Hoover Institution Newsletter - Winter 2007

8/6/2019 Hoover Institution Newsletter - Winter 2007

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Nobel laureate Milton Fried-

man, a senior research fellow

at the Hoover Institution since

1977, who died at the age of 94 on

November 16, 2006, was remem-

bered across the United States on January 29

during a day of

celebration in his

honor.

The declara-

tion of Milton

Friedman Day

in Calif ornia

was announced

on January 22

by California

governor ArnoldSchwarzenegger

during a memori-

al service in

Friedman’s honor

on the Stanford

University campus.

Also eulogizing Friedman during

the service were Hoover Institution

director John Raisian; George P.

Shultz, Thomas W. and Susan B.

Ford Distinguished Fellow; Gary

Becker, Rose-Marie and Jack R. An-derson Senior Fellow; Richard

Epstein, Peter and Kirsten Bedford

Senior Fellow; Eric Hanushek, Paul

and Jean Hanna Senior Fellow in

Education; Thomas Sowell, Rose

and Milton Friedman Senior Fellow

on Public Policy; John Taylor,

Bowen H. and Janice Arthur McCoy

Senior Fellow; Senior Fellow

Michael Boskin; and Senior Fellow

(on leave) Edward P. Lazear, who is

currently serving as chairman of theP r e s i d e n t ’ s

Council of Eco-

nomic Advisers.

Other cele-

brants of the day

included the City

of San Francisco,

the University

of Chicago, the

Chicago Mercan-

tile Exchange,

and the Econo-mist magazine,

among others.

Also, on

January 29 PBS

premiered The

Power of Choice: The Life and Ideas

of Milton Friedman, a documentary

on the life and ideas of Friedman.

The special was produced for PBS

by Free to Choose Media.

Friedman, who was awarded the

Nobel Memorial Prize in EconomicSciences in 1976, also had the dis-

tinction of being the recipient of the

Presidential Medal of Freedom and

the National Medal of Science, both

awarded to him in 1988.

Winter 200

NewsletterH O O V E R I N S T I T U T I O N

The very latest HOOVER newsupdated daily news, features, people, and events

at the Hoover Institution at— www.hoover.org

• I N S I D E •

E DUCATION N EXT LAUDED

IN RESEARCH CENTER STUDY . . . . . 5

Q&A: ABRAHAM SOFAER

ON FUNDAMENTALS FOR

ACTION IN IRAQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

DOMINATE FALL RETREAT . . . . . . . . 8continued on page 2

President George W. Bush presented

the Hoover Institution with a Na-

tional Humanities Medal at the officia

awards ceremony in the Oval Office onNovember 9, 2006. Hoover director

John Raisian accepted the medal on

behalf of the institution.

The president was joined by Firs

Lady Laura Bush, Dana Gioia, chair-

man, National Endowment for the

Arts, and Bruce Cole, chairman, Na

tional Endowment for the Humanities

“This is a distinct honor for the

Hoover Institution and Stanford Uni

versity,” said Hoover director John

Raisian. “We have been honored re

cently with the awards that were be

stowed on Hoover fellows Thoma

Sowell and Shelby Steele. To have the

medal awarded by the president to the

Hoover Institution, as an institution, is

a wonderful tribute and a huge source

of pride for all of us.”

HOOVER INSTITUTION

AWARDED N ATIONAL

HUMANITIES MEDAL

continued on page 4

NOBEL LAUREATE MILTON FRIEDMAN, 94



“Today Stanford has lost a great scholar and friend, and

our country has lost one of its leading economists,” said Stan-

ford University president John L. Hennessy on hearing of Friedman’s death. “Dr. Friedman’s ability to explain compli-

cated economic theories has had a profound impact beyond

the university. We will miss his candor and intelligence, but

we are quite certain that his insights will live for generations.”

“Milton Friedman was arguably the greatest economist of

the 20th century,” said Hoover director John Raisian. “His

reach was incredible. Esteemed academic economists lauded

his intellectual capacity and leadership of the Chicago School

of economics. At the same time, he was a household name

among noneconomists. In ordinary life, people knew the

name of Milton Friedman as a great economist—it is an

amazing tribute to the man. He contributed to the notion that

ideas have meaning; no economist could claim that phrase

more than he could.

“For those of us at Hoover, he was a bellwether in our

thinking about political economy,” Raisian added. “We

enjoyed his collegiality for nearly 30 years. He was active

throughout his lifetime, and his later years were no exception.

We will truly miss him.

“Our thoughts and condolences are with his wife, Rose Di-

rector Friedman, in this time of sorrow,” Raisian said.

“Milton and Rose considered themselves ‘two lucky people,’

as their autobiography was titled. Rose was not only a lovingspouse but also an intellectual partner. It was a joy to see

them in action together. Indeed, the only time I saw Milton

pause on an analytic point was when Rose was his interroga-

tor.”

A longtime and outspoken proponent of political and eco-

nomic freedom, Friedman conceived many of the most im-

portant innovations in economic theory during the second

half of the twentieth century. Of those, his landmark work ex

plaining monetary supply and its effect on economic and in

flationary shifts garnered him worldwide renown and respect

The influence of Friedman’s work was felt again last year

when Edmund Phelps was announced as the 2006 Nobe

Prize winner in economics for a theory the two Nobelists de-

veloped in the 1960s regarding unemployment and inflation

That theory continues to be used as a practical guide among

the world’s major central banks, including the U.S. Federa

Reserve.Friedman, who often served as an adviser and sage fo

many government leaders, played a key role in this nation’s

economic policy despite never having formally served in an

administration after World War II. He also was known fo

championing school vouchers, particularly through the foun

dation he and his wife created, the Milton and Rose D. Fried

man Foundation for Educational Choice.

MILTON FRIEDMAN

continued from page 1

continued on page 11

California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, holding a pencil,describes the teachings of Milton Friedman as he spoke duringthe January 29 memorial service for him. Schwarzenegger toldfamily and friends of the late Nobel laureate that Friedman's useof the pencil and its construction in the illustration of how theeconomy works in the video for Free to Choose was aremarkable inspiration about economics.

Mitt Romney, far left, who was then governor of

Massachusetts, visited the Hoover Institution to

meet with fellows on October 21. At right is Hoover

Institution director John Raisian; at center is Senior

Associate Director Richard Sousa.


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Seymour Martin Lipset, a renowned political sociolo-

gist who was also a senior fellow at the Hoover Insti-

tution and a professor of public policy emeritus at

George Mason University, died December 31, 2006, in

Arlington, Virginia. He was 84.

His major work was in the fields of

political sociology, trade union organi-

zation, social stratification, public

opinion, and the sociology of intellectu-

al life. He also wrote extensively about

the conditions for democracy in com-

parative perspective.“Marty Lipset was a scholarly giant

in the study of American politics and

sociology. We were proud to have had

him as part of our fellowship at Hoover

over the decades,” said Hoover Institu-

tion director John Raisian. “His pres-

ence at Stanford, with his keen knowl-

edge of, and research addressing, the

development of democracy, politics,

and public opinion will be missed.”

Among his many publications were The Democratic

Century, with Jason M. Lakin, Julian J. Rothbaum Dis-tinguished Lecture series (University of Oklahoma Press,

2004); It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in

the United States, with Gary Marks (W. W. Norton,

2001); American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged

Sword (W. W. Norton, 1996); Continental Divide: The

Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada

(Routledge, 1990); and, with Earl Raab, Jews and the

New American Scene (Harvard University Press, 1996).

Lipset, who at the time of his death also was a senior

scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for

Scholars, received the MacIver Prize for Political Man

and the Gunnar Myrdal Prize for The Politics of Unrea-son. His book The First New Nation was a finalist for

the National Book Award. He was also awarded the

Townsend Harris Medal from the alumni association of

City College of New York, the Margaret Byrd Dawson

Medal for Significant Achievement, the Northern

Telecom-International Council for Canadian Studies

Gold Medal, and the Leon Epstein Prize in Comparative

Politics by the American Political Science Association. He

received the Marshall Sklare Award for distinction in

Jewish studies. In 1997, he was awarded the Helen Din-

erman Prize by the World Association for Public Opinion

Research for significant contributions to survey research

methodology.

From 1975 to 1990, he was the Caroline S. G. Munro

Professor of Political Science and Sociology at Stanford

University and, earlier, the George D. Markham Profes-

sor of Government and Sociology at Harvard University.

Lipset had been elected to various honorific societies in

the United States and abroad, including

the National Academy of Sciences, the

American Philosophical Society, the

National Academy of Education, and

the American Academy of Arts and Sci-

ences, in which he served as vice presi-

dent for the social sciences.

He was the only person to have beenpresident of both the American Socio-

logical Association (1992–93) and the

American Political Science Association

(1979–80). He also served as the presi-

dent of the International Society of Po-

litical Psychology, the Sociological Re-

search Association, the World Associa-

tion for Public Opinion Research, and

the Society for Comparative Research.

Lipset was also active in public affairs

on a national level. He had been a director of the United

States Institute of Peace, as well as a member of the U.S.Board of Foreign Scholarships, cochair of the Committee

for Labor Law Reform, cochair of the Committee for an

Effective UNESCO, and consultant to the National En-

dowment for the Humanities, the National Humanities

Institute, the National Endowment for Democracy, and

the American Jewish Committee.

He had also been president of the American Professors

for Peace in the Middle East, chair of the National B’nai

B’rith Hillel Commission and the Faculty Advisory

Cabinet of the United Jewish Appeal, and cochair of the

Executive Committee of the International Center for

Peace in the Middle East.Born the son of Russian Jewish immigrants in New

York, Lipset graduated in 1943 from the City College of

New York. His first wife, Elsie Braun Lipset, died in

1987. Survivors include his wife of 16 years, Sydnee

Guyer Lipset of Arlington; three children from his first

marriage; and six grandchildren.

SEYMOUR M ARTIN LIPSET, 84



Research Fellow Shelby Steele received the medal in 2004,

and Thomas Sowell, the Rose and Milton Friedman SeniorFellow in Public Policy, received the medal in 2002.

The National Endowment for the Humanities notes in its

release about the award: “The Hoover Institution became

one of the first and most distinguished academic centers in

the United States dedicated to public policy research. Today,

with its world-renowned group of scholars and ongoing pro-

grams of policy-oriented research, the Hoover Institution

puts its accumulated knowledge to work as a prominent con

tributor to the world marketplace of ideas defining a free

society.”

Joining Hoover as winners of National Humanities Medals

in 2006 are

Fouad Ajami, Middle Eastern studies scholar, WashingtonDistrict of Columbia

James Buchanan, economist, Fairfax, Virginia

Nickolas Davatzes, historian, Wilton, Connecticut

Robert Fagles, translato

and classicist, Princeton

New Jersey

Mary Lefkowitz, classi

cist, Wellesley, Massachu

setts

Bernard Lewis, Middle

Eastern studies scholar

Princeton, New Jersey

Mark Noll, historian o

religion, Notre Dame

Indiana

Meryle Secrest, biogra

pher, Washington, District o

Columbia

Kevin Starr, historian, San

Francisco, California

The National Humanities

Medal, first awarded in 1989

as the Charles Frankel Prizehonors individuals and or-

ganizations whose work has

deepened the nation’s under-

standing of the humanities, broadened citizens’ engagement

with the humanities, or helped preserve and expand

America’s access to important humanities resources.

N ATIONAL HUMANITIES MEDAL


California governor ArnoldSchwarzenegger, far right, meets with

Hoover Institution director John Raisian,

center, and Hoover fellows on November

15. The governor attended a conference

on technology on the Stanford

University campus that day and took

time to visit Hoover.

President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush stand with the 2006 National Humanities Medalrecipients in the Oval Office on November 9, 2006. From left, they are Mark Noll, historian of religion;

Mary Lefkowitz, classicist; Meryle Secrest, biographer; Bernard Lewis, Middle Eastern scholar; JohnRaisian, director of the Hoover Institution; Robert Fagles, translator and classicist; Nickolas Davatzes,historian; Kevin Starr, historian; Fouad Ajami, Middle Eastern studies scholar; James Buchanan,economist; and NEH chairman Bruce Cole. White House photo by Paul Morse



Political cartooning has always been

fraught with controversy and even

danger; today’s cartoonists are not the

first to have their work condemned.

During World War I, Dutch artist

Louis Raemaekers—called the Great

Cartoonist of the Great War—wasnearly put on trial by his government

for his scathing anti-German political

cartoons, which it feared would jeop-

ardize Dutch neutrality.

The impact of his work was felt

around the world. In 1917, President

Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as

saying, “The cartoons of Louis Rae-

maekers constitute the most powerful

of the honorable contributions made

by neutrals to the cause of civilization

in the World War.”

The Hoover Library and Archives

present an exhibition of the political

cartoons of Raemaekers through Satur-

day, May 5, titled Sharply Drawn: The

Political Cartoons of Louis Raemaek-

ers: 1914–1941. The exhibit features

more than one hundred of Raemaek-

ers’ original works spanning his re-

markable career. Restoration of the

drawings and preparations for the ex-

hibition were made possible by gener-ous underwriting support from Mrs.

Joanne W. Blokker in memory of her

late husband, Johan, and the MericosFoundation.

Notable in his work, said exhibit

curator Kyra Bowling, “is the ability of

a single image to be

accessible and moving

enough to evoke reac-

tions across many cul-

tures.”

Raemaekers’ early

work was of a pastoral

nature, but the advent

of World War I

changed his focus.

After observing first-

hand the atrocities

committed by Ger-

mans, Raemaekers

turned his attention,

and that of the world,

to the war through his drawings. Al-

though Raemaekers began his work in

Europe, his cartoons were eventually

picked up by Hearst newspapers; byOctober 1917, more than two thou-

sand newspapers on both sides of the

Atlantic were printing his drawings ona regular basis.

The exhibit is in the Herbert Hoover

Memorial Exhibit Pavilion, next to

Hoover Tower, and is free of charge

Pavilion hours are Tuesday through

Saturday, 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. For

more information call 650-723-3563.

W ORKS OF LOUIS R AEMAEKERS,GREAT C ARTOONIST OF THE GREAT W AR ,ON DISPLAY THROUGH M AY 5

Education Next is the most influential journal in educa-

tion, according to a study released by the Editorial Proj-

ects in Education (EPE) Research Center. The study, Influ-

ence: A Study of the Factors Shaping Education Policy, wasbased on an extensive survey of the education field’s opinion-

elite.

Education Next , published quarterly by the Hoover Insti-

tution at Stanford University, was the sole journal, peer-re-

viewed or otherwise, listed among the top-ten information

sources in the EPE survey, surpassed only by agencies of the

U.S. government, Education Week, the New York Times, the

Washington Post , and the nonprofit organization Education

Trust.

“The other editors and I are very pleased to learn that this

young journal, now in its sixth year of publication, has at-

tained such prominence and recognition,” said Paul E. Peter-

son, editor in chief of Education Next and director of the

Program on Education Policy and Governance at Harvard

University. “The honor reminds us to keep focused on our

central mission, namely, to ‘present the facts as best they can

be determined, giving voice (without fear or favor) to worthy

research, sound ideas, and responsible arguments.’”

EPE’s study also ranked the most influential research in ed

ucation as well as the most influential individuals. The re-search on school vouchers conducted by Peterson and his

colleagues at Harvard was cited among the thirteen “block

buster” studies of the past decade. A study of graduation

rates by Jay Greene, an Education Next contributing editor

was also listed as one of the top thirteen. The National As-

sessment of Educational Progress, conducted under the aus-

pices of the U.S. Department of Education, was listed as the

most influential research study.

Education Next senior editor Chester E. Finn Jr., who also

serves as chair of the Hoover Institution’s Koret Task Force

R ESEARCH CENTER CITES

E DUCATION N EXT AS ‘MOST

INFLUENTIAL JOURNAL’ IN SURVEY




Q: You are a well-known and respected

authority and commentator on the situ-

ation in the Middle East. What are your

thoughts about the recent report by the

Iraq Study Group?

A: The Iraq Study Group’s recommen-

dation that the Bush administration

drop its preconditions and negotiate

with Syria and Iran has been praised asa “no-brainer”—and condemned as an

improper effort to reward rogue

regimes. Neither reaction is correct.

Q: What is a correct reaction?

A: Negotiating with enemies can be a

useful aspect of effective diplomacy. But

successful negotiations with enemies

result not from the talks themselves but

from the diplomatic strategy that ac-

companies them. The group’s recom-

mendations deserve support but must

be effectively integrated into PresidentBush’s strategy of ending state-spon-

sored terror.

Q: One of the key questions to emerge

postreport is this: Should the United

States negotiate with Syria and Iran?

What are your thoughts?

A: The arguments against negotiating

with Syria and Iran were also made

against negotiating with the Soviet

Union and by some of the same people.

Soviet misconduct easily matches that

of Syria or Iran in aggression, oppres-

sion, murder, support for terrorist

groups, and mendacity. President

Reagan challenged Soviet behavior by

supporting groups fighting communist

intervention, building the military,

strengthening NATO, condemning

human-rights violations, commencing a

missile-defense program, and conveying

the message of freedom in every way

possible. But he was also prepared tonegotiate with the Soviet Union.

Q: What would you say is the difference

between then and now on this issue?

A: [Then U.S. secretary of state] George

Shultz supported the efforts to put pres-

sure on the Soviets for their misconduct,

but he sought to negotiate with the

Soviets in an attempt to increase stabil-

ity, reduce nuclear weapons, attain

freedom for oppressed groups, and

enhance understanding. To make nego-

tiations possible the United State

adopted specific policies, including

• Regime acceptance. The U.S. re

frained from activities aimed at de

stroying the Soviet regime it wa

seeking to influence, while vigorous-

ly denouncing its political and mora

legitimacy.

• Limited linkage. Negotiations on

human rights, arms control, regiona

issues, and bilateral relations werpursued without linkage to Sovie

conduct, enabling negotiations to

proceed while the United States re

sponded firmly through deeds.

• Rhetorical restraint. Reagan vigorous

ly criticized the Soviet system and it

behavior, but promised not to

“crow” when the Soviets agreed to

U.S. proposals, enabling Sovie

leaders to avoid being seen as capitu

lating to U.S. demands.

6

FUNDAMENTALS APPLY FOR ACTION IN THE WAKE OF IRAQ STUDY GROUP

Q & A

Abraham D. Sofaer

George P. Shultz Distinguished Scholar and Senior Fellow

International law and diplomacy, international relations,national security affairs, separation of powers, governmentregulation, international terrorism

Legal adviser, U.S. Department of State, 1985–1990; recipi-ent, Distinguished Service Award in 1989, the highest statedepartment award given to a non–civil servant; U.S. districtjudge in the Southern District of New York, 1979–1985;professor, Columbia University School of Law, 1969–1979;New York state administrative judge, 1975–1976; assistantU.S. Attorney in the Southern District of New York, 1967–

1969; member, U.S. Air Force, 1956–59

Author, War, Foreign Affairs and Constitutional Power: TheOrigins (Ballinger 1976); coeditor, The Transnational Dimen-sion of Cyber Crime and Terrorism, Hoover National SecurityForum series (Hoover Institution Press, 2001)

LL.B., New York University School of Law, 1965; B.A.,Yeshiva College, 1962; Doctor of Laws, honoris causa,Yeshiva University, 1980

Founding trustee and chairman, National Museum of Jazz inHarlem; member, Board of Koret Foundation; and chairman

of the Koret Israel Economic Development Fund

F E L L O W

T I T L E

R E S E A R C H

B A C K G R O U N D

P U B L I C A T I O N S

D E G R E E S

A F F I L I A T I O N S



The Hoover Institution Newsletter is published quarterly and distributed by the

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H O O V E R I N S T I T U T I O N N E W S L E T T E R

• Self-interest. U.S. negotiating policy

was based on convincing the Soviets

to act in their own best interests.

Q: So much of the issue revolves

around the use of diplomacy. What do

you think of the ISG’s proposals in this

area?A: The Iraq Study Group’s “external”

strategy for Iraq contains several ele-

ments necessary for successful diplo-

macy: the need for both incentives and

“disincentives”; negotiations “without

preconditions”; and negotiations that

are “extensive and substantive,” re-

quiring a balancing of interests.

The general incentives identified by

the group are unlikely, however, to lead

to constructive discussions. Although

Syria and Iran should realize that pre-

venting a breakdown in Iraq is in their

interests, they see great advantages in

having the U.S. lose strength and cred-

ibility in a costly effort to help a state

they are relieved to see powerless.

Q: Don’t they know what we expect of

them? And if so, what is the point of

negotiating unless they are prepared to

change their behavior?

A: The notion that they will help the

U.S. in Iran in order to have “enhanceddiplomatic relations” with the U.S.

assumes that states will do what they

know the U.S. wants simply because

Washington will not otherwise talk to

them. The pronouncements that ac-

company this Bush policy exemplify

the sort of rhetoric that discourages co-

operation.

Q: Still there must be an upside for

someone or some side in this …

A: The incentives proposed for negoti-

ating with Syria are, in fact, concrete

and substantial. Syria would benefit

economically from a stable Iraq, and

getting back the Golan Heights would

give President Bashar Assad’s standing

a much needed boost. Syria has no

deep commitment to Hezbollah or

Hamas to prevent it from acceptingpeace with Israel and increased cooper-

ation in Iraq, Lebanon, and the Pales-

tinian areas, in exchange for the Golan

and a constructive role in the area.

Q: What other problems do you antic-

ipate in the negotiation with Syria?

A: The Iraq Study Group too casually

assumes that the U.S. can secure

“Syria’s full cooperation with all inves-

tigations into political assassinations in

Lebanon.” The “full cooperation” of a

sovereign state in such situations must

be negotiated, rather than made a pre-

condition.

Q: And regarding Iran, what do you

think?

A: The Iraq Study Group is probably

right that Iran is unlikely to agree to

negotiate with the U.S. to bring stabili-

ty to Iraq. The distrust between the

U.S. and Iran suggests that negotia-

tions between them should commence

on limited issues, in a noncontroversialforum. The U.S./Iran Tribunal in The

Hague might well work. Iran resents

the fact that many of its significant

claims against the U.S. remain unre-

solved after more than 20 years. The

U.S. should offer to negotiate these

claims on an expedited basis.

Q: What would constitute success

when considering Iran?

A: A successful negotiation will include

Iranian demands, such as an end to

efforts at regime change. Major change

in Iran is in fact more likely to resul

from normalization and internal activ-

ities than from opposition groups

seeking to overthrow the regime. But

the key measure of the success of any

effort to negotiate with Syria or Iran

depends on whether we can change theconduct of either.

Q: And what should the United States

focus on?

A: A clear warning that Syria and Iran

must end all forms of state-sponsored

terrorism, as now required by Security

Council resolutions, must be a centra

element of U.S. negotiating policy

backed with meaningful preparations

for action. The power of the U.S. to

inflict damage on its enemies remains

substantial, despite current difficulties

in Iraq. Although it is now difficult to

contemplate military action agains

Syria or Iran, continued sponsorship of

terror against other states will eventu-

ally provoke the American people, i

not the international community, to ex

ercise their right of self-defense

through affordable wars of destruction

instead of costly nation-building exer-

cises.

Q: Who can credibly deliver thimessage?

A: No one can convey this message

more effectively than George Bush

who remains determined to prevent a

future of state-sponsored terror. He

should accept the Iraq Study Group’s

sound message on negotiating with

enemies but supplement it with the

toughness that effective diplomacy

demands.

7

Q & A



B O A R D O F O V E R S E E R S

“We are living in dangerous times,” said Niall Fergu-

son, Hoover senior fellow and Harvard historyprofessor, in his talk “The Next War of the World” at the

Hoover Institution Fall 2006 Retreat.

Ferguson, who first spoke on his book War of the World

(Penguin Press, 2006) at the fall 2005

retreat, returned this year to continue dis-

cussing that book’s ideas. In addition to

the three threats he outlined in 2005 as

the principal reasons for twentieth-

century violence—ethnic disintegration,

economic volatility, and the decline of

empires—he added a fourth, Eastern

resurgence. Noting that these threatshave resurfaced, he said that the world is

now in a situation similar to that of the

lead-up to World War I.

Shelby Steele, Hoover research fellow,

spoke on “Why the Enemy Fights and

Why We Hold Back.” He believes that the end of white su

premacy has challenged those who were freed as a result

Finding freedom a burden and an overwhelming responsibil

ity, conditions he called bad faith, they commit violent acts as

a way to compensate. White guilt, he believes, is why Ameri-

cans do not respond to such attacks. He concluded by

warning that “we do not know how to fight this enemy; weare too civilized to defend ourselves.”

Discussions of international issues included remarks on the

North Korea nuclear weapons program by former secretary

of defense William Perry, now a Hoover

senior fellow and a professor at Stanford

University. Perry recommended that the

best course of action is diplomacy bu

diplomacy backed with force. A. Michae

Spence, Hoover senior fellow and former

dean of Stanford University’s Graduat

School of Business, spoke on “India’s and

China’s Economic Influence in the

Decades to Come,” saying that he foresee

the two countries as continuing to grow

and, in turn, having tremendous impac

on the world economy.

“The Benefits of Growth and the Future

of Democracy in Latin America” was the

subject of remarks by former president o

Peru Alejandro Toledo. Toledo, the firs

indigenous Peruvian to be democratically

elected, served as president of the Repub

lic of Peru from 2001 to 2006. In hiremarks, Toledo warned that Latin

America is losing patience and that socia

policies directed at extreme poverty mus

be developed.

John Yoo, professor of law at the Uni

versity of California at Berkeley, in his dis

cussion of “Presidential Power in Time o

Crisis,” noted a correlation between pres

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES AND SPEAKERS

DOMINATE FALL RETREAT AGENDA

William Perry

Niall Ferguson

Richard D. Lamm

Richard Epstein A. Michael SpenceBenjamin Wittes



B O A R D O F O V E R S E E R S

idents who are seen as great and those

who were most aggressive in assuming

their rights under the Constitution.

Benjamin Wittes, Washington Post

columnist, and Richard Epstein, Hoover

senior fellow and University of Chicago

law professor, addressed judicial andlegal issues in their talks.

In Wittes’ remarks, based on his recent

book Confirmation Wars: Preserving In-

dependent Courts in Angry Times

(Hoover Studies and Rowman & Little-

field, 2006), he acknowledged that ideo-

logical politics has been part of the judi-

cial nomination process since the time of

George Washington but believes it is

getting worse.

There is a twofold threat to today’s

nomination process: Legislators ask nom-

inees questions that they cannot answer

and pressure would-be judges to conform

to the wills of legislators who cannot

agree on what qualifications they should

demand of nominees.

Epstein’s talk discussed the real dangers

of the abuse of power that is inherent in

the prosecutions of corporations under

the aggressive memo prepared in January

2003 by Larry Thompson, the then

deputy attorney general, which indicateda tough policy that treated corporations

like individual persons. But Epstein

warned that the analogy does not hold.

The great threat from government is not

conviction but simple prosecution, when

collateral consequences can put a firm

out of business by causing a suspension of

its licenses, even if it prevails in the crim-

inal case. Faced with that threat, firms

will capitulate to conditions that are far

removed from the original offense and

cede to prosecutors the power to decidewhether to keep or fire their own CEOs, which has already

happened in a number of cases. “It seems too much to ask for

self-restraint by prosecutors,” Epstein said, “so that the only

remedy looks to be a sharp truncation in the scope of corpo-

rate criminal liability that makes the government’s threat so

deadly.”

The retreat concluded with a panel discussion of the up-

coming elections titled “November 2006 and Beyond: Some

Implications of the midterm Elections.” The panel included

David Brady, Hoover deputy director and senior fellow;

Morris Fiorina, Hoover senior fellow; and former California

governor Pete Wilson, a Hoover distin

guished visiting fellow.

“If Republicans went back to nominat

ing candidates like Pete Wilson, they

would win,” said Fiorina. Fiorina also dis

cussed California Proposition 187, a 1994

ballot initiative designed to deny illegaimmigrants services, which voters passed

but which was overturned by a federa

court. Although some see this measure as

rallying Latino voters who have influ

enced elections since and undermined the

Republican Party, Fiorina suggested tha

this was not as important as the stature o

the candidates whom Republicans have

nominated.

Brady outlined a survey that he

Fiorina, and Douglas Rivers, a Stanford

political science professor, conducted on

the November 2006 elections. Nationally

Brady said the Democrats would probably

regain the House and Republicans would

hold the Senate. He didn’t believe tha

2006 would be for Democrats what 1994

was for the Republicans.

In his remarks, Wilson added that “Cal

ifornia is not a hopelessly blue state” and

agreed that this is not another 1994. Al

though Republicans might lose seats in

the House, Wilson predicted, the Senatewould be 50-50, with Vice President Dick

Cheney “chained to the desk.”

In addition to the plenary speakers

Hoover fellows conducted conversation

on a variety of topics, including Stephen

Haber, Hoover senior fellow, on “How

Mexico Avoided Turning Left: The 2006

Presidential Election and Its Implications

for the Future of Mexico’s Politics and

Economy”; Peter Henry, a Stanford Uni

versity professor and former Hoover na

tional fellow, on “A Quick Tour of theWorld Economy”; Kenneth Jowitt, Hoover senior fellow, on

“Some Important Countries”; Eugene Volokh, University o

California at Los Angeles professor, on “In Defense of the

Slippery Slope”; Sidney Drell, Hoover senior fellow, and

George P. Shultz, Hoover distinguished fellow, on “A Repor

on the Recent Hoover Conference: ‘Implications of the Reyk

javik Summit on Its 20th Anniversary’”;

Victor Davis Hanson, Hoover senior fellow, on “Illegal Im

migration: The Crisis Deepens”; Michael McFaul, Hoover

senior fellow, on “Stopping Iran from Getting the Bomb”

John Yoo

Shelby Steele

David Brooks




John Taylor, Hoover senior fellow, on “Exchange Rate Diplo-

macy: China, Japan, and the United States”; Michael Boskin,

Hoover senior fellow, on “Beyond the Headlines and PoliticalHyperbole: What’s Really Going On in the American

Economy”; Dinesh D’Souza, Hoover research fellow, on

“Islamic Fundamentalism, Christian Fundamentalism: Is Re-

ligion the Problem?”; Eric Hanushek, Hoover senior fellow,

on “Can California’s Schools Be Fixed?”; and Kiron Skinner,

Hoover research fellow, on “Turning Points in Ending the

Cold War.”

The retreat opened with remarks by Richard D. Lamm,

former governor of Colorado, at a dinner on October 29. In

his remarks, titled “The Ten Commandments of Communi-

ty,” he asked “What is the social glue that holds America to-

gether?” In his view the glue includes not taking community

for granted, great leaders and citizens, freedom, similaritie

among residents, social order, a planned future, identity

social infrastructure, and civic-minded participation from res

idents. He concluded his list with a challenge to members o

the audience: What did they think should be included?

David Brooks, columnist at the New York Times, politicacommentator, and author, discussed the November 7 election

which was about a week away when he spoke on October 30

Brooks addressed the state of conservatism and the Repub

lican Party in the United States, saying he believes the bes

hopes lie in organizations such as the Hoover Institution

Centers such as Hoover—not the offices of politicians in

Washington—are the places, he said, where solid ideas are de

veloped and where issues such as the influence of Muslim

culture, free trade, human capital, and entitlements are fully

and honestly explored.

BOARD OF O VERSEERS


HOOVER MEDIA FELLOW R OBERT

O’H ARROW R EVEALS PRIVACY THREAT

BY PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND

GOVERNMENT

When a credit card company asks you to fill out an appli-

cation, do you think about what happens to the infor-

mation you provide? Like most Americans who have appliedfor a credit card or conducted some type of financial transac-

tion, whether it’s in person, online, or over the phone, you have

probably provided financial and other personal information

with little thought to what becomes of it.

In his talk “No Place to Hide: Our Emerging Surveillance

Society,” Hoover media fellow Robert O’Harrow, a reporter

with the Washington Post and author of No Place to Hide:

Behind the Scenes of Our Emerging Surveillance Society, dis-

cussed how the government is creating a national intelligence

infrastructure with the help of private companies as part of

homeland security. O’Harrow outlined the rising domestic sur-

veillance trends that he believes will shape society for the rest of

our lives.

The information provided through countless routine transac-

tions is not kept private but, according to O’Harrow, becomes

part of a data bank created by private industry. In addition,

companies that collect such information often share it with gov-

ernment, which is one of O’Harrow’s main concerns.

Private companies can collect information that the govern-

ment cannot and are not held accountable. All this has been ac-

complished, O’Harrow warns, without public debate or over-

sight by our elected representatives.

The event on Monday, November 6, was sponsored by the

William and Barbara Edwards Media Fellow Program o

Hoover Institution and the Stanford Alumni Association. The

Edwards Media Fellows Program allows print and broadcast

media professionals to spend time in residence at the Hoover

Institution. More than 100 of the nation’s top journalists have

visited the Hoover Institution recently and interacted with

Hoover fellows on key public policy issues, including

• Paul Kane, Roll Call, November 27–December 1

• Jonathan Kaplan, The Hill, December 4–8

• Markos Kounalakis, the Washington Monthly,

December 4–8

• Michael Crowley, New Republic, December 11–15

• David Bosco, Foreign Policy, December 11–15

• James VandeHei, Washington Post, December 11–15

• Arthur Allen, Slate, January 1–5

• Margaret Talbot, New Yorker, January 1–5

• Gregg Easterbrook, New Republic, January 8–12

• David Whitman, U.S. News and World Report,

January 8–12

• Patrice Hill, Washington Times, January 15–19• John Diamond, author, January 15–19

• G. Pascal Zachary, freelance, January 22–26

• Kristen Mack, Houston Chronicle, January 22–26

• Dick Meyer, CBS, January 22–26

• Anthony Depalma, New York Times, January 29–

February 2

• Michael Grunwald, Washington Post, January 29–

February 2

• Charles Lane, Washington Post, January 29–February 2

• Joel Stein, Los Angeles Times, February 5–9continued on page 11



In addition to his position as a senior fellow at the Hoover

Institution, Friedman was the Paul Snowden Russell Distin-

guished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics at the Uni-versity of Chicago, where he taught from 1946 to 1976, and

was a member of the research staff of the National Bureau of

Economic Research from 1937 to 1981.

He was widely regarded as the leader of the Chicago School

of monetary economics, which stresses the importance of the

quantity of money as an instrument of government policy and

as a determinant of business cycles and inflation.

In addition to his scientific work, Friedman wrote exten-

sively on public policy, always with a primary emphasis on

the preservation and extension of individual freedom. His

most important books in this field were (with his wife, Rose)

Capitalism and Freedom (University of Chicago Press, 1962);

Bright Promises, Dismal Performance (Thomas Horton and

Daughters, 1983), which consists mostly of reprints of

columns he wrote for Newsweek from 1966 to 1983; (also

with Rose) Free to Choose (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,

1980), which complemented a ten-part television series of the

same name shown on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)

network in early 1980; and (with Rose) Tyranny of the Status

Quo (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), which complement-

ed a three-part television series of the same name, shown on

PBS in early 1984.

He was a member of the President’s Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force (his opposition to conscription helped

end the draft) and the President’s Commission on White

House Fellows; he was also a member of the President’s Eco-

nomic Policy Advisory Board (a group of experts from

outside the government named in 1981 by President Ronald

Reagan).

Friedman was active in public affairs, serving as an infor

mal economic adviser to Senator Barry Goldwater in his un

successful campaign for the presidency in 1964, to Richard

Nixon in his successful 1968 campaign, to President Nixonsubsequently, and to Ronald Reagan in his 1980 campaign.

He published numerous books and articles, most notably A

Theory of the Consumption Function, The Optimum Quan-

tity of Money and Other Essays, and (with A. J. Schwartz) A

Monetary History of the United States, Monetary Statistics of

the United States, and Monetary Trends in the United States

and the United Kingdom.

Friedman served as president of the American Economic

Association, the Western Economic Association, and th

Mont Pelerin Society. He also was a member of the American

Philosophical Society and the National Academy of Sciences

He was awarded honorary degrees by universities in the

United States, Japan, Israel, and Guatemala, as well as the

Grand Cordon of the First Class Order of the Sacred Treas

ure by the Japanese government in 1986.

Friedman received a B.A. degree in 1932 from Rutgers Uni

versity, an M.A. in 1933 from the University of Chicago, and

a Ph.D. degree in 1946 from Columbia University.

Two Lucky People, his and Rose D. Friedman’s memoirs

was published in 1998 by the University of Chicago Press.

Milton Friedman was born July 31, 1912, in Brooklyn

N.Y., the fourth and last child and first son of Sarah Ethe

(Landau) and Jeno Saul Friedman. He and his wife, Rose Director Friedman, who survives, were married in 1938. He is

also survived by their two children, Janet Martel and David

Friedman, four grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren

MILTON FRIEDMAN


• Romesh Ratnesar, Time Magazine, February 5–9

• Philip Terzian, Weekly Standard, February 5–9

• Rebecca Corbett, New York Times, February 12–16

• Stuart Taylor, National Journal, February 12–16

• Ianthe Dugan, Wall Street Journal, February 19–23

• Victor Matus, Weekly Standard, February 19–23

• Bob Davis, Wall Street Journal, February 26–March 2

MEDIA FELLOWS

on K–12 Education and president of the Thomas B. Fordham

Foundation, was named as one of the 20 most influential in-

dividuals in education. Microsoft founder Bill Gates held the

top spot as the single most influential person in education inthe past decade.

In a statement, EPE director Christopher Swanson said the

study provides “a unique look at the power-brokers in Amer-

ican education who have shaped much of what happens in

our nation’s classrooms over the last 10 years. The influence

rankings also shed some light on the movers and shakers to

watch in the next decade.”

Education Next is a scholarly journal published by the

Hoover Institution committed to looking at hard facts about

school reform. Other sponsoring institutions are the HarvardProgram on Education Policy and Governance and the

Thomas B. Fordham Foundation.

E DUCATION N EXT





Societal health as an essential driver of national economic development is clear. Although the details of this relationship may

change over the course of economic development in an emerging nation, it can be a critical bar to successful economic progress.

If nothing else, governments owe their populations the power and freedom to control their own lives and health. For decades, gov-

ernment-run poverty programs in these countries have floundered until the people themselves took charge. Allowing that sort of

creative collaboration between individuals and the private sector would be powerful. And such a collaboration isn’t just for eco-

nomic development and prosperity; people’s lives depend on it.

I Scott W. Atlas, senior fellow, Washington Times, January 24, 2007

California should not, contra Gov. [Arnold] Schwarzenegger, do new regulatory harm; rather it should repeal existing regulations

that cause harm—so as to make health insurance even more affordable. There is one other way to deregulate: The California gov-

ernment should allow any Californian to buy health insurance from any willing insurer in the state and be subject to the regula-

tions of that state. That way, people could shop for the degree of paternalism they want. If they want insurance from a state that

requires many coverages, they could do so and pay the high premiums that result. If they want bare-bones coverage, they could

do so also. The result would surely be that some of the current uninsured would buy insurance.

I David R. Henderson, research fellow, Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2007

It would be useful if we stopped pretending or alleging that China’s exchange rate policies are the root cause of our trade deficit.If our savings rate is stubbornly stuck below our investment rate, and if China does allow its currency to revalue over time, then

we will simply run a deficit with another collection of countries, and from a domestic point of view, nothing much will have

changed. Except that we won’t have this subject to discuss with China anymore.

I A. Michael Spence, senior fellow, Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2007

The great mistake Americans made after the civil rights victories of the ‘60s was to allow race to become a government-approved

means to power. Here was the incentive to make racism into a faith. And its subsequent life as a faith has destroyed our ability to

know the reality of racism in America. Today we live in a terrible ignorance that will no doubt last until we take race out of every

aspect of public life—until we learn, as we did with religion, to separate it from the state.

I Shelby Steele, research fellow, Los Angeles Times, December 23, 2006

We have an important general lesson to learn. No legal or social innovation should be evaluated on the cheerful assumption that

deft government action can excise a single identified imperfection. The nationalization—or regulation—that removes one imper-

fection is likely to create another of equal or greater magnitude. The wise approach should avoid bold initiatives without a clear

warrant for changing the status quo. And none exists for this dramatic revision of the patent system.

I Richard A. Epstein, Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow, Financial Times, November 7, 2006

[Teacher] unions cannot hold back progress forever. Incentive pay is an idea whose time has come. It is an idea that is so unam-

biguously superior to the status quo—paying good teachers and mediocre teachers the same—that the need for reform is obvious.

We can fine-tune the details of who to do it as fairly and effectively as possible. But the direction we need to be moving in is clear.

I Terry M. Moe, senior fellow, Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2006

H O O V E R I N T H E N E W S

China Leadership Monitor—

www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org

I China-Taiwan-United States: “Taiwan: All Politics, All the

Time,” by Alan D. Romberg

I Military Affairs: “So Crooked They Have to Screw Their

Pants On: New Trends in Chinese Military Corruption,” by

James Mulvenon

I Party Affairs: “The Problem of Hu Jintao’s Successor,” by

Alice Miller

Education Next— www.educationnext.org

I “Games Charter Opponents Play: How Local Schoo

Boards—and Their Allies—Block the Competition,” by Joe

Williams

PUBLICATION R OUNDUP




H O O V E R O N T H E A I R

OOO

Senior Fellow Larry Diamond dis-

cussed findings of the Iraq Study

Group on KGO-TV (ABC), San Fran-

cisco, on November 29, MSNBC News

on November 16, and Day to Day on

National Public Radio on November13. He was an adviser to the panel,

which included two Hoover Institution

fellows, Senior Fellow William Perry

and Distinguished Visiting Fellow

Edwin Meese.

The Iraq Study Group was also dis-

cussed by Senior Fellow Thomas Hen-

riksen on KGO-AM (ABC), San Fran-

cisco, on November 12 and Michael

McFaul on Fox News Live on Novem-

ber 12.

OOO

Developments in Iraq also were dis-

cussed by Senior Fellow Abraham

Sofaer on KGO-TV (ABC) and KGO-

AM radio (ABC), both San Francisco,

on January 15 and on KGO-TV on

December 13.

Larry Diamond was featured on the

topic on KGO-AM radio (ABC) on

January 15; Talk of the Nation on

National Public Radio on January 11;and CNN Newsroom on Cable News

Network on January 10 and December

6; and KCBS-AM (CBS), December 29.

On December 6, he appeared on The

Today Show on NBC TV; KPIX-TV

(CBS), San Francisco; and KCBS –AM

(CBS) radio, San Francisco.

OOO

Richard Epstein, the Peter and Kirsten

Bedford Senior Fellow, was featured on

C-SPAN on November 17. He was part

of a panel discussing executive power in

wartime during a televised meeting of

the Federalist Society.

OOO

Senior Fellow Michael McFaul

addressed the poisoning of Alexander

Litvenenko in London on November 25

on Fox News. McFaul focuses on

Russian political development.

OOO

Research Fellow David Henderson dis-cussed health insurance coverage on The

Wall Street Journal This Morning a syn-

dicated radio program, on January 10.

OOO

Research Fellow Tod Lindberg was a

guest on The Diane Rehm Show a syn

dicated radio program, on December 8

discussing the situation in Iraq.

OOO

Research Fellow Abbas Milani discussed

the situation in Iraq, Syria, and Iran on

KGO-AM radio (ABC), San Francisco

on November 11. Milani is a member of

the Iran Democracy Project at Hoover.

OOO

Proposals by President George W. Bush

to establish a library and research center

similar to the Hoover Institution were

featured on KXXV-TV (ABC) in Waco-

Temple, Texas, on January 23 and 24

World News with Charles Gibson on

ABC on January 23; KABC-TV (ABC

on January 23; and Morning Edition on

National Public Radio on January 17.

OOO

Senior Fellow David Brady was inter

viewed about the polarization of Ameri-

can politics and the new volume he

coedited, Red and Blue Nation? Charac-

teristics and Causes of America’s Polar-ized Politics, on Morning Edition on

National Public Radio on January 22.

I “Photo Finish: Teacher Certification Doesn’t Guarantee a

Winner,” by Thomas Kane, Jonah Rockoff, and Douglas

StaigerI “Judging Money: When Courts Decide How to Spend

Taxpayer Dollars,” by Josh Dunn and Martha Derthick

I “The ‘Crits’ Capture Presidential Power: Top Education

Researchers Denounce Scientific Research,” by Nathan

Glazer

Hoover Digest— www.hooverdigest.org

I “Tribute to Milton Friedman,” by a number of authors in-

cluding George P. Shultz, Gary Becker, David Brooks,

William F. Buckley Jr., Niall Ferguson, and John Raisian

I The War on Terror: “Five Years On,” by Victor Davis

Hanson

I The Middle East: “Solution and Resolution,” by Abraham

D. Sofaer

I Intelligence: “The Job the FBI Can’t Do,” by Richard APosner

Policy Review— www.policyreview.org

I “Iraq: Last Chance: A Political Settlement before Any

Withdrawal,” by Robert Zelnick

I “The Scapegoats among Us: Blame-Shifting after 9/11,”

by Mary Eberstadt

I “Liberal Education, Then and Now: J. S. Mill’s Idea of a

University and Our Own,” by Peter Berkowitz

PUBLICATION R OUNDUP



R E C E N T R E L E A S E S

14

Courting Failure: How School Finance Lawsuits Exploit

Judges’ Good Intentions and Harm Our Children

Eric A. Hanushek, editorISBN: 978-0-8179-4782-8

Perhaps the most significant recent change in policy discus-

sions about school finance has been the introduction of the

courts’ making decisions about

funding schemes. The focus of

the lawsuits has been funding

disparities across school dis-

tricts, which, generally, have led

to increased shares of funding.

Yet, until recently, virtually no

subsequent analysis has investi-

gated whether student outcomes

tended to be more equal after

spending was equalized.

Courting Failure (EducationNext Books, Hoover Institution

Press, 2006) examines the issues

involved in school funding ade-

quacy in light of recent court cases and shows that judicial

actions regarding school finance—related to either equity

or adequacy—have not had a beneficial effect on student

performance.

Eric A. Hanushek is the Paul and Jean Hanna Senior

Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He serves as a member of

the Board of Directors of the National Board for Education

Sciences.

Charter Schools against the Odds: An Assessment of the

Koret Task Force on K–12 Education

Paul T. Hill, editorISBN: 978-0-8179-4762-0

Charter schools—born into a hostile environment—are

publicly funded schools operat-

ed by independent groups under

contract with government agen-

cies that provide a valuable al-

ternative to traditional, bureau-

cratically operated school dis-

tricts. But state laws and poli-cies have stacked the deck

against them by limiting the

number of charter schools

allowed in a state, forbidding

for-profit firms from holding

charters, forcing them to pay

rent out of operating funds, and

many other ways.

Charter Schools against the Odds (Education Next

Books, Hoover Institution Press, 2006) explains how these

policies can be amended to level the playing field and give

charter schools—and the children they serve—a fairer

chance to succeed.

The contributors show how charter schools have coped

with the many challenges they face. They also present ideasfor policy changes and outline strategies for strengthening

this school system.

Editor Paul T. Hill is a member of Hoover’s Koret Task

Force on K–12 Education and a research professor in the

Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs and director of the

Center on Reinventing Public Education, both at the Uni-

versity of Washington.

Red and Blue Nation? Characteristics and Causes of

America’s Polarized Politics,

Pietro S. Nivola and David W. Brady, editorsISBN: Cloth, 978-0-8157-6082-5 Paper, 978-0-8157-6083-2

Analysts and pundits increasingly perceive a widening gulf

between “red states” and “blue states.” Yet the research to

support that perception is scattered and sometimes difficult

to parse.

America’s polarized politics,

it is said, poses fundamental

dangers for democratic and ac-

countable government. Height-

ened partisanship is thought to

degrade deliberation in Con-

gress and threaten the integrityof other institutions, from the

courts to the media. This im-

portant new book, Red and

Blue Nation? edited by Pietro

S. Nivola and David W. Brady

(Brookings Institution Press

and Hoover Institution Press,

2007), gets to the bottom of

this perplexing issue.

This first of two volumes cosponsored by the Brookings

Institution and the Hoover Institution carefully considers

the extent to which polarized views among political leadersand activists are reflected in the population at large.

Pietro S. Nivola is a vice president of the Brookings In-

stitution, where he is the director of Governance Studies.

David W. Brady is deputy director and senior fellow at the

Hoover Institution; the Bowen H. and Janice Arthur

McCoy Professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Busi-

ness; and professor of political science in Stanford Univer-

sity’s School of Humanities and Sciences.



R E C E N T R E L E A S E S

15

Ever Wonder Why? And Other Controversial Essays

by Thomas SowellISBN: 0-8179-4752-3

Thomas Sowell takes on a range of legal, social, racial, ed-

ucational, and economic issues—along with “the culture

wars”—in Ever Wonder Why?

And Other Controversial

Essays (Hoover Institution

Press, 2006), his latest collec-

tion of controversial, always

thought-provoking, essays.

From “gun control myths” to

“mealy mouth media” to “free

lunch medicine,” Sowell gets to

the heart of the matters we all

care about with his characteris-

tically unswerving candor.

With Ever Wonder Why?— drawn from the best of his

popular syndicated newspaper columns—Sowell takes dead

aim at self-righteous and self-important forces in govern-

ment, media, education, and other areas of society, offering

thoughtful perceptions, commonsense insights, and

straightforward honesty from one of conservatism’s most

articulate voices.

Thomas Sowell is the Rose and Milton Friedman Senior

Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution, Stanford

University. Among his published works are Basic Econom-

ics, Race and Culture, and A Conflict of Visions. He has

also published in both academic journals and the popularmedia including the Wall Street Journal , the New York

Times, Forbes, and more than 150 newspapers that carry

his nationally syndicated column.

Global Financial Warriors: The Untold Story of

International Finance in the Post-9/11 World

by John TaylorISBN: 0-393-06448-4

Mention of the war on terror

usually calls up images of United

States’ soldiers fighting in

Afghanistan and Iraq, the home-land security apparatus, and

armed National Guardsmen sta-

tioned at airports and border

crossings. But there’s another

major front in the war on terror,

and its battles are carried out in

the largely invisible, high-tech,

and interconnected world of

global finance.

Former U.S. Treasury undersecretary John B. Taylor, the

Bowen H. and Janice Arthur McCoy Senior Fellow at the

Hoover Institution, reveals the true extent of the financial

battle against terrorism since September 11, 2001, in

Global Financial Warriors: The Untold Story of Interna-

tional Finance in the Post-9/11 World (W. W. Norton &

Company). This is a boots-on-the ground view of thecomplex challenges faced by America’s money minders in

the wake of the country’s worst-ever terror attack.

A consummate pragmatist and a keen observer of politi-

cal bureaucracy, Taylor writes a roadmap for public ser-

vants aiming to serve their country and the world. No

matter what the task, no matter how difficult, transparen-

cy and accountability are key, as is the leadership skill nec-

essary to turn words and plans into effective, on-the-

ground action.

Liberal Reform in an Illiberal Regime: The Creation of

Private Property in Russia, 1906–1915

by Stephen F. WilliamsISBN: 978-0-8179-4722-4

When the Soviet Union fell in 1991, many speculated about

the value of Russia’s historical experience with market-ori-

ented reform. Liberal Reform in an Illiberal Regime

(Hoover Institution Press,

2006) tells how, in 1906, on

the eve of world war and cata-

clysmic revolution, the Russian

government undertook

perhaps the most sweeping“privatization” in history, rad-

ically changing the property

rights regime faced by 90

million peasants.

Stephen F. Williams’ exami-

nation of property rights

reforms in Russia before the

revolution reveals the advan-

tages and pitfalls of that

radical transformation toward liberal democracy at the ini-

tiative of a government that could not be described as either

liberal or democratic. Judge Stephen F. Williams, a Harvard Law School grad-

uate, worked in private practice and then served as an as-

sistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York

in the 1960s. He taught at the University of Colorado

School of Law until his appointment in 1986 to the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.



HOOVER INSTITUTION

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

STANFORD, CA 94305-6010

NON-PROFIT ORG.

U.S. POSTAGE

P A I D

PERMIT NO. 114

PALO ALTO, CA

I D E A S D E F I N I N G A F R E E S O C I E T Y

…investing in knowledge and scholarship

Former Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo has been

named a distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover In-

stitution.The appointment was announced by John Raisian,

Hoover director, who added that “it is an honor and priv-

ilege to welcome former president Toledo to the Hoover In-

stitution as a distinguished visiting fellow. He is a remark-

able person, having risen from a situation of poverty to the

leader of Peru. Education was key in his development, in-

cluding advanced degrees from Stanford. He has accom-

plished much, both professionally and personally. We will

all benefit from his experience and look forward to many

interactions with him as he joins the Stanford community.”

Toledo served as constitutional president of Peru from

July 2001 to July 2006. In addition to his Hoover fellow-

ship, he also is a distinguished fellow in residency at the

Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at

Stanford.

Toledo earned his bachelor’s degree in economics and

business administration at the University of San Francisco

in San Francisco, California.

He later attended Stanford

University, where he obtainedtwo master’s degrees and a

P.Q. in the economics of

human resources in the School

of Education. During his years

in academe, Toledo was a visit-

ing scholar at Harvard University and at Waseda Universi-

ty in Tokyo. He has been a full professor at the Graduate

School of Business and Administration in Peru.

Before becoming president of Peru, Toledo worked for

the World Bank, the Interamerican Development Bank in

Washington, the United Nations in New York, and the Or-

ganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development inParis.

His work now focuses on opening access to quality edu-

cation for the large indigenous populations in Latin

America so that men and women in those regions can also

become presidents of their countries, he said.

FORMER PERUVIAN PRESIDENT TOLEDO NAMED

DISTINGUISHED VISITING FELLOW

Documents

Hoover Institution Newsletter - Winter 2007