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12/6/2017
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December Educational Webinar 2017
Dr Tania CubittPerformance Horse Nutrition
Hoof Health: Foundation Formula
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NUTRITION & THE HOOF
• The hoof wall grows downward at a rate of 1/4 to 3/8ths of an inch per month.
• Things such as nutrition, breed, age (increased growth in younger animals), and season of the year all influence the rate of growth.
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WATER
• Cool weather 10‐12 gallons
• Hot weather 20‐25 gallons
• Increases with lactation, heat, exercise
• Usually drink ¼‐½ gallon / 1 lb hay
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WATER & HOOF FUNCTION
• Cellular functions rely on adequate tissue hydration
• Dermal blood flow – delivers nutrients to the hoof
• Adequate hoof moisture responsible for foot strength, elasticity and function
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WATER & HOOF FUNCTION
• The moisture content of the hoof wall comes from internal sources (80%) and from the environment (20%).
• This means that keeping a horse properly hydrated, adequately exercised (helps to move fluid into the cells of the feet), and on a balanced diet are the most essential parts of maintaining healthy feet.
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DRY HOOVES
• Neglect and excessive drying. These problems often result in cracks forming in the hoof wall.
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PROTEIN
• Organic structures made of amino acids
• Most adult horses only require 8 to 10% protein in the ration,
• Lactating mares and growing foals need higher protein
• Structural proteins make muscle and tissues (hoof tissue).
• Functional proteins - enzymes
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PROTEIN ‐ QUALITY
• Some amino acids are essential
• Essential AA’s cannot be synthesized – they must be supplied in the diet
• Lysine must be supplied in the equine diet
• High quality protein sources supply essential AA:• Legumes • Alfalfa • Cereal grains • Grass
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PROTEIN & HOOF FUNCTION
• The hoof is mostly made up of protein and moisture.
• Dermal tissue & the hoof wall rely on protein to provide structural strength and function
• Epidermal cells produce 3 protein groups:• Keratin
• Keratin associated protein
• Cell envelope proteins
• Adequate amino acids critical to hoof strength
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MINERALS
• Needed in very small amounts• Body structure, fluid balance (electrolytes), nerve conduction, muscle contraction, immune function
• Macro• Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S
• Micro• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, I, Se, Cr, F, etc.
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MINERAL NUTRITION
• More mineral is not always better
• Mineral Interaction
• Other methods to insure adequate absorption
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MINERALS & HOOF FUNCTION
• Calcium (Ca)• Signals formation of the rigid cell envelope during final cornification
• Zinc (Zn)• Epidermal cells, dermis and blood vessels require Zn for cell reproduction maintenance & repair
• Collagen, keratins, keratin associated
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MINERALS & HOOF FUNCTION
• Copper (Cu)• Connective tissue
• Structural integrity
• Rigidity of outer hoof wall
• Manganese (Mn) • Internal structure of foot
• Maintenance & repair of joint cartilage
• Selenium (Se)• Immunity & antioxidant status, protect cells from damage.
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VITAMINS
• Essential in small quantities for• Metabolism
• Growth
• Physical well being
• Immune function
• Fat Soluble – A, D, E, K
• Water Soluble – B, C
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VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS
• Vitamin D – sunshine
• Horses doing prolonged strenuous activity, stress, acute and chronic illness require additional vitamins
• Vitamin A & E is lost with hay storage
• Vitamin B group synthesized by microbes in the hindgut
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VITAMINS & HOOF FUNCTION
• B Vitamins• Biotin important for hoof strength
• Cell to cell adhesion in the hoof wall
• Vitamin A• Healthy epithelial tissue
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HOOF CAPSULE
• Water• Energy• Protein• Calcium• Zinc• Manganese• Copper• Selenium• Vitamin E• Biotin
Zinpro Corporation
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• Water
• Energy
• Protein
• Zinc
• Manganese
• Copper
• Selenium
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin C
Zinpro Corporation
DERMIS
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• Energy
• Protein
• Calcium & phosphorus
• Zinc
• Manganese
• Copper
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin A
Zinpro Corporation
CENTRAL CORE
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SUMMARY
• Balanced nutrients in adequate amounts will help build the hoof from the inside out.
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NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
• Dry/Cracked hooves• Lack of moisture
• Growth Rings• Result from significant change in nutrition, or environmental or disease stress
• Laminitis• Multiple causes
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Grain Overload(7.4%)
Lush Pasture(45.6)
Unknown(15.4%)
Other known(26.9%)
Colic/Diarrhea(2.7%)
RetainedPlacenta (2.1%)
USDA‐ NAHMS, 2000
OVER 50%
DIETARY CAUSES
CAUSES OF LAMINITIS
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LAMINITIS
• Inflammation of laminae of the foot
• Laminae is the soft tissue between the hoof wall and bone
• Laminae responsible for attaching the coffin bone to the hoof wall
keeps the bones of the leg from coming through bottom of foot
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LAMINITIS
• Inflammation damages laminae
• Laminae unable to hold coffin bone in position
• Coffin bone then sinks or rotates
• Tremendous Pain
• Lameness
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What is the difference between Laminitis and Founder?Founder is chronic laminitis with sinking ofthe coffin bone.
RADIOGRAPHIC VIEW
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PHYSICAL SIGNS OF LAMINITIS
• Abnormal StanceTrying to alleviate pain
• Lamenessstraight linecircle
• Strong Digital Pulse
• Accumulation of Heat in Foot
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RISK FACTORS FOR LAMINITIS
• Laminitis is the possible RESULT of many disease conditions
• Risk Factors Include
• Carbohydrate Overload
• Colic or Diarrheadisruption of gut
• Retained Placenta
• Drug Reactions
• Systemic Infection
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RISK FACTORS FOR LAMINITIS
• Cushing’s Disease
• Lameness
• Spring / Autumn Pasture
• Insulin Resistance
• Obesity
• Genetics
• Frosted Grass
• Sudden changein diet
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PREVENTING LAMINITIS
• Control Nutrition Factors
• Obesity
• Carbohydrate Overload
• Colic / Diarrhea
• Systemic Infection
• Pasture
• Cushing’s + IR
• Dietary Changes
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BODY CONDITION SCORE
• Used as a replacement for body weight
• visual estimate
• no scales needed
• Numeric system to establish fatness or thinness
• Most common “1 ‐ 9”• Low numbers = thin
• High numbers = fat
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JUDGING BODY CONDITION
• Areas to look for fat
A. neck
B. withers
C. back bone
D. flank
E. inner thigh
F. tail head
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EMACIATED (BCS 1)
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VERY THIN (BCS 2)
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THIN (BCS 3)
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MODERATELY THIN (BCS 4)
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MODERATE (BCS 5)
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MODERATELY FLESHY (BCS 6)
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FLESHY (BCS 7)
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FAT (BCS 8)
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EXTREMELY FAT (BCS 9)
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CRESTY NECK SCORING
• Score of the amount of fat deposited along the crest of the neck
• Scale of 0 to 5
• Does not consider fatness of the rest of the body
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CNS 0
No palpable crest
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CNS 1
No visual appearance of a crest, but slight filling felt with palpation
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CNS 2Noticeable appearance of a crest, but fat is deposited evenly from poll to withers.
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CNS 3
Crest is enlarged and thickened, and begins to have a mounded appearance
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CNS 4Crest is grossly enlarged and thickened, may have wrinkles/creases perpendicular to topline.
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CNS 5
Crest is so large that it permanently droops to one side
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OBESE HORSE
• 1lb senior/day
• Senior ~ 1.3 Mcal/lb
• 1.3 x 365 days in the year = 474.5 Mcal
• Takes 10 Mcal to gain 1lb
• 475 Mcal = 47.5 lbs/year
• GAINED A WHOLE BODY CONDITION SCORE!!
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LAMINITIS
• 10 year‐old Morgan Mare
• Current Body Weight = 1000 lbsOptimum
• Advanced laminitis with rotation, pain meds
• Mare maintains weight on good quality grass hay
• Outline feeding goals
• What situations should be avoided?
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LAMINITIS FEEDING GOALS
• Maximize Forage, Minimize soluble CHO
• Proper Fortification of TM and Vitamins
• Maintain weight at or slightly below optimum
• Supplements: Fat‐ if need wt gainHoof Supplement ‐ repair?
• Avoid ‐ Excessive Wt gain or soluble CHO