Honors English 9/ Mrs. Chen. What is a Preposition? A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases...
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Parts of Speech Workshop Honors English 9/ Mrs. Chen
Honors English 9/ Mrs. Chen. What is a Preposition? A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that
What is a Preposition? A preposition links nouns, pronouns and
phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the
preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
e.g. The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. She
read the book during class. 2
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Preposition Words Common prep. & compound prep. 3
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Adverb or preposition? Difference: Adverb answers the
questions, Where? When? How? To what extent? by itself.
Prepositions (both common and compound prepositions need more than
just themselves to answer the same questions. e.g. He fell down.
(Down is a(n) _____ because it takes only one word to tell where he
fell.) He fell down the stairs. (Down is a(an) ____ because it
takes more than a single word to tell where he fell.) 4
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Your turn to label the Parts of Speech: They walked aboard.
They walked aboard the ship. * Summary: A common preposition is a
word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and
another word in the sentence. 5
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Preposition poem Through the dark wet mists, Beside the rushing
river, Into gigantic, beautiful trees, Close to toucans and big,
wet leaves, We got lost in the rain forest. 6
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*Prepositional phrases will not be the subject or verb of the
sentence. How to look for subjects? After crossing out all
prepositional phrases, find who or what the sentence is about. e.g.
The man with his son walked toward me. How to look for verbs? After
finding the subject of the sentence, decide what happened or what
is in the sentence. Remember: the verb will never be in a
prepositional phrase. e.g. A book of stamps lay on the table.
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What is a Noun? A noun names a person, a place, or a thing.
Concrete nouns usually can be seen: book, car, chair, hammer,
towel, store * atom, air, wind, breath Abstract nouns are those
that cannot be seen: love, liberty, grace, sadness 8
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Game: Put the nouns in the correct basket. Concrete Nouns
Abstract Nouns 9
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Identify a Noun through Determiners: Articles: a, an, and the
will come before a noun and sometimes a pronoun. The noun may have
another word in front of it, but a noun will be in the vicinity of
a, an, and the. e.g. a book, the movie, an orange, a lovely scene
Demonstrative: this, that, those, these, MAY be signals for a noun
to follow. However, sometimes they stand alone. e.g. this book,
that light, those buttons, these cars *This is fun. I like those.
(This and Those stand alone.) 10
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Identify a Noun through Determiners (2) Numbers: numbers come
before nouns. Describing words often come between the number and
the noun. e.g. fifty-one peopleseven white ducklings * If a number
does NOT have a person, place, or thing after it, the number will
NOT serve as a determiner for a noun. e.g. Three stayed behind.
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Identify a Noun through Determiners (3) Possessive Pronouns
(used as adjective determiners): my, his, her, our, their, its,
your often signal a noun. They come before a noun. e.g. my hairyour
keyour new radio Possessive Nouns: often signal other nouns. They
come before nouns. e.g. Craigs housevisitors parking 12
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Identify a Noun through Determiners (4) Indefinites: some, any,
no, many, few, several come before nouns. A describing word may
fall between an indefinite and the noun. e.g. Some sharp knives
were lying on the counter. * Some of the newspapers were thrown
away. Some of the newspapers were thrown away. 13
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Another Way to Classify Nouns A common noun names any person,
place, or thing e.g. basketball, video, wizard, coin, woman, and
coach A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing and
begins with a capital letter. e.g. Winston Churchill, Babe Ruth,
Mr. Richard Turner, and Chicago. Common NounsProper Nouns
hospitalMercy General Hospital womanMartha Washington
schoolSayville Middle School newspaperThe New York Times 14
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Another Way to Classify Nouns (2) Collective Noun Compound Noun
A collective noun names a group of people or things. Examples of
collective nouns are : jury, herd, flock, family, fleet, club,
class, and group. A compound noun is a noun consisting of more than
a single word. It could be separate words: social studies, physical
education, and dinning room. It could be two words joined by a
hyphen: merry-go-round, thirty-three, sister-in-law, and great-
grandmother. It could be a combined word: schoolteacher, bookkeepr,
landlord, and headmaster. 15
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What is a Pronoun? A pronoun is a word used in place of one or
more nouns. Personal Pron. Reflective Pron. Interrogative Pron.
Demonstrative Pron. Indefinite Pron. 1 st person: I, my, mine, me;
we, our, ours, us 2 nd person: you, your, yours 3 rd person: he,
his, him, she, her, hers, it, its; they, their, theirs, them *is
formed by adding self or selves to certain personal pronouns e.g.
myself, himself, ourselves (!) There is NO words like hisself or
theirselves *is used to ask questions e.g. which, who, whom, and
whose *is used to point out a specific or definite person or thing
e.g. this, that, these, and those *often does not refer to a
specific person or thing e.g. all, each, more, one, another,
either, most, other, any, everybody, neither, some, anyone, both,
etc. 16
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Lets Practice Personal Pronouns: Complete the following table.
SingularPlural First person (the person speaking) Second person
(the person spoken to) Third person (some other person or thing)
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What is a Conjunction? A conjunction connects words or group of
words. There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating
conjunction: a single connecting word. Remember FANBOYS (For, And,
Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). Correlative conjunction: pairs of
connecting words. These five pairs are both/and, either/or,
neither/nor, not only/but also, and whether/or. Subordinating
conjunction: a connecting word used before the adverb clauses, such
as after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, in order,
since, so that, that, though, unless, until, where, whether, while.
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Quick Write: use these coordinating and correlative
conjunctions in your own sentences: 1. Use neither nor: 2. Use but:
3. Use for: 4. Use or: 5. Use either or: 19
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What is an Interjection? An interjection is a word that
expresses strong feeling or emotion: 1. An interjection usually
comes at the beginning of the sentence. 2. An interjection is often
followed by an exclamation point (!) when the emotion is strong or
a comma (,) when the emotion is mild. 3. Do not overuse
interjections. Include one when you want to make your point. If you
use too many interjections, your writing loses its power and
effectiveness. 20
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Here are some common interjections: AwBravoDarnDear me
EekEhGeeGolly Goodness gracious GoahHallelujahHey
HorrorsHurrahHurrayMmm OhOh noOopsOuch PhewRatsReallyUgh
WellWhoaWhoopsWow YeaYehYesYippee 21
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What is an adjective? An adjective modifies (qualifies or
limits the meaning of) a noun or a pronoun. It answers the
questions, What kind? Which one(s)? How many? How much? e.g. Carrie
read an interesting story. ( What kind of story? ) The recent
article has that information. ( Which article? ) Kent owns those
surfboards. ( Which surfboards? ) Wendy paid fifty dollars for the
jacket. ( How many dollars ?) Much space was devoted to her
artwork. (How much space?) 22
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Where to find adjectives in a sentence? An adjective normally
comes before a noun, but after an indefinite pronoun. e.g. Italian
bread, black-and-blue mark, intelligent coaches; something
important, anyone valuable, etc. * Do NOT use a hyphen after an
adverb ending in ly. e.g. newly painted mural, sickly sweet odor,
recently purchased ** A, an, and the are normally used as
adjectives, even though they are called Articles. 23
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What is an adverb? An adverb is a word that modifies (qualifies
or limits) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 1. Many adverbs
end in ly. 2. Adverbs answer any of these four questions: Where?
When? How? To what extent? 3. Adverbs make writing more specific
and more exact. 4. Some adverbs do not end in ly: again, always,
just, nowhere, seldom, soon, very, almost, away, later, often, so,
then, alone, even, never, perhaps, sometimes, there, yet, already,
somewhat, quite, also, here, rather, now, too, somewhere, today,
yesterday, etc. 24
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Adverbs in Sentences Adverbs Modify VerbsAdverbs Modify
Adjectives Adverbs Modify other Adverbs 1.John ate quickly. (How
did he eat?) 2.I walk there. (Where did I walk?) 3.Ashleigh will
eat soon. (When will Ashleigh eat?) 1.Rex is very happy. (Very
modifies the adjective happy and answers the question, To what
extent?) 2.The program was too unrealistic. (Too modifies the
adjective unrealistic and answers the question, To what extent?)
1.Warren walks too quickly. (Too modifies the adverb quickly and
answers the question, How quickly?) 2.He moved rather recently.
(Rather modifies the adverb recently and answers the question, How
recently?) 25
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Practice: Adverb or Adjective? Identify the part of speech of
the underlined word. 1. Helen has a yearly membership at the local
health club. 2. Helen contributes yearly. 3. Mike arrived late. 4.
The late delivery cut down on sales in the supermarket. Note:
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. Adverbs describe verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs. 26
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Comparisons: Big-Bigger-Biggest Big is called the positive;
bigger is called the comparative; biggest is called the
superlative. 27 PositiveComparative (-er; more) Superlative (-est,
most) For short adj. and adv., add - er and est. e.g. Mary is thin.
e.g. Lisa is thinner.e.g. Katie is the thinnest. For longer adj.
and most adv., use more and most, or less and least 1. I am
capable. 2. I eat quickly. 3. Helen is willing. 4. Brent runs
gracefully. 1.You are more capable. 2.You eat more quickly. 3.Eric
is less willing. 4.Sam runs less gracefully. 1.Maria is most
capable. 2.She eats most quickly. 3.Of the three, Rick is least
willing. 4.Of the three, Mark runs least gracefully.
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Alert: some adjectives cant get any bigger or better---they are
already superlative. WRONG: This is my firstest trip to New York.
WRONG: This is my most first trip to New York. RIGHT: This is my
first trip to New York. * Here are some other adjectives that work
this way: best, unique, only, perfect, round, square,
one-of-a-kind, etc. 28
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Be careful where you place adverbs! WEAK: I had only been
asleep for ten minutes when the phone rang and woke me up. BETTER:
I had been asleep for only ten minutes when the phone rang and woke
me up. NOT VERY ROMANTIC: My darling, I only think about you.
BETTER: My darling, I think only about you. 29
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What are verbs? Action V.Linking V.Helping V. *An action verb
tells what action (often a physical action) a subject is
performing, has performed and will perform. e.g. My father delivers
packages to department stores each day. *A linking verb connects
(or links) a subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate.
The most common linking verbs are the forms of the verb to be (am,
is, are, was, were, been, being) and appear, become, feel, grow,
look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn. e.g.
Reggie looked confused. *A helping verb assists the main verb in a
sentence. There can be more than one helping verb in each sentence.
In a questioning (interrogatives) sentence, the helping verb is
usually separated from the main verb. The common helping verbs are:
am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, has, had, have, do, does,
did, may, might, must, can, could, shall, should, will, and would.
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Practice: What kind of verb is it? Identify the part of speech
of the underlined word. Mark it with AV (action verb), LV (linking
verb), or HV (helping verb). 1. The member are going to the city
tomorrow evening. 2. He appeared at the game. 3. Tammy grew tired
during the long concert. 4. Oscar will help Petra with the project.
5. Susan skated across the rink in Central Park. 6. I remained calm
when the accident happened. 31