeyH kjrefrmppfom;rsm;u ay:wmwpfOD;ud k ypPnf;rsm;o,fcd ki f;aeyH kjrefrmppfom;rsm;u ay:wmwpfOD;ud k ypPnf;rsm;o,fcd ki f;aeyH k 4343434343

(2008) ckESpf/ arvwGif e,fajrppfwyfu &cdkifjynfe,f/ wdrfndKaus;&GmrS &Gmom;rsm;tm; ppfawG-&efukef ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;jyifqif&mY twif;t"rRtvkyfapcd kif;cJ honf? &Gmom;rsm;onftca=u;aiGr&bJ tvkyfvkyfay;=u&onf? tu,fI ysufuGufygu '%faiGusyf (5000) (tar&duef

a':vm 3 7 a':vm) &dkufonf? '%faiGray;aqmifEdkifygu ppfwyfpcef;xJrSm (7) &uf tcsKyfcH&+yD;tvkyf=urf;ESifh xrif;csuftvkyfrsm;ud k vkyf&onf? 44

&cdkifjynfe,f/ rif;jym;rd@e,f/ pGef&J/ a=umif&Dacsmif;/ acsmif;&D/ yvDaygufaus;&Gmwdk@rS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; rdk;&moDrSm ysufpD;oGm;cJhaom ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;udk yjyif&eftwGuf tm%mydkifrsm;utwif;t"rR tvkyfapcdkif;cJhonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf vkyfcr&onhftjyif tu,fI tvkyfvkyfray;ygu '%faiG (5000) usyf (tar&duefa':vm 37 a':vm)ay;aqmif&rnf[kvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufcH&ao;onf? 'D&Gm (4) &Gmwiff b,f[kwfOD;rvJ/ vrf;eJ@eD;wJh wjcm;&GmawGu vlawGudkygvrf;jyif&mrSm cdkif;vd kufao;w,f?[k a'ocHausmif;q&mwpfOD;uajymjyygonf?45

tvm;wlyif rGefjynfe,f/ ,if;&J&GmrSaeI [avmhceD pcef;odk@xGufajy;vmcJh=uaom &Gmom;rsm;.ajymjycsuft& oDwif;wpfywfv#if ppfwyftwGuf xrif;[if;csufay;&ef vl (5) a,mufuspD xrif;csufay;&+yD; ae@pOf qDtjynfh xnfhxm;aom armfawmfqdkifu,f (2) pD;udk ppfwyfokd@ ydk@ay;xm;&onf[kod&onf?46

43www.prayforburma.org/.../images/2008_pfe_01.jpg

44Primary field research AASYC

45Narinjara News 10/11/2008 (http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=1965)


(18)


25/54

(2007) ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvrS (2008) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae@txd/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ axma';aus;&GmrS&Gmom;rsm;udk jrefrmppfwyfu oDwif;wywfv#if (2) }udrf/ (3) }udrf ay:wmvdkufcdkif;ae&m aemufqHk;Y&Gm&Sd tdrfaxmifpk (16) pkteuf (9) pk xGufajy;oGm;&awmhonf? 47

qDqd ki f& Jwyfz G J @u odrf;xm;aomv,f,majrrsm;rSmqDqd ki f& Jwyfz G J @u odrf;xm;aomv,f,majrrsm;rSmqDqd ki f& Jwyfz G J @u odrf;xm;aomv,f,majrrsm;rSmqDqd ki f& Jwyfz G J @u odrf;xm;aomv,f,majrrsm;rSmqDqd ki f& Jwyfz G J @u odrf;xm;aomv,f,majrrsm;rSmytk d0 f;& Gmom;rsm;tm; tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk Hytk d0 f;& Gmom;rsm;tm; tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk Hytk d0 f;& Gmom;rsm;tm; tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk Hytk d0 f;& Gmom;rsm;tm; tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk Hytk d0 f;& Gmom;rsm;tm; tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk H

&cd ki f jynfe,fwGif &Gmom;rsm;tm; vrf;jyif&mY twif;t"rR tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,fwGif &Gmom;rsm;tm; vrf;jyif&mY twif;t"rR tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,fwGif &Gmom;rsm;tm; vrf;jyif&mY twif;t"rR tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,fwGif &Gmom;rsm;tm; vrf;jyif&mY twif;t"rR tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,fwGif &Gmom;rsm;tm; vrf;jyif&mY twif;t"rR tvkyfapcd ki f;aeyk H

47Free Burma Rangers Lahu Relief Team Report, September 2008

(19)


26/54

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;&S d qDqdkife,fajrtwGif;Y ppfwyfu aus;&Gmydkifajrrsm;udk odrf;,lum &Gmom;rsm;tm; =uufqlESifh tjcm;oD;ESHyifrsm;udk rpdkufrae& pdkufcdkif;cJhonf? oD;ESHray:rSD ppfwyfu &Gmom;rsm;udk aygif;/ jruf &Sif;cdkif;jyefonf? xdk@aemuf oD;ES Hay:aomtcgY oD;ESHrsm;udk &dyfodrf;cdkif;+yD; wyf&if;pcef;xJod k@ ta&mufo,fydk@apcJhonf? 48

(2008) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif trSwf (903) ppfajrjyif tif*sifeD,mwyf&if;u yif;yufowWKwl;az:a&;pDrHcsufe,fajr teD;ywf0ef;usif&Sd aus;&Gm (6) &Gmtm; xdk&Gmom;rsm;. ,majrxJrSmyif =uufqlyifrsm;udk pdkufysKd;&rnf[k trdef@xkwfonf? ,majr (4) {u ydkifolonf =uufqlyifudk (2) {u pdkufay;&onf? trdef@udk remcHygu xdkremcHol.,mcif;rsm;udk ajrwl;pufjzifh xdk;ypf+yD; ppfwyfu =uufqlyifrsm;pdkufypfrnf[k qdkonf? 49

4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif; jcif;4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif; jcif;4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif; jcif;4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif; jcif;4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif; jcif;

jrefrmppftpdk;& }uHqxm;aom tm%m+rJa&;enf;vrf;wpfckrSm jrefrmZmwfoGif;a&; ay:vpDyifjzpfonf? ppfwyf trsm;tjym;udk vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;aexdkif&m e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif wdk;csJ@csxm;ojzif h &Gmom;rsm;xHrS odrf;,lxm;aomajr,mrsm;odk @ ppfom;rsm;u if;[email protected];pkrsm;udkta0;rS ac:oGif;vmjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ e,fcHtrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmify&ef tm;ay;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; ArmvlrsKd; rsm;vmapa&; y=uonf? ppfom;rsm;tm; vkyfief;uefx&dkufrsm;csay;onf? vkyfief;ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk e,fcHjynfolrsm;. vuf0,frSaeI a'o (odk @) e,fajrtm%m

ydkifrsm;. vuf0,fodk@ w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;jzifh v$Jajymif;ay;onf? xdk@jyif jrefrmbmompum;omv#ifwdkif;jynf.wpfckwnf;aom bmompum; jzpfvmatmif Oya'rsm;xkwfI wdkif;&if;om;bmom pum;oif=um;r_ud k w&m;r0if jzpfaponf? odk@wnf;r[kwf wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm;udk qufvufoif=um;ygu ausmif;rsm;udkydwfypfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufonf? T0g;rda&;ay:vpDjzifh (etz) ppftpdk;&onf vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm; a&maESm wdrfaumoGm;atmifESifh jrefrm (Arm) rsKd;EG,f. =oZmt&S deft0g ysH@EHSatmifud;pm;onf?

(2003) ESifh (2004) ckESpfwGif rGefjynfe,fY acgZmESifh vrdkif;rd@e,fcGJwdk@udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemufwGif ppftpdk;&onf vrdkif;rd@e,fcGJESifh warmhueifaus;&Gmt=um; armfawmfum;vrf;wav#muf&Sd ajr{u (100)udk odrf;,l+yD;aemuf ppfwyfrdom;pkrsm; tajccsaexdkifap&eftwGuf pGef@ypfxm;aom ajr,mrsm;[kqdkif;bkwfrsm;udk vdkufvH pdkufxlxm;vdkufonf? xdk@aemufwGifrS ppfom;rdom;pkrsm;udk Tajrrsm;wGifae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;jyKonf? 'DArmawGa&muf+yD;wJhaemufrSm Armpum;ajymwJhvlawG wae@wjcm;ydkrsm;vmw,f? ArmawGeJ@ tdrfaxmifywJh vli,fawGvnf; renf;awmhbl;? 'gha=umifh Armjynftv,fydkif;u ArmawGvmae=uvdk @ wdk@rGefpum;/ rGefpm[m aysmufoGm;awmhr,fh tE W&m,f&Sdaew,f?[ktouf (60) t&G,f&Sdol [ef*H aus;&Gmom;wpfOD;u qdkygonf? 50

48Primary field research PYO



(20)


27/54

wyf&if;wpf&if;onf e,fajrwpfckwGif (4) vom tajccsae+yD; tvSnfhus ajymif;a&$@aeaponf? (cr&-20) wm0efuspOfumvtwGif;Y &cdkifjynfe,f/ *** * **aus;&Gm/ r**aus;&Gm/ u**aus;&Gm/e**aus;&GmESif h o**aus;&Gm (owif;ay;olrsm;. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf aus;&Gmtrnfrsm;udk uG,f0Sufxm;ygonf) wdk@rS trsKd;orD; (5) OD;onf jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifycJhonf? ESpfOD;rSm rdbrsm;uqif;&J+yD; tiwfab;'%fcHae&=u&aoma=umifh [email protected];rsm; vufxyfvdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf? wpfOD;

url rdrdcspfcifESpfoufI vufxyfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;wOD;rSmrl twif;t"rR vufxyfcdkif;Ivufxyfvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf? 51

4? 3? 3? vdifr_qd ki f&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESif h rk'dr f;r_rsm;4? 3? 3? vdifr_qd ki f&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESif h rk'dr f;r_rsm;4? 3? 3? vdifr_qd ki f&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESif h rk'dr f;r_rsm;4? 3? 3? vdifr_qd ki f&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESif h rk'dr f;r_rsm;4? 3? 3? vdifr_qd ki f&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESif h rk'dr f;r_rsm;

wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm ppfwyfrsm;wd k;I csxm;jcif;a=umif h aemufxyfjzpfyGm;aomtE W&m,fwpfckrSmvHk+cHKa&;twGuf tE W&m,fwdk;vmjcif;jzpfonf? rd@xJ/ &GmxJwGif pcef;csaom ppfom;rsm;onf trsKd;

orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk rk'drf;usifhr_rsm;ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m &rf;um;r_jzpf&yfrsm; trsm;tjym; jzpfay:vmaponf?

om"utm;jzifhaz: jy&aomf (2004) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvtwGif;Y (cr&-424) rS ppfom; (4) a,mufonf ausmif;v$wf+yD;csdefY tv,fwef;ausmif;ol (3) OD;udk rk'drf;usifhcJhonf? xdkrdef;uav; (3) OD;onf&SufvGef;aoma=umif h ausmif;xGuf+yD; ynma&;ud k pGef@v$wfvdkufcJh=uonf? (2005) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif;uvnf; qDqdkifrd@/ jruefom&yfuGufrS trsKd;orD;wpfOD; a&csKd;aepOfrSm jrefrmppfom; wpf

a,mufu tEdkifusifh &rf;um;cJhonf? &Gmom;rsm;u tr_udkppfaq;ay;yg&ef xdkppfom;. t&m&SdxHwdkif=um;cJhaomfvnf; ta&;,lay;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? 52

xdk@tjyif yvuf0rd@e,f. txufyd kife,fajrY (cr&-20) . wyf&if;rSL; oef @ZifxGef;onf rk'drf;r_jzifh tr_zGifhcH&um w&m;&Hk;rSm w&m;pGJqdkcHcJh&onf? 53

rdom;p kwpfp kta=umif;r dom;p kwpfp kta=umif;r dom;p kwpfp kta=umif;r dom;p kwpfp kta=umif;r dom;p kwpfp kta=umif;

51Free Burma Rangers Arakan Relief Team Report, July 2008


53Free Burma Rangers Arakan Relief Team Report, July 2008

&cdkifjynfe,f aygufawmrd@rS rdom;pkwpfpkonf jrefrmppfwyfrS wyf=uyfwpfOD;u zsm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif +yD;ppfwyfxJ qGJoGif;cHxm;&aom om;jzpfoludk ppfwyfxJrS jyefE_wf,lEdkifa&;twGufaiGusyf (900000) (tar&duefa':vm 66667 a':vm) ukefuscHcJh&onf?

ppfwyfxJodk@0if&ef zsm;a,mif;cHcJh&olrSm aygufawmrd@e,f y&defawmifaus;&GmrS OD;jrifhxGef;/a':pef; ESif;wdk @.om; armifxGef;a0 (touf 19-ESpf) jzpfonf?

(21)


28/54

4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJod k @ twif;tusyf qG JoGif;jcif;4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJod k @ twif;tusyf qG JoGif;jcif;4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJod k @ twif;tusyf qG JoGif;jcif;4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJod k @ twif;tusyf qG JoGif;jcif;4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJod k @ twif;tusyf qG JoGif;jcif;

(1988) ckESpf 'Drdkua&pD awmif;qdkaom qENjyyGJrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpufESdyfuGyf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmppfwyftzdk@ wyfom;opfrsm; vdkoavmuf&&Sda&;rSm tcuf}uHKoGm;awmhonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif(e0w) ppftpdk;&. tm%mquf+rJa&;twGuf ppfwyfrsm;wdk;I csxm;a&;ay:vpDt& ppftiftm;udkqufvuf wdk;csJ@oGm;&ef rjzpfrae vdktyfaeygonf? wwdkif;jynfvHk;&Sd vli,ftrsm;udk ppfwyfxJodk@twif;tusyf qGJoGif;jcif;tm;jzifh ppfom;pkaqmif;onfh (uav;ppfom;pkaqmifjcif; tygt0if

jzpfonf) ay:vpD jzpfay: vmcJhygonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&u jrefrmh wyfrawmfonf rdrdqENtavsmufppfr_xrf;olrsm;. wyfrawmf jzpfonf[k vnf;aumif;/ wyfom;opftjzpf owfrSwfxm;aomtedrfhqHk;toufonf (18) ESpfjzpfonf [k vnf; w&m;0ifqdkygonf?54 odk@&mwGif Tpum; rrSefa=umif; jyoEdkifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;pGm &Sdaeyg onf? ukvor*~. (1995) ckESpf avhvmcsufpmwrf;wpfapmifY jrefrmppfwyfrSm touf (18) ESpfatmuf uav; (50 000) yg0ifaeonf[kxnfhoGif;az: jyxm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefum vu ppfom;tiftm;onf (265 000) &Sdonf[k cef@rSef;xm;cJh&m uav;ppfom;OD;a&onf ppftiftm; tm;vH k;. (19) jzpfaeygonf? 55

(2007) ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;ppfom;tiftm; (350 000)cef@teuf uav;ppfom;OD;a&onf (70 000)txd wdk;vmcJhonf?56 (etz)onf ppfwyftiftm;ESifhywfoufaom udef;*%ef;twdtusudkb,faomtcgur# trsm;od xkwfaz:cJhjcif; r&SdcJhacs? odk@aomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@(Human Rights Watch)u ppfom;a[mif;rsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;&mwGif &&SdcJhaomajz=um;csufrsm;t& =unfhrnfqdkv#if jrefrmppfwyf. wyfom;opf (35 rS 45) onf (18) ESpfatmuf t&G,frsm;

bwfpfum;apmifhaepOfrSm armifxGef;a0udk vlwpfa,mufu ol@tdrfodk @ vdkufvnf&ef ac:oGm;cJhonf? armifxGef;a0udk tdrfodk@ac:oGm;&rnfhtpm; jynfrd@&Sd ppfom;pkaqmif;a&; wyfzGJ@wpfzGJ@qDodk@ac:oGm;+yD;aemuf wyfom;opftjzpf pm&if;oGif;vdkufonf? &efukefrd@&Sd 'nif;ukef;wyfzGJ@odk@rydk@rD ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;wyfwGif wpfveDyg;=umr#aecJh&onf? xdk@aemuf tajccH

ppfoifwef;trSwfpOf (122008) twGuf azgif}uD;&Sd trSwf (1) tajccH ppfavhusifha&;wyfodk@tydk@cHcJh&onf? aemufwpfvt=umwGif armifxGef;a0u ol@rdbrsm;ESifh qufoG,fvdkuf&mavhusifha&;wyfodk@ tajy;tv$m; a&mufvmcJh=u onf? aemufqHk;Y ol@rdbrsm;u ppfwyfyGJpm;rSwqifh oifwef;rSL;udk usyf (300 000)/ oifwef;ausmif; tkyf}uD;udk usyf (400 000)/ yGJpm;udkusyf (200 000) vmbfxdk;vdkufrSom yGJpm;u v$wfay;rnf[k tmrcHcJhonf? vmbfxdk;+yD;aemufarmifxGef;a0onf usef;rma&; nHhzsif;vGef;aoma=umifh ppfwyfrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef roifh[lI aq;ppfcsufudk xkwfay;um v$wfay;cJhonf?

54My Gun Was As Tall As Me Kevin Heppner & Jo Becker: Human Rights Watch:

http://www.hrw.org/ reports/2002/burma/Burma0902-04.htm

55Children: The Invisible Soldiers - Rachel Brett and Margaret McCallin, Save the Children

Sweden, 1998.56

Despite Promises: Child Soldiers in Burmas Armed Forces Human Rights Education

Institute of Burma, March 2006 p.12

(22)


29/54

jzpf+yD; (15 rS 20 ) onf (15) ESpfatmuf t&G,frsm;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf?57 ,ae@wGifjrefrmEdkifonf urBmay:wGif uav;ppfom;trsm;qHk;wdkif;jynf jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf?

5? ajrodrf;jcif; 5? ajrodrf;jcif;5? ajrodrf;jcif; 5? ajrodrf;jcif;5? ajrodrf;jcif;5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;ud k odr f; jcif;5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;ud k odr f; jcif;5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;ud k odr f; jcif;5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;ud k odr f; jcif;5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;ud k odr f; jcif;

[dkykH;/ awmif}uD;/ qDqdkifrd@e,frsm;ESifh rGefjynfe,fwdk@wGif aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; tawmfrsm;rsm;onfpm;/ 0wf/ aea&;twGuf u|J EGm;/ qdwf/ 0uf/ odk;ESifh =uufiSufwd&p>mefrsm; arG;jrL=uonf? ppfwyfuaus;&GmteD;tem;&Sd ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkufaomtcgY wd&p>mefrsm;twGuf v$wfausmif;p&mpm;usufajrrsm; r&SdawmhbJ jzpfcJh&onf? odk@jzpf&m u|JEGm;wd&p>mefrsm;udk &GmESifh a0;a0;rSm xm;=u&ojzifh u|J/ EGm;cdk;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? Ttcsufa=umifh &Gmom;rsm;tzd k@ u|J EGm;ausmif;ay;rnfhEGm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tca=u;aiG tydk tukeftus cH=u&avonf?

vG,ftGef;/ vG,fay:/ usef;ifusKwf/ erf;aAmf[Gef (&Srf;jynfawmifykdif; [kdykH;+rdK@e,f&Gm) aus;&Gmrsm;.teD;tem;&Sd pm;usufajr trsm;tjym;udk ppftpdk;&u odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk@tjyif =uufqlyifpdkufcif;rsm;ESifhppfwyf pcef;e,fajrxJodk@ 0ifa&mufaom u|J/ EGm;rsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhonf? zrf;rdaomEGm; (odk@r[kwf)u|Jwpfaumifudk jyefv$wfay;a&; twGuf '%faiG (6000) usyf rS (8000) usyf (tar&duefa':vm450 rS 6 a':vm) owfrSwf onf? 58 pm;usufajrrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkuf jcif;a=umifh aus;&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@u|JEGm;rsm;udk 00vifvif rau|;Edkifawmhacs? u|JEGm;csKd@wJhr_a=umifh awmifolv,form;rsm;. v,f,m

pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfr_udk xdcdkufapygonf? ta=umif;rSm u|JEGm;rsm;. tnpfta=u;rsm;udk obm0 ajr=oZmtjzpf toHk;yae&aoma=umif h jzpfonf?

e,fjrppftm%mydkifrsm;ESifhaygif;I tif;ayguf0 (Impaukwa)ukr%Du atmifjzLjyifESifh yef;eDvmaus;&Gmt=um;&Sd a'ocHjynfolrsm;ydkifaom pm;usufajr{u (800) udk odrf;,lcJhonf? Tpm;usufajronf(2005) ckESpfu ukvm;wefjrpf taemufzufydkif; ta0ajy;vrf;r}uD;av#mufESif h ykm;u|ef;rd@e,fajrmufydkif;wGif wnf&SdcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ydkif&Sifrsm;udk avsmfa=u;wpHkw&may;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? wu,hf

vufawG@rSmrl TajruGufrsm;udk oHql;ud;um&eftwGuf aus;&Gmom;trsm;tjym;tm; rvkyfrae&vkyftm;ay;&ef apcdkif;cJ honfhtjyif Todrf;,lxm;aom ajray:odk@ usL;ausmfjcif; ry&Todrf;,lxm;aom ajray:odk@ usL;ausmfjcif; ry&Todrf;,lxm;aom ajray:odk@ usL;ausmfjcif; ry&Todrf;,lxm;aom ajray:odk@ usL;ausmfjcif; ry&Todrf;,lxm;aom ajray:odk@ usL;ausmfjcif; ry&[laom pmwef;rsm;pdkufxlxm;cJhonf? 59

&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLrd,f/ t0ajyaus;&GmwGif trSwf (3) AsL[ma&,mOfa&pkpcef;udk wnfaqmuf&mY ppfwyfu a'ocHaus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;. pm;usufajrrsm; odrf;,lcJh=uonf? usaemfwdk@&J@u|JEGm;awG pm;usufxJrSmpm;aewmawG@&if ppfwyftm%mydkifawGu tjypfay;wmwdk@ '%f &dkufwmwdk@vkyfw,f? odrf;xm;wJh ajruGufxJrSm EGm;wpfaumifudk zrf;rd&if ppfwyfudk '%faiGtaeeJ@ aiG (5000)57 Despite Promises: Child Soldiers in Burmas Armed Forces Human Rights Education

Institute of Burma, March 2006 p.1258

Primary field research PYOInterview 13

59Primary field research AASYC

(23)


30/54

ay;&w,f? ppfwyfawG usaemfwdk @e,fxJudk a&mufvm+yD;wJhaemuf olwdk@ppfwef;vsm;awG aqmufay;&r,fhudpP[m usaemfwdk@tzdk @ {&mr 'kuQ}uD;ygyJAsm?60 [k &Gmom;wpfOD;u qdkonf?

v,form;rsm;onf rdr dwd k @. pm;usufajrrsm; todrf;c H&+y D;aemufyd ki f;v,form;rsm;onf rdr dwd k @. pm;usufajrrsm; todrf;c H&+y D;aemufyd ki f;v,form;rsm;onf rdr dwd k @. pm;usufajrrsm; todrf;c H&+y D;aemufyd ki f;v,form;rsm;onf rdr dwd k @. pm;usufajrrsm; todrf;c H&+y D;aemufyd ki f;v,form;rsm;onf rdr dwd k @. pm;usufajrrsm; todrf;c H&+y D;aemufyd ki f;u| JE Gm;rsm;ud k avSmif jc Hrsm;xJr Sm avSmifxm;=u&yk Hu| JE Gm;rsm;ud k avSmif jc Hrsm;xJr Sm avSmifxm;=u&yk Hu| JE Gm;rsm;ud k avSmif jc Hrsm;xJr Sm avSmifxm;=u&yk Hu| JE Gm;rsm;ud k avSmif jc Hrsm;xJr Sm avSmifxm;=u&yk Hu| JE Gm;rsm;ud k avSmif jc Hrsm;xJr Sm avSmifxm;=u&yk H

pm;p&mpm;usuf r&S daom &cd ki f jynfe,frS u| JE Gm;rsm;pm;p&mpm;usuf r&S daom &cd ki f jynfe,frS u| JE Gm;rsm;pm;p&mpm;usuf r&S daom &cd ki f jynfe,frS u| JE Gm;rsm;pm;p&mpm;usuf r&S daom &cd ki f jynfe,frS u| JE Gm;rsm;pm;p&mpm;usuf r&S daom &cd ki f jynfe,frS u| JE Gm;rsm;

5? 2? tdrfe D;csi f;wd ki f; jynfrsm;od k @ ajymif;a&$ @oGm;=ujcif;5? 2? tdrfe D;csi f;wd ki f; jynfrsm;od k @ ajymif;a&$ @oGm;=ujcif;5? 2? tdrfe D;csi f;wd ki f; jynfrsm;od k @ ajymif;a&$ @oGm;=ujcif;5? 2? tdrfe D;csi f;wd ki f; jynfrsm;od k @ ajymif;a&$ @oGm;=ujcif;5? 2? tdrfe D;csi f;wd ki f; jynfrsm;od k @ ajymif;a&$ @oGm;=ujcif;

qnf/ vrf;/ wHwm;/ rD&xm;vrf;uJhodk @aom trsKd;om;zGH@zd;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm; az:aqmifr_twGuf60

http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2002 (Narinjara News - 18th December 2008)

(24)


31/54

vltrsm; twif; t"rR ae&ma&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh tdk;tdrftajcysuf&jcif;rsm;udk=unfhv#if ppftpdk;&u vlwpfOD;csif;. vl@tcGifhta&;udk vHk;0ta&;rxm;a=umif; ay:vGifaeygonf?xdk@tjyif vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf ynma&;ESifh tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;r&Sdjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/rawmfrw&m; tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ajr,modrf;,ljcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif; xGufajy;=u&onf?vlenf;pk trsKd;om;rsm;. e,fpyfa'orsm;udk ppftpdk;&u xdef; csKyf&efud;yrf;r_a=umifh jynfwGif;rSm

rdrdwdk@aus;&Gmrsm;udk pGef@cGmae xdkif&olaygif; (1) oef;ESif h (600 000) =um;wGif &Sdonf[kcef@rSef;&onf?61

TjynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm; (IDP) tjyif onfhxufydkrdkrsm;jym;aomvlrsm;uvnf; tvkyf&Sm&efESifh tEdkifusifhr_ rSvGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ rav;&Sm;ESif h puFmyluJhodk @aom tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ xGufajy;=uonf? e,fpyfrsm;rSaeI 0if&xGuf&vG,fuljcif;ESifh aps;aygaom tvkyfrsm;vdktyfaejcif;wdk@a=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHonf jrefrmEdkifiHrS a&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;trsm;qHk; oGm;a&muf&m

ae&m jzpfonf? atmufaz: jyygZ,m;onf (8) ESpfausmfumvtwGif; xdkif;Ed kifiHodk@ w&m;0if0ifa&mufvmcJhaom a&$@ ajymif; tvkyform;rsm; rSwfyHkwifpm&if;udkaz: jyxm;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrStvkyform;OD;a&udkyg xnfhoGif; az: jyxm;ygonf? 62

txufyg w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifhywfoufI okawoey avhvmolrsm;u xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd jrefrma&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;. trSefwu,f ta&twGufonf (2) oef;cef@&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfae=uonf? xdk@tjyif xdkif;EdkifiHbuf e,fpyfa'o&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;rSm aexdkifae=uvsuf ukvor*~'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;u 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfyxm;olaygif;onf (150000) cef@&Sdonf? 63 trSefwGif Tudef;*%ef;onf pcef;aeolrsm;tjzpf w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifxm;olrsm;udkomtodtrSwfyxm;jcif; jzpfonf? rSwfyHkwif rxm;olrsm;udkom xnfhaygif;vdkufygu 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;rSm &Sdaeaomvuf&Sd'kuQonf OD;a&xufrsm;pGm ydkoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? TtpD&ifcHpmyg vltkyfpkrsm;ESifh

r Swfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomckESpfc kE Sp fc kE Sp fc kE Sp fc kE Sp f

r SwfyH kwifolrSwfyH kwifolrSwfyH kwifolrSwfyH kwifolrSwfyH kwifolO D ;a&p kp kaygi f ;O D ;a&p kp kaygi f ;O D ;a&p kp kaygi f ;O D ;a&p kp kaygi f ;O D ;a&p kp kaygi f ;

r Swfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomrSwfy H kwifaomjre frmO D ;a&jre frmO D ;a&jre frmO D ;a&jre frmO D ;a&jre frmO D ;a&

jre frm ()jre frm ()jre frm ()jre frm ()jre frm ()

puf - Edk0ifbm/ 1996

puf-atmufwdkbm/ 2001

az - rwf/ 2002

ZGef -Edk0ifbm/ 2004

323 123

568 249

430 074

1 280 053

293 652

451 000

349 000

921 482

90 9

79 4

81 1

72 0

61Norwegian Refugee Council, 2004

62The Mekong Challenge Working Day and Night: The Plight of Migrant Child Workers in

Mae Sot,Thailand Federation of Trade Unions: Burma, edited by Phillip S. Robertson Jr.,

2006 p. 1763

http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/country/detail/2894

(25)


32/54

ywfoufI owfowfrSwfrSwfaz: jy&ygv#if xdkif;Ed kifiHY &cdkifjynfe,frS a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;(50000)/ ytdk@0ftvkyform; (40000) ESifh rGeftvkyform; (200000) &Sdonf[k twnfy az: jyEdkifygonf? 64

5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdc d kufysufp D;r _5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdc d kufysufp D;r _5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdc d kufysufp D;r _5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdc d kufysufp D;r _5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdc d kufysufp D;r _

vrkawmESifh aus;&Gmydkifopfawmrsm;tygt0if {&mropfawmuGufrsm;udk ppfwyfu if;wdk@. pD ;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf twif;t"rR odrf;,lcJhonf? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;Y ppfwyf. ykZGefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vrkawmrsm; t}uD;tus,f yef;wD;oGm;cJhonf?

&cd ki f jynfe,f&S d ppfwyfE Si f h a'ovkyfief;& Si frsm;y d kifaom ykZGe farG; jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;&cd ki f jynfe,f&S d ppfwyfE Si f h a'ovkyfief;& Si frsm;y d kifaom ykZGe farG; jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;&cd ki f jynfe,f&S d ppfwyfE Si f h a'ovkyfief;& Si frsm;y d kifaom ykZGe farG; jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;&cd ki f jynfe,f&S d ppfwyfE Si f h a'ovkyfief;& Si frsm;y d kifaom ykZGe farG; jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;&cd ki f jynfe,f&S d ppfwyfE Si f h a'ovkyfief;& Si frsm;y d kifaom ykZGe farG; jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;

Topfawmrsm;u urf;ajrudk 'Dvd_if;rsm;/ ajrqDv$m wdkufpm;r_ESifh rkefwdkif;uJhodk@aom obm0ab;&efrsm;. '%fwdk@rS umuG,fay;ygonf?

&cd ki f jynfe,f ukvm;wef jrp fa =umif;wav#muf& S d +c dr f ;a jcmufc Hae&aom ' Da&a&mufawmrsm;&c d ki f jynfe,f ukvm;wef jrp fa =umif;wav#muf& S d +c dr f ;a jcmufc Hae&aom ' Da&a&mufawmrsm;&c d ki f jynfe,f ukvm;wef jrp fa =umif;wav#muf& S d +c dr f ;a jcmufc Hae&aom ' Da&a&mufawmrsm;&c d ki f jynfe,f ukvm;wef jrp fa =umif;wav#muf& S d +c dr f ;a jcmufc Hae&aom ' Da&a&mufawmrsm;&c d ki f jynfe,f ukvm;wef jrp fa =umif;wav#muf& S d +c dr f ;a jcmufc Hae&aom ' Da&a&mufawmrsm;

64Primary research AASYC, PYO & MYPO

(26)


33/54

xd k@tjyif opfawmrsm;u ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm;/ iSufrsm;ESif h &cdkif awmvdyfrsm;twGufvnf; cdkv_H&mae&mjzpfonf? Tae&mY ckavmavmq,ftcsdeftxd ykZGefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh xif ;ckwfr_rsm;a=umifhpwk&ef; uDvdk rDwm (60000) cef @ opfawmyef;wD;oGm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf?65

ukvm;wefjrpf0 Sr f;& S d +c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom opfawmrsm;ukvm;wefjrpf0 Sr f;& S d +c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom opfawmrsm;ukvm;wefjrpf0 Sr f;& S d +c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom opfawmrsm;ukvm;wefjrpf0 Sr f;& S d +c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom opfawmrsm;ukvm;wefjrpf0 Sr f;& S d +c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom opfawmrsm;

+c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom &cd ki fawmvdyfrsm;+c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom &cd ki fawmvdyfrsm;+c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom &cd ki fawmvdyfrsm;+c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom &cd ki fawmvdyfrsm;+c dr f;ajcmufcHae&aom &cd ki fawmvdyfrsm;

(1990) ckvGefESpfrsm;Y &cdkifjynfe,f/ ajryHkrd@e,f&Sd a'ocHaus;&Gmrsm;ydkifaom uGef;acsmif;awmifwef;wGifopfrsm;udk tvkt,uf ckwfcJh=uonf? opfawmrsm;xJrS u|ef;ESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm; tygt0ifopfrSefor#udk ckwf+yD; tdENd,ESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrsm;odk @ a&mif;cscJhonf? Tvkyfief;wGif e,fcHvlxkrsm;udk tvkyform;tjzpf iSm;&rf;cJhaomfvnf; vkyfief;udk csKyfudkifrsm;rSmum; e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;/

e,fcHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh axmufvSrf;a&;t&m&Sdrsm; jzpfonf? opfawmrSaeI tjrwftpGef;rsm;&cJh=uaomfvnf; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u ckwfvSJcJhaom opfawmrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk; jyefpdkufay;jcif;65

Supply and Command - AASYC, July 2006, p.38

(27)


34/54

rycJhacs? Todk@jzifh e,fajr. a*[pepfudk t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufapcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;vSygonf?

a'ocH jynfolrsm; xif; o,f,lae=uyH ka'ocH jynfolrsm; xif; o,f,lae=uyH ka'ocH jynfolrsm; xif; o,f,lae=uyH ka'ocH jynfolrsm; xif; o,f,lae=uyH ka'ocH jynfolrsm; xif; o,f,lae=uyH k

xdk @tjyif a'ocHjynfolrsm;yd kifaom &dk;&ma&eHwGif;rsm;ESifh a&eHcsuf&H krsm;.ae&mwGif yifv,f&yfjcm;ukr%Drsm;u ae&m0if,lcJhonf? a'ocHjynfolrsm;. toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;cJh&onfhtjyif obm0ywf0ef;usifvnf; xdcdkufysufpD;cJh&onf? ta=umif;rSm (e0w) ppftpdk;&u T

ukr`%Drsm;tm; obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ usiffh0wfpnf;urf;vdkufem&efaomfvnf;aumif; owfrSwf jyXmef;ay;jcif;r&SdcJhaoma=umifh jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh Tukr%Drsm;onfwGif;wl;&mrS xGufvmaom tnpfta=u;rsm;udk pepfwus pGef@ypf jcif;r&Sdacs? Ttnpfta=u;rsm;udkjrpfrsm;xJod k@ usa&mufapcJh+yD; a'ocHaus;&Gmrsm;. a&ESifh tpm;tpmrsm;ud k npfnrf;apygonf?

wGi f;wl;&mrSxGufvmaom &$ H @E G Hrsm;a=umif hwGi f;wl;&mrSxGufvmaom &$ H @E G Hrsm;a=umif hwGi f;wl;&mrSxGufvmaom &$ H @E G Hrsm;a=umif hwGi f;wl;&mrSxGufvmaom &$ H @E G Hrsm;a=umif hwGi f;wl;&mrSxGufvmaom &$ H @E G Hrsm;a=umif h&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLr d @e,f&S d acsmif;wpfacsmif; npfnrf;aemufusdaeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLr d @e,f&S d acsmif;wpfacsmif; npfnrf;aemufusdaeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLr d @e,f&S d acsmif;wpfacsmif; npfnrf;aemufusdaeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLr d @e,f&S d acsmif;wpfacsmif; npfnrf;aemufusdaeyk H&cd ki f jynfe,f/ ausmufjzLr d @e,f&S d acsmif;wpfacsmif; npfnrf;aemufusdaeyk H

(28)


35/54

(2004) ESifh (2005) ckESpfrsm;wGif (cr&-423)ESifh (424) wdk@onf &Srf;jynfe,f. ytdk@0fe,fajrjzpfaomqDqdkifrd@e,f xD;ref;&Gm.awmifbufwGif obm0a&uef (5) uefteD; ywf0ef;usifrS ajruGufrsm;udkodrf;,lcJhonf? xdk@tjyif a&uefrsm;.ywf0ef;usifrS opfyiftm;vHk;udk ckwfypfvdkufonf? xdk@aemuf&Gmom;rsm;udk xdkae&mwGif opfyifrsm;udk jyefpdkufcdkif;onf? ppfwyfu xdkuefrsm;rS a&udk wyfpcef;xJodk@oG,f,lcJhonf? Todk@vkyfvdkufjcif;a=umifh e,fcHaus;&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@vnf; opfyif/ oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd;

Edkifjcif;r&Sdawmhonfhtjyif wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwfaygif;rsm;pGmtzdk @vnf; cdkv_Hp&mrJhoGm;apcJhonf? 66

ppfwyfu [dkyHkrd @e,f/ ewfawmfaus;&GmteD;&Sd v,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkuf+yD;

e,fcHopfukr%DwpfckESifhaygif;I opfckwfpcef;wpfck5? 4? a'oqdki f&mvkyfief;rsm; csKy fcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;E Si f h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;5? 4? a'oqdki f&mvkyfief;rsm; csKy fcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;E Si f h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;5? 4? a'oqdki f&mvkyfief;rsm; csKy fcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;E Si f h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;5? 4? a'oqdki f&mvkyfief;rsm; csKy fcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;E Si f h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;5? 4? a'oqdki f&mvkyfief;rsm; csKy fcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;E Si f h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_ H;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_ H;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_ H;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_ H;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_ H;jcif;

(1998) ESifh (2002)ckESpftwGif;rSm tpdk;&u ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkufjcif;a=umifh rGeft&yfom;rsm;tzdk@ ajr {u (7000) ausmf vufv$wfcJh&+yD; usyfoef; &mcsDwefaom oD;ESHESifh +cHrsm;qHk;&_H;cJh&onf?vltrsm;tjym; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfoGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm [email protected];0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;onf +cHESifh v,f,mwdk@tay:rSm tajccHxm;cJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;tzdk@

ajr,mrsm;om rubJ xdkajr,mrsm;rSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHxm;aom aiGrsm;yg qHk;&_H;cJh=u&jcif; jzpfonf?om"utm;jzifh az: jy&ygv#if &mbmpdkufysKd;olwpfOD;onf &mbmpdkufysKd;aom yxrESpfwGif ajrwpf{uv#if tenf;qHk; usyf (20 000)cef @ tukefuscH&onf? (tyifrsm;rS 0ifaiG&vmonfhtcsdeftxd 7-ESpf/ 8-ESpfcef@=um avh&Sdonf?) aemufxyfI "gwfajr =oZmzdk;/ aygif;&Sif;c/ rD;ab;umuG,fa&;pm;&dwfrsm;&Sdao;onf?67 uGrf;oD;ESifh 'l;&if;+cHrsm;um; 0ifaiG&onfh tcsdefa&muf&ef onfhxufyif ydkI=umwwfao;onf? ppfwyfonf bmwpfckr#pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ +cHorm;rsm;xHrS +cHrsm;udkodrf;,l+yD;aemuf olwdk@tusKd;twGuf oD;ESHrsm;udk qGwfcl;jcif;yonf? TtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;qHk;&_H;r_. tusKd;quf

wGif &mZ0wfr_rsm;wdk;vmjcif;ESifh tvkyf&Sm&ef tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk @ xGufoGm;=ujcif;yif jzpfonf?66

Primary Research PYO

67Interviews with villagers from Koe-mile village, Southern Ye Township featured in No

Land to Farm -Human Rights Foundation of Mon Land, 2002

(29)


36/54

ajrtodrf;cH&aom jynfolrsm;tzdk@ pdwfusa&m*gESifh vlr_a&;b0ysufokOf;jcif; '%fwdk@udk cHpm;&avonf?T'%fudk +cHydkif&Sifrsm;omru +cHydkif&Sifwdk@qDrSm tvkyfvkyfaeaom usbrf;tvkyform;ESifh yifwdkiftvkyform;rsm;yg cHpm;=u&onf? rdom;pktrsm;tjym;onf om;orD;rsm;.ynma&;twGufraxmufyHhEdkifawmhonfhtjzpfudkvnf;aumif;/ tdrfom;rsm;. usef;rma&;twGuf jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf rwwfEdkifawmhonfhtjzpfudkvnf;aumif; a&muf=u&avonf? ppfwyf. ajrodrf;a&; ay:vpD

onf wdkuf&dkuftm;jzifh ajr,mqHk;&_H;&aomolrsm;udkomru &yf&GmwpfckvHk;udkyg xdcdkufepfemap ygonf?

Tjy\emudk rGefjynfe,fw0Srf;vHk;rSm awG@ae&onfjzpfaomfjim;vnf; rGefu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@zd;aumfrwDtaeESifh awG@&Sdae&onfrSm ajr,mtodrf;cH&aom jynfwGif;'kuQonftrsm;pkonf a&;rd@e,frS vmolrsm; jzpfae=uonf [laomtcsufyifjzpfonf? 68 ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;jcif;ESifh ajrodrf;,lr_rsm; trsm;qHk; jzpfyGm;ae&jcif;.ta=umif;&if;rSm Trd@e,fwGif rGefcGJxGufolykeftkyfpk v_yf&Sm;aejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?

&cdkifESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@. vltrsm;pkonf pdkufysKd;jcif;;ESifh ig;zrf;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;y=uonf? v,f,mESifh O,smOf+cHajrrsm;udk ppfwyfu odrf;,ljcif;a=umifh rdom;pk trsm;tjym;tzdk@}uD;pGm aom twd'kuQrsm;ESifhuHawG@=u&ygonf? 0ifaiG&&Sd&mvkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_H;r_a=umifh pm;a&;aomufa&;rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;xm;a&;rSmaomfvnf;aumif; tcuftcJawG@=u&onf? odrf;ydkufxm;aomajr,mrsm;ay:wGif ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;pcef;rsm;ESifh ppfaq;a&;pcef;tajrmuftjrm;udk aqmufxm;vdkuf=uonf? tjctaeudk ydkIqdk;&Gm;apaomtcsufrSm e,fcHukefonf

rnfolrqdk ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;ud k jzwfoGm;vsuf vkyfief;vkyfvd kygu Tppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;a&S@rSm&yfwef@+yD; tcGefay;=u&jcif;yif jzpfonf?69

,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym;Y ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;jcif;ESifh wygwnf;vdkufI jzpfyGm;aeonfwdk@rSmppfwyfpcef;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;/ topfcsxm;aom ppfwyfrsm;twGuf e,fcHjynfolwdk @. pm;eyf&duQmrsm;udk tEdkifusifhawmif;,lr_rsm; wdk;I jzpfyGm;vmjcif;/ e,fcHaus;&Gmom;rsm; . vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tay:csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_rsm;wdk;vmjcif;wdk@yifjzpfygonf?

6? jrefrmh 6? jrefrmh 6? jrefrmh 6? jrefrmh 6? jrefrmh ajr,mOya'ESifhajr,mOya'ESifhajr,mOya'ESifhajr,mOya'ESifhajr,mOya'ESifh Ed kifiHwumOya'EdkifiHwumOya'EdkifiHwumOya'EdkifiHwumOya'EdkifiHwumOya'

Oya'teuf wpfckwnf;aom ta&;}uD;qHk;Oya'rSm (1953) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(26) &uf ae@pGJyg/v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifyvkyfa&;ESifh v,f,majr tufOya'yifjzpfonf? TOya'u ajrtm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ydkifonf[k jyXmef;xm;cJh+yD; (1974) ckESpf tajccHOya'rSmvnf; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;cJhonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHrSm Oya'usifhoHk;aer_onf a,bk,stm;jzifh TtufOya'ud k y,fvSefxm;a=umif; awG@& onf? TOya'onf v,f,majr yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcsKd@udk todtrSwfyxm; (yk'fr-

68No Land to Farm - Human Rights Foundation of Mon Land, 2002

69Primary Research AASYC

(30)


37/54

38) aomfvnf; a&mif;0,fr_ESifh v$Jajymif;r_udk uef@owfydwfyifxm;+yD; tpdk;&tzdk@ yvyfv,f,majrrsm;udk odrf;,lcGifhay;xm;onf (yk'fr-9-12)?70 xdk@tjyif (1963) ckESpf/ oD;pm;csxm;a&; tufOya'/(1963) ckESpf/ v,f,majr vkyfydkifcGifh umuG,fa&; tufOya' ESifh trdef @a=ujimpm trSwf (478)wdk@uvnf; jynfolwdk@. ajr,m ydkifqdkifcGifhudk qufvufI uef@owfydwfyif xm;cJhonf? ydkIqdk;onfrSmtu,fI v,form;rsm;taeESifh tpdk;&owfrSwf ay;xm;aomoD;ESHudk pdkufysKd;&ef ysufuGufv#if

(odk@r[kwf) owfrSwfxm;aom txGufE_ef;twdkif; xGuf&Sdatmif rpdkufrsKd;Edkifv#if (odk@r[kwf) owfrSwfxm;aomcGJwrf;twdkif;/ udwifowfrSwfxm;aom aps;E_ef;jzifh tpdk;&odk@a&mif;cs&ef ysufuGufv#ifv,f,majrudk odrf;,l&efvnf; TOya'u tpdk;&udk cGifhy xm;onf? 71

(1974) ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHk tjccHOya'. yk'fr (18) wGif atmufygtwdkif; qufvufaz: jyxm;onf-

Ed ki fi Hawmftpd k ;&onf ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,HZmwypPnf;E d ki fi Hawmftpd k ;&onf ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,HZmwypPnf;E d ki fi Hawmftpd k ;&onf ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,HZmwypPnf;E d ki fi Hawmftpd k ;&onf ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,HZmwypPnf;E d ki fi Hawmftpd k ;&onf ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,HZmwypPnf;

tm

Documents

Holding Our Ground (in Burme)