Honors Western Civilization Mrs. Civitella

WWII part II

Japanese Imperialism Economic success, militarism, population increase, and the

need for raw materials led to Japanese expansion In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria In 1932, a puppet government is established in Manchuria League of Nations condemned the Japanese aggression Japan withdraws from the league Japan continues its invasion of China In 1936, Japan signs a military agreement with Nazi Germany In 1937, Japan takes Shanghai and Nanjing- the “China

Incident” F.D.R. suggests a silk boycott; U.S. economists become

increasingly nervous of Japanese aggression in China

Mussolini Invades North Africa

• Mussolini’s dream of recreating the Roman Empire began with the invasion of Ethiopia in 1935

• Mussolini used tanks, poison gas and airplane bombing raids

• Ethiopian king Selassie pleaded to the League of Nations to do something, the league issued sanctions but had no power and Italy took Ethiopia

Spanish Civil War In 1936, Spanish Army General Francisco Franco tried to overthrow

the new Spanish government Italy and Germany supported Franco Britain, France and the United States abided by non-intervention

agreements 580,000 people died Italy sent 100,000 soldiers and air pilots who bombed without

opposition Germany ran bombing runs from the Air On April 26, 1937 German and Italian planes bombed the small

town of Guernica and killed more than 100 civilians- depicted in Pablo Picasso’s famous painting

Franco’s nationalists won the Spanish Civil War

The Munich Pact: Appeasement- making concessions to an aggressor in order to

keep the peace

March 1938, Hitler proclaimed that Austria was part of Germany and sent troops to Vienna

September, 1938- The Munich Pact: Britain and France allow Hitler to take over the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia with Hitler’s promise that he will make no other territorial advances in Europe

Hitler had claimed he was taking only the German speaking Czech. land

“Peace for our time”- British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

War is declared

• March 14, 1939- Hitler takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia

• August 23, 1939- Germany signs a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union

• September 1, 1939- Germany invades Poland blitzkrieg- lightening war

• September 3, Britain declares war on Germany, France, Australia, new Zealand, India, and Canada follow

United States Foreign Policy

• 1930- Good Neighbor Policy (isolationism)• 1935-1937 - Neutrality Acts:

1. Prohibit the sale of weapons to nations at war2. Prohibit travel by American citizens on ships of

warring countries3. “cash & carry”- all American goods had to be

purchased in cash and transported by the purchasing nations

American Foreign Policy 1938- F.D.R. asks congress for $300 million in military

spending 1939- F.D.R. asks congress for 1.3 billion in military

spending 1940- Roosevelt places an embargo on the sale of aviation

fuel, iron, steel, and rubber to Japan 1940- F.D.R. gives Great Britain 50 “extra” destroyers for

which the British grants the U.S. permission to establish naval bases in British Bermuda, Newfoundland, and British Guiana

Selective Service Act of 1940- first peace time draft in U.S. history. All men between 21-35 were to serve in the military for one year.

1940- Lend Lease January, 1941- provided war supplies to Britain

without any payment in return. “If your neighbor’s house in on fire, you don’t sell

him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is out.”

Authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security.

By the end of the war, the United States had loaned or given away more than $49 billion worth of aid to 40 nations.

Main Flow of Lend-Lease Aid (width of arrows indicates relative amount)

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15

Moving America closer to war April, 1940- German air attacks took Denmark & Norway May , 1940- Germany took the Netherlands, Belgium, and

Luxembourg May, 1940- Germany went through Belgium into France June, 1940- Germany occupied Paris July, 1940- With France secured, Germany began bombing

British ships in the English Channel September, 1940- Japan joined with Germany and Italy to

form the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Roosevelt extended the embargo against Japan and froze

Japanese assets in the United States Sept. 1940- May, 1941- “The London Blitz” Germany

conducted nightly bombings of British cities

The Atlantic Charter

Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met on a warship off the coat of Newfoundland in August of 1941.1.Set military strategy and goals for the war2.Set goals for after the war including the goal of self-determination3.outlined the future United Nations

Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941

November, 1941- Japanese negotiators proposed a list of proposals to the US two were particularly unacceptable to the US

1.Restore trade with Japan2.Withdraw support for China November 26, 1941 Sec of State Hull gave the

Japanese envoys a note that was statement of refusal of the November proposals

Pearl Harbor December 6, 1941- FDR made a personal appeal to

Emperor Hirohito which stated that both nations had a “sacred duty to restore traditional amity and prevent further death and destruction in the world”

No response was received FDR believed that the Japanese attack was going to be in

British Malaya or in the Philippines “Black Sunday” December 7, 1941- 3,000 Americans died,

many aircraft were destroyed, battleship fleet was virtually wiped out

December 8, 1941- FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war called 12/7/41 a “day which will live in infamy”

December 8, 1941- The U.S. declared war against Japan

“Day of Infamy” Speech

Japanese Internment- reasonsIn 1941, Japanese Americans were a small minority in

the USThere were about 127,000 who lived mostly on the

west coastAbout 2/3 of that number had been born in the USRumors of Japanese espionage were printed in the

newspapersFebruary 19, 1942, F.D.R. signed executive order 9066

which authorized the internment, or confinement, of Japanese Americans

Japanese InternmentRelocation took place so fast that many had little time

to secure their property and possessions before they left

Many lost their businesses, farms, homes and other assets

The people had no idea where they were going People of Japanese descent from CA, OR, WA, and AZ

(112,000 citizens) were rounded up by the army and the FBI on the grounds that they posed a threat to the nation’s security

Japanese Internment ContinuedThey were forced to abandon their homes and

propertyThey were shipped to ten internment campsThe camps were located in the desert regions of CA,

AZ, and other western states as well as the swamplands of Arkansas

Except for men that had enlisted in the army, most Japanese-Americans remained in the camps, surrounded by barbed wire and guarded by soldiers until the end of the war

Reaction to Japanese Internment• After the war the federal government paid Japanese-

Americans $35 million to compensate them for their lost property.

• In 1988, Congress voted to pay reparations of $20,000 internee still living

• According to the congressional commission, the relocation order had been a grave injustice, motivated by prejudice and war hysteria

Mobilization for WWII1. December 8, 1941- Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of

war against Japan2. December 11, 1941- Germany and Italy declare war against the

United States3. Record number of Americans signed up for military service, many

more were drafted4. The selective service provided 15 million people who were in the

armed services during WWII with job.5. The selective service improved employment problems from the

Great Depression6. Eventually all males from 16-65 were registered 7. Women were permitted to volunteer for the armed forces•

Who was in the Armed Forces?1941- 1 million by 1945- 12 millionAfrican Americans served in mostly segregated unitsThe Tuskegee Airmen are the most famous African American unitNative Americans and Asian Americans Served in the Armed forces

too- most served as code breakersPrior to WWII American women were used in the army and navy

nursing corps and as civilian employeesDuring WWII 200,000 women enlisted in one of the following:WACS- armyWAVES- navySPARS- coast guardWASPS- air forceWomen took over many of the non-combat jobs relieving men to

serve in active combat

Women in the Armed Forces

• During WWII 200,000 women enlisted in one of the following:

• WACS- army• WAVES- navy• SPARS- coast guard• WASPS- air force• Women took over many of the non-combat jobs

relieving men to serve in active combat

Women in the workforce

• 6 million served in factory and other jobs outside of the home during WWII

• The government set up 3,000 day care centers to care for children of working mothers

• At the end of the war 2/3 of women workers were forced out of their jobs by employers or unions to allow for employment of returning vets

• led to the “cult of domesticity” of the 1950s

Internal Migration in the United States During World War II

Source: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

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44

Rationing during WWII• Rationing was a system that provided everyone

with the same amount of scarce goods. • Some things were scarce because they were

needed to supply the military - gas, oil, metal, meat and other foods

• They didn't make Coca-Cola during the war because sugar was so scarce. Other things disappeared entirely as well, like silk stockings.

• Everyone was given a ration book. Each book had a bunch of ration stamps in it.

•

Rationing continued• Grocers and other business people would post

what your ration stamps could buy that week.• It was up to you to decide how to spend your

stamps. • Ration books became a way of life for everyone

at home during World War II• You had to have ration stamps to buy things at

the store. It still cost money, but you couldn't even buy it unless you had stamps.

North Africa On November 8, 1942, the Allies launched Operation

Torch- code name for their invasion of North AfricaBritish and American forced carried out an amphibious

landing on the coast of North Africa which involved more than 100,000 men and over 600 ships

The successful mission allowed the Allies to take more than 1,000 miles of North African coastline

The Allies were able to launch an attack on Southern Europe from North Africa

Allied Invasion of Italy• From July 10, 1943-July 22, 1943 U.S. and British forces began

Operation Husky- code name for Allied invasion of the island of Sicily using gliders, parachutes, and boats

• The next day, July 23, 1943, Italy’s fascist ruler Benito Mussolini was ousted in a peaceful coup

• On September 8, 1943 Italy announced its unconditional surrender to the Allies

• As Allied forces advanced through southern Italy, German forces resisted in central Italy forming the Winter Line- a fortified line of German forces which resisted Allied advance for six months

• After months of bombing and considerable casualties on both sides, the Allies forced the Germans to northern Italy and Rome was liberated from German occupation on June 4, 1944

D-day• Beginning in 1943, Allied forces led by U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower

had been planning an invasion of France• The Germans had anticipated such and invasion and began building the

Atlantic Wall- a series of heavily armed fortifications all along the French coast

• The Allies instigated a mass disinformation campaign in hopes of directing German forces away from the actual landing point

• Double agents in Britain (former German spies) helped to convince the German leadership that the invasion would take place near Calais, the point where the English Channel was narrowest, while in fact the invasion was targeted farther south in Normandy

D-day- Operation Overlord• Before dawn on June 6, 1944 175,000 allied soldiers began to

come ashore along a 60 mile coast of Normandy, France• Overnight 20,000 British and American airborne troops had

been dropped by parachute and glider a short distance inland of the coast and were ordered to do as much damage as possible to the German fortified coastal defenses

• Over 6,000 boats, 11,000 airplanes, along with motorcycles, tanks and bulldozers were used to invade occupied France via Normandy

• Although the Allies faced heavy casualties, they were successful in securing the landing areas in the first day

Liberating France

• Advances into France were led by George S. Patton

• August, 1944 the Allies with the help of the French resistance liberated Paris

• October, 1944 the first German city (Aachen) fell to the Allies

The Battle of the Bulge

• In mid-December 1944 Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg

• The German attack smashed into the U.S. First Army and pushed it back, forming a bulge in the Allied line

• The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge

Battle of the Bulge, December 1944–January 1945

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71

The Battle of the Bulge continued• The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe

during WWII and the largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army• 600,000 GIs, 80,000 were killed, wounded or captured• German losses totaled about 100,000

– The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive of the war

– The road into Germany was now open– The Allies now saw first hand what had been happening in

Nazi Germany

The HolocaustWhen Allied forces entered Germany in 1945, the

uncovered Hitler’s planned effort to wipe out Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists and homosexuals referred to as the Holocaust

In 1942 Hitler put in place what he called his “final solution” to eliminate Jews in Nazi Germany and its territories

Nazi soldiers rounded up Jews from all over Europe and sent them to concentration camps

Prisoners were subjected to slave labor, medical experiments , and other atrocities

F.D.R. and the Holocaust

• Although news of the Holocaust was reaching the Allies in 1942, it was not until Allied forces invaded Germany that it was discovered that more than six million Jews and several million others died in Nazi concentration camps.

• F.D.R. is criticized by some as having known of the horrors of the Holocaust and not acting fast enough to stop it

The Yalta Conference• From February 4-11, 1945 Roosevelt, British Prime Minister

Winston Churchill, and Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin met in Yalta (now the Ukraine) to discuss the final attack on Germany and postwar plans for the Allies.

• Stalin agreed to declare war against Japan soon after Germany surrendered

• Stalin also agreed to meet in San Francisco in April of 1945 to approve plans for the United Nations

• In return, Stalin wanted control over a significant portion of Eastern Europe

V-E DayAs Allied forces pushed into German-occupied lands

from the west, Soviet troops pushed in from the eastApril 12, 1945 F.D.R. died and Vice President Harry S.

Truman became presidentApril 30, 1945 Hitler killed himself in his bombproof

bunker in BerlinMay 7, 1945 Germany surrendered to the AlliesThe Allies declared May 8, 1945 V-E Day or Victory in

Europe Day

F.D.R. dies Harry Truman become president

• August 1939- F.D.R. received a letter from Albert Einstein warning that physicists in Germany could be developing a powerful new type of bomb called the atomic bomb.

• Manhattan Project- top secret program for the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Germany. The project was led by Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer.

• April 12, 1945- President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Vice President Harry S. Truman (1882-1972) is sworn in as president.

• April 24, 1945- Truman is told of the Manhattan Project by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson