Homework Discussion From Week 8 Part 1: Free-Will article Part 2: Reading from chapter 5

Homework Discussion From Week 8Homework Discussion From Week 8

Part 1: Free-Will article

Part 2: Reading from chapter 5

Free-Will or Not: Fate?Free-Will or Not: Fate?

“Fate” is not being debated. Fate, IMHO, is an argument that everything in the universe is predetermined to happen. This includes environmental actions.

Instead, let’s assume that your environment can be viewed as random. What will happen to you each day has a random element.

Your life is not totally predetermined.

Free-Will or Not: My ModelFree-Will or Not: My Model

Unconscious Rules

Conscious Decision

Actions

InputsStory/Plan

All your cog power

5 sequential steps in my model

No Free-WillNo Free-Will

Unconscious Rules

Conscious Decision

Actions

InputsStory/Plan

All your cog power

Full Free-WillFull Free-Will

Unconscious Rules

Conscious Decision

Actions

InputsStory/Plan

All your cog power

Hard-Wired Free-Will (leaves door Hard-Wired Free-Will (leaves door open)open)

Unconscious Rules

Conscious Decision

Actions

InputsStory/Plan

All your cog power

No Free-Will: EvidenceNo Free-Will: Evidence

Finger tapping experiments – brain lights up in reverse order.

Left-Right lesions in brain – no connection between halves. Left brain acts and right brain sees action and makes up wonderful stories about why, acting as the left-brain’s PR staff

Arguments Against the No Free-Will ModelArguments Against the No Free-Will Model

1. What if there is no rule for a certain situation? It is a new situation.

2. What if you are part of a group discussion? No one person decides. You have to convince others.

3. What if you decide to flip a coin? Putting it in the hands of a random decision-process.

4. BTW: do cats have free will? Fleas?

Full Free-WillFull Free-Will

UR proposes alternative actions.

You use all your cog power to make decision.

You come up with justified plan and then you act.

And by the way, you learn from outcome and potentially modify your knowledge.

Is this deterministic? If so, I don’t care

Free-Will or Not: Gene LuksFree-Will or Not: Gene Luks

Professor Luks gets involved: you can’t program a machine that understands itself.

Corollary: we can’t program machines as smart as ourselves.

However, they could potentially evolve or emerge as smart or smarter.

But they could not explain their actions fully, i.e., could not understand themselves.

Free Will or Not: comforting thoughtsFree Will or Not: comforting thoughts

Even if we do act deterministically, our actions remain a mystery to us.

We won’t know what we will do until it happens.

Nor will our computers. If they could know, then they would have a full understanding of how they work.

And we know that a computer cannot predict what another computer will do (including itself).

Back to CRABack to CRA

I believe it comes down to the free-will of Searle, right? Does he have free-will in the CRA?

What decisions are there to be made?

What rules match (pattern recognition).

Whether to carry out matching accurately (motivation, paying attention).

Whether to lie/cheat (ethics, humor).

Logic of Thought ExperimentsLogic of Thought Experiments

How to Punch a Hole in a Theory

(T and E) => S T=theory, E=thought experiment,

S = some fact about world

~S but S “known” to be false

-------------------

E derives ~T If believe E, then ~T – theory shot down

New CRA (First draft)New CRA (First draft)

(T and E) => S

~S

-------------------

E derives ~T

What is T?

What is E?

What is S?

What is ~S?

Free-Will and CRAFree-Will and CRA

Might also argue FW and CRA are orthogonal.

CRA is about basic understanding.

Free will is about what you do with your understanding.

Searle might argue that you can program a computer to have free will, but it won’t use it because it has no basic understanding of choices or consequences.

Can I Program This: Full Free-WillCan I Program This: Full Free-Will

Unconscious Rules

Conscious Decision

Actions

InputsStory/Plan

All your cog power

I’ll Take A ShotI’ll Take A Shot

Unconscious rules (URs)

UR1: If asked if want food, say yes

UR2: If asked if want food, say no

UR3: If asked if want food, ignore

…

These are probably above UR level, but humor me.

I’ll Take A Shot (2)I’ll Take A Shot (2)

Conscious Decision Rules (CRs)

CR1: If I am weight-conscious, say no to food with empty calories.

CR2: If I am leaving on a Spartan trip, say yes to indulgents.

CR3: If I am with someone who shares my goals, think about sharing a burden.

I’ll Take a Shot (3)I’ll Take a Shot (3)

Proposed Decision Making Process

1.Use input to match all URs. Call this the matched set.

2.Pass the matched set to the CD “box” for consideration.

3.Use the matched set to trigger CRs. Call this the decision set.

4.Run the decision set to come up with a winner (and a story/plan).

5.Take the winning action.6.Use the story for self-reflection.7.Watch what happens. Change CRs if needed.

Where Do You Fall in Free-Will Space?Where Do You Fall in Free-Will Space?

Full Free-Will or Hard-Wired?

1.Do you have good look-ahead skills? Can predict what will happen from your actions? Often requires predicting actions of others.

2.How many fixed CRs do you have that do nothing but say “no” (or “yes”)? You have free will but don’t use it.

3. How is your memory? Can you remember good/bad past actions and outcomes?

4. In general, can you learn new rules? Won’t keep firing same rules that got you into trouble before?

Selected Textbook Questions - 2Selected Textbook Questions - 2

2. Reproduction in the future.

A. What will it be like?

B. Why will it be good?

C. Why will it be bad?


4. Paraphrase: “Take 100 people from mall. They would not have the skills to build Strong AI. So let’s take 100 top scientists and engineers and let them build AI. Would then have a rapidly growing set of computers with science and engineering expertise. Later can go back and put in average intelligence.”

A. Elitist?

B. Plausible idea?


5. Rising tide. Lots of narrow AI will lead to strong AI.

A. Do you believe there are lots of good narrow AI?

B. How will it all eventually lead to strong AI? Examples from other fields that support the argument?

C. Postulate: If not mysterious, it’s not intelligence.

My Thoughts on Strong AIMy Thoughts on Strong AI

Should have at least following capabilities:

1. Learning From examples (training) From experience (debugging)

2. Problem solving by planningIf given a goal and a set of actionsfind an action sequence that gets you to the goal* Assume environment is known?* Assume actions always successful?

3. Problem solving by analogySome argue this is all you doCan think of good casesCan think of bad cases


6. GA and chatterbot idea.(a) Build different versions of chatterbot with genetic encoding to allow variations in X (get back to what X is in minute).(b) Set them loose in real chat rooms.(c) Eval function is how long before someone says “You are a computer.” How long did they survive?(d) Data fed back to GA computer that uses survival info to produce next generation, and then repeat from step (b).(e) Eventually a version will survive indefinitely. It is ready for the TT.

A. What is X that would allow the bot to evolve language?B. Would learning IM style/lingo transfer to articulate speech?


7. Deep Space 1 deals with on-board problem

Tries one plan that fails.

Tries a 2nd plan that succeeds.

A. Your reaction?

How Did DS1 Do It?How Did DS1 Do It?

Had a planner. Had a set of goals (provided by NASA). Had a representation of actions it could take (provided by NASA). Could plan.

An action was represented roughly like this:

ACTION 1Precondition: something true about the worldPostcondition: new world truth after action

Had in the 10s of actions. Had a handful of goals.

How Did It Plan?How Did It Plan?

General idea is to string together a set of actions starting in current state and getting to goal state.

Assume the goal is for FIE to be true, e.g., FIE could be the antenna turned on.

Here is a sequence of actions that would do it:ACTION 22

Precondition: true (can always be done)Postcondition: FOO

ACTION 19Precondition: FOOPostcondition: FUM

ACTION 65Precondition: FUMPostcondition: FIE (the goal!)

So ACTION 22 -> ACTION 19 -> ACTION 65 -> goal achieved.

But First Plan Failed!But First Plan Failed!

How could that happen?

So try a new plan. What if had some more actions (e.g., 15 below)?ACTION 22

Precondition: true (can always be done)Postcondition: FOO

ACTION 15Precondition: FOOPostcondition: FIE (goal)

So ACTION 22 -> ACTION 15 -> goal achieved.

This one succeeded.

Are you still impressed?


9. Which is harder, passing FT or passing TT?

A. Those on FT side?

B. Those on TT side?

Documents

Homework Discussion From Week 8 Part 1: Free-Will article Part 2: Reading from chapter 5