Name: __________________________________Period: ________

PROJECT—BiomoleculesReading Guide:Why do we eat? Many foods taste good, but eating is important for the proper functioning of your body. When you eat a variety of foods from the basic food groups, you are supplying your body with the nutrients it needs. The four basic food groups are:

• meat, poultry, eggs, fish, nuts, and beans • fruits and vegetables• milk, yogurt, and cheese • bread, rice, pasta, and cereals

These four groups provide your body with essential nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamins. Along with nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), carbohydrates, fats and proteins, are the four groups of biomolecules your body uses.

Carbohydrates and fats (lipids) are nutrients that supply your body with sources of energy. Carbohydrates may be “simple sugars” (like soda, candy, white bread, and table sugar) that provide a quick burst of energy. Or, carbohydrates may be “complex sugars” (like oatmeal, brown rice, and whole-grain breads) that provide energy over a longer period of time.

In addition to storing energy for future use, fats make up the membranes of our cells (remember the lipid bilayer!), provide protection for vital organs, help your nervous system send electrical messages more quickly, assist in temperature regulation, and keep your skin from drying out. Fats are therefore important in your diet.

But, too much fat in a diet can create problems. We should try to eat “good fats” while avoiding “bad fats.” What’s the difference between a “good” fat and a “bad” fat? Good fats are also called “unsaturated” fats. Examples of good fats include vegetable oils, fish oils, nuts and peanut butter. Bad fats are also called “saturated” or “trans” fats. Examples of bad fats include butter, lard, red meat, fried foods, and packaged sweets and chips.

Proteins provide the body with amino acids, which your body uses to make more proteins. Remember that proteins act as enzymes (remember sonic the hedgehog) and provide structural support (like muscles and bone). Foods that have a lot of protein include soy, meat, fish, poultry, and dairy products.

Cholesterol is also a protein; it is found in foods with animal fats. Many of our hormones, which are used for signaling in the body are derived (made) from cholesterol, so you need some cholesterol in the diet. However, if you consume too much cholesterol, you increase your risk of hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, clogged arteries (atherosclerosis), heart attacks, and strokes.

The amount of energy stored in food is measured in Calories. There are 4 Calories per gram of carbohydrate, 4 Calories per gram of protein, and 9 Calories per gram of fat. (A single paperclip has a mass of about one gram.) Most people need to eat about 2000 Calories per day. Athletes generally need to eat more calories. This information is found on food labels.

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are the only biomolecules we do not get from our diets. DNA is inherited from our parents and RNA is transcribed in the nucleus with the help of proteins. Never forget your central dogma!

A healthy, balanced diet is essential for good health. Try to eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, fish, beans, poultry, and dairy products. Limit your consumption of red meats, fried foods, sweets, soda, white bread, and flaming hot cheetos. Remember - the smart choices you make now mean better health later!

CARBOHYDRATES:

1

Name: __________________________________Period: ________What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called and how can you identify one? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

What is the name of the process where one of these small units combine to form a more complex molecule? ________________ ________________________.

What is released in the process? ___________

When several sugar monomers join together, what is formed? ___________________________.

Proteins :

Proteins are made of smaller sub-units called _________________________ ___________________.

There are MANY different types of proteins. Using your notes, choose 3 examples and describe their FUNCTION in the space below.

Type of protein Function

Lipids :

1. What are the 3 types of fats? Which ones are good and which are bad?•__________________________ Good Bad

•__________________________ Good Bad

•__________________________ Good Bad

2. Explain at least 3 reasons why you need to have fat in your body._____________________________________________________________________________

1.____________________________________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________________________________

3.____________________________________________________________________________

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Name: __________________________________Period: ________

3. Label each food with a “U” for unsaturated fat, an “S” for saturated fat, or a “T” for trans fat.http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-highest-in-saturated-fat.phphttp://www.foxnews.com/leisure/2014/05/12/beware-these-high-trans-fat-foods/

tuna fish ____ Moz. sticks ____French fries ____ milk ____hamburger ____ olive oil ____butter ____ steak ____peanut oil ____ fried chicken ____

Nucleic Acids:

There are two types of nucleic acids,

they are _____________ and

_____________. They are composed

(made of) smaller pieces called

__________________________ that

are put together by enzymes, a type of

_______________________. (Another

biomolecule). The main function of

nucleic acids is to

______________________________________________________________.

All Biomolecules:

Label each item with a “C” for carbohydrate, a “P” for protein, or a “F” for fat. You can put more than one letter for each item. For instance, peanuts have proteins AND fats!

main source of energy in the body ____ makes up your muscles, skin, and bones ____peanuts P, F what salivary amylase breaks down ____made of amino acids ____ what salivary amylase is ____sugars and starches ____ hemoglobin ____hamburger ____ enzymes ____butter ____ Saturated and unsaturated_ ____antibodies ____ building blocks of hormones ____

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Name: __________________________________Period: ________Answer TRUE or FALSE to the following questions about biomolecules.

1. Biomolecules include carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. ____________

2. Water is one of the types of biomolecules. ____________

3. Biomolecules are living things. ____________

4. Life would be impossible without biomolecules. ____________

5. Biomolecules are too large to fit inside cells. ____________

Substances Found in Living Things:

The majority of ALL living things is made of _______________________________. This accounts for

70% of your body. A small percentage of ions and small molecules are found in all living things. An

example of this would be ________________. About 25% of ALL living things are composed of large

molecules called __________________________. They come in four types: proteins, carbohydrates,

___________________, and nucleic acids. The majority of these large molecules (more than half) are

____________________________.

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Name: __________________________________Period: ________

5

Fill out the following using the Hot Cheetos nutrition label.

Serving Size: ________Calories: ________Total Fat: ________Bad Fat (Saturated + Trans): ________Cholesterol: ________Total Carbs: ________Sugars: ________Protein: ________

1. How many calories are in one serving of your food? ________

2. Assuming a 2000 Calorie per day diet…what percent of your daily intake of calories are in one serving of your food? _____

3. How many total grams of fat are in a serving of your food? ______

4. Of the total fat, how many grams are saturated? ____________

5. Therefore, how many grams of fat are unsaturated? _________

6. Of those unsaturated fats, how many grams are trans-unsaturated fats? _______________

Name: __________________________________Period: ________

Nutrition Facts

      

% Daily Value

Double Quarter Pounder® with Cheese++

9.8 oz (279 g) 740 380 42 65 19 96 2.5 155 52 1380 57 40 13 3 12 9 48 10 4 30 35

Large French Fries 6 oz (170 g) 570 270 30 47 6 30 8 0 0 330 14 70 23 7 28 0 6 0 15 2 10

1. How many calories should the average person consume (eat) in a day? ____________________2. How many total calories would a person consume when eating a Double Quarter Pounder and Large

Fry? ____ 3. How many total grams of fat? ________4. What is the total % Daily Value of this meal? _________5. Are these good fats or bad fats? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

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Want to learn more about McDonald’s Nutrition Facts? Go to: http://www.mcdonalds.com/app_controller.nutrition.index1.html

Name: __________________________________Period: ________

7

Name: __________________________________Period: ________

Which breakfast do you think is a healthier breakfast? Why? (3-5 sentenced required)___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

8

Zainab really likes Pop-Tarts. If a pack of Pop-Tarts has two pastries in it, how many calories does she eat for breakfast if she eats one package? ______________

How many grams of fat? ___

She also likes eggs once in a while, too. If she has an egg for breakfast one day, how many calories does she eat for breakfast? ___________

How many grams of fat are in two eggs? ____________

Choose EGGS or POP TARTS:

Which breakfast has more…Calories _____________

Fat _____________

Saturated Fat _____________

Calories from Fat _____________

Cholesterol _____________

Protein _____________

Carbohydrates _____________