Horizon 2020 ULTRAWAVE Ultra capacity wireless layer

Horizon 2020 ULTRAWAVE

Ultra capacity wireless layer beyond 100 GHz based on millimeter wave Traveling Wave Tubes

WP2 Deliverable D2.1:

System and Components Specifications

Start date of project: 01.09.2017 Duration: 36 months Project no: 762119 Project acronym: ULTRAWAVE Deliverable deadline: 31st October 2017 Deliverable Submission: 31st October 2017 Organization name of lead contractor for this report: Goethe University of Frankfurt (GUF) Dissemination level PU Public x PP Restricted to other programme participants (including Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

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Deliverable D2.1 Page 2 of 25

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 3

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 5

2 CAPACITY & COVERAGE NEEDS ............................................................................................ 6 2.1 ULTRAWAVE AIMS...............................................................................................................................................6 2.2 CAPACITY ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................................7

2.2.1 5G spectrum & propagation....................................................................................................................7 2.3 CELLSCAPACITYOF5GSMALLCELLS............................................................................................................10 2.4 EQUIPMENTCAPACITY......................................................................................................................................12 2.5 CELLS COVERAGE & DIMENSIONING....................................................................................................................12 2.6 SYNTHESIS OF THE NETWORK REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................14

3 ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 NETWORK DESIGN................................................................................................................................................16 3.2 MODEM EVALUATION..........................................................................................................................................17 3.3 CHANNELS AND SYSTEM CAPACITIES...................................................................................................................18

3.3.1 Channels throughputs options..............................................................................................................18 3.3.2 Link Budget...................................................................................................................................................19

3.4 CONCLUSION ON PERFORMANCES & DIMENSIONING........................................................................................22

4 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................... 23 4.1 G-BAND PTP SUB-LAYER: FRONTHAUL.............................................................................................................23 4.2 D-BAND PMP SUB-LAYER BACKHAUL................................................................................................................24

5 COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................... 25

6 CONCLUSIONS ON SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS ....................................... 25

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Backhaul D-band of small cells and street pico cells fed by G band PtP fronthaul. ............. 7 Figure 2-2: SYWORKS “5G in perspective”. ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 2-3: 5G America Spectrum recommendations < 6GHz. .............................................................. 8 Figure 2-4: 5G America Spectrum recommendations for Ka band. ........................................................ 8 Figure 2-5: 3GPP roadmap. ..................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2-6 : Coverage in Ka band (with directive antennas on terminal). ............................................... 9 Figure 2-7: Speed5G-5GPPP program (according to many white papers) ............................................ 10 Figure 2-8: DL/UL asymmetry for various operators. .......................................................................... 10 Figure 2-9: Nokia (300 Mbps) & Ericsson 3.5GHz MIMO equipment. ............................................... 11 Figure 2-10: LTE-A throughputs as a function of allocated bandwidth. ............................................... 11 Figure 2-11: Number of small cells on a km² as a function of their radius. .......................................... 12 Figure 2-12: Total capacity versus cell range and capacity ................................................................... 13 Figure 2-13: 3 Operator’s total capacity versus cell range and number of cells/operator. .................... 13 Figure 2-14: Density of sites for 5G (Qualcomm 5G NR) .................................................................... 14 Figure 2-15: Synthesis of general requirements in coverage and capacity. ........................................... 14 Figure 2-16: Ericsson vision of capacity for backhaul as a function of aggregated channel width. ...... 15 Figure 3-1: System configuration & deployment in ULTRAWAVE. ................................................... 16 Figure 3-2: System channelization and organization in ULTRAWAVE system. ................................. 16 Figure 3-3 : Modem IDT RWM6050. Note the double modem (for MIMO) and the I/Q “baseband” I/O.

...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 3-4: Estimated throughputs based on results on 802.11ac measurements. ................................. 18 Figure 3-6: Link-budget for G band for QPSK & 16QAM modulations in K & H regions .................. 20 Figure 3-7: D-band link-budget for QPSK & 16QAM down load and up-load QPSk in K&H areas. .. 21 Figure 3-9: Compliance matrix. ............................................................................................................ 22 Figure 4-1: G-band millimetre wave link specifications. ...................................................................... 23 Figure 4-2: D-band PmP sub-system specifications .............................................................................. 24

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACM: Automatic Controlled Modulation AP: Access Point BER: Bit Error Rate BS: Base Station CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate CAPEX: Capital Expenditure CEPT: European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations DOW: Description of work in the Grant Agreement ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute FEC: Forward Error Correcting Code FLR: Frame Loss Rate FTTH: Fiber to the Home GbE: Gigabit Ethernet IP: Internet Protocol LDPC: Low Density Parity Code LOS: Line of Sight LTE: Long Term Evolution MAC: Medium Access Control MIB: Management Information Base MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output MMIC: Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit NAT: Network Address Table NMS: Network Management Service NTE: Node Terminal Equipment NOC: Network Operation Sector OFCOM: Independent Regulator and Competition Authority for UK Communications Industries OPEX: Operational Expenditure PmP: Point to multi Point PoE: Power over Ethernet PoP: Point of Presence Ppb: part per billion PTP: Point to Point QER: Quasi Error Free RN: Relay Node RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator RTPC: Remote Transmission Power Control Rx: Receiver SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol TCO: Total Cost of Ownership TDM: Time Division Multiplexing TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access TH: Terminal Hub TRx: Transceiver TWT Travelling Wave Tube Tx: Transmitter UL/DL: Uplink/Downlink VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network VRRP: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The deliverable D2.1 describes the specifications of the future network architecture of fronthaul and backhaul in G-band and D-band, respectively. Caller the “Layer” that will foster high density mobile networks as 5G and nomadic access in dense areas in the 2020ies. ULTRAWAVE is proposing an end to end sub-network based on a PmP wireless distribution network in D-band connected to fibre infrastructure by PtP very high capacity fronthaul in G-band in form of mesh network with redundancy. Range and capacity of the Layer is mainly supported by TWT of 12 Watts in D-band 3 Watts in G-band, a MMIC chip set, and by the use of very wide spectrum bands typically 7.5 GHz in D band and up to 30 GHz in G band. The evaluation of future needs is based on the RAN equipment under development in the 5G and particularly on the sub-6GHz MIMO small cells and K band pico-cells at street level.

Based on 5G trends, analysts’ and operators’ vision, the capacity may go up to 100 Gbps/km² in the long term. More practically a first analysis of 5G RAN equipment and density in deployments of small and pico-cells let us think that a goal of 50 Gbps/km² would be relevant at the end of the 20ties.

The Deliverable provides the first specifications on the system based on cells density and capacity. The system architecture provides then the relevant subassembly requirements: link equipment for the PtP fronthaul, hub and terminal for the PmP backhaul. Component specifications are detailed and discussed considering the feasibility of achievable technology breakthroughs and technological trends.

The ULTRAWAVE network LAYER is presented as a combination of sub-networks backhaul connected by millimeter wave mesh network in G-band to the infrastructure in a way to ensure capacity resiliency and balanced re-routing in case of heavy rain to increase availability within a global network where interfaces are Gigabits Ethernet standards.

More precisely, Chapter 2 collects an ensemble of data from many publications on 5G trends to attempt to specify the small cells deployment parameters as density and capacities. The idea is to have specifications of the number of small cells to connect per sector and various capacities at each level of the network hierarchy. Chapter 3, analyses the various performances possible with the advanced technology deployed. Chapter 4 present the system specifications and Chapter 5 the components specifications.

KEYWORD LIST Backhaul capacity Fronthaul Link budget Links throughputs Sector sub-nets Advanced Network Nodes Networks Definition PmP Product PtP Radio sub-assemblies mm-Wave

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2 CAPACITY AND COVERAGE NEEDS

2.1 ULTRAWAVE aims ULTRAWAVE aims at backhauling mobile radio and fix wireless access where fiber is not viable due to cost efficiency, too long installation time delay or installation constraints reasons. D-band and G-band has strong advantages in regulation and very large bandwidth, nevertheless propagation would limit applications to dense areas in future smart cities. The propagation drawback is partially compensated by the large spectrum in using low MSC for which C/N is rather low and linearity or phase-noise authorizes the component functioning at their best capacities or high data-rate mobile applications because of its wide frequency spectrum, compact and light equipment and property interference-free configurations in deployment. Then, point to multi-point millimetre-wave technology has been proposed as a promising solution that can deliver number of links of 50-200 Mbps from a hub with a total capacity of several Gbps in a cost-effective way. The breakthrough of ULTRAWAVE is to design, fabricate and test the full set of electronic and photonic components and systems and to deploy a multi-gigabit wireless outdoor layer with unprecedented capacity density at millimetre-waves by a PtP fronthaul at G-band with a range exceeding 500m and a D-band PmP backhaul system. ULTRAWAVE technology will permit to exploit the whole millimetre-wave band and open new perspective for a full usage of the spectrum and the creation of full wireless high capacity. The concept is based on using G-band PtP links as “fibre on air” to feed D-band PmP ultra capacity Transmission Hubs with any architecture for the most flexible deployment (Figure 2-1). The utilization of vacuum electronics, namely millimetre-wave TWTs, enables D-band PmP with range of at least 500 - 600 m, by using a low directivity antenna in azimuth (sector) with min 23 dBi (high directivity in elevation) complemented by G-band PtP system with a range of 600-700 m with high gain antenna (38 dBi) according to an initial first link budget simulation, employing ITU rain zone up to K. The performance of the ULTRAWAVE high capacity layer aims at 100 Gbps/ km2, enabling a breakthrough in internet access, providing unprecedented capacity for supporting the predicted internet growth. Field measurements will be performed to demonstrate the above state of the art features utilizing the system developed within ULTAWAVE including the realized mm-wave TWTs as enabling device in the above 100 GHz wireless access system. ULTRAWAVE System Specification “layer”, according to DOW could be summarized in following table:

FUNCTION Architecture Frequency Capacity Range

Fronthaul PtP G-band around* 30Gbps 600-700 m

Backhaul PmP D-band around* 30Gbps 600 m

*depends on the number of hubs per km², which depends on range and real need of access capacity in wireless (100Gbps/km²) for 3 operators.

Figure 2-1 is an artist view of the system or “layer” configuration over a dense city with the PtP fronthaul connections and the PmP distribution network indicated schematically. The shaded areas indicate the coverage areas with high speed access.

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Figure 2-1: Backhaul D-band of small cells and street pico cells fed by G band PtP fronthaul.

2.2 Capacity analysis Next generation of mobile network, to be implemented in the next decade, will increase speed and capacity, and is defined as 5G. 5G is expected to add a factor of 3 or 5 to the 4G capacity particularly in dense areas, which would mean several tenth of GHz/km². It will also integrate the Wi-Fi. 5G is in an intermediate phase of definition, as the numerous publications demonstrate. Studies pertain also to the use of millimetre-waves in order to increase bandwidth and “massive” MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) is considered in order to achieve NLOS communication by processing the reflected paths, while LOS path in the city is very short. Whatever the solutions, 5G will require very small cells, hopefully in near-line of sight. ULTRAWAVE will thus tackle the 5G backhaul capacity and connect the PmP hub to the infrastructure with very high capacity millimetre wave links. It is of the greatest importance to evaluate the reasonable capabilities of 5G when using the above architecture and to define the objective specifications. In order to define more precisely the system specifications, a present analysis of the trends of 5G is performed hereafter. Capacity would depend on several factors:

- The allocated spectrum and propagation efficiency - User’s consumption of capacity indoor or outdoor - Operator’s constraints and investment - Reasonable TCO

2.2.1 5G spectrum and propagation Recently spectrum in sub-6 GHz has been added around 3.5GHz (depending of the country) together with possible use of 5-6 GHz for hotspots. The equipment (base station) would deliver 300 to 500 Mpbs with MIMO and higher order of modulation schemes (see further comments below). Utilization of new spectrum is also experimented by operators with constructors as Ericsson Nokia and Samsung giving throughputs over 1 Gbps outdoor @ 100 m and over 3 Gbps in lab. Spectrum candidates discussed in many countries are well summarized by Skyworks (Figure 2-2) and recommendations have been made by 5G Americas (Figure 2-3).

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Figure 2-2: SYWORKS “5G in perspective”.

3G America and mainly 3GPP (see Figure 2-5Figure 2-3) are driving recommendations and normalization respectively. 3G America as well as Release 14 of 3GPP acted for sub-6GHz new bands and are followed by constructors.

Figure 2-3: 5G America Spectrum recommendations < 6GHz.

Release 15 of 3GPP would push on so called “mm-wave” developments (24-27 GHz is just Ka band under mm-wave). Nevertheless, experiments did not prove operational capabilities for mobile, because of the limitations by masking by trees, vehicles, persons and the user himself. Ka band seems more suited for nomadic high capacity at street level.

Figure 2-4: 5G America Spectrum recommendations for Ka band.

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Figure 2-5: 3GPP roadmap.

In conclusion, it could be certainly expected having one more frequency band around 3.5GHz and probably arrangements in the ISM 5GHz band, whereas in each country only one part of the 4.9-6.1GHz spectrum is authorized. Regarding the Ka band, it seems possible to get 2 x 50 MHz for 3 operators and may be 2 x 100 MHz for 4 operators with some “re-farming”, as depicted in Figure 2-6. At Ka band, the maturity of technology for defence and satellite applications would make it realistic to think of a consumer evolution in 5 years. Nevertheless, propagation conditions are very critical for mobile and handset performance. At these frequencies, simple masks such as a hand or a person would cut the communication completely and a tree would provide about 20 dB attenuation. Therefore, these frequencies seem more efficient for nomadic applications (PC or Tablet in a café for instance).

Figure 2-6 : Coverage in Ka band (with directive antennas on terminal).

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2.3 Cells capacity of 5G small cells It is difficult to assess the throughput of small cells, as information varies frequently according to various constructors, operators, 5GPPP studies and publications, as illustrated in Figure 2-7. 100 Gb/km² is certainly a long-term goal, while a more relevant figure should be assessed. Several approaches can be proposed:

1- Keeping the 100 Gbps/km² target and keeping in mind that most operators agree that 40% of fronthaul-backhaul will be wireless, a 40 Gbps/km² per ULTRAWAVE PoP could be reasonable.

2- Spectrum allocated to a small cell would increase from 20 MHz (according to present developments) to 100 MHz using several bands in counting only 3 operators and best frequency re-use. Then a MIMO 4×4 (1) 64QAM small cell would deliver 20 x 6 x 0.75 x 0.75 x 3 ≈ 200 Mbps1 data rate and up to 1 Gbps data rate (which is the long-term target) if no interferences are considered2. Choosing 500 Mbps per small cells seems a good and realizable challenge.

3- Speed5G a 5GPPP consortium attempted to propose some figures, which lead to aggregated 350 Mbps, see for example Figure 2-9: Nokia (300 Mbps) & Ericsson 3.5GHz MIMO equipment and Figure 2-10: LTE-A throughputs as a function of allocated bandwidth. With small cells of 120 m radius, 2000 users/km² and 500 Mbps the provisioning is around 3.3 Mbps: everybody watching HD on a good screen computer in the same time! Similarly, with a factor of contention of 10, 33Mbps can be provided to the user.

Figure 2-7: Speed5G-5GPPP program (according to many white papers)

Figure 2-8: DL/UL asymmetry for various operators.

1 Efficient MIMO outdoor is efficient on cross-polar and sometimes on a multipath, but it has not to be confused with MU-MIMO or Massive MIMO, which is a multi-beam enhancing the path in direction of users such process permits to use higher order of modulation and reduces interferences. 2 Useful information to backhaul would take into account FEC & MAC layer at least.

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The DL/UL ratio provides an important estimation parameter in the total capacity to deliver to a cell. Whatever FDD or TDD scenario, the total capacity to feed is DL+UL. Speed5G forecasts a ratio of 6 as many other operators state, summarized in Figure 2-8. If HDTV or virtual augmented reality are the application that lead to such 5G requirements, the ratio will rise to 9 as today in US.

Figure 2-9: Nokia (300 Mbps) & Ericsson 3.5GHz MIMO equipment.

Figure 2-10: LTE-A throughputs as a function of allocated bandwidth.

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2.4 Equipment capacity For small cells MIMO 2 (with possible MU-MIMO) is considered “Massive” MIMO is more or less for macrocells. The number of cells on a km² as a function of cell radius are depicted in Figure 2-11: Number of small cells on a km² as a function of their radius. One can observe that for a cell radius of 120 m a number of 40-50 cells covers one km². For this cell size one can achieve a capacity of around 25 Gbps/km² for 500 Mbps, as can be depicted in Figure 2-12. The operator’s total capacity as a function of cell range and number of cells/operator are provided in Figure 2-13 and for 120 m cell radius and 500 Mbps, 3 operators would achieve a total capacity of around 70 Gbps/km². As a conclusion, one might say that the choice of 500Mps/small cells seems reasonable. It also appears that the relevant compromise for capacity and number of cells is between 36 & 48 cells with a radius around 125 m. This would provide 65Gbps/km².

2.5 Cells coverage & dimensioning To evaluate the need of backhaul, we have to identify what could be the small cell deployment. Up to now, operators have refrained the deployment of small cells for 4G preferring macro-cell upgrades. With the increase of frequency, the 2.6 GHz coverage has a lot of holes or weak signals, which does not permit high order modulation schemes. In order to match the number of users and their higher consumption higher frequencies and higher order of modulation are required which require much better SINR whereas diffraction and reflections decrease with frequencies increase and whereas power is limited by regulation cells size should decrease. Following graph provide the number of cells per km² as a function of their radius or inter-distance. Note that in the reality the configuration is nor hexagonal nor square but a bit random, because in fact operator will add small cells little by little on demand. Then considering various capacities of the cells we can deduce the optimum radius and number of cells to meet total capacity up to 100Gbps/km² (raw throughputs)

Figure 2-11: Number of small cells on a km² as a function of their radius.

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Figure 2-12: Total capacity versus cell range and capacity

Figure 2-13: 3 Operator’s total capacity versus cell range and number of cells/operator.

Site density for 5G is discussed in Figure 2-14, which has been prepared by Qualcomm. Qualcomm proposes to add 24-27GHz, “so called mm-wave”, but users may not be in the visibility of these sites and range could be too far for high order of modulation. In Ka band, use of MIMO (4×4) is necessary in order to utilize reflections against masks and implement a near-LOS. 64QAM modulations are at stake over 100m cell range, maximum capacity per cell is around 200 Mbps if operated with “self- backhaul”, which will be studied in more detail in D2.2.

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 3 operators with 500Mbps cells 109.5 87 70.5 57 48 39 33 28.5 22.5 19.5 16.5 15Number of cells 73 58 47 38 32 26 22 19 15 13 11 10

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Figure 2-14: Density of sites for 5G (Qualcomm 5G NR)

2.6 Synthesis of the Network Requirements The 5G RAN deployment over dense areas may require a number of small cells with density 36 more probably 48 cells/km² at 500 Mbps and 24 Gbps per operator. The latter value is therefore a good estimation for the future needs (probably not before 2030).

Requirement features Values Comments

Cells size to backhaul 50 -200 m radius Depends on frequency and # modulation order

Cells capacity (throughput to feed)

350 to 750Mbps, 500 Mbps average

Aa far as sub-6GHz; 24-27GHz to be added

Density, capacity 30-50 cells/km², up to 30 Gbps/km² (per operator)

Capacity including some street-level “mm-wave”

Figure 2-15: Synthesis of general requirements in coverage and capacity.

Note: the present document D2.1 will not address street level backhaul, for lack of information and because the bandwidth and needs will probably make self-backhaul available. Thus, the problem would only be to feed the end on a linear chain of pico-cells as a whole. Some studies are presently ongoing and we propose to come back to the scenario later in D2.2. As an example, we show in Figure 2-16: Ericsson vision of capacity for backhaul as a function of aggregated channel width. how Ericsson currently views the scenario.

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Figure 2-16: Ericsson vision of capacity for backhaul as a function of aggregated channel width.

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3 ARCHITECTURE

3.1 Network design To provide broadband data services, operators need to expand the capacity of the backhaul. As a large number of links for tens of thousands of wireless base stations are required, we must consider how transmission networks can evolve cost effectively. In Figure 3-1 we show the system configuration and possible deployment of the network.

Figure 3-1: System configuration & deployment in ULTRAWAVE.

PmP TDD UL/DL arguments have been widely developed within EU TWEETHER program. Schematically, PmP is performed with a multiplex of channels programmed and switched at a Transmission Hub each channel connecting a small-cell through a terminal (see Figure 3-1). Within ULTRAWAVE we are adding fronthaul, which will be also a multiplex of channels, each channel connecting a backhaul hub. Figure 3-2 describes the channel organization and capacity specification.

Figure 3-2: System channelization and organization in ULTRAWAVE system.

The following should be observed when considering the system in Figure 3-2: - N hubs vary up to 12 and ni terminals vary up to 10, depending on needs and ranges targeted

(e.g. coverage). - Channels are TDD considering the DL/UL dynamic demand. - This architecture permits to achieve the overall connectivity with VLANs.

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3.2 Modem evaluation As a consequence, ULTRAWAVE needs N TDD links to N x ni dedicated links to serve finally N x ni endpoints (small cells). A PmP architecture can efficiently manage scarce spectrum resources as it can dynamically allocate capacity amongst n endpoints. Two types of modems are being developed with all network functionalities by industry under two standards:

- 802.11ax with channels up to 160 MHz (40-80 & 160) OFDM with MSC up to 256QAM and MIMO

- 802.11ad (WiGig alliance) with very large channels up to 1760MHz (440-880 & 1760MHz) and low order of modulation (up to 16QAM) on single carrier.

The basic idea of ULTRAWAVE is to provide very high capacity with compact equipment in profiting fully of the very large spectrum available. Nevertheless, propagation at 150 GHz and 300 GHz is not favourable to the link-budget (rain and gaseous absorption of H20) thus it is reasonable to exchange spectral efficiency by robust modulation schemes as QPSK. Moreover:

- high order of modulation requires back-off and very low phase noise. - OFDM is more sensitive to PAPR than single carrier

For these reasons (channel bandwidth, back-off for linearity and PAPR, phase noise) 802.11ad seems much more suitable.

Hereafter are the main characteristic of the IDT RWM6050, as illustrated in Figure 3-3:

Dual Modem Support § PHY Subsystem

- Modulation schemes: • 802.11ad MCS 0 (π/2 DBPSK) • 802.11ad MCS 1 – 5 (π/2 BPSK) • 802.11ad MCS 6 – 9 (π/2 QPSK) • 802.11ad MCS 10 – 12 (π/2 16-QAM)

- Channels programmable: 440 -880 – 1760 MHz - Extensions to support long distance transmission - Digital Front End Processing - IEEE 802.11ad single carrier PHY - Maximum data rate up to 4.62Gbps

§ MAC Subsystem - Modulation schemes: - Flexible real-time scheduler - IEEE 1588v2 transparent clock support

Interfaces § PCI Express Gen2, x2 at 5GT/s § Flash SPI § I2C/SPI/UART § GPIO § JTAG § Analog Front End: Integrated D/A and A/D converters Of interest in this modem is also its I/Q “baseband” I/O (around 3.7GHz) for potential direct up-conversion to D or G-band.

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Figure 3-3 : Modem IDT RWM6050. Note the double modem (for MIMO) and the I/Q “baseband” I/O.

3.3 Channels and system capacities

3.3.1 Channels throughputs options Dimensioning, spectrum occupancy, required capacity per small cells and density of small cells would lead to choices which should be compatible with range and technology performances. Dimensioning should consider small cells fed at 500 Mbps .

Figure 3-4: Estimated throughputs based on results on 802.11ac measurements.

It can be concluded from Figure 3-4 that QPSK ¾ seems to offer the relevant throughput. Comparing link-budgets modulation options with spectrum capacity, it seems reasonable to use the spectrum that the best link-budget is obtained.

Bit rate (Mbps)

Bit rate (Mbps)

Bit rate (Mbps)

440 MHz 880 MHz 1760 MHz400ns GI* 400ns GI 400ns GI

0 BPSK 1/2 165 -77,6 330 -74,6 660 -71,61 QPSK 1/2 330 -72,6 660 -69,6 1320 -66,62 QPSK 3/4 495 -69,6 990 -66,6 1980 -63,63 16-QAM 1/2 660 -66,6 1320 -63,6 2640 -60,64 16-QAM 3/4 990 -64,6 1980 -61,6 3960 -58,65 64-QAM 1/2 1320 -58,6 2640 -55,6 5280 -52,66 64-QAM 3/4 1485 -56,6 2970 -53,6 5940 -50,6

SensitivityCS Index Modulation Code Rate

Sensitivity Sensitivity

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3.3.2 Link Budget The link budget model takes into account numerous problems of the system realization:

- Number of channels to multiplex - P1dB compression point of the amplifiers and associated back-off for linearity and PAPR - Output C/N: multiplexing of many channels is increasing the out-of-band channels depending

on the shaping of the channel spectrum and the gap between channels - RF losses in the radio, particularly transitions to antennas and MMIC chain due to the high

frequencies at the front-end - Antenna misalignment, particularly in PmP where small cells are not aligned in the center of

the beam sector - Noise figure - Gaseous absorption H2O (100% humidity) - Rain absorption for 99.99% availability in K rain area. It is to be noted that for infrastructure

operators would require “five nine” with ACM, therefore an extra 10dB is required which could be obtained by reducing the MSC down to BPSK ½ (+5dB) and channel width reduction ( +6dB)

- Roll-off which pertains to the filtering of the channel would give some carrier degradation - Phase noise: the synthesizer adopted in the H2020 TWEETHER project provides -100dBc/Hz @

100 kHz which seems correct for W band. In case of D-band, this value may degrade by may be 1dB. The phase noise at 300 GHz has to be studied, because of a significant Eb/N0 degradation, among others due to increased multiplication factor for the signal generation

- Processing efficiency in considering sampling and quantization; it could lead to intermodulation and then Eb/N0 degradation.

Thus, the model computes C/N and Eb/N0. It must be noted that a correct C/N obtained on the signal is not sufficient without a correct Eb/N0 on the processing.

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Figure 3-5: Link-budget for G band for QPSK & 16QAM modulations in K & H regions

The fronthaul capacity can be of 30Gbps (QPSK) at 600m in K area and 50Gbps (16QAM) at 400m.

Europe RAIN REGION E F H K K H K HC/N total (dB) 12,8 11,9 17,3 16,9margin Eb/N0 3,5 2,7 1,4 1,0Modulation QPSK 3/4 QPSK 3/4 16QAM3/416QAM3/4Range (Km) 0,60 0,70 0,40 0,45Useful bit rate (Mbps)/Channel 2376 2376 4752 4752TOTAL CAPCITY/SECTOR Mbps 28512 28512 38016 38016Transmitter Parameters:Frequency (GHz) 290,0 290,0 290,0 290,0Amplifier 1dB-comp. point (dBm) 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0#containers 12,0 12,0 8,0 8,0TRPC GAIN 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Amplifier sup back-off mod+PAPR 0,0 0,0 6,0 6,0Tx output losses (dB),Transisition -1,5 -1,5 -1,5 -1,5Tx output power (dBm)/channel 17,7 17,7 13,5 13,5Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 39,0 39,0 39,0 39,0Antenna pointing losses (dB) side -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5Signal EIRP (dBmW)/cont 56,2 56,2 52,0 52,0Noise bandwidth (MHz) 1760,0 1760,0 1760,0 1760,0Output Tx C/N sdfr opt+channel+I/Q 20,0 20,0 30,0 30,0

Receiver Parameters:Total antenna gain (dBi) 39,0 39,0 39,0 39,0Antenna pointing losses (dB) -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5Antenna + transition (dB) -2,0 -2,0 -2,0 -2,0Antenna temperature (K) 290 290 290 290Down-converter noise figure (dB) 8,5 8,5 8,5 8,5Total receiver noise temperature (K) 2053 2053 2053 2053Receiver G/T (dB/K) 3,4 3,4 3,4 3,4

Link data:Signal to interference ratio (dB) 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0System availability (%) 99,99 99,99 99,99 99,99Gaseous absorp. (dB/Km) 4 4 4 4Range (Km) 0,6 0,7 0,4 0,5Rainfall intensity (mm/h) 42,0 32,0 42,0 32,0Rain attenuation (dB/km) 20,0 16,2 20,2 16,3Carrier (dBm) -58,9 -60,0 -54,9 -55,4Path att dbDigital System Parameters:Roll-off factor (%) 25 25 25 25Carrier degradation (dB) -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3C/N thermal (dB) 13,8 12,8 17,8 17,3C/N total (dB) 12,8 11,9 17,3 16,9

Gross symbol rate (MBauds) 1760,0 1760,0 1760,0 1760,0Modulation factor 2 2 4 4Gross bit rate (Mbits/s) 3520 3520 7040 7040Convolution code rate 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000RS code 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000LDPC 0,750 0,750 0,750 0,750FEC inclusion (%) 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0Net bit rate @ PHY layer (Mbps) 2640,0 2640,0 5280,0 5280,0Net Symbol rate @ PHY layer (MSps) 1320,0 1320,0 1320,0 1320,0Sync,time guard & MAC efficiency (%) 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0Useful bit rate (Mbps) 2376,0 2376,0 4752,0 4752,0Useful symbol rate (MSps) 1188,0 1188,0 1188,0 1188,0Eb/No total (dB) 11,0 10,2 12,5 12,1Es/No 14,0 13,2 18,6 18,1Eb/No degrad. due to intermod. (dB) 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5Phase Noise implementa. margin (dB) 1,0 1,0 2,0 2,0Polar V margin (dB) for max rainTheoritical Eb/No required (dB) 6,0 6,0 8,6 8,6Link margin (dB) in V 3,5 2,7 1,4 1,0

DOWN LOAD & UP LOAD

G BAND PtP 802,11ad QPSK 802,11ad 16QAM

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Figure 3-6: D-band link-budget for QPSK & 16QAM down load and up-load QPSk in K&H areas.

Up-load is the critical link due to the MMIC PA performance, if BPSK is used instead of QPSK then there is no more margin for ACM.

axisEurope RAIN REGION E F H K K H K H K HC/N total (dB) 13,3 13,0 16,6 17,3 10,8 11,4margin Eb/N0 4,8 4,5 2,5 3,2 2,3 3,0Modulation QPSK 3/4 QPSK 3/4 16QAM3/4 16QAM3/4 QPSK 3/4 QPSK 3/4Range (Km) 0,70 0,80 0,60 0,65 0,60 0,65Useful bit rate (Mbps)/Channel 528 528 1056 1056 528 528TOTAL CAPCITY/SECTOR Mbps 5280 5280 10560 10560 528 528Transmitter Parameters:Frequency (GHz) 145,0 145,0 145,0 145,0 145,0 145,0Amplifier 1dB-comp. point (dBm) 36,0 36,0 36,0 36,0 40,0 Psat 20,0 20,0#containers 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 1,0 1,0TRPC GAIN Amplifier sup back-off mod+PAPR 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8dBofdm 1,0 1,0Tx output losses (dB),Transisition -1,0 -1,0 -1,0 -1,0 -1,0 -1,0Tx output power (dBm)/channel 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 18,0 18,0Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0Antenna pointing losses (dB) side -3,0 -3,0 -3,0 -3,0 -3,0 -3,0Signal EIRP (dBmW)/cont 43,0 43,0 43,0 43,0 36,0 36,0Noise bandwidth (MHz) 440,0 440,0 440,0 440,0 440,0 440,0Output Tx C/N sdfr opt+channel+I/Q 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0

Receiver Parameters:Total antenna gain (dBi) 38,0 38,0 38,0 38,0 39,0 39,0Antenna pointing losses (dB) -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5Antenna + transition (dB) -1,5 -1,5 -1,5 -1,5 -1,5 -1,5Antenna temperature (K) 290 290 290 290 290 290Down-converter noise figure (dB) 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0Total receiver noise temperature (K) 917 917 917 917 917 917Receiver G/T (dB/K) 6,4 6,4 6,4 6,4 7,4 7,4

Link data:Signal to interference ratio (dB) 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0System availability (%) 99,99 99,99 99,99 99,99 99,99 99,99Gaseous absorp. (dB/Km) 2 2 2 2 2 2Range (Km) 0,7 0,8 0,6 0,7 0,6 0,7Rainfall intensity (mm/h) 42,0 32,0 42,0 32,0 42,0 32,0Rain attenuation (dB/km) 19,9 16,1 20,0 16,2 20,0 16,2Carrier (dBm) -68,9 -69,2 -65,4 -64,7 -71,4 -70,7Path att dbDigital System Parameters:Roll-off factor (%) 25 25 25 25 25 25Carrier degradation (dB) -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3C/N thermal (dB) 13,4 13,1 16,8 17,5 10,8 11,5C/N total (dB) 13,3 13,0 16,6 17,3 10,8 11,4

Gross symbol rate (MBauds) 440 440 440 440 440 440Modulation factor 2 2 4 4 2 2Gross bit rate (Mbits/s) 880,00 880,00 1760,00 1760,00 880,00 880,00Convolution code rate 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000RS code 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000LDPC 0,750 0,750 0,750 0,750 0,750 0,750FEC inclusion (%) 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0Net bit rate @ PHY layer (Mbps) 660,0 660,0 1320,0 1320,0 660,0 660,0Net Symbol rate @ PHY layer (MSps) 330,0 330,0 330,0 330,0 330,0 330,0Sync,time guard & MAC efficiency (%) 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0Useful bit rate (Mbps) 528,0 528,0 1056,0 1056,0 528,0 528,0Useful symbol rate (MSps) 264,0 264,0 264,0 264,0 264,0 264,0Eb/No total (dB) 11,5 11,2 11,8 12,5 9,0 9,7Es/No 14,5 14,2 17,9 18,5 12,0 12,7Eb/No degrad. due to intermod. (dB) 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5Phase Noise implementa. margin (dB) 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2Polar V margin (dB) for max rainTheoritical Eb/No required (dB) 6,0 6,0 8,6 8,6 6,0 6,0Link margin (dB) in V 4,8 4,5 2,5 3,2 2,3 3,0

802,11ad QPSK 802,11ad 16QAM 802,11ad QPSKD BAND PmP

DOWN LOAD UP LOAD

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3.4 Conclusion on performances and dimensioning The compliance matrix, which is in accordance with the DOW and the expected requirements from 5G deployments, is depicted in Figure 3-7 and will serve as a reference for discussions with operators:

Requirement features Value prospect Comments

PoPs coverage and capacity

Cells size for backhaul range 50 to 200 m Dense metropolis areas Cells capacity 500 Mbps (constructor) Versatility to address also WiFi,

access points in 5G orientations Ideal cell capacity 1 Gbps Prospect. Not a capacity that a

person can handle. Seems only fitted for Machine to Machine

Capacity density 100 Gbps/km² Prospect. Including mm-Wave street level tbd

DL/UL 8:1 To be discussed with operator1 Backhaul hub and fronthaul link capacity

30-40 Gbps Depending on ranges and rain area (around 600 m )

Backhaul Coverage & Sectors Versatility for densities D2.2 density scenarios Coverage topologies Cell relaying, daisy chain…. D2.2 masks scenarios Number of cells to backhaul in a sector

Up to 10, 6-8 typical Depends on cell density. Versatility from 5 to 50 (with PmP in PmP)

Number of sectors per hub Up to 12, 6-8 typical D2.2 scenarios Range & rain trade-off

Ranges fronthaul 600 up to 700m D2.2 Depends mainly on density and has a strong impact on TCO

Ranges of backhaul 600m D2.2 Depends mainly on density and has a strong impact on TCO

Rain availability 99.99% without ACM 99.999% for fronthaul

Modulation order and channel reductions

Constraints

Synchronization Sync E + Mandatory, precision to be established

IDU All outdoor wish Future (2025)

Form factor Small Terminal size “hand size”

Figure 3-7: Compliance matrix.

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4 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS At the top level the system is connected to the core network through fibre optics. G-band millimetre-wave links then connect backhaul hubs comprising several sectors in which small cells are fed by links at 500 Mbps. Modem choice is 802.11ad. At fronthaul level channels of 1760 MHz bandwidth are chosen, each of them feeding a sector of the backhaul hub. At terminal level, a channel of 440 MHz is chosen to establish the link.

4.1 G-BAND PtP sub-layer: fronthaul The previous study and requirements lead to the specification in Fig 4-1.

Figure 4-1: G-band millimetre wave link specifications.

Network-Transportsegment PtP30Gigabitsmm-WaveLINKFunction ConnectsBackhaulHubtoCoreNetworkFrequencyBand 275-305GHzFrequencyRadioBlocksallocation per10GHzupto30GHzCapacity 30Gbpstypical(dependsonrange)RangeinKrainarea99,99% 600mRangeinHrainarea99,99% 700mACMMarginfor99,999% +5dBonmodulation+'+6dBonbandwidthRawthroughputsperchannel 3.5Gbps

Transmitter(TWT)P1 1WAntennagain 39dBiAperture 1.6°Receivernoisefactor 8dBChannelsmultiplex upto12channelsspacedby20MHzChannelssize 440,880,1760MHzTransmissionmode dynamicTDDperchannelsWaveformstandars 802.11adModulations QPSK(4/5,3/4,1/2)&BPSK(1/2)Controls ACM:MSC,ChannelsBW

CarrierEthernetnetworking LAG:802.3ad,802,1p&qSynchronisation SyncE,PtPV2

Interfaceswitchhub 12xRJ45GbEInterfacecore 12xSFPGbE

SystemSpecificationssegment1G-bandG-bandPtPFronthaul

Services,Frequency,Architecture&Performances

Transmissions

NetworkServices

Interfaces

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4.2 D-BAND PmP sub-layer backhaul Backhaul HUB is fed by a G-Band PtP of several TH (Transmission hub) sectors themselves covering several small cells. In Fig. 4-2 are listed the specification of the D-band system

Figure 4-2: D-band PmP sub-system specifications

Network-Backhaulsegment PmPGigabitDistributionSystem

Function connects5GRANSmallcellstoFibreormm-Wavefronthaul

FrequencyBand 141-148.5GHz

FrequencyRadioBlocksallocation per1GHzupto8GHz

ArchitecturePmP HUBwithseveralsectorsoftransmision

TransmissionHub(TH) PmP:HubsectorisedtoTerminals(RAN)

THSectoraperture 30°typical(hornantennakit45°,30°,15°)

Coverage Hub:patternofsectors&frequencyre-use

SectorCapacity(nchannels) nx528Mbpseffective(FEC&MAC)

Numberofterminalscoonected/sector nupto10

RangeinKrainarea99,99%availabilty 600m

RangeinHrainarea99,99%availabilty 650m

ACMMarginfor99,997% +5dBonmodulation

Effectivethroughputs/sector upto5.3Gbps

TH-Transmitter(TWT)P1 4W

TH-Antennagain&aperture 21dBi,30°

TerminalTxPower(GaN) 20dbmPsat,19dbmP1

Antennagain 39dBi

Aperture 16°

Receivers(TH-T)noisefactor 5dB

Channelsmultiplex upto10channelsspacedby20MHz

Channelssize 440MHz

Transmissionmode dynamicTDDperchannels

Waveformstandars 802.11ad

Modulations QPSK(4/5,3/4,1/2)&BPSK(1/2)

Controls ACM:onMSC

CarrierEthernetnetworking LAG:802.3ad,802,1p&q,QoS:SP-WRR

Synchronisation Sync1588,PtPV2

TH-ODU 2sectorantennas,Tx,Rx,Synthesizer

TH-NIU Modemsstackandmultiplex,Switchaggregation

TERMINAL allout-door:directiveantennas,Tx,Rx,Synthesiszer,modem

InterfaceTH(IDU-ODU)1SECTOR 2xSMATx&Rxpowered

InterfaceTerminal RJ45GBE

SystemSpecificationssegment2D-bandPmP

D-BANDPmPBACKHAULServices,Frequency,Architecture&Performances

Transmissions(TH-Terminals)

NetworkServices

Products

Interfaces

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5 Components specifications Within the 2 sub-systems described ULTRAWAVE would develop the key radio components to foster the following products: - G-band millimetre wave-link equipment outdoor unit comprising: Transmitter (TWT), Receiver,

Synthesiser and directive antenna plus optical multiplexer with a TWT driver. - D-band Transmission Hub (TH) outdoor unit comprising: Transmitter (TWT), Receiver, Synthesiser

and sector antenna. - D-band Terminal (at small cell) all outdoor unit comprising: MMIC Transmitter and Receiver,

Synthesiser and directive antenna

6 Conclusions on System and Components Specifications This deliverable has focused on top level system and component specifications arising from the demand in data rate and bandwidth, as well as coverage, in the near future. Especially, 5G scenarios have been investigated and prospective operator’s needs have been considered in the evaluation of system architectures and system specifications. The identified system specifications have then been condensed to component specifications. It has been shown, that the architecture described above fulfils the description of work and hence can be employed in the development of the system hardware. End of ULTRAWAVE Deliverable D2.1.

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Horizon 2020 ULTRAWAVE Ultra capacity wireless layer