Homework

• Write a paragraph comparing American and South Asian attitudes toward individual wants

Chapter 8Heritage of South Asia

Religions of India

• Hinduism – 80%

• Islam – 13%

• Christianity – 2%

• Sikh – 2%

• Buddhist - 0.7%

• Jain - 0.5%

Hinduism

• In Sanskrit it means “The Eternal Path”

• The oldest major religion that is still practiced

Hinduism: Basics

• No Formal Church• No Founder• Vedas & Upanishads –

the important texts• Polytheistic

– Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva – Main gods

• Brahman – the Supreme force

Prominent Hindu Themesfrom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism

• Dharma – ethics or duties

• Samsara – the continuing cycle of birth, death, & rebirth

• Karma – action & subsequent reaction

• Moksha – liberation from Samsara

• Yogas – paths or practices

Hinduism: the Basics

• Many sects, groups, exist

• All things are part of the universal soul

• Nonviolent, respect nature

• Moksha – freeing the soul from the body allowing the soul to unite with Brahman

• Karma – every deed, mental and physical, affect a person’s fate in future life

Hinduism and the Caste

• Hindus believe in the Caste system

• Each Caste has its own duties called: Dharma

• People can improve their next life if they carry out their duties in this life

Buddhism: the Basics

• Grew from Hinduism

• Siddhartha Gautama discovered Buddhism

• Gautama became the first Buddha

• Text – Three Baskets of Wisdom

• No gods exist, no priests– Mahayana Sect worships gods

• People have to seek nirvana on their own

Buddhism

Buddhism: the Lessons• Four Nobel Truths

–Suffering is universal

–Suffering is caused by desire

–End suffering by crushing desire• Nirvana – the condition of wanting

nothing

–The way to end desire is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path

Two Major Sects

• Theravada– A monastic life is

the way to reach nirvana

– Buddha is not a god

– In Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand

• Mahayana– Worship Buddha

and enlightened ones as gods

– In China, Tibet, Japan, Korea

– Neither Buddhist sect stayed strong in India

Turbansfrom

http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nation-world/infocus/mideast/islam/turbans.html

Sikh

Desert

The Kaffiyeh

Indian MenIranian Leaders

Afghan

Muslim Leaders

Sikh

• Started in 15 century, Punjab, India

• Three Requirements– Meditate on the

holy name– Work diligently

and honestly– Share your fruits

Northwest Border India/Pakistan

The 5 Ks• Identification symbols for

Sikhs– Kesh – uncut hair – respect – Kanga – wooden comb -

cleanliness– Kaccha – special underwear

(look like boxers) – modesty – Kara – iron bracelet – do

Gods work– Kirpan – strapped sword –

prevent violence

Sikhs in India

• Have been major military leaders throughout India’s history

• Decorated soldiers and service men

• Hindu religion is non violent

Sikh & Discrimination

• After Sept. 11, 2001 many Sikh people have experienced increased discrimination

• Their turbans are distinct from other turbans because of the point in the front

Jain• Religion from Ancient

India

• Similar beliefs to Hinduism & Buddhism

• Nonviolent

• Vegetarian

Early Kingdoms of South Asia

Maurya Empire

• From 351-200 BC

• Chandragupta Maurya was the leading Ruler

• Major Accomplishments– Government – tax collecting, trade, military– Architecture – buildings, palaces– Economy – irrigation, trade, – Religion – spread of Buddhism

Gupta Empire

• From 320-550 AD

• Leader: Chandragupta I

• Major Accomplishments– Government – organization– Art & Architecture – buildings, palaces,

paintings of daily life, literature– Mathematics – “0”, size/shape earth– Trade – with Arabs

Muslim Empire

• From 1200-1500

• Sultans ruled

• Major Accomplishments– Government – toleration, military, services

(education, irrigation, hospitals)– Architecture – buildings, palaces– Economy – irrigation, trade with Middle East– Religion – Islam; cause of future conflicts

Mughal Empire – Golden Age

• From 1526-1850

• Akbar was the leading Ruler

• Major Accomplishments– Government – toleration, trade, military– Architecture – buildings, palaces, Taj Mahal– Economy – farming/irrigation, trade– Religion – toleration between Hindu & Islam

Patterns of Life in India

“It is better to do one’s duty badly, than to do another’s duty well”

Bhagavad-Gita

Patterns of Life Class work

• Use the packet from the book to create 2 pictures representing each pattern of life

• Each picture should have a caption

• The headings are:

• The Caste System, Village Life, Family Life, Traditional Marriage, Women’s Lives

• Similar to village life in ME & Africa

• Leader – land owning male who inherited title from his father

• Council of Elders – assisted the village leader

• Each village observed the caste system

• Villages were self sufficient (limited trading/diffusion)

Village Life

Family Life

• Patriarchal – “Father is heaven, father is religion, the gods are pleased by pleasing father.”

• Extended families – value family over individual

• Arranged marriages – to protect and benefit the family

• Brides family paid for the wedding

Women’s Lives

• Women had limited rights

• A Woman’s duties– Marry– Wait on her husband– Bear sons

• Women only had Shakti, creative energy, and this was needed to help complete the man

Women’s Lives

• “[A woman] should do nothing independently even in her own house. In childhood subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her husband is dead to her sons, she should never enjoy independence.”– Hindu law codes

the Caste System

• Castes developed over thousands of years

• Castes help keep purity within the races

• The higher castes are considered closer to spiritual purity, closer to Moksha

• Invaders absorbed into the culture and did not change it

• Thousands of castes and subcastes developed

the Caste System - Rules

• All rules begin at BIRTH

• You have to marry within your caste

• You can only eat food prepared by someone in your caste, or above

• Your job was determined by your caste

• The castes relied on each other to complete daily tasks

–Ex. Merchant & water carrier

the Caste System - Rules

• Lower castes had to keep their shadows from touching others in higher castes

• Lower castes had to strike a wooden clapper to warn others of their approach

India Under British Rule

1st European contact

• European traders sought the wealth and riches of India

• Portugal was the first nation to make contact

• The Dutch, French, and British all set up trading posts

British Dominance

• The East India Trading Company created an alliance with the Mughal Empire

• The British set up trading posts along the coast and at the mouths of rivers

• British gold and silver were traded for Indian cotton, silk, and tea

British Early Contact

• Write a paragraph about the British early contact in India

• Use all eleven, 11, terms from the handout

• PG 572

Words for Paragraph

• East India Company• Mughal Empire• Akbar• Robert Clive• Battle of Plassey

• British Parliament• Governor General• Raj• Lord Dalhousie• Indian Civil Service• Indian Railways

East India Company, Mughal, Akbar

• The British became trading partners with the Mughal Empire and its emperor Akbar, with the East India Company. The British set up trading posts along strategic routes.

Robert Clive, Battle of Plessey

• The East India Co., represented by Robert Clive, took advantage of the fall of the Mughal Empire and increased British presence in India, by winning the Battle of Plessey. After this victory, Great Britain controlled most of east India.

British Parliament, Raj, Lord Dalhousie, Governor General

• The British Parliament became alarmed at the strength of the East India Company. The British Parliament took over power and instituted Lord Dalhousie, as governor general, to control the Raj.

Lord Dalhousie, Indian Civil Service, Indian Railways

• Lord Dalhousie oversaw the implementation of the Indian Railway system, to benefit the British, and the Indian Civil Service, an education training system for Indians

British Dominance

• As the Mughal Empire declined, British influence increased

• Regional Indian kingdoms replaced the Mughal Empire

• The British defeated the French in a series of battles in India to establish dominance

The East India Co.

• The Trading company gained power because local rivalries prevented Indians from uniting

• The East India Co. gained wealth by collecting taxes and gained power by setting up its own trading laws

British Rule Leads to Conflict

• Indians and Muslims resented foreign rule b/c of high taxes, Christian missionaries, a change in customs, and new laws

• The Sepoy Rebellion

– Sepoy – Indian soldier in British Army

– Causes: pork/beef fat, fighting overseas for Britain

– British win

Changes after Sepoy Rebellion

• India becomes a British Colony in 1858

• Queen Victoria of Britain becomes Empress of India

• British appointed officials to rule India directly

• The British moved away from using Indian soldiers

Effects of British Rule

• Changes to Economic Patterns– Traditional Indian economies were crushed– Farmers grew cash crops instead of food

• Social changes– Improved healthcare and sanitation– Urbanization– Education (elite and middle class grew)

• British isolated themselves form Indians

• Resentment of British by Indians

Indian Nationalism

• Driving force was the British educated elite

• Mixed direction of Nationalists– Westernization– Hinduism and traditional beliefs

• INC – Indian National Congress– Nationalists for Hindu

• Hindu and Muslim nationalists clashed

• Creation of two states

• Read the quote on page 196, top of column 2

• Why is the quote ironic?